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'{{Short description|Largest of the Philippine islands}} {{about|the Philippine island|other uses|Luzon (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox islands | name = Luzon | image_name = File:Luzon Island Red.png | image_caption = Luzon [[mainland]] in red;<br />its associated islands in maroon | native_name = | native_name_link = | location = [[Southeast Asia]] | coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | archipelago = [[Philippines]] | waterbody = {{plainlist| * [[Babuyan Channel]] * [[Burias Pass]] * [[Philippine Sea]] * [[Polillo Strait]] * [[Samar Sea]] * [[San Bernardino Strait]] * [[Sibuyan Sea]] * [[South China Sea]] * [[Ticao Pass]] * [[Verde Island Passage]] }} | major_islands = {{plainlist | * Luzon * [[Mindoro Island|Mindoro]] * [[Palawan (island)|Palawan]] * [[Masbate Island|Masbate]] * [[Catanduanes]] * [[Busuanga Island|Busuanga]] * [[Marinduque]] * [[Romblon (island)|Romblon]] * [[Polillo Island|Polillo]] * [[Burias (island)|Burias]] * [[Ticao Island|Ticao]] * [[Alabat Island|Alabat]] * [[Sibuyan Island|Sibuyan]] * [[Tablas Island|Tablas]] * [[Culion]] * [[Balabac Island|Balabac]] * [[Bugsuk]] * [[Dumaran Island|Dumaran]]}} | area_km2 = 109965 | area_footnotes = <ref name=unep/> | rank = 15th | coastline_km = 3249.6 | coastline_footnotes = <ref name=unep/> | highest_mount = [[Mount Pulag]] | elevation_m = 2,928 | country = Philippines | country_admin_divisions_title = Regions | country_admin_divisions = {{unbulleted list | [[Ilocos Region|Region 1 - Ilocos Region]] | [[Cagayan Valley|Region 2 - Cagayan Valley]] | [[Central Luzon|Region 3 - Central Luzon]] | [[Calabarzon|Region 4.A - Calabarzon]] | [[Mimaropa|Region 4.B - Mimaropa]] | [[Bicol Region|Region 5 - Bicol Region]] | [[Cordillera Administrative Region]] | [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]] }} | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = Provinces | country_admin_divisions_1 = {{plainlist | * [[Abra (province)|Abra]] * [[Albay]] * [[Apayao]] * [[Aurora (province)|Aurora]] * [[Bataan]] * [[Batangas]] * [[Benguet]] * [[Bulacan]] * [[Cagayan]] * [[Camarines Norte]] * [[Camarines Sur]] * [[Cavite]] * [[Ifugao]] * [[Ilocos Norte]] * [[Ilocos Sur]] * [[Isabela (province)|Isabela]] * [[Kalinga (province)|Kalinga]] * [[La Union]] * [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] * [[Mountain Province]] * [[Nueva Ecija]] * [[Nueva Vizcaya]] * [[Pampanga]] * [[Pangasinan]] * [[Quezon]] * [[Quirino]] * [[Rizal]] * [[Sorsogon]] * [[Tarlac]] * [[Zambales]] ''Outlying island provinces'' {{plainlist | * [[Batanes]] * [[Catanduanes]] * [[Marinduque]] * [[Masbate]] * [[Occidental Mindoro]] * [[Oriental Mindoro]] * [[Palawan]] * [[Romblon]] }} }} | country_largest_city = [[Quezon City]] | country_largest_city_population = 2,936,116 {{PH census|2015|d}} | population = 53,336,134{{efn|name=popnote}} | population_as_of = 2015 | population_footnotes = {{PH census|2018|d}} | density_km2 = {{sigfig|53336134/109965|2}} | demonym = Luzonian (modern)<br/>Luzonese (occasional)<br/>[[Luções]] (archaic) | ethnic_groups = {{bulleted list | [[Aeta]] | [[Bicolano people|Bicolano]] | [[Gaddang people|Gaddang]] | [[Ibanag people|Ibanag]] | [[Igorot people|Igorot]] ''{{hlist | [[Bontoc people|Bontoc]] | [[Ibaloi people|Ibaloi]] | [[Ifugao people|Ifugao]] | [[Isnag people|Isneg]] | [[Kalinga people|Kalinga]] | [[Kankanaey people|Kankanaey]] | [[Kalanguya people|Kalanguya]] }}'' | [[Ilokano people|Ilokano]] | [[Ilongot people|Ilongot]] | [[Itawes]] | [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]] | [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinan]] | [[Sambal people|Sambal]] | [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]] | }} }} '''Luzon''' ({{IPA-tl|luˈzon}} or {{IPA-tl|luˈson|}}) is the largest and most populous [[List of islands in the Philippines|island]] in the [[Philippines]]. It is ranked [[List of islands by area|15th largest]] in the world by [[land area]]. Located in the northern portion of the [[archipelago]], it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, [[Manila]], as well as [[Quezon City]], the country's most populous city. With a population of 53 million {{As of|2015|lc=y}},{{PH census|2015|d}} it contains 52.5% of the country's total population and is the [[List of islands by population|fourth most populous island]] in the world.<ref name="ThePHArchipelago">{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA16| page=16| title=The Philippine Archipelago|first=Yves |last=Boquet |publisher=Springer|year= 2017|isbn= 9783319519265}}</ref> Luzon may also refer to one of the three primary [[Island groups of the Philippines|island groups in the country]]. As such, it includes the Luzon [[mainland]], the [[Batanes]] and [[Babuyan Islands|Babuyan]] groups of islands to the north, [[Polillo Islands]] to the east, and the outlying islands of [[Catanduanes]], [[Marinduque]] and [[Mindoro]], among others, to the south.<ref name="unique">{{cite book | last=Zaide | first=Sonia M. | title=The Philippines, a Unique Nation | page=50 }}</ref> The islands of [[Masbate]], [[Palawan (island)|Palawan]] and [[Romblon]] are also included, although these three are sometimes grouped with the [[Visayas]]. {{TOC limit|3}} ==Etymology== [[File:Bangkajf.JPG|thumb|left|upright|''Bangkang pinawa'', an ancient Philippine [[mortar and pestle]].]] The name ''Luzon'' is thought to derive from the [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] word ''lusong'', a large wooden [[mortar and pestle|mortar]] used in dehusking rice.<ref>{{cite book|author=Keat Gin Ooi|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA798|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-770-2|page=798}}</ref><ref name=Roberts1>{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Edmund|title=Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat|year=1837|publisher=Harper & Brothers|location=New York|page=59|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/59/}}</ref> A 2008 PIDS research paper by Eulito Bautista and Evelyn Javier provides an image of a lusong, explaining: {{bquote|I can swallow a bottle of alcohol and I'll feel like Godzilla Better hit the deck like the card dealer My whole squad's in here, walkin' around the party A cross between a zombie apocalypse and big Bobby The Brain Heenan which is probably the Same reason I wrestle with mania Shady's in this bitch, I'm posse'd up Consider it to cross me a costly mistake If they sleepin' on me, the Hoes better get insomnia, ADHD, hydroxycut Pass the Courvoisi' (Hey, hey) In AA, with an AK, melee, finna set it like a playdate Better vacate, retreat like a vacay, mayday This beat is cray-cray, Ray J, h-a, h-a, h-a Laughin' all the way to the bank, I spray flames They cannot tame or placate the (Ayy) Monster You get in my way? I'ma feed you to the monster Further winnowing with a bamboo tray (bilao) separates the hull from the rice grains. This traditional hand-pounding chore, although very laborious and resulted in a lot of broken rice, required two to three skilled men and women to work harmoniously and was actually a form of socializing among young folks in the villages.<ref name="EulitoandJavier2008">{{Cite journal|last1=Bautista|first1=Eulito U.|last2=Javier|first2=Evelyn F.|date=2008|title=Rice Production Practices: PIDS Research Paper Series 2008-02|url=http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/rps/pidsrp0802.pdf|journal=Philippine Institute of Development Studies Research Papers Series|publisher=Philippine Institute of Development Studies|pages=44}}</ref>}} ==History== {{Further|History of Luzon|Tondo (historical polity)|Namayan|Rajahnate of Maynila}} Luzon was originally inhabited by [[Negrito]]s before [[Austronesians]] from Taiwan scattered and displaced them. The Austronesian groups were divided into two types of nations; coastal lowland states or highland civilizations. Highland civilizations were based in the mountains and had built up plutocracies based on agriculture, such as the [[Igorot Society]] which is responsible for building many of the [[Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras|rice terraces]] in the [[Cordillera Central (Luzon)|Cordillera Mountains]], among the most notable being the [[Banaue Rice Terraces]]. Meanwhile, coastal states were split among [[Hinduism|Hindu]]-[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] kingdoms, [[Muslim]] principalities, and [[Philippine mythology|ethnoreligious]] tribes, who had trading connections with [[Borneo]], [[Java]], [[Sumatra]], [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]], [[Indochina]], [[Bengal]], [[India]], [[Korea]], [[Ryukyu Islands|Okinawa]], [[Japan]] and [[China]], before the Spaniards established their rule. From just before the first millennium, the [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]], [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]] and [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinan]] peoples of south and central Luzon had established several major coastal [[polity|polities]], most notable among them those of [[Rajahnate of Maynila|Maynila]], [[Tondo (historical polity)|Tondo]] and [[Namayan]]. The [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]], the first Philippine document written in 900AD, names places in and around [[Manila Bay]] as well as [[Medan]] in Indonesia.<ref>[http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/lcieng.htm Laguna Copperplate Inscription – Article in English] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205031106/http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/lcieng.htm |date=2008-02-05 }}. Mts.net (2006-07-14). Retrieved on 2010-12-19.</ref> These kingdoms were based on leases between village rulers (''[[Datu]]'') and landlords (''[[Lakan]]'') or [[Rajah]]s, to whom tributes and taxes were levied. These kingdoms were coastal [[Thalassocracy|thalassocracies]] based on trade with neighboring Asian political entities at that time. There was also a Buddhist polity known as [[Ma-i]] or Maidh, described in Chinese and Bruneian records in the 10th century AD, although its location is still unknown and scholars are divided on whether it is in modern-day [[Bay, Laguna]] or [[Bulalacao]], [[Mindoro]].<ref>{{cite journal| last = Go| first = Bon Juan| title = Ma'I in Chinese Records - Mindoro or Bai? An Examination of a Historical Puzzle| journal = Philippine Studies| volume = 53| issue = 1| pages = 119–138| publisher = Ateneo de Manila UP| date = 2005| url = http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/216/223| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131021221348/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/216/223| archive-date = October 21, 2013| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| title = Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History| last1 = Scott| first1 = William Henry| publisher = New Day Publishers| date = 1989| location = Quezon City| isbn = 978-9711002268| chapter = Societies in Prehispanic Philippines}}</ref> [[File:Captioned_Detail_of_Jean_Mallat_1846_Illustration_Tagalog_Couple_Pounding_Rice.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Detail of an illustration from Jean Mallat's ''Les Philippines'' (1846), showing "a Tagalog couple pounding rice." The mortar depicted is known as a "lusong",<ref name="EulitoandJavier2008"/>{{rp|page=44}} which was also the [[Old Tagalog]] name of the [[Pasig River]] delta.<ref name="Potet2013">{{cite book | last = Potet | first = Jean-Paul G. | title = Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog | date = 2013 | pages = 444 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1i-bBQAAQBAJ | isbn = 9781291457261}}</ref>]] According to sources at the time, the trade in large native [[List of Japanese tea ceremony equipment#Shimamono|''Ruson-tsukuri'']] (literally ''Luzon-made'', Japanese:[[wikt:呂|呂]][[wikt:宋|宋]][[wikt:製|製]]) clay jars used for storing [[green tea]] and [[rice wine]] with Japan flourished in the 12th century, and local [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]], [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]] and [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinan]] potters had marked each jar with [[Baybayin]] letters denoting the particular urn used and the kiln the jars were manufactured in. Certain kilns were renowned over others and prices depended on the reputation of the kiln.<ref>Kekai, Paul. (2006-09-05) [http://sambali.blogspot.com/2006/09/luzon-jars-glossary.html Quests of the Dragon and Bird Clan: Luzon Jars (Glossary)]. Sambali.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-19.</ref><ref>[http://www.seapots.com/home/index.php/production-centers-pottery-groups/philippines South East Asia Pottery – Philippines]. Seapots.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-19. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019011022/http://www.seapots.com/home/index.php/production-centers-pottery-groups/philippines |date=October 19, 2014 }}</ref> Of this flourishing trade, the ''Burnay'' jars of [[Ilocos]] are the only large clay jar manufactured in Luzon today with origins from this time. During the 1300s, the Javanese-centered Hindu empire of [[Majapahit]] briefly ruled over Luzon as recorded in the epic poem [[Nagarakretagama]], which stated that they had colonies in the Philippines at Saludong ([[Kingdom of Manila|Manila]]) and Solot ([[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]]). Eventually, the kingdoms of Luzon regained independence from Majapahit after the Battle of Manila (1365) and Sulu also reestablished independence and in vengeance, [[Military history of the Philippines|assaulted the Majapahit province of Poni]] ([[Brunei]]) before a fleet from the capital drove them out.<ref>{{cite book |title=History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past |year=2009 |publisher=Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education |isbn=978-99917-2-372-3 |ref={{harvid|History for Brunei Darussalam|2009}}|page=44}}</ref> The [[Yongle Emperor]] instituted a Chinese governor on Luzon during [[Zheng He]]'s [[Treasure voyages|voyages]] and appointed Ko Ch'a-lao to that position in 1405.{{sfn|Ho|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EwnzBiM0LmAC&pg=PA33 33]}}{{sfn|Karnow|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VbwogbQ3l8UC&pg=PT84 84]}} China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 9 |others=Contributor: Walter Yust |year=1954 |publisher=EncyclopÆdia Britannica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KfnAAAAMAAJ&q=vassals |access-date=2019-06-21 |page=75}}</ref> China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in Yongle's reign.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uWzjAAAAMAAJ "Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts" 1977], p. 59.</ref> Afterwards, some parts of Luzon were Islamized when the former Majapahit province of Poni broke free, converted to Islam, imported an Arab prince from Saudi Arabia, in the person of [[Sharif Ali]], and became the [[Bruneian Empire|Sultanate of Brunei]], a nation that then expanded its realms from Borneo to the Philippines and set up the [[Kingdom of Maynila]] as its puppet-state<ref>{{cite book|author=Frans Welman|title=Borneo Trilogy Brunei: Vol 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kb7OXcSH7ScC&pg=PA8|date=1 August 2013|publisher=Booksmango|isbn=978-616-222-235-1|pages=8–}}</ref> as well as incorporate the newly converted Sultanate of Sulu by a royal marriage. However, other kingdoms resisted Islam, like the [[Huangdom of Pangasinan|Wangdom of Pangasinan]] which had remained a tributary state to China and was a largely Sinified kingdom which maintained trade with Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-21-1983/scott.pdf|title=Filipinos in China in 1500|last=Scott|first=William Henry|work=China Studies Program|page=8|publisher=De la Salle University|year=1989|access-date=2015-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724123829/http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-21-1983/scott.pdf|archive-date=2015-07-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 1500s, people from Luzon were called ''[[Luções]]'' and they established many overseas communities within the Indo-Pacific and were actively employed in trading, seafaring and military campaigns across Southeast Asia. The [[Portugal|Portuguese]] were the first European explorers who recorded it in their charts as ''Luçonia'' or ''Luçon'' and inhabitants were called ''[[Luçoes]]''.<ref>Pires, Tomé, A suma oriental de Tomé Pires e o livro de Francisco Rodriguez: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão [1512–1515], translated and edited by Armando Cortesao, Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1944.</ref> [[Edmund Roberts (diplomat)|Edmund Roberts]], who visited Luzon in the early 19th century, wrote that Luzon was "discovered" in 1521.<ref name=Roberts1/> Many people from Luzon had active-employment in Portuguese Malacca. Lucoes such as the Luzon spice magnate [[Regimo de Raja]], based in Malacca, was highly influential and the Portuguese appointed him as Temenggong (Sea Lord) or a governor and chief general responsible for overseeing of maritime trade, at Malacca. As Temenggung, he was also the head of an armada which traded and protected commerce between the [[Indian Ocean]], the [[Strait of Malacca]], the [[South China Sea]],<ref>Antony, Robert J. Elusive Pirates, Pervasive Smugglers: Violence and Clandestine Trade in the Greater China Seas. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2010. Print, 76.</ref> and the [[History of the Philippines (900–1521)|medieval maritime principalities of the Philippines]].<ref>Junker, Laura L. Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. Honolulu: University of Hawaiì Press, 1999.</ref><ref>Wilkinson, R J. An Abridged Malay-English Dictionary (romanised). London: Macmillan and Co, 1948. Print, 291.</ref> His father and wife carried on his maritime trading business after his death. Another important Malacca trader was Curia de Raja who also hailed from Luzon. The "surname" of "de Raja" or "diraja" could indicate that Regimo and Curia, and their families, were of noble or royal descent as the term is an abbreviation of Sanskrit adiraja.<ref>Junker, 400. http://sambali.blogspot.com/2014/12/the-borneo-route.html</ref> Pinto noted that there were a number of Luçoes in the Islamic fleets that went to battle with the Portuguese in the Philippines during the 16th century. The Sultan of Aceh gave one of them (Sapetu Diraja) the task of holding Aru (northeast Sumatra) in 1540. Pinto also says one was named leader of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after the Portuguese conquest in 1511.<ref name="Pinto">{{Cite journal | last = Pinto | first = Fernao Mendes | author-link = Fernao Mendes Pinto | title = The travels of Mendes Pinto. | url = https://archive.org/details/travelsofmendesp0000pint | url-access = registration |language= en |translator=Rebecca Catz |year=1989 | place = Chicago | publisher = University of Chicago Press | orig-year = 1578 }}</ref> Pigafetta notes that one of them was in command of the Brunei fleet in 1521.<ref name="Pigafetta">{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009797644 | last = Pigafetta | first = Antonio | author-link = Antonio Pigafetta | title = First voyage round the world |language=en |translator=J.A. Robertson |year=1969 | place = Manila | publisher = Filipiniana Book Guild | orig-year = 1524 }}</ref> However, the Luções did not only fight on the side of the Muslims. Pinto says they were also apparently among the natives of the Philippines who fought the Muslims in 1538.<ref name="Pinto"/> On [[Mainland Southeast Asia]], Lusung/Luçoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD. At the same time, Lusong warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayutthaya.{{sfn|Pigafetta|1969|p=195}} Lucoes military and trade activity reached as far as [[Sri Lanka]] in [[South Asia]] where Lungshanoid pottery made in Luzon were discovered in burials.<ref>"Quest of the Dragon and Bird Clan; The Golden Age (Volume III)" -Lungshanoid (Glossary)- By Paul Kekai Manansala</ref> Scholars have thus suggested that they could be mercenaries valued by all sides.<ref name="Pires">{{Cite book | last = Pires | first = Tomé | author-link = Tomé Pires | title = A suma oriental de Tomé Pires e o livro de Francisco Rodriguez: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão [1512–1515] |editor=Armando Cortesao (translator) |language=pt | place = Cambridge | publisher = Hakluyt Society | year = 1944 }}</ref><ref name="Lach">{{cite book |last=Lach |first=Donald Frederick |author-link= Donald Lach |title= Asia in the Making of Europe |year=1994 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |chapter= Chapter 8: The Philippine Islands | isbn = 0-226-46732-5}}</ref><ref name="Reid">{{cite book |last=Reid |first=Anthony |author-link= Anthony Reid (academic) |editor=Peter Bellwood |editor2=James J. Fox |editor3=[[Darrell Tryon]] |title=The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives |year=1995 |publisher=Department of Anthropology, The Australian National University |location=Canberra |chapter= Continuity and Change in the Austronesian Transition to Islam and Christianity |chapter-url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch16.html }}</ref> The Spanish arrival in the 16th century saw the incorporation of the Lucoes people and the breaking up of their kingdoms and the establishment of the [[Spanish East Indies|''Las Islas Filipinas'']] with its capital [[Cebu]], which was moved to [[Manila]] following the defeat of the local [[Rajah Sulayman]] in 1570. Under Spain, Luzon also came to be known as the '''''Nueva Castilla''''' or the '''New Castile'''. In Spanish times, Luzon became the focal point for trade between the Americas and Asia. The [[Manila Galleons]] constructed in the [[Bicol region]], brought silver mined from [[Peru]] and [[Mexico]] to Manila, which was used to purchase Asian commercial goods like Chinese [[silk]], Indian [[gems]] and Indonesian [[spices]] which were exported to the Americas. Luzon then became a focal point for global migration. The walled city of [[Intramuros]] was initially founded by 1200 Spanish families.<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb139 |title = A History of the Philippines |last = Barrows |first = David |journal = Guttenburg Free Online E-books |year = 2014 |volume = 1 |page = 179 |quote = Within the walls, there were some six hundred houses of a private nature, most of them built of stone and tile, and an equal number outside in the suburbs, or “arrabales,” all occupied by Spaniards (“todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles”). This gives some twelve hundred Spanish families or establishments, exclusive of the religious, who in Manila numbered at least one hundred and fifty, the garrison, at certain times, about four hundred trained Spanish soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries, and the official classes.}}</ref> The nearby district of [[Binondo]] became the center of business and transformed into the world's oldest Chinatown.<ref>[http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/388446/lifestyle/food/binondo-new-discoveries-in-the-world-s-oldest-chinatown New discoveries in the world's oldest Chinatown GMA news]</ref> There was also a smaller district reserved for Japanese migrants in [[Dilao]]. [[Cavite City]] also served as the main port for Luzon and many Mexican soldiers and sailors were stationed in the naval garrisons there.<ref>Galaup "Travel Accounts" page 375.</ref><ref>"Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World" By Eva Maria Mehl, page 235.</ref> When the Spanish evacuated from [[Sultanate of Ternate|Ternate]], Indonesia; they settled the [[Papuan languages|Papuan]] refugees in [[Ternate, Cavite]] which was named after their evacuated homeland. After the short [[British Occupation of Manila]], the Indian [[Sepoy]] soldiers that mutinied against their British commanders and joined the Spanish, then settled in [[Cainta, Rizal]]. Newcomers who were impoverished Mexicans and peninsulares were accused of undermining the submission of the natives. In 1774, authorities from Bulacan, Tondo, Laguna Bay, and other areas surrounding Manila reported with consternation that discharged soldiers and deserters (From Mexico, Spain and Peru) were providing indios military training for the weapons that had been disseminated all over the territory during the British war.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/36911506/Eva_Maria_Mehl_Forced_migration_in_the_Spanish_pacific_world_From_Mexico_to_the_Philippines_1765-1811?auto=download "Eva Maria Mehl: Forced migration in the Spanish pacific world: From Mexico to the Philippines, 1765-1811" Page 100.] From the original Spanish language source in the archives of Mexico: "CSIC ser. Consultas riel 208 leg.14 (1774)"</ref> Eventually people from the Philippines, primarily from Luzon, were recruited by [[France]] which was then in alliance with [[Spain]], to at first defend Indo-Chinese converts to Christianity which were persecuted by their native governments there, extended to eventually conquer Vietnam, Laos and re-establish Cambodia as a French Protectorate (As Cambodia was invaded by Thailand and liberated and re-established by Franco-Filipino-Spanish forces), albeit under French dominion, as they established [[French Cochinchina]] which was centered in [[Saigon]].<ref name="nigelgooding.co.uk">{{Citation |url=http://www.nigelgooding.co.uk/Spanish/Cochinchina/cochinchina.htm |title=Filipino Involvement in the French-Spanish Campaign in Indochina |author=Nigel Gooding |access-date=2008-07-04}}</ref> In China, Filipinos were used as mercenaries in the successful suppression of the anti-foreigner Taiping rebellion.<ref name="Mercene, Manila men, p. 52">Mercene, Manila men, p. 52.</ref><ref>Ibid., p. 54</ref><ref>Caleb Carr, The devil soldier: the story of Frederick Townsend Ward, New York: Random House, 1992, p. 91.</ref><ref>González Davíla Amado. Geografía del Estado de Guerrero y síntesis histórica 1959</ref><ref>Smith, Mercenaries and mandarins, p. 29.</ref><ref>Bryna Goodman, Native place, city, and nation: regional networks and identities in Shanghai, 1853–1937, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995, pp. 72–83.</ref> In the Americas, in contrast, Filipinos were very active in Anti-Imperialist uprisings, Overseas Filipinos living in Louisiana were soldiers serving under Jean Lafayette in the defense of New Orleans in the War of 1812 against a Britain wanting to re-invade America.<ref>{{cite news |first=Rudi |last=Williams |title=DoD's Personnel Chief Gives Asian-Pacific American History Lesson |url=http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=16498 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615091238/http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=16498|archive-date=June 15, 2007|work=American Forces Press Service |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |date=3 June 2005 |access-date=26 August 2009}}</ref> "Manilamen" recruited from San Blas joined the Argentinian of French descent, Hypolite Bouchard in the assault of Spanish California during the Argentinian War of Independence.<ref>Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2006). Historia de México. México, D. F.: Pearson Educación.</ref><ref name="Mercene, Manila men, p. 52"/> Filipinos in Mexico serving under the Filipino-Mexican General [[Isidoro Montes de Oca]] assisted [[Vicente Guerrero]] in the Mexican war of independence against Spain.<ref>Filipinos in Nueva España Filipino-Mexican Relations, Mestizaje, and Identity in Colonial and Contemporary Mexico by Rudy P. Guevarra Jr. "According to Ricardo Pinzon, these two Filipino soldiers—Francisco Mongoy and Isidoro Montes de Oca—were so distinguished in battle that they are regarded as folk heroes in Mexico. General Vicente Guerrero later became the first president of Mexico of African descent. See Floro L. Mercene, “Central America: Filipinos in Mexican History,” "(https://muse.jhu.edu/article/456194/pdf)</ref> Luzon then produced another great General, this time, for the Spanish Empire, in the person of [[Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero]] who became Prime-Minister of Spain.<ref name="Manila, My Manila">{{cite book|author=Joaquin, Nick|title=Manila, My Manila|publisher=Vera-Reyes, Inc.|year=1990}}</ref> Marcelo Azcaragga Palmero was born in the island of Luzon (Historically called Luçon) and was a restorer of a fallen throne, a Royalist to the Spanish Bourbons. It is a case of historical names repeating itself since the Royalist army in the [[War in the Vendée]] at France which attempted to restore the French Bourbons was primarily based on the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Luçon|Diocese of Luçon]]. After many years of Spanish occupation and resistance to reform, the [[Philippine Revolution]] against Spain erupted in Cavite and spread all throughout Luzon and the Philippines. Consequently, the [[First Philippine Republic]] was established in [[Malolos, Bulacan]]. In the meantime, [[Spain]] sold the Philippines to the [[United States]] and the First Philippine Republic resisted the new American colonizers in the [[Philippine–American War]] which the Republic lost due to its diplomatic isolation (No nation recognized the First Republic) as well as due to the numerical superiority of the American army. The Americans then set up the cool mountain city of [[Baguio City|Baguio]] as a summer retreat for its officials. The Americans also rebuilt the capital, Manila, and established American military bases in [[Olongapo]] and [[Angeles, Philippines|Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarkab.org/history/index.htm |title=Clark Air Base History |publisher=Clarkab.org |access-date=2009-07-14}}</ref> {{Further|Spanish East Indies}} [[File:US ships under attack in Lingayen Gulf January 1945.jpg|thumb|U.S. Navy ships under attack while entering [[Lingayen Gulf]], January 1945]] In [[Pacific War|World War II]], the Philippines were considered to be of great strategic importance because their capture by Japan would pose a significant threat to the U.S. As a result, 135,000 troops and 227 aircraft were stationed in the Philippines by October 1941. Luzon was captured by [[Imperial Japanese Army|Imperial Japanese forces]] in 1942 during their [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|campaign to capture the Philippines]]. [[General (United States)|General]] [[Douglas MacArthur]]—who was in charge of the defense of the Philippines at the time—was ordered to Australia, and the remaining U.S. forces retreated to the [[Bataan Peninsula]].<ref name="2ww">{{cite web|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWphilippines.htm |title=The Philippines |access-date=6 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222190510/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWphilippines.htm |archive-date=22 February 2009 }}</ref> A few months after this, MacArthur expressed his belief that an attempt to recapture the Philippines was necessary. The U.S. Pacific Commander [[Admiral]] [[Chester Nimitz]] and [[Chief of Naval Operations]] Admiral [[Ernest King]] both opposed this idea, arguing that it must wait until victory was certain. MacArthur had to wait two years for his wish; it was 1944 before a [[Philippines Campaign (1944–45)|campaign]] to recapture the Philippines was launched. The island of [[Leyte]] was the first objective of the campaign, which was [[Battle of Leyte|captured]] by the end of December 1944. This was followed by the [[Battle of Mindoro|attack on Mindoro]] and later, Luzon.<ref name="2ww"/> {{Further|Battle of Luzon}} The end of the World War necessitated [[decolonization]] due to rising nationalist movements across the world's many empires. Subsequently, the Philippines gained independence from the United States. Luzon then arose to become the most developed island in the Philippines. However, the lingering poverty and inequality caused by the long dictatorship of US-supported dictator, [[Ferdinand Marcos]], gave rise to the Philippine diaspora and many people from Luzon have migrated elsewhere and had established large overseas communities; mainly in the [[United States]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Singapore]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Eventually, the [[People Power Revolution]] led by [[Corazon Aquino]] and [[Jaime Sin|Cardinal Jaime Sin]], removed Marcos and his cronies from power and they fled to [[Hawaii]] where the US granted them asylum. The following administrations are subsequently managing the political and economic recovery of the Philippines with the particular aim of spreading development outside of Luzon and into the more isolated provinces of the [[Visayas]] and [[Mindanao]]. [[File:PNP PRO 3 Checkpoints COVID 19 2.jpg|thumb|Police checkpoint near the border of [[Valenzuela, Metro Manila]] with [[Meycauayan]], [[Bulacan]]]] The island has been placed under an [[2020 Luzon enhanced community quarantine|enhanced community quarantine]] for one month starting March 17, 2020 due to the [[2020 coronavirus pandemic in the Philippines|2020 coronavirus pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/16/20/duterte-places-luzon-under-enhanced-community-quarantine-to-fight-covid-19 | title=Luzon under enhanced community quarantine as COVID-19 cases rise | publisher=[[ABS CBN News]] | date=March 16, 2020 | access-date=March 16, 2020}}</ref> ==Geography== {{Details|Geography of the Philippines#Luzon|l1=Geography of Luzon|}} [[File:Northern Philippines (Luzon).jpg|thumb|{{center|Satellite image of Luzon}}]] Luzon island alone has an area of {{convert|109964.9|km2}},<ref name=unep>{{cite web|title=Islands of Philippines |url=http://islands.unep.ch/IHE.htm#898 |work=Island Directory Tables |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 April 2016}}</ref> making it the [[List of islands by area|world's 15th largest island]]. It is bordered on the west by the [[South China Sea]] (''Luzon Sea'' in Philippine territorial waters), on the east by the [[Philippine Sea]], and on the north by the [[Luzon Strait]] containing the [[Babuyan Islands|Babuyan]] Channel and [[Balintang Channel]]. The [[mainland]] is roughly rectangular in shape and has the long [[Bicol Peninsula]] protruding to the southeast. Luzon is roughly divided into four sections; [[Northern Luzon|Northern]], [[Central Luzon|Central]] and [[Southern Luzon|Southern]] Luzon, and the [[National Capital Region]]. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;background-color:#FDFDFD;" |- ! scope="col" | Regions ! scope="col" | Six divisions ! scope="col" | Four divisions ! scope="col" | Three divisions ! scope="col" | Two divisions |-style="vertical-align:top;" ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Ilocos Region]] | rowspan=2 | [[Ilocandia]] | rowspan=3 | Northern Luzon | rowspan=4 | North and Central Luzon | rowspan=4 | North and Central Luzon |-style="vertical-align:top;" ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Cagayan Valley]] |-style="vertical-align:top;" ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Cordillera Administrative Region]] | Cordilleras |-style="vertical-align:top;" ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Central Luzon]] | colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | Central Luzon |-style="vertical-align:top;" ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]] | colspan=3 style="text-align:center;" | Metro Manila | rowspan=4 | Southern Luzon |-style="vertical-align:top;" ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Calabarzon]] | rowspan=2 | [[Southern Tagalog]] | rowspan=3 | Southern Luzon | rowspan=3 | Southern Luzon |-style="vertical-align:top;" ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Mimaropa]] |-style="vertical-align:top;" ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Bicol Region]] | [[Bicolandia]] |} ===Physical=== ==== Northern Luzon ==== The northwestern portion of the island, which encompasses most of the [[Ilocos Region]], is characterized by a flat terrain extending east from the [[coast]]line toward the [[Cordillera Central, Luzon|Cordillera Central mountains]]. The Cordillera mountain range, which feature the island's north-central section, is covered in a mixture of [[Luzon tropical pine forests|tropical pine forests]] and [[Luzon rainforest|montane rainforests]], and is the site of the island's highest mountain, [[Mount Pulag]], rising at 2,922 metres. The range provides the upland headwaters of the [[Agno River]], which stretches from the slopes of [[Mount Data]], and meanders along the southern Cordillera mountains before reaching the plains of [[Pangasinan]]. The northeastern section of Luzon is generally mountainous, with the [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre]], the longest mountain range in the country, abruptly rising a few miles from the coastline. Located in between the Sierra Madre and the Cordillera Central mountain ranges is the large [[Cagayan Valley]]. This region, which is known for being the second largest producer of rice and the country's top corn-producer, serves as the [[Drainage basin|basin]] for the [[Cagayan River]], the longest in the Philippines. Along the southern limits of the Cordillera Central lies the lesser-known [[Caraballo Mountains]]. These mountains form a link between the Cordillera Central and the Sierra Madre mountain ranges, separating the Cagayan Valley from the [[Central Luzon]] plains.<ref name=TriumphPhil>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Robert Ross|title=Triumph in the Philippines|date=1993|publisher=University Press of the Pacific|location=Honolulu, HI|isbn=1410224953|page=450|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Triumph/USA-P-Triumph-24.html|access-date=25 December 2014|format=Transcribed and formatted by Jerry Holden for the HyperWar Foundation}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> View of the north coast of Luzon - ZooKeys-266-001-g002.jpg|North coast of Luzon along the [[Cagayan]]-[[Ilocos Norte]] boundary Mount Pulag, Kabayan, Philippines (Unsplash).jpg|Summit of [[Mount Pulag]], Luzon's highest mountain FvfSanJuanLaUnion8559 10.JPG|West coast of Luzon at [[San Juan, La Union|San Juan]] overlooking the [[South China Sea]] View of the Sierra Madre from the west - ZooKeys-266-001-g004.jpg|The Cagayan Valley at [[Cabagan, Isabela|Cabagan]] with the [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre]] mountains in the background Quirino 1.jpg|Canoes along upstream [[Cagayan River]] at [[Quirino]] province </gallery> ==== Central Luzon ==== [[File:Arayat44jf.JPG|thumb|The [[Central Luzon]] plain with [[Mount Arayat]] in the background]] The central section of Luzon is characterized by a flat terrain, known as the Central Luzon [[plain]], the largest in the island in terms of land area. The plain, approximately {{convert|11,000|km2}} in size, is the country's largest producer of rice, and is irrigated by two major rivers; the [[Cagayan River|Cagayan]] to the north, and the [[Pampanga River|Pampanga]] to the south. In the middle of the plain rises the solitary [[Mount Arayat]]. The western coasts of Central Luzon are typically flat extending east from the coastline to the [[Zambales Mountains]], the site of [[Mount Pinatubo]], made famous because of its enormous [[1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo|1991 eruption]]. These mountains extend to the sea in the north, forming the [[Lingayen Gulf]], and to the south, forming the [[Bataan Peninsula]]. The peninsula encloses the [[Manila Bay]], a natural [[harbor]] considered to be one of the best natural ports in East Asia, due to its size and strategic geographical location. The [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre]] mountain range continues to stretch across the western section of Central Luzon, snaking southwards into the [[Bicol Peninsula]]. ==== Southern Luzon ==== {{overlay|float=right |image = STS045-152-274 Manila and Taal Volcano.jpg |width = 280 |height = 350 |columns = 2 |overlay1 = [[Manila Bay]] |overlay1top = 132 |overlay1left = 50 |overlay2 = [[Laguna de Bay]] |overlay2top = 94 |overlay2left = 165 |overlay3 = [[Taal Volcano]] / {{nowrap|[[Taal Lake]]}} |overlay3top = 171 |overlay3left = 193 |overlay4 = [[Bataan Peninsula]] |overlay4top = 176 |overlay4left = 17 |overlay5 = [[Balayan Bay]] |overlay5top = 231 |overlay5left = 198 |overlay6 = [[Batangas Bay]] |overlay6top = 220 |overlay6left = 250 |overlay7 = [[South China Sea]] |overlay7top = 286 |overlay7left = 55 |overlay8 = [[Mindoro Island]] |overlay8top = 325 |overlay8left = 264 |overlay9 = [[Lamon Bay]] |overlay9top = 11 |overlay9left = 209 }} The northern section of Southern Luzon is dominated by the [[Laguna de Bay]] ([[Old Spanish]], "''Lake of [[Bay, Laguna|Bay]] town''"), the largest [[lake]] in the country. The {{convert|949|km2|adj=on}} lake is drained into [[Manila Bay]] by the [[Pasig River]], one of the most important rivers in the country due to its historical significance and because it runs through the center of [[Metro Manila]]. Located {{convert|20|km}} southwest of Laguna de Bay is [[Taal Lake]], a [[Volcanic crater lake|crater lake]] containing the [[Taal Volcano]], the smallest in the country. The environs of the lake form the [[highland|upland]] [[Tagaytay Ridge]], which was once part of a massive prehistoric volcano that covered the southern portion of the province of [[Cavite]], [[Tagaytay City]] and the whole of [[Batangas]] province. South of Laguna Lake are two [[Topographic prominence|solitary]] mountains, [[Mount Makiling]] in [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] province, and [[Mount Banahaw]], the highest in the region of [[Calabarzon]]. The southeastern portion of Luzon is dominated by the [[Bicol Peninsula]], a mountainous and narrow region extending approximately {{convert|150|km}} southeast from the [[Tayabas Isthmus]] in [[Quezon (province)|Quezon]] province to the [[San Bernardino Strait]] along the coasts of [[Sorsogon (province)|Sorsogon]]. The area is home to several [[volcano]]es, the most famous of which is the {{convert|2,460|m|adj=on}} high symmetrically shaped [[Mayon Volcano]] in [[Albay]] province. The [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre]] range has its southern limits at Quezon province. [[Topographic prominence|Ultra-prominent]] mountains dot the landscape, which include [[Mount Isarog]] and [[Mount Iriga]] in [[Camarines Sur]], and [[Mount Bulusan]] in [[Sorsogon]]. The [[peninsula]]'s coastline features several smaller peninsulas, [[List of gulfs|gulf]]s and [[bay]]s, which include [[Lamon Bay]], [[San Miguel Bay]], [[Lagonoy Gulf]], [[Ragay Gulf]], and [[Sorsogon Bay]]. {{wide image|Legazpi City at Night.jpg|1000px|The nearly perfectly shaped [[Mayon Volcano]] and the city of [[Legazpi, Albay|Legazpi]] in [[Albay]] province|alt=Panorama of city of Legazpi with Mayon Volcano in the background}} ==== Outlying islands ==== Several outlying islands near mainland Luzon are considered part of the [[Island groups of the Philippines|Luzon island group]]. The largest include [[Palawan (island)|Palawan]], [[Mindoro]], [[Masbate Island|Masbate]], [[Catanduanes]], [[Marinduque]], [[Romblon Island|Romblon]] and [[Polillo Island|Polillo]]. {{further|Island groups of the Philippines}} ===Administrative divisions=== The island is covered by 8 [[Regions of the Philippines|administrative regions]], 30 [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] and, {{As of|2014|lc=y}}, 68 [[Cities of the Philippines|cities]] (8 regions, 38 provinces and 71 cities if [[Island groups of the Philippines|associated islands]] are included). One of the regions, [[Mimaropa]], is geographically part of the [[Visayas]] according to the non-centric view. This is contested by imperial Manila through the Manila-centric view. Majority of scholars in the Philippines consider Mimaropa as part of the Visayas, in line with the non-centric view.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} {{toptextcells}} {| class="wikitable sortable toptextcells" style="margin:auto;table-layout:fixed;text-align:center;width:100%;font-size:95%;" |- style="vertical-align:middle"; ! scope="col" | Location ! scope="col" | Region<br />{{small|(designation)}} ! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | {{abbr|Population|Population and national share (as of 2015)}}<br />{{small|(2015)}}{{PH census|2015|d}} ! scope="col" | Area{{efn-lr|name=Area}}<ref name="PSA-NSCB-ProvinceList">{{cite web|title=PSGC Interactive; List of Provinces |url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asp |website=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |access-date=3 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111015112/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asp |archive-date=11 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name="PSA-CitiesList">{{cite web|title=PSGC Interactive; List of Cities |url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listcity.asp |website=Philippine Statistics Authority |access-date=7 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429190752/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listcity.asp |archive-date=29 April 2011 }}</ref> ! scope="col" | Density ! scope="col" | Regional<br />center ! scope="col" style="width:14em;text-align:left;" data-sort-type="number" | {{center|[[List of primary local government units of the Philippines|Component LGUs]]}}{{unbulleted list | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | {{Color box|#FDFDFD|border=darkgray}} {{small|Province}} | {{Color box|#FDFDFD|border=darkgray}} {{small|''{{font|Independent city or municipality|css=font-weight:normal;}}''}} | {{Color box|#FDFDFD|{{font|∗|css=font-weight:normal;}}|border=darkgray}} {{small|[[Island groups of the Philippines|Associated island]]}}{{efn-lr|name=Islands}}}} |- ! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="1" | [[File:Ph fil ilocos.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting the Ilocos Region]] | style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Ilocos Region]]<br />{{small|(Region I)}} | 5,026,128<br />(''{{percentage|5026128|100981437|pad=1}}'') | {{convert|13,012.60|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}} | {{convert|{{sigfig|5026128/13012.60|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}} | [[San Fernando City, La Union|San Fernando<br />{{small|(La Union)}}]] | {{Collapsible list | title = 5 | frame_style = border:none; | title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5; | list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap; | bullets = on; | 1 = ''[[Dagupan]]''{{efn-lr|name=icc}} | 2 = '''[[Ilocos Norte]]''' | 3 = '''[[Ilocos Sur]]''' | 4 = '''[[La Union]]''' | 5 = '''[[Pangasinan]]''' }} |- ! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="3" | [[File:Ph fil cagayan valley.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting Cagayan Valley]] | style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Cagayan Valley]]<br />{{small|(Region II)}} | 3,451,410<br />(''{{percentage|3451410|100981437|pad=1}}'') | {{convert|28,228.83|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}} | {{convert|{{sigfig|3451410/28228.83|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}} | [[Tuguegarao]] | {{Collapsible list | title = 6 | frame_style = border:none; | title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5; | list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap; | bullets = on; | 1 = '''[[Batanes]]'''* | 2 = '''[[Cagayan]]''' | 3 = '''[[Isabela (province)|Isabela]]''' | 4 = '''[[Nueva Vizcaya]]''' | 5 = '''[[Quirino]]''' | 6 = ''[[Santiago, Isabela|Santiago]]''{{efn-lr|name=icc}} }} |- ! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="4" | [[File:Ph fil central luzon.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting Central Luzon]] | style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Central Luzon]]<br />{{small|(Region III)}} | 11,218,177<br />(''{{percentage|11218177|100981437|pad=1}}'') | {{convert|22,014.63|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}} | {{convert|{{sigfig|11218177/22014.63|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}} | [[San Fernando City, Pampanga|San Fernando<br />{{small|(Pampanga)}}]] | {{Collapsible list | title = 9 | frame_style = border:none; | title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5; | list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap; | bullets = on; | 1 = ''[[Angeles, Pampanga|Angeles]]''{{efn-lr|name=huc}} | 2 = '''[[Aurora (province)|Aurora]]''' | 3 = '''[[Bataan]]''' | 4 = '''[[Bulacan]]''' | 5 = '''[[Nueva Ecija]]''' | 6 = ''[[Olongapo]]''{{efn-lr|name=huc}} | 7 = '''[[Pampanga]]''' | 8 = '''[[Tarlac]]''' | 9 = '''[[Zambales]]''' }} |- ! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="6" | [[File:Ph fil calabarzon.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting Calabarzon]] | style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Calabarzon]]<br />{{small|(Region IV-A)}} | 14,414,774<br />(''{{percentage|14414774|100981437|pad=1}}'') | {{convert|16,873.31|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}} | {{convert|{{sigfig|14414774/16873.31|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}} | [[Calamba, Laguna|Calamba]] | {{Collapsible list | title = 6 | frame_style = border:none; | title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5; | list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap; | bullets = on; | 1 = '''[[Batangas]]''' | 2 = '''[[Cavite]]''' | 3 = '''[[Laguna (province)|Laguna]]''' | 4 = ''[[Lucena, Philippines|Lucena]]''{{efn-lr|name=huc}} | 5 = '''[[Quezon]]''' | 6 = '''[[Rizal]]''' }} |- ! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="8" | [[File:Ph fil mimaropa.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting MIMAROPA]] | style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Mimaropa|Southwestern Tagalog Region]]{{efn-lr|name=Islands}}<br />{{small|(Mimaropa)}} | 2,963,360<br />(''{{percentage|2963360|100981437|pad=1}}'') | {{convert|29,620.90|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}} | {{convert|{{sigfig|2963360/29620.90|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}} | [[Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro|Calapan]] | {{Collapsible list | title = 6 | frame_style = border:none; | title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5; | list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap; | bullets = on; | 1 = '''[[Marinduque]]'''* | 2 = '''[[Occidental Mindoro]]'''* | 3 = '''[[Oriental Mindoro]]'''* | 4 = '''[[Palawan]]'''* | 5 = ''[[Puerto Princesa]]''*{{efn-lr|name=huc}} | 6 = '''[[Romblon]]'''* }} |- ! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="7" | [[File:Ph fil bicol.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting the Bicol Region]] | style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Bicol Region]]<br />{{small|(Region V)}} | 5,796,989<br />(''{{percentage|5796989|100981437|pad=1}}'') | {{convert|18,155.82|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}} | {{convert|{{sigfig|5796989/18155.82|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}} | [[Legazpi, Albay|Legazpi]] | {{Collapsible list | title = 7 | frame_style = border:none; | title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5; | list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap; | bullets = on; | 1 = '''[[Albay]]''' | 2 = '''[[Camarines Norte]]''' | 3 = '''[[Camarines Sur]]''' | 4 = '''[[Catanduanes]]'''* | 5 = '''[[Masbate]]'''* | 6 = ''[[Naga, Camarines Sur|Naga]]''{{efn-lr|name=icc}} | 7 = '''[[Sorsogon]]''' }} |- ! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="2" | [[File:Ph fil car.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting Cordillera Administrative Region]] | style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Cordillera Administrative Region|Cordillera<br />Administrative<br />Region]]<br />{{small|(CAR)}} | 1,722,006<br />(''{{percentage|1722006|100981437|pad=1}}'') | {{convert|19,422.03|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}} | {{convert|{{sigfig|1722006/19422.03|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}} | [[Baguio]] | {{Collapsible list | title = 7 | frame_style = border:none; | title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5; | list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap; | bullets = on; | 1 = '''[[Abra (province)|Abra]]''' | 2 = '''[[Apayao]]''' | 3 = ''[[Baguio]]''{{efn-lr|name=huc}} | 4 = '''[[Benguet]]''' | 5 = '''[[Ifugao]]''' | 6 = '''[[Kalinga (province)|Kalinga]]''' | 7 = '''[[Mountain Province]]''' }} |- ! scope="row" style="width:8em;" data-sort-value="5" | [[File:Ph fil ncr.png|frameless|upright=0.5|alt=Map of the Philippines highlighting the National Capital Region]] | style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Metro Manila|National&nbsp;Capital<br />Region]]<br />{{small|(NCR)}} | 12,877,253<br />(''{{percentage|12877253|100981437|pad=1}}'') | {{convert|611.39|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}} | {{convert|{{sigfig|12877253/611.39|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br()}} | '''[[Manila]]''' | {{Collapsible list | title = 17 | frame_style = border:none; | title_style = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;background-color:#F5F5F5; | list_style = text-align:left;font-size:90%;line-height:1.20em;white-space:nowrap; | bullets = on; | 1 = ''[[Caloocan]]'' | 2 = ''[[Las Piñas]]'' | 3 = ''[[Makati]]'' | 4 = ''[[Malabon]]'' | 5 = ''[[Mandaluyong]]'' | 6 = ''[[Manila]]'' | 7 = ''[[Marikina]]'' | 8 = ''[[Muntinlupa]]'' | 9 = ''[[Navotas]]'' | 10 = ''[[Parañaque]]'' | 11 = ''[[Pasay]]'' | 12 = ''[[Pasig]]'' | 13 = ''[[Pateros]]'' | 14 = ''[[Quezon City]]'' | 15 = ''[[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]]'' | 16 = ''[[Taguig]]'' | 17 = ''[[Valenzuela, Metro Manila|Valenzuela]]'' }} |-class="sortbottom" style="font-size:85%;" ! scope="col" colspan=2 | Region ! scope="col" | 2015 census ! scope="col" | Area ! scope="col" | Density ! scope="col" | Regional center ! scope="col" | Component LGUs |-class="sortbottom" style="text-align:left;background-color:#F2F2F2;" | colspan="7" | ;Table note(s) {{notelist-lr|refs= {{efn-lr|name=Islands|The list includes the [[Island groups of the Philippines|associated islands]] of Luzon (provinces of [[Marinduque]], [[Occidental Mindoro]], [[Oriental Mindoro]], [[Palawan]], [[Romblon]], [[Batanes]], [[Catanduanes]] and [[Masbate]]).}} {{efn-lr|name=Area|Land area figures are the sum of each region's component provinces (and/or independent cities), derived from the National Statistical Coordination Board ([[Philippine Statistics Authority]]) official website.}} {{efn-lr|name=icc|An [[Cities of the Philippines#Classification|independent component city]], not under the jurisdiction of any provincial government.}} {{efn-lr|name=huc|A [[Cities of the Philippines#Classification|highly urbanized city]], independent from any province}} }} |} ===Tectonics=== {{Main|Philippine Mobile Belt}} [[File:Lake Pinatubo in January, 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Pinatubo]] in [[Zambales]]]] Luzon is part of the [[Philippine Mobile Belt]], a fast deforming plate boundary zone (Gervasio, 1967) hemmed in between two opposing subduction zones, the west-dipping [[Philippine Trench]]-[[East Luzon Trench]] subduction zone, and the east-dipping north–south trending [[Manila Trench]]-[[Negros (island)|Negros]] Trench-[[Cotabato Trench]].<ref>Hashimoto, M, ed., ''Accretion Tectonics in the Circum-Pacific Regions'', {{ISBN|90-277-1561-0}} p299</ref> The [[Philippine Sea Plate]] subducts under eastern Luzon along the East Luzon Trench and the Philippine Trench, while the [[South China Sea]] basin, part of the [[Eurasian plate]], subducts under western Luzon along the Manila Trench. The North-Southeastern trending braided left-lateral strike-slip [[Philippine Fault System]] traverses Luzon, from [[Quezon province]] and [[Bicol Region|Bicol]] to the northwestern part of the island. This fault system takes up part of the motion due to the subducting plates and produces large earthquakes. Southwest of Luzon is a collision zone where the Palawan micro-block collides with SW Luzon, producing a highly seismic zone near [[Mindoro]] island. Southwest Luzon is characterized by a highly volcanic zone, called the Macolod Corridor, a region of crustal thinning and spreading. Using geologic and structural data, seven principal blocks were identified in Luzon in 1989: the Sierra Madre Oriental, Angat, [[Zambales]], [[Central Cordillera of Luzon]], Bicol, and [[Catanduanes Island]] blocks.<ref>Rangin and Pubellier in ''Tectonics of Circum-Pacific Continental Margins'' {{ISBN|90-6764-132-4}} p148 fig 4</ref> Using seismic and geodetic data, Luzon was modeled by Galgana et al. (2007) as a series of six micro blocks or micro plates (separated by subduction zones and intra-arc faults), all translating and rotating in different directions, with maximum velocities ~100&nbsp;mm/yr NW with respect to Sundaland/Eurasia. ==Demographics== {{Philippine Census | title= Population census of Luzon | 1990= 30782432 | 2000= 39584158 | 2010= 48520774 | 2015= 53336134 | footnote= Source: National Statistics Office{{PH census|2015|d}}{{PH census|2010|d}}{{efn|name=popnote}} }} As of the 2015 census, the population of Luzon Island is 53,336,134 people,{{PH census|2015|d}}{{efn|name=popnote}} making it the [[List of islands by population|4th most populated island in the world]]. ===Cities=== [[File:North EDSA - Trinoma, QC CBD, SM North (view from SMDC Grass) (Diliman, Quezon City)(2017-09-07) cropped.jpg|thumb|A view of Quezon City in September 2017, the largest city in Luzon island]] [[Metro Manila]] is the most populous of the [[List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines|3 defined metropolitan areas]] in the Philippines and the [[List of metropolitan areas by population|11th most populous]] in the world. {{As of|2007|lc=y}}, census data showed it had a population of 11,553,427, comprising 13% of the national population.<ref name="phcensus">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov.ph/data/census2007/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716233046/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/census2007/index.html|archive-date=July 16, 2012|title=Total Population and Annual Population Growth Rates by Region: Population Censuses 1995, 2000, and 2007|author=Philippine Statistics Authority |date=April 2008 |access-date=April 4, 2010}}</ref> Including suburbs in the adjacent provinces ([[Bulacan]], [[Cavite]], [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]], and [[Rizal]]) of [[Greater Manila Area|Greater Manila]], the population is around 21 million.<ref name="phcensus" /><ref name="demographia">Demographia. (July 2010). [http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf ''Demographia World Urban Areas (World Agglomerations) Population & Projections''] (Edition 6.1). Retrieved March 29, 2011.</ref> {{Largest Cities and Municipalities in Luzon}} <br /> {{Largest cities and municipalities in Luzon location map}} ===Ethnic groups=== [[File:Ifugao headhunter.jpg|thumb|upright|An [[Igorot people|Ifugao]] warrior with some of his trophies, Cordillera Mountains, circa 1912]] Seven major [[Filipinos|Philippine]] [[Ethnolinguistics|ethnolinguistic]] groups predominate Luzon. [[Ilocano people|Ilocanos]] dominate northern Luzon, while [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangans]] and [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinenses]], as well as [[Tagalog people|Tagalogs]] and [[Sambal people|Sambals]], populate [[Central Luzon]]. [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]]s dominate the [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]], [[Calabarzon]] and the island provinces of [[Marinduque]] and [[Mindoro]], while [[Bicolano people|Bicolanos]] populate the southern [[Bicol Region|Bicol]] peninsula. [[Visayans]] mainly predominate in the island provinces of [[Masbate]], [[Palawan]] and [[Romblon]]. Other ethnic groups lesser in population include the [[Aeta]]s of [[Zambales]] and [[Bataan]], the [[Ibanag people|Ibanags]] of [[Cagayan province|Cagayan]] and [[Isabela province|Isabela]], along with smaller groups like the [[Gaddang people|Gaddang]] of [[Nueva Vizcaya]], and the [[Igorot|Igorot/Cordillerans]] of the [[Cordillera Administrative Region|Cordilleras]]. {{Further|Ethnic groups of the Philippines}} Due to recent migrations, populations of [[Filipino Chinese|Chinese]] and [[Moro people|Moros]] have also been present in urban areas. [[Filipino mestizo|Mixed-race]] populations of [[Filipinos of Spanish descent|Spanish]], [[Filipinos of American descent|Americans]], [[Filipinos of Japanese descent|Japanese]], [[Koreans in the Philippines|Koreans]], [[Filipinos of Indian descent|Indians]], and [[Arabs]] are also visible. The Chinese and their mixed-raced descendants are spread all across Luzon. According to old Spanish censuses, around 1/3rd of the population of Luzon are admixed with either Spanish or Latino descent (Mostly in Cavite and Manila)<ref>Jagor, Fëdor, et al. (1870). [http://www.authorama.com/former-philippines-b-8.html ''The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes'']</ref> Most Americans have settled in Central Luzon's highly urbanized cities of [[Angeles, Philippines|Angeles]] and [[Olongapo City|Olongapo]] due to the former presence of the U.S. air and naval bases in there, while a majority of the Koreans and Japanese have mainly settled in the major cities and towns. ===Languages=== {{Main|Languages of the Philippines}} [[File:Philippine languages per region.png|thumb|left|upright|Dominant languages per administrative region.]] Almost all of the languages of Luzon belong to the [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] group of the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] branch of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]]. Major regional languages include: [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Bicolano language|Bicolano]], [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], and [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]. [[Philippine English|English]] is spoken by many inhabitants. The use of [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]] as an [[official language]] declined following the [[American occupation of the Philippines]]. Almost inexistent among the general populace, Spanish is still used by the elderly of some families of great tradition (Rizal, Liboro...). [[File:Paoay Church of Ilocos Norte, Philippines.JPG|thumb|[[Paoay Church|Saint Augustine Catholic Church]] in [[Paoay, Ilocos Norte|Paoay]]]] ===Religion=== <!--Please suggest changes through the talk page. Thanks.--> {{Main|Religion in the Philippines}} Like most of the Philippines, the major religion in Luzon is [[Christianity in the Philippines|Christianity]], with [[Roman Catholicism in the Philippines|Roman Catholicism]] being the major [[Christian denomination|denomination]]. Other major sects includes [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[Protestantism in the Philippines|Protestantism]], the [[Philippine Independent Church]] (Aglipayans), the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), and the [[Iglesia ni Cristo]].<ref>[https://www.census.gov.ph/old/data/pressrelease/2003/pr0323tx.html PHILIPPINES: ADDITIONAL THREE PERSONS PER MINUTE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074956/http://www.census.gov.ph/old/data/pressrelease/2003/pr0323tx.html |date=2016-03-05 }}, [https://www.census.gov.ph/ National Statistics Office] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004104825/http://census.gov.ph/ |date=2013-10-04 }}. Last revised: July 18, 2003. Retrieved November 27, 2006.</ref> Indigenous traditions and rituals, though rare, are also present. There are also sizable communities of [[Hinduism in the Philippines|Hindu]]s, [[Buddhism in the Philippines|Buddhist]]s and [[Islam in the Philippines|Muslim]]s in [[Metro Manila]] and in other, especially, urban areas due to the immigration of [[Moro people|Moros]] and [[Filipino Chinese|Chinese]] to the island. [[File:EDSA-Guadalupe northward view 2012-10-29.jpg|thumb|[[EDSA (road)|EDSA]], a major thoroughfare in [[Metro Manila]]]] ==Economy== The economy of the island is centered in [[Metro Manila]] with [[Makati]] serving as the main economic and financial hub. Major companies such as [[Ayala Corporation|Ayala]], [[Jollibee Foods Corporation]], [[SM Group]], and [[Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company|Metrobank]] are based in the business districts of [[Makati]], [[Ortigas Center]], and [[Bonifacio Global City]]. Industry is concentrated in and around the urban areas of Metro Manila while agriculture predominates in the other regions of the island producing crops such as rice, bananas, mangoes, coconuts, pineapple, and coffee.<ref>[https://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/dataagri.html Index of Agriculture and Fishery Statistics]. Census.gov.ph. Retrieved on 2010-12-19. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221223854/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/dataagri.html |date=February 21, 2012 }}</ref> Other sectors include livestock raising, tourism, mining, and fishing. ==See also== {{Portal|Philippines|Islands|Geography}} * [[Regions of the Philippines]] * [[Provinces of the Philippines]] * [[Battle of Luzon]] * [[Visayas]] * [[Mindanao]] ==Notes== {{Ibid|date=June 2020}} {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=popnote|Figure composed of the 8 administrative regions excluding the island provinces of Batanes, Catanduanes, and Masbate and the region MIMAROPA.}} }} {{clear}} == References == {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== {{Div col|colwidth=30em|style=font-size:95%;}} *{{cite book|title=History of the Filipino People|first1=Teodoro A.|last1=Agoncillo|first2=Milagros|last2=Guerrero|edition=4|year=1975|publisher=R. P. Garcia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3PiAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9712345386|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Philippine History|first=Teodoro A.|last=Agoncillo|year=1962|publisher=Inang Wika Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odpwAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9712345386|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Political and Cultural History of the Philippines, Volumes 1-2 |first= Eufronio Melo |last=Alip|edition=revised|year=1954|publisher=Alip & Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0A5wAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Turning Points I' 2007 Ed.|first1=Eleanor D.|last1=Antonio|first2=Evangeline M.|last2=Dallo|first3=Consuelo M.|last3=Imperial|first4=Maria Carmelita B.|last4=Samson|first5=Celia D.|last5=Soriano|edition=unabridged|year=2007|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb8a7P_2InIC|isbn=978-9712345388|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=War Background Studies, Issues 1-7 |issue=Issues 1–6 of Origin of Far Eastern Civilizations: A Brief Handbook, Origin of Far Eastern Civilizations: A Brief Handbook|first= Carl Whiting |last=Bishop|others=Contributor: Smithsonian Institution|year=1942|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daq0AAAAIAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Origin of Far Eastern Civilizations: A Brief Handbook, Issues 1-7 |first= Carl Whiting |last=Bishop|others=Contributor: Smithsonian Institution|year=1942|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNFFAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=The bureaucracy in the Philippines |issue=Issue 4 of Studies in public administration, University of the Philippines Institute of Public Administration|first= Onofre D. |last=Corpuz|year=1957|publisher=Institute of Public Administration, University of the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BMQAQAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Myths and Symbols: Philippines |first= Francisco R. |last=Demetrio|edition=2|year=1981|publisher=National Book Store|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGuBAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Princess Urduja, Queen of the Orient Seas: Before and After Her Time in the Political Orbit of the Shri-vi-ja-ya and Madjapahit Maritime Empire : a Pre-Hispanic History of the Philippines |first= Antonio |last=Del Castillo y Tuazon|year=1988|publisher=A. del. Castillo y Tuazon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yv1xAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Mask of Asia: The Philippines Today |first= George |last=Farwell|year=1967|publisher=Praeger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZACAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=A concise history of East Asia |first= Charles Patrick |last=Fitzgerald|year=1966|publisher=Praeger|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00fitz|url-access=registration |access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Connecting and Distancing: Southeast Asia and China |editor-first= Khai Leong |editor-last=Ho|edition=illustrated|year=2009|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwnzBiM0LmAC |isbn=978-9812308566 |access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines |first= Stanley |last=Karnow|edition=unabridged|year=2010|publisher=Random House LLC|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbwogbQ3l8UC |isbn=978-0307775436 |access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Peoples of the Philippines, Issue 4 |issue=Issue 4 of Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC: War background studies|first= Herbert William |last=Krieger|volume=Volume 3694 of Publication (Smithsonian Institution)|year=1942|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHsZAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Moro Archives: A History of Armed Conflicts in Mindanao and East Asia |first= Norodin Alonto |last=Lucman|year=2000|publisher=FLC Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IplyAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Chinese participation in Philippine culture and economy |editor-first= Shubert S. C.|editor-last=Liao|year=1964|publisher=Bookman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vrDkAAAAIAAJ|archive-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1AeAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=Nov 9, 2006|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Chinese Elements in the Tagalog Language: With Some Indication of Chinese Influence on Other Philippine Languages and Cultures, and an Excursion Into Austronesian Linguistics |first= Esperidion Arsenio |last=Manuel|others=Contributor: Henry Otley Beyer|year=1948|publisher=Filipiniana Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19APAAAAYAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Islands of Pleasure: A Guide to the Philippines |first= Hans Arvid |last=Ostelius|year=1963|publisher=G. Allen & Unwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWpwAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=The literature of the Pilipinos: a survey|first1=José Villa|last1=Panganiban|first2=Consuelo Torres|last2=Panganiban|edition=5|year=1965|publisher=Limbagang Pilipino|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG2CAAAAIAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=A Survey of the Literature of the Filipinos|first1=José Villa|last1=Panganiban|first2=Consuelo Torres-|last2=Panganiban|edition=4|year=1962|publisher=Limbagang Pilipino|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CD0RAQAAIAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Philippine Cartography, 1320-1899 |first= Carlos |last=Quirino|edition=2|year=1963|publisher=N. Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTgIAQAAIAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=The Philippines: A Young Republic on the Move |first= Albert |last=Ravenholt|year=1962|publisher=Van Nostrand|url=https://archive.org/details/philippinesyoung0000rave|url-access=registration |access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Francisco Balagtas and the roots of Filipino nationalism: life and times of the great Filipino poet and his legacy of literary excellence and political activism|first1=Fred|last1=Sevilla|first2=Francisco|last2=Balagtas|year=1997|publisher=Trademark Pub. Corp.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZotkAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Seven Thousand Islands: The Story of the Philippines |first= Cornelia |last=Spencer|year=1951|publisher=Aladdin Books|url=https://archive.org/details/seventhousandisl00spen|url-access=registration |access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=The Chinese in the Philippines, 1898-1935: A Study of Their National Awakening |first= Antonio S. |last=Tan|year=1972|publisher=R. P. Garcia Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xNwAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=The Philippines since pre-Spanish times.-v. 2. The Philippines since the British invasion |first= Gregorio F. |last=Zaide|volume=Volume 1 of Philippine Political and Cultural History|edition=revised|year=1957|publisher=Philippine Education Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJYVAQAAIAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=The Pageant of Philippine History: Political, Economic, and Socio-cultural, Volume 1 |first= Gregorio F. |last=Zaide|year=1979|publisher=Philippine Education Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRJwAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=The Philippines: a Handbook of Information |author= Philippines (Republic). Office of Cultural Affairs|others=Contributor: National Economic Council (Philippines)|edition=revised|year=1965|publisher=Republic of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykgeAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=The Annals of Philippine Chinese Historical Association, Volumes 5-8 |author= Philippine Chinese Historical Association |edition=revised|year=1975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3DzjAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Biennial Conference Proceedings, Issue 1 |author= IAHA Conference |year=1962|publisher=Philippine Historical Association.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ5IAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=The Philippines: A Handbook of Information |others=Contributor: Philippine Information Agency|year=1955|publisher=Philippine Information Agency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr4eAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies, Volume 7 |others=Contributors: Manila (Philippines) University, University of Manila|edition=revised|year=1959|publisher=University of Manila.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVPRAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Unitas, Volume 30, Issues 1-2 |others=Contributor: University of Santo Tomás|year=1957|publisher=University of Santo Tomás|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26oiAQAAIAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=The Researcher, Volume 2, Issue 2 |others=Contributors: University of Pangasinan, Dagupan Colleges|year=1970|publisher=Dagupan Colleges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5c3_QiLW50EC|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review, Volumes 24-25 |others=Contributor: University of the Philippines. College of Liberal Arts|year=1959|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KLjAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews, Volume 24, Issues 1-2 |others=Contributors: Philippine Academy of Social Sciences, Manila, University of the Philippines. College of Liberal Arts|year=1959|publisher=College of Liberal Arts, University of the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi-2AAAAIAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Studies in Public Administration, Issue 4 |others=Contributor: University of the Philippines. Institute of Public Administration|year=1957|publisher=Institute of Public Administration, University of the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0suOAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Proceedings [of The] Second Biennial Conference, Held at Taiwan Provincial Museum, Taipei, Taiwan. Republic of China, October 6-9, 1962 |year=1963|publisher=Tʻai-pei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAkEAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Yearbook |year=1965|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTUkAQAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts |year=1977|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWzjAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} {{div col end}} ==External links== {{Wikinews category}} * {{Commons category-inline|Luzon}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|Luzon}} * {{Wikivoyage-inline|Luzon}} * {{OSM relation|4250623}} * {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Luzon |short=x}} {{Islands of the Philippines}} {{World's largest islands}} {{Philippines administrative divisions}} {{Principal Geographical Divisions of the Philippines}} {{Philippine regions}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Luzon| ]] [[Category:Island groups of the Philippines]] [[Category:Islands of the Philippines]]'