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'{{Other uses}} {{automatic taxobox | name = Sailfish | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|59|0}}[[Paleogene]] to present<ref>{{cite journal | last = | first = | title = A compendium of fossil marine animal genera | journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology | volume = 364 | issue = |page=560 | year = 2002 | url = http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class | doi = | id = | accessdate = 2008-01-08 }}</ref> | image = Istiophorus platypterus .jpg | image_caption = | taxon = Istiophorus | authority = [[Bernard Germain Étienne comte de La Ville-sur-Illon La Cépède|Lacépède]], 1801 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = *''[[Istiophorus albicans]]'' {{small|([[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1804)}}l *''[[Istiophorus platypterus]]'' {{small|([[George Shaw|G. Shaw]], 1792)}} | synonyms = * ''Histiophorus'' {{small|G. Cuvier, 1832}} * ''Nothistium'' {{small|Hermann, 1804}} * ''Zanclurus'' {{small|Swainson, 1839}}}} [[File:Pacific-sailfish.jpg|thumb|An [[Indo-Pacific sailfish]] raising its sail]] [[File:Portrait of author Ernest Hemingway posing with sailfish Key West, Florida.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ernest Hemingway]] in [[Key West]], Florida, USA, in the 1940s, with a sailfish he had caught ]] A '''sailfish''' is a fish of the genus ''Istiophorus'' of [[billfish]] living in colder areas of all the seas of the earth. They are predominantly blue to gray in colour and have a characteristic [[dorsal fin]] known as a [[Sail (anatomy)|sail]], which often stretches the entire length of the back. Another notable characteristic is the elongated bill, resembling that of the [[swordfish]] and other [[marlin]]s. They are, therefore, described as [[billfish]] in sport-fishing circles. ==Species== Two sailfish species have been recognized.<ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase genus | genus = Istiophorus | month = April | year = 2013}}</ref><ref name=australianmuseum>McGrouther, M. (2013). ''[https://australian.museum/learn/animals/fishes/sailfish-istiophorus-platypterus/ Sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus.]'' Australian Museum. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</ref> No differences have been found in [[mtDNA]], [[morphometrics]] or [[meristics]] between the two supposed species and most authorities now only recognize a single species, (''Istiophorus platypterus''), found in warmer oceans around the world.<ref name=australianmuseum/><ref name=IUCN>{{Cite iucn | author = Collette, B. | author2 = Acero, A. | author3 = Amorim, A.F. | author4 = Boustany, A. | author5 = Canales Ramirez, C. | author6 = Cardenas, G. | author7 = Carpenter, K.E. | author8 = de Oliveira Leite Jr., N. | author9 = Di Natale, A. | author10 = Die, D. | display-authors = etal | title = ''Istiophorus platypterus'' | volume = 2011 | page = e.T170338A6754507 | date = 2011 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170338A6754507.en }}</ref><ref name=flmnh>Gardieff, S: ''[http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/sailfish/sailfish.html Sailfish.]'' Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</ref><ref>Collette, B.B., McDowell, J.R. and Graves, J.E. (2006). ''Phylogeny of Recent billfishes (Xiphioidei).'' Bull. Mar. Sci. 79(3): 455-468.</ref> [[FishBase]] continues to recognize two species:<ref name=fishbase/> * [[Atlantic sailfish]] (''I. albicans''). * [[Indo-Pacific sailfish]] (''I. platypterus''). ==Description== By many scientists considered the fastest fish in the ocean<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/fastest-fish.html|title=What is the fastest fish in the ocean?|last=US Department of Commerce|first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|website=oceanservice.noaa.gov|language=EN-US|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>, sailfish grow quickly, reaching {{convert|1.2|-|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length in a single year, and feed on the surface or at middle depths on smaller [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]] [[forage fish]] and [[squid]]. Sailfish were previously estimated to reach maximum swimming speeds of {{convert|35|m/s|km/h mph|abbr=on}}, but research published in 2015 and 2016 indicate sailfish do not exceed speeds between 10–15 m/s. During predator–prey interactions, sailfish reached burst speeds of {{convert|7|m/s|km/h mph|abbr=on}} and did not surpass {{convert|10|m/s|km/h mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Marras2015>Marras S, Noda T, Steffensen JF, Svendsen MBS, Krause J, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Herbert-Read J & Domenic P 2015) [https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/55/4/719/634534/Not-So-Fast-Swimming-Behavior-of-Sailfish-during?searchresult=1 "Not so fast: swimming behavior of sailfish during predator–prey interactions using high-speed video and accelerometry"]. ''Integrative and Comparative Biology'' '''55''': 718-727.</ref><ref name=Svendsen2016>Svendsen MBS, Domenici P, Marras S, Krause J, Boswell KM, Rodriguez-Pinto I, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Viblanc PE, Finger JS & Steffensen JF (2016) [http://bio.biologists.org/content/5/10/1415 "Maximum swimming speeds of sailfish and other large marine predatory fish species based on muscle contraction time: A myth revisited"]. ''Biology Open'', '''5''': 1415-1419.</ref> Generally, sailfish do not grow to more than {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length and rarely weigh over {{convert|90|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Sailfish have been reported to use their bills for hitting schooling fish by tapping (short-range movement) or slashing (horizontal large-range movement) at them.<ref name=Domenici2014>Domenici P, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Marras S, Herbert-Read JE, Steffensen JF, Krause S, Viblanc PE, Couillaud P & Krause J (2014) [http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1784/20140444 "How sailfish use their bill to capture schooling prey"]. ''Proceedings of the Royal Society London B'', '''281''': 20140444.</ref> The sail is normally kept folded down when swimming and raised only when the sailfish attack their prey. The raised sail has been shown to reduce sideways oscillations of the head, which is likely to make the bill less detectable by prey fish.<ref name=Marras2015 /> This strategy allows sailfish to put their bills close to fish schools or even into them without being noticed by the prey before hitting them.<ref name=Domenici2014 /><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VISEHbpHkn4 Sailfish Hunting Sardines] – ''Youtube''.</ref> Sailfish usually attack one at a time, and the small teeth on their bills inflict injuries on their prey fish in terms of scale and tissue removal. Typically, about two prey fish are injured during a sailfish attack, but only 24% of attacks result in capture. As a result, injured fish increase in number over time in a fish school under attack. Given that injured fish are easier to catch, sailfish benefit from the attacks of their [[Biological specificity#Conspecific|conspecifics]] but only up to a particular group size.<ref name=Herbert-Read2016>Herbert-Read JE, Romanczuk P, Krause S, Strömbom D, Couillaud P, Domenici P, Kurvers RHJM, Marras S, Steffensen JF, Wilson ADM & Krause J (2016) [http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/283/1842/20161671 "Group hunting sailfish alternate their attacks on their grouping prey to facilitate hunting success"]. ''Proceedings of the Royal Society London B'', '''283''': 20161671.</ref> A mathematical model showed that sailfish in groups of up to 70 individuals should gain benefits in this way. The underlying mechanism was termed protoco-operation because it does not require any spatial co-ordination of attacks and could be a precursor to more complex forms of group hunting.<ref name=Herbert-Read2016 /> The bill movement of sailfish during attacks on fish is usually either to the left or to the right side. Identification of individual sailfish based on the shape of their dorsal fins identified individual preferences for hitting to the right or left side. The strength of this side preference was positively correlated with capture success.<ref name=Kurvers2017>Kurvers RHJM, Krause S, Viblanc PE, Herbert-Read JE, Zalansky P, Domenici P, Marras S, Steffensen JF, Wilson ADM, Couillaud P & Krause J (2017) [http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)31525-1 "The evolution of lateralisation in group hunting sailfish"]. ''Current Biology''.</ref> These side-preferences are believed to be a form of behavioural specialization that improves performance. However, a possibility exists that sailfish with strong side preferences could become predictable to their prey because fish could learn after repeated interactions in which direction the predator will hit. Given that individuals with right- and left-sided preferences are about equally frequent in sailfish populations, living in groups possibly offers a way out of this predictability. The larger the sailfish group, the greater the possibility that individuals with right- and left-sided preferences are about equally frequent. Therefore, prey fish should find it hard to predict in which direction the next attack will take place. Taken together, these results suggest a potential novel benefit of group hunting which allows individual predators to specialize in their hunting strategy without becoming predictable to their prey.<ref name=Kurvers2017 /> The injuries that sailfish inflict on their prey appear to reduce their swimming speeds, with injured fish being more frequently found in the back (compared with the front) of the school than uninjured ones. When a sardine school is approached by a sailfish, the sardines usually turn away and flee in the opposite direction. As a result, the sailfish usually attacks sardine schools from behind, putting at risk those fish that are the rear of the school because of their reduced swimming speeds.<ref name=Krause2017>Krause J and Ruxton GD (2002) [https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=HAoUFfVFtMcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Living+in+Groups&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiqsObCgYbVAhVCjZQKHSCbDN4Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=Living%20in%20Groups&f=false ''Living in Groups''] Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|9780198508182}}</ref> ==Timeline== <timeline> ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px Period = from:-65.5 till:10 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:-65.5 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-65.5 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify Colors = #legends id:CAR value:claret id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196) id:HER value:teal id:HAD value:green id:OMN value:blue id:purple value:purple id:white value:white id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258) id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32) id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37) id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42) id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48) id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1) id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0) id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68) id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5) id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68) id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88) BarData= bar:eratop bar:space bar:periodtop bar:space bar:NAM1 bar:NAM2 bar:NAM3 bar:NAM4 bar:space bar:period bar:space bar:era PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(7,-4) bar:periodtop from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:[[Paleocene]] from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:[[Eocene]] from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:[[Oligocene]] from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:[[Miocene]] from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:[[Plio.]] from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:[[Pleist.]] from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:[[Holocene|H.]] bar:eratop from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]] from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:[[Neogene]] from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:[[Quaternary|Q.]] PlotData= align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left color:eocene bar:NAM1 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: [[Pseudohistiophorus]] color:miocene bar:NAM2 from: -23.03 till: 0 text: [[Tetrapterus]] color:miocene bar:NAM3 from: -15.97 till: 0 text: [[Istiophorus]] color:miocene bar:NAM4 from: -11.608 till: 0 text: [[Makaira]] PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 bar:period from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:[[Paleocene]] from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:[[Eocene]] from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:[[Oligocene]] from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:[[Miocene]] from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:[[Plio.]] from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:[[Pleist.]] from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:[[Holocene|H.]] bar:era from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]] from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:[[Neogene]] from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:[[Quaternary|Q.]] </timeline> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} * Schultz, Ken (2003) [https://books.google.com/books?id=09SA7lO-DJwC&pg=PA162&dq=sailfish&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uWCgUMe5MsrQmAW0uoHwDw&ved=0CEsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=sailfish&f=false ''Ken Schultz's Field Guide to Saltwater Fish''] pp.&nbsp;162–163, John Wiley & Sons. {{ISBN|9780471449959}}. ==External links== ''[[National Geographic]]'' [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/group/sailfish/ story on sailfish] {{Commons category|Istiophorus}} {{Wikispecies|Istiophorus}} {{Billfish}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q127497}} [[Category:Istiophorus]] [[Category:Extant Paleogene first appearances]]'