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'{{Short description|Genus of fishes}} {{Other uses}} {{automatic taxobox | name = Sailfish | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite journal |author1=Collette, B. |author2=Acero, A. |author3=Amorim, A.F. |author4=Boustany, A. |author5=Canales Ramirez, C. |author6=Cardenas, G. |author7=Carpenter, K.E. |author8=de Oliveira Leite Jr. N. |author9=Di Natale, A. |author10=Die, D. |author11=Fox, W. |author12=Fredou, F.L. |author13=Graves, J. |author14=Guzman-Mora, A. |author15=Viera Hazin, F.H. |author16=Hinton, M. |author17=Juan Jorda, M. |author18=Minte Vera, C. |author19=Miyabe, N. |author20=Montano Cruz, R. |author21=Nelson, R. |author22=Oxenford, H. |author23=Restrepo, V. |author24=Salas, E. |author25=Schaefer, K. |author26=Schratwieser, J. |author27=Serra, R. |author28=Sun, C. |author29=Teixeira Lessa, R.P. |author30=Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. |author31=Uozumi, Y. |author32=Yanez, E. |display-authors=3 |year=2022 |title=''Istiophorus platypterus'' |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |volume=2022 |page=e.T170338A46649664 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022.RLTS.T170338A46649664.en|doi-broken-date=2022-07-26 }}</ref> | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|59|0}}[[Paleogene]] to present<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2002 |title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera |url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology |volume=364 |page=560 |access-date=2008-01-08}}</ref> | image = Sailfish costa rica 3.jpg | image_caption = Sailfish captured in [[Costa Rica]] | taxon = Istiophorus | authority = [[Bernard Germain Étienne comte de La Ville-sur-Illon La Cépède|Lacépède]], 1801 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = *''[[Istiophorus albicans]]'' {{small|([[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1804)}}l *''[[Istiophorus platypterus]]'' {{small|([[George Shaw (biologist)|G. Shaw]], 1792)}} | synonyms = * ''Histiophorus'' {{small|G. Cuvier, 1832}} * ''Nothistium'' {{small|Hermann, 1804}} * ''Zanclurus'' {{small|Swainson, 1839}} |type_species= ''[[Istiophorus platypterus]]'' |type_species_authority= {{small|([[George Shaw (biologist)|G. Shaw]], 1792)}} }} [[File:Pacific-sailfish.jpg|thumb|An [[Indo-Pacific sailfish]] raising its sail]] [[File:Portrait of author Ernest Hemingway posing with sailfish Key West, Florida.jpg|thumb|upright|Author [[Ernest Hemingway]] in [[Key West]], Florida, USA, in the 1940s, with a sailfish he had caught ]] The '''sailfish''' is one or two [[species]] of [[marine fish]] in the [[genus]] '''''Istiophorus''''', which belong to the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Istiophoridae]] ([[marlin]]s). They are predominantly blue to gray in colour and have a characteristically large [[dorsal fin]] known as the [[sail (anatomy)|sail]], which often stretches the entire length of the back. Another notable characteristic is the elongated [[Rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]] (bill) consistent with that of other marlins and the [[swordfish]], which together constitute what are known as [[billfish]] in [[sport fishing]] circles. Sailfish live in colder [[pelagic]] waters of all [[Earth]]'s oceans, and hold the record for the fastest speed of any marine animals. ==Species== Two sailfish species have been recognized.<ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase genus | genus = Istiophorus | month = April | year = 2013}}</ref><ref name=australianmuseum>McGrouther, M. (2013). ''[https://australian.museum/learn/animals/fishes/sailfish-istiophorus-platypterus/ Sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus.]'' Australian Museum. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</ref> No differences have been found in [[mtDNA]], [[morphometrics]] or [[meristics]] between the two supposed species and most authorities now only recognize a single species, (''Istiophorus platypterus''), found in warmer oceans around the world.<ref name=australianmuseum/><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Collette, B. | author2 = Acero, A. | author3 = Amorim, A.F. | author4 = Boustany, A. | author5 = Canales Ramirez, C. | author6 = Cardenas, G. | author7 = Carpenter, K.E. | author8 = de Oliveira Leite Jr., N. | author9 = Di Natale, A. | author10 = Die, D. | display-authors = etal | title = ''Istiophorus platypterus'' | volume = 2011 | page = e.T170338A6754507 | date = 2011 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170338A6754507.en }}</ref><ref name=flmnh>Gardieff, S: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20040501190625/http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Sailfish/Sailfish.html Sailfish.]'' Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</ref><ref>Collette, B.B., McDowell, J.R. and Graves, J.E. (2006). ''Phylogeny of Recent billfishes (Xiphioidei).'' Bull. Mar. Sci. 79(3): 455-468.</ref> [[FishBase]] continues to recognize two species:<ref name=fishbase/> * [[Atlantic sailfish]] (''I. albicans''). * [[Indo-Pacific sailfish]] (''I. platypterus''). ==Description == Considered by many scientists the fastest fish in the ocean,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/fastest-fish.html|title=What is the fastest fish in the ocean?|last=US Department of Commerce|first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|website=oceanservice.noaa.gov|language=EN-US|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> sailfish grow quickly, reaching {{convert|1.2|-|1.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in length in a single year, and feed on the surface or at middle depths on smaller [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]] [[forage fish]] and [[squid]]. Sailfish were previously estimated to reach maximum swimming speeds of {{convert|35|m/s|km/h|round=5|abbr=on}}, but research published in 2015 and 2016 indicate sailfish do not exceed speeds between 10–15&nbsp;m/s. During predator–prey interactions, sailfish reached burst speeds of {{convert|7|m/s|km/h|round=5|abbr=on}} and did not surpass {{convert|10|m/s|km/h|round=5|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Marras2015>Marras S, Noda T, Steffensen JF, Svendsen MBS, Krause J, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Herbert-Read J & Domenic P 2015) [https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/55/4/719/634534/Not-So-Fast-Swimming-Behavior-of-Sailfish-during?searchresult=1 "Not so fast: swimming behavior of sailfish during predator–prey interactions using high-speed video and accelerometry"]. ''Integrative and Comparative Biology'' '''55''': 718-727.</ref><ref name=Svendsen2016>Svendsen MBS, Domenici P, Marras S, Krause J, Boswell KM, Rodriguez-Pinto I, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Viblanc PE, Finger JS & Steffensen JF (2016) [http://bio.biologists.org/content/5/10/1415 "Maximum swimming speeds of sailfish and other large marine predatory fish species based on muscle contraction time: A myth revisited"]. ''Biology Open'', '''5''': 1415-1419.</ref> Generally, sailfish do not grow to more than {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in length and rarely weigh over {{convert|90|kg|lb|-1|abbr=on}}. Sailfish have been reported to use their bills for hitting schooling fish by tapping (short-range movement) or slashing (horizontal large-range movement) at them.<ref name=Domenici2014>Domenici P, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Marras S, Herbert-Read JE, Steffensen JF, Krause S, Viblanc PE, Couillaud P & Krause J (2014) [http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1784/20140444 "How sailfish use their bill to capture schooling prey"]. ''Proceedings of the Royal Society London B'', '''281''': 20140444.</ref> The sail is normally kept folded down when swimming and only raised when the sailfish attack their prey. The raised sail has been shown to reduce sideways oscillations of the head, which is likely to make the bill less detectable by prey fish.<ref name=Marras2015 /> This strategy allows sailfish to put their bills close to fish schools or even into them without being noticed by the prey before hitting them.<ref name=Domenici2014 /><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VISEHbpHkn4 Sailfish Hunting Sardines] – ''Youtube''.</ref> Sailfish usually attack one at a time, and the small teeth on their bills inflict injuries on their prey fish in terms of scale and tissue removal. Typically, about two prey fish are injured during a sailfish attack, but only 24% of attacks result in capture. As a result, injured fish increase in number over time in a fish school under attack. Given that injured fish are easier to catch, sailfish benefit from the attacks of their [[Biological specificity#Conspecific|conspecifics]] but only up to a particular group size.<ref name=Herbert-Read2016>Herbert-Read JE, Romanczuk P, Krause S, Strömbom D, Couillaud P, Domenici P, Kurvers RHJM, Marras S, Steffensen JF, Wilson ADM & Krause J (2016) [http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/283/1842/20161671 "Group hunting sailfish alternate their attacks on their grouping prey to facilitate hunting success"]. ''Proceedings of the Royal Society London B'', '''283''': 20161671.</ref> A mathematical model showed that sailfish in groups of up to 70 individuals should gain benefits in this way. The underlying mechanism was termed protoco-operation because it does not require any spatial co-ordination of attacks and could be a precursor to more complex forms of group hunting.<ref name=Herbert-Read2016 /> The bill movement of sailfish during attacks on fish is usually either to the left or to the right side. Identification of individual sailfish based on the shape of their dorsal fins identified individual preferences for hitting to the right or left side. The strength of this side preference was positively correlated with capture success.<ref name=Kurvers2017>Kurvers RHJM, Krause S, Viblanc PE, Herbert-Read JE, Zalansky P, Domenici P, Marras S, Steffensen JF, Wilson ADM, Couillaud P & Krause J (2017) [http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)31525-1 "The evolution of lateralisation in group hunting sailfish"]. ''Current Biology''.</ref> These side-preferences are believed to be a form of behavioural specialization that improves performance. However, a possibility exists that sailfish with strong side preferences could become predictable to their prey because fish could learn after repeated interactions in which direction the predator will hit. Given that individuals with right- and left-sided preferences are about equally frequent in sailfish populations, living in groups possibly offers a way out of this predictability. The larger the sailfish group, the greater the possibility that individuals with right- and left-sided preferences are about equally frequent. Therefore, prey fish should find it hard to predict in which direction the next attack will take place. Taken together, these results suggest a potential novel benefit of group hunting which allows individual predators to specialize in their hunting strategy without becoming predictable to their prey.<ref name=Kurvers2017 /> The injuries that sailfish inflict on their prey appear to reduce their swimming speeds, with injured fish being more frequently found in the back (compared with the front) of the school than uninjured ones. When a sardine school is approached by a sailfish, the sardines usually turn away and flee in the opposite direction. As a result, the sailfish usually attacks sardine schools from behind, putting at risk those fish that are the rear of the school because of their reduced swimming speeds.<ref name=Krause2017>Krause J and Ruxton GD (2002) [https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=HAoUFfVFtMcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Living+in+Groups&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiqsObCgYbVAhVCjZQKHSCbDN4Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=Living%20in%20Groups&f=false ''Living in Groups''] Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|9780198508182}}</ref> Some sources indicate that sailfish are capable of changing colours as a method of confusing prey, displaying emotion, and/or communicating with other sailfish.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shadravan |first1=Soudeh |last2=Naji |first2=Hamid Reza |last3=Bardsiri |first3=Vahid Khatibi |title=The Sailfish Optimizer: A novel nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm for solving constrained engineering optimization problems |journal=Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence |pages=21 |url=http://text2fa.ir/wp-content/uploads/Text2fa.ir-The-Sailfish-Optimizer-A-novel-nature-inspired-metaheuristic-algorithm-1.pdf |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gardieff |first1=Susie |title=Istiophorus platypterus |url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/istiophorus-platypterus/ |website=Florida Museum of Natural History |date=9 May 2017 |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sailfish |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/group/sailfish/ |website=National Geographic |date=11 November 2010 |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mohammed |first1=Nicholas J. |title=Istiophorus albicans (Atlantic Sailfish) |journal=The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago |date=2015 |url=https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/documents/ogatt/Istiophorus_albicans%20-%20Atlantic%20Sailfish.pdf |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> Sailfish in some areas are reliant on coral reefs as areas for feeding and breeding. As witnessed in the [[Persian Gulf|Persian gulf]], the disappearance of coral reefs in a sailfish's habitat can in some cases precede the disappearance of the species from that area. <ref>{{Cite web|last=John|first=Smithson|date=1 January 2009|title=Sailfish disappearance|url=https://www.timeoutdubai.com/sports-wellbeing/sport-wellbeing-features/3716-the-end-of-fishing-in-dubai|website=Timeoutdubai}}</ref> Even human beings have been attacked by Sailfish. A 100 pound sailfish stabbed a woman in the groin when her party tried to catch it. <ref>{{Cite web |last=CNN |first=Hannah Sarisohn and Carlos Suarez |title=Woman on fishing boat off Florida coast stabbed by 100-pound fish |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/24/us/florida-sailfish-stabs-woman/index.html |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=CNN|date=24 July 2022 }}</ref> == Habitat == The Sailfish is an epipelagic and oceanic species and shows a strong tendency to approach continental coasts, islands and reefs tropical and temperate waters of the Pacific and Indian oceans. == Predation == When freshly hatched, sailfish are hunted on by other fishes that mainly survive on eating plankton. The size of their predators increases as they grow, and adult sailfish are not eaten by anything other than larger predatory fish like open ocean shark species, orcas and dolphinfish (also familiar as Mahi Mahi). ==Timeline== <timeline> ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px Period = from:-65.5 till:10 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:-65.5 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-65.5 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify Colors = #legends id:CAR value:claret id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196) id:HER value:teal id:HAD value:green id:OMN value:blue id:purple value:purple id:white value:white id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258) id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32) id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37) id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42) id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48) id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1) id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0) id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68) id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5) id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68) id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88) BarData= bar:eratop bar:space bar:periodtop bar:space bar:NAM1 bar:NAM2 bar:NAM3 bar:NAM4 bar:space bar:period bar:space bar:era PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(7,-4) bar:periodtop from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:[[Paleocene]] from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:[[Eocene]] from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:[[Oligocene]] from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:[[Miocene]] from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:[[Plio.]] from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:[[Pleist.]] from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:[[Holocene|H.]] bar:eratop from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]] from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:[[Neogene]] from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:[[Quaternary|Q.]] PlotData= align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left color:eocene bar:NAM1 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: [[Pseudohistiophorus]] color:miocene bar:NAM2 from: -23.03 till: 0 text: [[Tetrapterus]] color:miocene bar:NAM3 from: -15.97 till: 0 text: [[Istiophorus]] color:miocene bar:NAM4 from: -11.608 till: 0 text: [[Makaira]] PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 bar:period from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:[[Paleocene]] from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:[[Eocene]] from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:[[Oligocene]] from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:[[Miocene]] from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:[[Plio.]] from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:[[Pleist.]] from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:[[Holocene|H.]] bar:era from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]] from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:[[Neogene]] from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:[[Quaternary|Q.]] </timeline> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} * Schultz, Ken (2003) [https://books.google.com/books?id=09SA7lO-DJwC&pg=PA162&dq=sailfish&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uWCgUMe5MsrQmAW0uoHwDw&ved=0CEsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=sailfish&f=false ''Ken Schultz's Field Guide to Saltwater Fish''] pp.&nbsp;162–163, John Wiley & Sons. {{ISBN|9780471449959}}. ==External links== ''[[National Geographic]]'' [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/group/sailfish/ story on sailfish] {{Commons category|Istiophorus}} {{Wikispecies|Istiophorus}} {{Billfish}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q127497}} [[Category:Istiophorus]] [[Category:Extant Paleogene first appearances]]'