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'{{short description|Most populous city in Brazil}} {{About|the city|the state|São Paulo (state)|other uses}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox settlement | name = São Paulo | official_name = Municipality of São Paulo<br/>''Município de São Paulo'' | settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Brazil|Municipality]] | named_for = [[Paul the Apostle]] | founder = [[Manuel da Nóbrega]] and [[Joseph of Anchieta]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | border = infobox | total_width = 280 | image1 = Bairro dos jardins em são paulo.jpg | image2 = Catedral da Sé em São Paulo.jpg | image3 = Webysther 20190306131041 - Edifício Altino Arantes.jpg | image4 = 14 06 2019 Foto do dia (48063388692).jpg | image5 = Mausoléu_ao_soldado_constitucionalista_de_1932_04.jpg | image6 = Webysther_20190304150658_-_Parque_da_Independência.jpg | image7 = Museu de Arte de São Paulo Assis Chateaubriand - MASP.jpg | color = white | footer = '''From top to bottom and from L–R (left to right)''': [[skyline]] of São Paulo from [[Jardins]]; [[São Paulo Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral]] in [[Praça da Sé]]; panorama of the [[Central Zone of São Paulo|Central Zone]], highlighting the [[Altino Arantes Building]]; [[Octávio Frias de Oliveira Bridge]] on [[Marginal Pinheiros]] with [[Centro Empresarial Nações Unidas|CENU]] in the background; [[Obelisk of São Paulo|Obelisk]] in [[Ibirapuera Park]]; [[Museu do Ipiranga|Ipiranga Museum]] in [[Independence Park (São Paulo)|Independence Park]]; [[São Paulo Museum of Art|MASP]] on [[Paulista Avenue]]. }} | image_flag = São Paulo City flag.svg | image_shield = Brasao SaoPaulo SaoPaulo Brasil.svg | nickname = ''Terra da Garoa'' (Land of [[Drizzle]]); ''Sampa''; "Pauliceia" | motto = "Non ducor, duco"{{spaces| 2}}<small>([[Latin]])<br />"I am not led, I lead"</small> | image_map = Brazil Sao Paulo Sao Paulo location map.svg | mapsize = 250px | map_caption = Location in the state of São Paulo | pushpin_map = Brazil#South America | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_mapsize = 250 | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Brazil | coordinates = {{coord|23|33|S|46|38|W|type:city_region:BR|display=it}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Brazil]] | subdivision_type1 = [[States of Brazil|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] | subdivision_type2 = Historic countries | subdivision_name2 = [[Kingdom of Portugal]]<br/>[[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]]<br/>[[Empire of Brazil]] | established_title = Founded | established_date = {{Start date and age|1554|1|25}} | government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]] | governing_body = [[Municipal Chamber of São Paulo]] | leader_party = [[Brazilian Democratic Movement|MDB]] | leader_title = [[List of mayors of São Paulo|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Ricardo Nunes (politician)|Ricardo Nunes]] | leader_title1 = Vice Mayor | leader_name1 = Vacant | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 1,521.11 | area_total_sq_mi = 587.3039 | area_metro_km2 = 7,946.96 | area_metro_sq_mi = 3,068.338 | area_urban_km2 = 11,698 | area_blank1_title = Macrometropolis | area_blank1_km2 = 53369.61 | elevation_m = 760 | elevation_ft = 2493.4 | population_as_of = 2020 | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=São Paulo, São Paulo § informações completas |url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/sp/sao-paulo/panorama |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921153503/https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/sp/sao-paulo/panorama |archive-date=21 September 2018 |access-date=2 January 2020 |publisher=ibge.gov.br |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sobre a RMSP |url=https://www.emplasa.sp.gov.br/RMSP |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103094051/https://www.emplasa.sp.gov.br/RMSP |archive-date=3 January 2017 |access-date=1 January 2017 |publisher=Emplasa |language=pt}}</ref> | population = 12,400,232 | population_rank = [[List of largest cities in Brazil|1st]] in Brazil | population_density_km2 = 8,005.25 | population_metro = 22,001,281<ref>{{Cite web |last=S.A |first=Empresa Paulista de Planejamento Metropolitano |title=Região Metropolitana de São Paulo |url=https://www.emplasa.sp.gov.br/RMSP |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103094051/https://www.emplasa.sp.gov.br/RMSP |archive-date=3 January 2017 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=EMPLASA}}</ref> ([[Greater São Paulo]]) | population_density_metro_km2 = 2,714.45 | population_blank1_title = Macrometropolis | population_blank1 = 33,652,991<ref name="Emplasa">{{Cite web |last=S.A |first=Empresa Paulista de Planejamento Metropolitano |title=Macrometrópole Paulista |url=https://emplasa.sp.gov.br/MMP |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012184127/https://emplasa.sp.gov.br/MMP |archive-date=12 October 2019 |access-date=12 October 2019 |website=EMPLASA |language=pt-br}}</ref> | population_demonym = Portuguese: ''paulistano'' | postal_code_type = Postal Code (CEP) | postal_code = 01000-000 | unit_pref = Metric | area_code = +55 11 | website = {{URL|http://www.capital.sp.gov.br}} | footnotes = | area_total_mi2 = | timezone = [[Time in Brazil|BRT]] | utc_offset = −03:00 | blank_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2016) | blank_info = 0.843<ref name="Atlas do Desenvolvimento, Radar IDHM">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.atlasbrasil.org.br/2013/data/rawData/Radar%20IDHM%20PNADC_2019_Book.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106044914/http://atlasbrasil.org.br/2013/data/rawData/Radar%20IDHM%20PNADC_2019_Book.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2019 |access-date=12 October 2019 |publisher=PNADC United Nations}}</ref> <span style="color:#090">very high</span> (2nd) | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|PPP 2018]] | blank2_info_sec1 = US$191 billion<ref name="Prefeitura SP">{{Cite web |title=Cidade de São Paulo {{!}} Secretaria de Relações Internacionais Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo |url=https://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/cidade_de_sao_paulo/index.php?p=145717 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109172439/http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/cidade_de_sao_paulo/index.php?p=145717 |archive-date=9 January 2018 |access-date=12 October 2019 |website=Prefeitura.sp.gov.br |language=pt-br}}</ref> (1st) | blank3_name_sec1 = Per Capita | blank3_info_sec1 = US$56,418<ref name="Prefeitura SP" /> (1st) | blank4_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|Nominal 2018]] | blank4_info_sec1 = US$274 billion<ref name="Prefeitura SP" /> (1st) | blank5_name_sec1 = Per Capita | blank5_info_sec1 = US$22,502<ref name="Prefeitura SP" /> (1st) | blank_name_sec2 = Primary Airport | blank_info_sec2 = [[São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport|São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport]] | blank2_name_sec2 = Secondary Airports | blank2_info_sec2 = [[São Paulo/Congonhas Airport|São Paulo–Congonhas Airport]]<br />[[Campo de Marte Airport]] | blank3_name_sec2 = Interstates | blank3_info_sec2 = [[File:BR-116 jct.svg|25px|link=BR-116]] [[File:BR-381 jct.svg|25px|link=Rodovia Fernão Dias]] [[File:BR-050 jct.svg|25px|link=BR-050]] | blank4_name_sec2 = [[Rapid transit|Rapid Transit]] | blank4_info_sec2 = [[São Paulo Metro]] | blank5_name_sec2 = [[Commuter rail|Commuter Rail]] | blank5_info_sec2 = [[Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos]] <!-- |maxtemp = 24.0 |mintemp = 15.0 |rainfall = 1486 -->}} '''São Paulo''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|aʊ|_|ˈ|p|aʊ|l|oʊ}}, {{IPA-pt|sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu|lang|Br-SaoPaulo.ogg}}; Portuguese for '[[Saint Paul]]') is a city in the [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast Region]] of [[Brazil]]. Listed by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network|GaWC]] as an [[global city|alpha global city]], the [[Municipalities of Brazil|municipality]] of São Paulo is the [[List of largest cities in Brazil|most populous city proper]] in Brazil, the [[List of cities in the Americas by population|Americas]], the [[Western Hemisphere]] and the [[Southern Hemisphere]], as well as the [[List of cities proper by population|world's 4th largest city proper by population]]. Additionally, São Paulo is the largest [[Portuguese language|Portuguese-speaking]] city in the world. The city serves as the [[Capital city|capital]] of the surrounding [[States of Brazil|state]] of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], the [[List of Brazilian states by population|most populous]] and [[List of Brazilian federative units by gross domestic product|wealthiest]] state in Brazil. It exerts strong international influences in commerce, finance, arts and entertainment.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 September 2011 |title=The World According to GaWC 2010 |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html |archive-date=10 October 2013 |access-date=1 December 2012 |publisher=Lboro.ac.uk}}</ref> The city's name honors [[Paul the Apostle|the Apostle, Saint Paul of Tarsus]]. The city's [[metropolitan area]], the [[Greater São Paulo]], ranks as the [[List of metropolitan areas in Brazil|most populous in Brazil]] and the [[List of metropolitan areas by population|12th most populous on Earth]]. The process of [[conurbation]] between the metropolitan areas around the Greater São Paulo ([[Metropolitan Region of Campinas|Campinas]], [[Baixada Santista|Santos]], [[Jundiaí]], [[Metropolitan Region of Sorocaba|Sorocaba]] and [[Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte|São José dos Campos]]) created the [[São Paulo Macrometropolis]],<ref>{{Citation |last1=Zioni |first1=Silvana |title=Structuring dynamics of São Paulo macrometropolis: perspectives and strategies for rail infrastructure re-functioning. |year=2011 |last2=Silva |first2=Gerardo |last3=Passarelli |first3=Silvia Helena}}ZIONI, ; , ; , .</ref> a [[Megalopolis (city type)|megalopolis]] with more than 30 million inhabitants, one of the [[List of largest cities|most populous urban agglomerations in the world]].<ref name="Megalópole">{{cite web |last=Queiroga |first=Eugenio Fernandes |date=May 2005 |title=A Megalópole do Sudeste Brasileiro: a formação de uma nova entidade urbana para além das noções de macro-metrópole e de complexo metropolitano expandido |url=http://www.anpur.org.br/revista/rbeur/index.php/anais/article/view/2633/2573 |access-date=31 August 2016 |publisher=Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Planejamento Urbano e Regional}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Having the largest economy by [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] in [[Latin America]] and the [[Southern Hemisphere]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latin American cities Ranking by GPD |url=http://www.urosario.edu.co/urosario_files/9d/9d96f884-d433-45a8-947b-4e9877596f63.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119073048/http://www.urosario.edu.co/urosario_files/9d/9d96f884-d433-45a8-947b-4e9877596f63.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2017 |access-date=4 January 2019 |language=es}}</ref> the city is home to the [[BM&F Bovespa|São Paulo Stock Exchange]]. [[Paulista Avenue]] is the economic core of São Paulo. The city has the [[List of cities by GDP|23rd largest GDP in the world]],<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC Brasil – Notícias – São Paulo será 6ª cidade mais rica do mundo até 2025, diz ranking |date=9 November 2009 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/noticias/2009/11/091109_ranking_cidades_price_rw.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111023134/http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/noticias/2009/11/091109_ranking_cidades_price_rw.shtml |archive-date=11 November 2009 |access-date=9 November 2009}}</ref> representing alone 10.7% of all [[Economy of Brazil|Brazilian GDP]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBGE |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2010_2013/default_xls.shtm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223211317/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2010_2013/default_xls.shtm |archive-date=23 February 2016 |access-date=26 February 2016}}</ref> and 36% of the production of goods and services in the state of São Paulo, being home to 63% of established [[multinational corporation|multinationals]] in Brazil,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/sao_paulo_cidade_global/index.php?p=1193|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520084002/http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/sao_paulo_cidade_global/index.php?p=1193|url-status=dead|title="Cidade do Mundo"|archive-date=20 May 2011|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> and has been responsible for 28% of the national scientific production in 2005, as measured by the number of science papers published in journals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unicamp.br/unicamp/canal_aberto/clipping/junho2005/clipping050617_correiopop.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617115727/http://www.unicamp.br/unicamp/canal_aberto/clipping/junho2005/clipping050617_correiopop.html|url-status=dead|title="Assessoria de Comunicação e Imprensa"|archive-date=17 June 2008|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> The metropolis is also home to several of [[List of tallest buildings in Brazil|the tallest skyscrapers in Brazil]], including the [[Mirante do Vale]], [[Edifício Itália]], [[Altino Arantes Building|Banespa]], [[Centro Empresarial Nações Unidas|North Tower]] and many others. The city has cultural, economic and political influence nationally and internationally. It is home to monuments, parks and museums such as the [[Latin America Memorial|Latin American Memorial]], the [[Ibirapuera Park]], [[Museu Paulista|Museum of Ipiranga]], [[São Paulo Museum of Art]], and the [[Museum of the Portuguese Language]]. The city holds events like the [[Sao Paulo Jazz Festival|São Paulo Jazz Festival]], [[São Paulo Art Biennial]], the [[Brazilian Grand Prix]], [[São Paulo Fashion Week]], the [[Brasil Open|ATP Brasil Open]], the [[Brasil Game Show]] and the [[Comic Con Experience]]. [[São Paulo Gay Pride Parade|São Paulo's LGBT Pride parade]] ranks [[List of largest LGBT events|second only]] to the [[New York City]] [[NYC Pride March|Pride March]] as the largest [[gay pride|LGBTQ pride]] [[pride march|parade]] in the world.<ref name="NYCWorld'sLargestPrideParade">{{cite web |date=25 June 2017 |title=Revelers Take To The Streets For 48th Annual NYC Pride March |url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2017/06/25/48th-nyc-pride-march/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628092426/http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2017/06/25/48th-nyc-pride-march/ |archive-date=28 June 2017 |access-date=26 June 2017 |publisher=CBS New York |quote=A sea of rainbows took over the Big Apple for the biggest pride parade in the world Sunday.}}</ref><ref name="NYCWorld">{{cite web |last=Ennis |first=Dawn |date=24 May 2017 |title=ABC will broadcast New York's pride parade live for the first time |url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2017/05/first-nyc-pridefest-will-televised/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728213225/https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2017/05/first-nyc-pridefest-will-televised/ |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=26 September 2018 |publisher=LGBTQ Nation |quote=Never before has any TV station in the entertainment news media capital of the world carried what organizer boast is the world's largest Pride parade live on TV}}</ref> São Paulo is a [[multiculturalism|cosmopolitan]], [[melting pot]] city, home to the largest [[Arab Brazilians|Arab]], [[Italian Brazilians|Italian]], [[Japanese Brazilians|Japanese]], and [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]] diasporas, with examples including [[Ethnic enclave|ethnic neighborhoods]] of [[Bixiga]], [[Bom Retiro (district of São Paulo)|Bom Retiro]], and [[Liberdade (district of São Paulo)|Liberdade]]. São Paulo is also home to the largest [[Brazilian Jews|Jewish]] population in Brazil, with [[Jewish population by urban areas|about 75,000 Jews]].<ref name="Brazil - Modern-Day Community">{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Brazil – Modern-Day Community |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Brazil.html#4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104052948/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Brazil.html#4 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |access-date=22 December 2013 |website=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org/}}</ref> In 2016, inhabitants of the city were native to over 200 countries.<ref name="Imigrantes2016">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2016 |title=As 10 menores comunidades estrangeiras de São Paulo |url=http://fotos.estadao.com.br/galerias/cidades,as-10-menores-comunidades-estrangeiras-de-sao-paulo,27885# |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025115015/http://fotos.estadao.com.br/galerias/cidades,as-10-menores-comunidades-estrangeiras-de-sao-paulo,27885 |archive-date=25 October 2016 |access-date=24 October 2016 |publisher=[[O Estado de S. Paulo]] |language=pt}}</ref> People from the city are known as ''paulistanos'', while ''paulistas'' designates anyone from [[São Paulo (state)|the state]], including the ''paulistanos''. The city's [[Latin]] motto, which it has shared with [[Brazilian battleship São Paulo|the battleship]] and [[Brazilian aircraft carrier São Paulo (A12)|the aircraft carrier]] named after it, is ''Non ducor, duco'', which translates as "I am not led, I lead."<ref>{{Cite web |title=E São Paulo |url=http://www.naval.com.br/NGB/S/S031/S031.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703230813/http://www.naval.com.br/NGB/S/S031/S031.htm |archive-date=3 July 2008 |access-date=3 May 2009 |website=Navios De Guerra Brasileiros |publisher=Brazilian Navy}}</ref> The city, which is also colloquially known as ''Sampa'' or ''Terra da Garoa'' (Land of Drizzle), is known for its unreliable weather, the size of its helicopter fleet, its architecture, gastronomy, severe traffic congestion and [[List of tallest buildings in São Paulo|skyscrapers]]. São Paulo was one of the host cities of the [[1950 FIFA World Cup|1950]] and the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]]. Additionally, the city hosted the [[1963 Pan American Games|IV Pan American Games]] and the [[São Paulo Indy 300]]. ==History== {{For timeline}} ===Early Indigenous Period=== {{Quote box |width=20em |align=left |bgcolor=#B0C4DE |title=Historical affiliations|fontsize=90% |quote={{flagicon|POR|1640}} [[Portuguese Empire]] 1554–1815<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag United Kingdom Portugal Brazil Algarves.svg|border}} [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] 1815–1822<br/>{{flag|Empire of Brazil}} 1822–1889<br/>{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Republic of Brazil]] 1889–present }} The region of modern-day São Paulo, then known as Piratininga plains around the [[Tietê River]], was inhabited by the [[Tupi people]], such as the [[Tupiniquim]], Guaianás, and [[Guaraní people|Guarani]]. Other tribes also lived in areas that today form the metropolitan region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman, Edward Julius |title=The Explorers of South America |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1992 |location=Oklahoma}}</ref> The region was divided in Caciquedoms (chiefdoms) at the time of encounter with the Europeans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Steward, Julian Haynes |title=Handbook of South American Indians |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1946 |isbn=9780806124209 |location=Washington D.C}}</ref> The most notable [[cacique]] was [[Tibiriçá]], known for his support for the Portuguese and other European colonists. Among the many indigenous names of places, rivers, neighborhoods, etc., that survive today are [[Tietê, São Paulo|Tietê]], [[Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga]], [[Tamanduateí River|Tamanduateí]], [[Vale do Anhangabaú|Anhangabaú]], [[Piratininga]], [[Itaquaquecetuba]], [[Cotia]], [[Itapevi]], [[Barueri]], [[Embu-Guaçu]], etc. ===Colonial period=== [[File:Antônio Parreiras - Fundação de São Paulo, 1913.jpg|thumb|''Founding of São Paulo'', 1913 painting by Antonio Parreiras]] [[File:Pátio do Colégio in São Paulo.jpg|thumb|Courtyard of the College, ''Pátio do Colégio'', in the Historic Center of São Paulo. At this location, the city was founded in 1554. The current building is a reconstruction made in the late 20th century, based on the [[Jesuit]] [[college]] and [[church (building)|church]] that were erected at the site in 1653]] The Portuguese village of [[São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga]] was marked by the founding of the [[Pátio do Colégio|Colégio de São Paulo de Piratininga]] on 25 January 1554. The [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] college of twelve priests included [[Manuel da Nóbrega]] and Spanish priest [[José de Anchieta]]. They built a mission on top of a steep hill between the [[Anhangabaú River|Anhangabaú]] and [[Tamanduateí River|Tamanduateí]] rivers.<ref name="Lawrence183">[[#Lawrence69|Rachel Lawrence]]: 2010, p. 183</ref> They first had a small structure built of [[rammed earth]], made by Native Indian workers in their traditional style. The priests wanted to [[catechesis|evangelize]] these Indians who lived in the Plateau region of Piratininga and convert them to Christianity. The site was separated from the coast by the [[Serra do Mar]] mountain range, called "Serra Paranapiacaba” by the Indians. The college was named for a Christian saint and its founding on the feast day of the celebration of the conversion of the Apostle [[Paul of Tarsus]]. Father José de Anchieta wrote this account in a letter to the Society of Jesus: {{blockquote|The settlement of the region's Courtyard of the College began in 1560. During the visit of [[Mem de Sá]], [[List of governors-general of Brazil|Governor-General of Brazil]], the [[Captaincy of São Vicente]], he ordered the transfer of the population of the Village of [[São Bernardo do Campo]] to the vicinity of the college. It was then named "College of St. Paul Piratininga". The new location was on a steep hill adjacent to a large wetland, the '''Várzea do Carmo'''. It offered better protection from attacks by local Indian groups. It was renamed Vila de São Paulo, belonging to the Captaincy of São Vicente.}} For the next two centuries, São Paulo developed as a poor and isolated village that survived largely through the cultivation of [[subsistence agriculture|subsistence crops]] by the labor of natives. For a long time, São Paulo was the only village in Brazil's interior, as travel was too difficult for many to reach the area. Mem de Sá forbade colonists to use the Caminho do Piraiquê ''(Piraiquê Path)'' and today known as [[Piaçaguera]], because of frequent Indian raids along it. On 22 March 1681, Luís Álvares de Castro, the Second Marquis de Cascais and donee of the Captaincy of [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]], moved the capital to the village of São Paulo ''(see [[Timeline of São Paulo]])'', designating it the "Head of the captaincy". The new capital was established on 23 April 1683, with public celebrations. ====The Bandeirantes==== {{Main|Bandeirantes}} [[File:Sao Paulo - Monumento às Bandeiras - foto Carlos Alkmin nr 07-13 4282b.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Monument to the Bandeiras]] commemorates the 17th-century ''[[bandeiras]]'']] In the 17th century, São Paulo was one of the poorest regions of the Portuguese colony. It was also the center of interior colonial development. Because they were extremely poor, the Paulistas could not afford to buy [[Atlantic slave trade|African slaves]], as did other Portuguese colonists. The discovery of gold in the region of [[Minas Gerais]], in the 1690s, brought attention and new settlers to São Paulo. The Captaincy of São Paulo and Minas de Ouro (see [[Captaincies of Brazil]]) was created on 3 November 1709, when the Portuguese crown purchased the Captaincies of São Paulo and Santo Amaro from the former grantees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/captaincy-system|title=Captaincy System |website=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> Conveniently located in the country, up the steep ''[[Serra do Mar]]'' escarpment/mountain range when traveling from [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]], while also not too far from the coastline, São Paulo became a safe place to stay for tired travelers. The town became a center for the ''[[bandeirantes]]'', intrepid invaders who marched into unknown lands in search for gold, diamonds, precious stones, and Indians to enslave. [[File:Jesus, Benedito Calixto de - Domingos Jorge Velho e o Loco-tenente Antônio F. de Abreu.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Domingos Jorge Velho]], a notable ''bandeirante'']] The ''bandeirantes'', which could be translated as "flag-bearers" or "flag-followers", organized excursions into the land with the primary purpose of profit and the expansion of territory for the Portuguese crown. Trade grew from the local markets and from providing food and accommodation for explorers. The ''bandeirantes'' eventually became politically powerful as a group, and forced the expulsion of the [[Jesuit]]s from the city of São Paulo in 1640. The two groups had frequently come into conflict because of the Jesuits' opposition to the domestic [[slave trade]] in Indians. On 11 July 1711, the town of São Paulo was elevated to city status. Around the 1720s, gold was found by the pioneers in the regions near what are now [[Cuiabá]] and [[Goiânia]]. The Portuguese expanded their Brazilian territory beyond the [[Tordesillas Line]] to incorporate the gold regions. When the gold ran out in the late 18th century, São Paulo shifted to growing [[sugar cane]]. Cultivation of this commodity crop spread through the interior of the Captaincy. The sugar was exported through the [[Port of Santos]]. At that time, the first modern highway between São Paulo and the coast was constructed and named the Calçada do Lorena ''("Sidewalk of Lorraine")''. Nowadays, the estate that is home to the Governor of the State of São Paulo, in the city of São Paulo, is called the ''[[Palácio dos Bandeirantes]]'' (Bandeirantes Palace), in the neighborhood of [[Morumbi, São Paulo|Morumbi]]. ===Imperial Period=== {{Main|Empire of Brazil}} {{multiple image | align = left | total_width = 400 | image1 = Monumento à Independência 02.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[Monument to the Independence of Brazil|Monument to Independence]] in Independence Park, located at the place where then-[[Pedro I of Brazil|Prince Pedro]] proclaimed the [[independence of Brazil]] | image2 = Marc Ferrez - IMS 002001MF005003.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Praça da Sé|Cathedral Square of São Paulo]] in 1880, during the reign of [[Pedro II of Brazil|Emperor Pedro II]] by [[Marc Ferrez (photographer)|Marc Ferrez]] | footer = }} After Brazil became [[Independence of Brazil|independent from Portugal]] in 1822, as declared by [[Pedro I of Brazil|Emperor Pedro I]] where the [[Monument to the Independence of Brazil]] (Monument of Ipiranga) is located, he named São Paulo as an Imperial City. In 1827, a law school was founded at the Convent of São Francisco, today part of the [[University of São Paulo]]. The influx of students and teachers gave a new impetus to the city's growth, thanks to which the city became the ''Imperial City and Borough of Students of St. Paul of Piratininga''. The expansion of [[Coffee production in Brazil|coffee production]] was a major factor in the growth of São Paulo, as it became the region's chief export crop and yielded good revenue. It was cultivated initially in the Vale do Paraíba (''[[Paraíba Valley]]'') region in the East of the State of São Paulo, and later on in the regions of [[Campinas]], [[Rio Claro, São Paulo|Rio Claro]], [[São Carlos]] and [[Ribeirão Preto]]. From 1869 onward, São Paulo was connected to the port of Santos by the [[Estrada de Ferro Santos-Jundiaí]] (Santos-Jundiaí Railroad), nicknamed'' The Lady''. In the late 19th century, several other railroads connected the interior to the state capital. São Paulo became the point of convergence of all railroads from the interior of the state. Coffee was the economic engine for major economic and population growth in the State of São Paulo. In 1888, the "Golden Law" (''[[Lei Áurea]]'') was sanctioned by [[Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil]], abolishing the institution of slavery in Brazil. Slaves were the main source of labor in the coffee plantations until then. As a consequence of this law, and following governmental stimulus towards the increase of immigration, the province began to receive a large number of immigrants, largely Italians, Japanese and Portuguese peasants, many of whom settled in the capital. The region's first industries also began to emerge, providing jobs to the newcomers, especially those who had to learn Portuguese. ===Old Republican Period=== [[File:Guilherme Gaensly - Estação da Luz, c. 1900.jpg|thumb|[[Luz Station]] in 1900]] By the time Brazil became a republic on 15 November 1889, coffee exports were still an important part of São Paulo's economy. São Paulo grew strong in the national political scene, taking turns with the also rich state of Minas Gerais in electing [[List of presidents of Brazil|Brazilian presidents]], an alliance that became known as "[[Café com leite politics|coffee and milk]]", given that [[Minas Gerais]] was famous for its dairy produce. During this period, São Paulo went from regional center to national metropolis, becoming industrialized and reaching its first million inhabitants in 1928. Its greatest growth in this period was relative in the 1890s when it doubled its population. The height of the coffee period is represented by the construction of the second [[Estação da Luz]] (the present building) at the end of the 19th century and by the [[Paulista Avenue]] in 1900, where they built many mansions.<ref name="Prefeitura">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2005 |title=Abrindo os trilhos para a locomotiva |url=http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/portal/a_cidade/historia/index.php?p=4827 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323070214/http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/portal/a_cidade/historia/index.php?p=4827 |archive-date=23 March 2012 |access-date=9 March 2017 |publisher=Prefeitura de São Paulo}}</ref> Industrialization was the economic cycle that followed the coffee plantation model. By the hands of some industrious families, including many immigrants of Italian and Jewish origin, factories began to arise and São Paulo became known for its smoky, foggy air. The cultural scene followed [[modernism|modernist]] and [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalist]] tendencies in fashion at the beginning of the 20th century. Some examples of notable modernist artists are poets [[Mário de Andrade]] and [[Oswald de Andrade]], artists [[Anita Malfatti]], [[Tarsila do Amaral]] and [[Lasar Segall]], and sculptor [[Victor Brecheret]]. The [[Modern Art Week]] of 1922 that took place at the [[Theatro Municipal (São Paulo)|Theatro Municipal]] was an event marked by [[avant-garde]] ideas and works of art. In 1929, São Paulo won its first skyscraper, the [[Martinelli Building]].<ref name="Prefeitura" /> The modifications made in the city by Antônio da Silva Prado, Baron of Duprat and [[Washington Luiz]], who governed from 1899 to 1919, contributed to the climate Development of the city; Some scholars consider that the entire city was demolished and rebuilt at that time. São Paulo's main economic activities derive from the services industry – factories are since long gone, and in came financial services institutions, law firms, consulting firms. Old factory buildings and warehouses still dot the landscape in neighborhoods such as [[Barra Funda]] and [[Brás]]. Some cities around São Paulo, such as [[Diadema, São Paulo|Diadema]], [[São Bernardo do Campo]], [[Santo André]], and [[Cubatão]] are still heavily industrialized to the present day, with factories producing from cosmetics to chemicals to automobiles. {{wide image|Image001_Anhangabau.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|[[Vale do Anhangabaú|Anhangabaú Valley]] in [[Central Zone of São Paulo|Downtown São Paulo]], 1920}} ===Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932=== {{main|Constitutionalist Revolution}} [[File:São Paulo aviation group in Campo de Marte September 1932.jpg|left|thumb|Group of aviators from São Paulo at [[Campo de Marte Airport]] during the [[Constitutionalist Revolution]]]] This revolution is considered by some historians as the last armed conflict to take place in Brazil's history. On 9 July 1932, the population of São Paulo town rose against a [[coup d'état]] by [[Getúlio Vargas]] to take the presidential office. The movement grew out of local resentment from the fact that Vargas ruled by decree, unbound by a constitution, in a provisional government. The 1930 coup also affected São Paulo by eroding the autonomy that states enjoyed during the term of the 1891 Constitution and preventing the inauguration of the governor of São Paulo [[Júlio Prestes]] in the Presidency of the Republic, while simultaneously overthrowing President [[Washington Luís]], who was governor of São Paulo from 1920 to 1924. These events marked the end of the [[First Brazilian Republic|Old Republic]]. The uprising commenced on 9 July 1932, after four protesting students were killed by federal government troops on 23 May 1932. On the wake of their deaths, a movement called [[MMDC]] (from the initials of the names of each of the four students killed, Martins, Miragaia, Dráusio and Camargo) started. A fifth victim, Alvarenga, was also shot that night, but died months later. In a few months, the state of São Paulo rebelled against the federal government. Counting on the solidarity of the political elites of two other powerful states, ([[Minas Gerais]] and [[Rio Grande do Sul]]), the politicians from São Paulo expected a quick war. However, that solidarity was never translated into actual support, and the São Paulo revolt was militarily crushed on 2 October 1932. In total, there were 87 days of fighting (9 July to 4 October 1932 – with the last two days after the surrender of São Paulo), with a balance of 934 official deaths, though non-official estimates report up to 2,200 dead, and many cities in the state of São Paulo suffered damage due to fighting. There is an [[Obelisk of São Paulo|obelisk]] in front of [[Ibirapuera Park]] that serves as a memorial to the young men that died for the MMDC. The [[Law School, University of São Paulo|University of São Paulo's Law School]] also pays homage to the students that died during this period with plaques hung on its arcades. ==Geography== [[File:17-08-2008_003Pico_do_Jaraguá_in_São_Paulo(By_Felipe_Mostarda).JPG|thumb|[[Pico do Jaraguá|Jaraguá Peak]] is the highest point in the city, at {{convert|1135|m|ft|sp=us}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pico do Jaraguá Mountain Official Website |url=http://www.picodojaragua.com.br/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406153234/http://www.picodojaragua.com.br/ |archive-date=6 April 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Picodojaragua.com.br }}</ref>]] São Paulo is the capital of the most populous state in Brazil, [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], located at [[latitude]] <nowiki>23°33'01''</nowiki> south and [[longitude]] <nowiki>46°38'02''</nowiki> west. The total area of the municipality is {{convert|1,521.11|km²}}, according to the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]] (IBGE), being the ninth largest in the state in terms of territorial extension.<ref name="IBGE_SãoPaulo">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibge.gov.br/cidades-e-estados/sp/sao-paulo.html |title=São Paulo |author=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]] (IBGE) |access-date=2021-09-01}}</ref> Of the entire area of the municipality, {{convert|949,611|km²}} are urban areas (2015), being the largest urban area in the country.<ref name="EMBRAPA-2015">{{cite web|url=http://geoinfo.cnpm.embrapa.br/layers/geonode%3Aareas_urbanas_br_15 |title=Áreas Urbanas no Brasil em 2015 |publisher=[[Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária]] (EMBRAPA) |accessdate=2020-07-27}}</ref> The city is on a [[plateau]] placed beyond the [[Serra do Mar]] (Portuguese for "Sea Range" or "Coastal Range"), itself a component of the vast region known as the [[Brazilian Highlands]], with an average elevation of around {{convert|799|m|ft|sp=us}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]], although being at a distance of only about {{convert|70|km|mi|sp=us}} from [[Atlantic Ocean|the Atlantic Ocean]]. The distance is covered by two highways, the [[Rodovia Anchieta|Anchieta]] and the [[Rodovia dos Imigrantes|Imigrantes]], (see "[[#Transportation|Transportation]]" below) that roll down the range, leading to the port city of [[Santos, Brazil|Santos]] and the beach resort of [[Guarujá]]. Rolling terrain prevails within the urbanized areas of São Paulo except in its northern area, where the [[Serra da Cantareira]] Range reaches a higher elevation and a sizable remnant of the [[Atlantic Forest|Atlantic Rain Forest]]. The region is seismically stable and no significant [[earthquake|seismic activity]] has ever been recorded.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About SP |url=http://www.famousdestination.com/2011/09/about-sao-paulo-city-brazil.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318074026/http://www.famousdestination.com/2011/09/about-sao-paulo-city-brazil.html |archive-date=18 March 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014 |publisher=Famousdestination.com }}</ref> === Hydrography === {{See also|Water management in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo}} {{multiple image | align = left | total_width = 410 | image1 = Marginal tietê.jpg | caption1 =[[Tietê River]], with the [[Marginal Tietê]] | image2 = Billings 2008051703.jpg | caption2 = [[Billings Reservoir]] }} The [[Tietê River]] and its [[tributary]], the [[Pinheiros River]], were once important sources of [[Freshwater|fresh water]] and leisure for São Paulo. However, heavy industrial [[effluents]] and [[wastewater]] discharges in the later 20th century caused the rivers to become [[Water pollution|heavily polluted]]. A substantial clean-up program for both rivers is underway.<ref name="veja.abril.com.br">[https://veja.abril.com.br/coluna/maquiavel/despoluicao-do-rio-pinheiros-pode-ser-entregue-no-1o-semestre-de-2022/ Depollution of the Pinheiros River can be delivered in the 1st half of 2022]</ref><ref name="www1.folha.uol.com.br">[https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ambiente/2021/09/rio-tiete-registra-aumento-de-agua-boa-e-diminuicao-em-seu-curso.shtml Tietê River registers an increase in good water and a decrease in the pollution stain]</ref> Neither river is navigable in the stretch that flows through the city, although [[water transportation]] becomes increasingly important on the Tietê river further downstream (near [[Paraná River|river Paraná]]), as the river is part of the [[Río de la Plata|River Plate]] basin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayoub |first=Charles |title=São Paulo |url=http://www.charlesayoub.com/life-style/index.php/more/1/6559 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201195125/http://www.charlesayoub.com/life-style/index.php/more/1/6559 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref> No large natural lakes exist in the region, but the [[Billings Reservoir|Billings]] and [[Guarapiranga]] reservoirs in the city's southern outskirts are used for [[Electricity generation|power generation]], water storage and leisure activities, such as sailing. The original [[flora]] consisted mainly of [[Flowering plant|broadleaf]] [[evergreen]]s. [[Introduced species|Non-native species]] are common, as the mild climate and abundant rainfall permit a multitude of tropical, subtropical and temperate plants to be cultivated, especially the ubiquitous [[eucalyptus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SP article |url=http://pt.scribd.com/doc/84976227/Sao-Paulo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153956/http://pt.scribd.com/doc/84976227/Sao-Paulo |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014 |publisher=Pt.scribd.com}}</ref> The north of the municipality contains part of the {{convert|7917|ha}} [[Cantareira State Park]], created in 1962, which protects a large part of the metropolitan São Paulo water supply.<ref>{{Citation |last=Leonel |first=Cristiane |title=Plano de Manejo do Parque Estadual da Cantareira: Resumo Executivo |date=June 2009 |url=http://www.ambiente.sp.gov.br/consema/files/2011/11/oficio_consema_2009_201/Reapresentacao_do_Resumo_Executivo_do_Plano_de_Manejo_do_Parque_Estadual_da_Cantareira.pdf |page=vi |publisher=SEMA/SP |language=pt |access-date=10 December 2016}}{{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In 2015, São Paulo experienced a [[2015 Brazilian drought|major drought]], which led several cities in the state to start a rationing system.<ref name="nyt2.2015">{{Cite news |last=Romero |first=Simon |date=16 February 2015 |title=Taps Start to Run Dry in Brazil's Largest City |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/17/world/americas/drought-pushes-sao-paulo-brazil-toward-water-crisis.html?_r=0 |url-status=live |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218165412/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/17/world/americas/drought-pushes-sao-paulo-brazil-toward-water-crisis.html?_r=0 |archive-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> === Parks and biodiversity === {{Multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = Cantareira_panorama.jpg | caption1 = [[Cantareira State Park]], part of the [[Green belt#Brazil|São Paulo Green Belt Biosphere Reserve]] | image2 = Parque_do_ibirapuera_visto_do_céu.jpg | caption2 = [[Ibirapuera Park]], elected the best in South America by [[TripAdvisor]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.estadao.com.br/edison-veiga/2014/08/30/o-sessentao-que-nao-sai-de-moda/|title=O sessentão que não sai de moda|publisher=[[O Estado de S. Paulo]]|author=Edison Veiga|date=2014-08-30|accessdate=2014-08-31|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} São Paulo is located in an [[ecotone]] area between 3 [[biome]]s: [[Araucaria moist forests|mixed ombrophilous forest]], dense ombrophilous forest and [[cerrado]]; the latter had some plant species native to the [[pampas]] in the city. There were several species typical of both biomes, among them we can mention: [[araucaria]]s, [[Eugenia uniflora|pitangueiras]], [[Campomanesia phaea|cambucís]], [[Handroanthus|ipês]], [[Campomanesia phaea|jabuticabeiras]], [[Syagrus romanzoffiana|queen palms]], [[Byrsonima basiloba|muricís-do-campo]], etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Antes dos portugueses, SP teve floresta tropical, Cerrado e mini-Pantanal|url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/geral-43148025|publisher=[[BBC Brasil]]|accessdate=2021-01-07|language=pt-BR}}</ref> Currently, little remains of the city's original vegetation and most of what is planted in the streets, squares and parks is of exotic origin and also Brazilian but from other regions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cardim|first=Ricardo|url=https://arvoresdesaopaulo.wordpress.com/2017/07/17/as-3-especies-de-arvores-mais-plantadas-hoje-na-cidade-de-sao-paulo-sao-exoticas/|title=As 3 espécies de árvores mais plantadas hoje na cidade de São Paulo são exóticas|date=2017-07-17|accessdate=2021-01-07|publisher=Árvores de São Paulo|language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cardim|first=Ricardo|url=https://arvoresdesaopaulo.wordpress.com/2008/11/29/qual-sao-as-10-arvores-mais-comuns-na-cidade-de-sao-paulo/|title=Quais são as 10 árvores mais comuns na cidade de São Paulo?|date=2008-11-19|accessdate=2021-01-07|website=Árvores de São Paulo|language=pt-BR}}</ref> Some of these species are even invasive and end up threatening and invading areas of preserved native vegetation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arvoresdesaopaulo.wordpress.com/plantas-invasoras-lista/|title=Lista de plantas invasoras|date=2011-12-12|accessdate=2021-01-07|website=Árvores de São Paulo|language=pt-BR}}</ref> In 2010, São Paulo had 62 municipal and state parks,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Prefeitura de São Paulo|url=http://www9.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/sitesvma/100_parques/parques_sp/index.php?p=173|title=Parques Municipais|accessdate=2010-03-20|language=pt-BR}}</ref> such as the [[Cantareira State Park]], part of the [[Green belt#Brazil|São Paulo Green Belt Biosphere Reserve]] and home to one of the largest [[urban forest]]s on the planet with {{convert|7,900|ha}} of extension,<ref>{{citar web|publicado=Governo do Estado de São Paulo|url=http://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/conhecasp/turismo_parques_estadual-cantareira|título=Parque Estadual da Cantareira|acessodata=2010-09-18}}</ref> the [[Fontes do Ipiranga State Park]], the [[Ibirapuera Park]], the [[Tietê Ecological Park]], the Capivari-Monos Environmental Protection Area, the [[Serra do Mar State Park]], [[Villa-Lobos State Park]], [[People's Park (São Paulo)|People's Park]], and the [[Jaraguá State Park]], listed as a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6290/|title=Parque Nacional Jaragua|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=31 July 2022|language=pt-BR}}</ref> In 2009, São Paulo had {{convert|2,300|ha}} of green area, less than 1.5% of the city's area<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Eco|url=http://www.oeco.com.br/preview/37-reportagens/20827-paulistanos-carentes-de-areas-verdes|title=Paulistanos carentes de áreas verdes|date=2009-01-22|accessdate=2009-06-27|language=pt-BR}}</ref> and below the {{convert|12|m²}} per inhabitant recommended by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/vida-e-cidadania/futuro-das-cidades/uma-arvore-por-habitante-a-recomendacao-minima-da-oms-para-as-cidades-622ch9afm4rimh3ol1w9j8ikn|title=Uma árvore por habitante, a recomendação mínima da OMS para as cidades|editor=Gazeta do Povo|date=2016-03-23|accessdate=2018-04-27|language=pt-BR}}</ref> About 21% of the municipality's area is covered by green areas, including ecological reserves (2010 data).<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Prefeitura de São Paulo|url=http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/upload/meio_ambiente/arquivos/publicacoes_Registro_seminario_areasverdes.pdf|title=3.º Seminário de Áreas Verdes|page=98|date=2010|accessdate=2018-04-28|language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Prefeitura de São Paulo|url=http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/comunicacao/noticias/?p=122608|title=Parque Raul Seixas completa 20 anos, com muita festa|date=2009-10-08|accessdate=2018-04-28|language=pt-BR}}</ref> In the municipality it is possible to observe forest birds that usually appear in the spring, due to the belt of native forest that still surrounds the metropolitan region. Species such as the [[rufous-bellied thrush]], [[golden-chevroned tanager]], [[great kiskadee]] and hummingbird are the most common. Despite the intense pollution, the main rivers of the city, the Tietê and the Pinheiros, shelter several species of animals such as [[capybara]]s, [[hawk]]s, [[Southern lapwing|southern lapwings]], [[heron]]s and [[nutria]]s. Other species found in the municipality are the [[gray brocket]], [[howler monkey]], [[green-billed toucan]] and the [[Amazonian umbrellabird]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://atlasambiental.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/pagina.php?id=27|title=Atlas Ambiental|publisher=Prefeitura de São Paulo|date=2002|accessdate=2014-10-11|language=pt-BR}}</ref> === Environmental problems === {{Multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = São Paulo city 002.jpg | caption1 = [[Pinheiros River]], one of the most polluted in the city. | image2 = Pollution over São Paulo (Jardins).jpg | caption2 = [[Smog]] seen on the horizon of the Ibirapuera region }} [[Air pollution]] in the city is intense,<ref>{{Cite web|author=School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo|title=Air pollution and children's health in Sao Paulo (1986-1998)|journal=Soc Sci Med.|year=2003|volume=53|number=Dec|pages=2013–2022|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14512233&dopt=Abstract|accessdate=2006-05-06}}</ref> mainly due to the huge amount of cars that circulate daily on its streets, avenues and highways. The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) sets a limit of 20 micrograms of particulate matter per cubic meter of air as a safe annual average. In an assessment carried out by the WHO among over a thousand cities around the world in 2011, the city of São Paulo was ranked 268th among the most polluted, with an average rate of 38 micrograms per cubic meter, a rate well above the limit imposed by the organization, but lower than in other Brazilian cities, such as [[Rio de Janeiro]] (64 micrograms per cubic meter).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://veja.abril.com.br/noticia/ciencia/ar-do-rio-de-janeiro-e-mais-poluido-que-o-de-cubatao-e-sao-paulo-afirma-organizacao-mundial-de-saude|title=Rio tem ar mais poluído que Cubatão e São Paulo, diz OMS|publisher=Veja Magazine|date=2011-09-26|accessdate=2013-09-27}}</ref> A 2013 study found that air pollution in the city causes more deaths than [[traffic accidents]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2013/09/estudo-aponta-que-poluicao-mata-mais-que-o-transito-em-sao-paulo.html|title=Estudo aponta que poluição mata mais que o trânsito em São Paulo|publisher=G1|date=2013-09-24|accessdate=2013-09-27}}</ref> In addition to [[atmospheric pollution]], the municipality has serious problems due to [[water pollution]], mainly concentrated in its two main rivers, the [[Tietê River]] and the [[Pinheiros River]], which are highly degraded and are some of the most polluted rivers in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/impresso,rio-mais-poluido-do-pais-tiete-e-tambem-o-mais-rico-e-populoso-,1077411,0.htm|title=Rio mais poluído do País, Tietê é também o mais rico e populoso|publisher=[[O Estado de S. Paulo]]|date=2013-09-22|accessdate=2013-09-27}}</ref> However, both go through the process of depollution, with the Tietê Project having been created in 1992 and having already cost 2.7 billion dollars.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-42204606|title=Por que São Paulo ainda não conseguiu despoluir o rio Tietê?|publisher=[[BBC Brasil]]|author=Leticia Mori|date=4 December 2017|accessdate=29 December 2017}}</ref> In 2019, the Novo Rio Pinheiros Project was created, under the administration of [[João Doria]], whose aim is to reduce sewage discharged into tributaries, improve water quality and revitalize the banks by 2022.<ref>{{Citar web |url=https://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/spnoticias/desenvolve-sp-investe-r-70-milhoes-em-obra-do-novo-rio-pinheiros/ |titulo=Desenvolve SP investe R$ 70 milhões em obra do Novo Rio Pinheiros |data=2020-09-10 |acessodata=2021-10-31 |website=Governo do Estado de São Paulo |lingua=pt-BR}}</ref> The problem of balanced water supply for the city - and for the metropolis, in general - is also a worrying issue: São Paulo has few sources of water in its own perimeter, having to seek it in distant hydrographic basins. The problem of water pollution is also aggravated by the irregular occupation of watershed areas, caused by urban expansion, driven by the difficulty of access to land and housing in central areas by the low-income population<ref>Whately, Marussia; Blauth, Fernanda; Weiss, Bruno; "Haverá água para todos?" in ''Le Monde Diplomatique Brasil'', edição de janeiro de 2008; São Paulo: Instituto Pólis</ref> and associated with real estate speculation and precariousness in new subdivisions. With this, there is also an overvaluation of individual transport over public transport - leading to the current rate of more than one vehicle for every two inhabitants and aggravating the problem of environmental pollution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/interna/0,,OI1928696-EI306,00.html|title=Carros de R$ 6 mil antecipariam apagão no trânsito|date=2007-09-22|publisher=Notícias Terra|accessdate=2011-09-10}}</ref> ===Climate=== [[File:Tempestade em SP.jpg|thumb|Heavy rain and lightning in São Paulo, which has one of the largest number of [[lightning]] incidents amongst Brazilian state capitals<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lightning in SP |url=http://noticias.r7.com/sao-paulo/noticias/sao-paulo-e-a-capital-campea-em-densidade-de-raios-20110427.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711154209/http://noticias.r7.com/sao-paulo/noticias/sao-paulo-e-a-capital-campea-em-densidade-de-raios-20110427.html |archive-date=11 July 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014 |publisher=Noticias.r7.com |language=pt }}</ref>]] According to the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen classification]], the city has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cwa'').<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centro de Pesquisas Meteorológicas e Climáticas Aplicadas à Agricultura (CEPAGRI) |title=Clima dos municípios paulistas |trans-title=Climate in municipalities of São Paulo State |url=http://www.cpa.unicamp.br/outras-informacoes/clima_muni_565.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202211607/http://www.cpa.unicamp.br/outras-informacoes/clima_muni_565.html |archive-date=2 February 2018 |publisher=Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Climatic classification in São Paulo State |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/brag/v66n4/22.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107025045/http://www.scielo.br/pdf/brag/v66n4/22.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Instituto Agronômico de Campinas |language=pt}}</ref> In summer (January through March), the mean low temperature is about {{convert|19|°C|°F|abbr=on}} and the mean high temperatures is near {{convert|28|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. In winter, temperatures tend to range between {{convert|12|and|22|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. The record high temperature was {{convert|37.8|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on 17 October 2014<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2014 |title=São Paulo Com 37,8º C, SP registra recorde histórico de calor |url=http://noticias.r7.com/sao-paulo/com-378-c-sp-registra-recorde-historico-de-calor-17102014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101193244/http://noticias.r7.com/sao-paulo/com-378-c-sp-registra-recorde-historico-de-calor-17102014 |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=1 November 2014 |publisher=R7.com}}</ref> and the lowest {{convert|-3.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on 25 June 1918.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revista Galileu – Quando a neve chega ao Brasil |url=http://revistagalileu.globo.com/Revista/Common/0,,EMI340290-17770,00-QUANDO+A+NEVE+CHEGA+AO+BRASIL.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616210521/http://revistagalileu.globo.com/Revista/Common/0,,EMI340290-17770,00-QUANDO+A+NEVE+CHEGA+AO+BRASIL.html |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=revistagalileu.globo.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SP teve 'neve de mentira' em manhã fria de 1918; caso virou folclore local |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2016/06/1783228-sp-teve-neve-de-mentira-em-manha-fria-de-1918-caso-virou-folclore-local.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101104311/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2016/06/1783228-sp-teve-neve-de-mentira-em-manha-fria-de-1918-caso-virou-folclore-local.shtml |archive-date=1 January 2019 |access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> The [[Tropic of Capricorn]], at about 23°27' S, passes through north of São Paulo and roughly marks the boundary between the tropical and [[Temperateness|temperate]] areas of South America. Because of its elevation, however, São Paulo experiences a more temperate climate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Britannica Online Encyclopedia&nbsp;– Climate of São Paulo |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/701311/Sao-Paulo/261980/From-city-to-metropolis# |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919152645/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/701311/Sao-Paulo/261980/From-city-to-metropolis |archive-date=19 September 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Britannica.com}}</ref> The city experiences four seasons. The summer is warm and rainy. Autumn and spring are transitional seasons. Winter is the coldest season, with cloudiness around town and frequently polar air masses. [[Frost]]s occur sporadically in regions further away from the center, in some winters throughout the city.<ref>[https://g1.globo.com/sp/sao-paulo/noticia/2021/07/28/nevou-ou-nao-na-cidade-de-sao-paulo-chegada-de-frente-fria-a-capital-reacende-debate-sobre-registros-de-1918.ghtml Frost in São Paulo]</ref> Rainfall is abundant, annually averaging {{convert|1454|mm|in|sp=us}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tempo Agora – Somar Meteorologia |title=Climate of São Paulo |url=http://tempoagora.uol.com.br/previsaodotempo.html/brasil/climatologia/SaoPaulo-SP/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227182621/http://tempoagora.uol.com.br/previsaodotempo.html/brasil/climatologia/SaoPaulo-SP/ |archive-date=27 February 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Tempoagora.uol.com.br}}</ref> It is especially common in the warmer months averaging {{convert|219|mm|in|sp=us}} and decreases in winter, averaging {{convert|47|mm|in|sp=us}}. Neither São Paulo nor the nearby coast has ever been hit by a [[tropical cyclone]] and [[tornado|tornadic]] activity is uncommon. During late winter, especially August, the city experiences the phenomenon known as ''"veranico"'' or ''"verãozinho"'' ("little summer"), which consists of hot and dry weather, sometimes reaching temperatures well above {{convert|28|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. On the other hand, relatively cool days during summer are fairly common when persistent winds blow from the ocean. On such occasions daily high temperatures may not surpass {{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, accompanied by lows often below {{convert|15|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, however, summer can be extremely hot when a heat wave hits the city followed by temperatures around {{convert|34|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, but in places with greater skyscraper density and less tree cover, the temperature can feel like {{convert|39|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, as on [[Paulista Avenue]] for example. In the summer of 2014, São Paulo was affected by a heat wave that lasted for almost 4 weeks with highs above {{convert|30|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, peaking on {{convert|36|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. Secondary to [[deforestation]], [[groundwater pollution]], and [[climate change]], São Paulo is increasingly susceptible to [[drought]] and [[water shortage]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Romero |first=Simon |date=16 February 2015 |title=Taps Start to Run Dry in Brazil's Largest City – São Paulo Water Crisis Linked to Growth, Pollution and Deforestation |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/17/world/americas/drought-pushes-sao-paulo-brazil-toward-water-crisis.html?_r=0 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219140841/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/17/world/americas/drought-pushes-sao-paulo-brazil-toward-water-crisis.html?_r=0 |archive-date=19 February 2015}}</ref> <center> {{Weather box |location = São Paulo (Mirante de Santana, 1991–2020, extremes 1887–present)<!-- Mirante de Santana --> |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 37.0 |Feb record high C = 35.9 |Mar record high C = 34.3 |Apr record high C = 33.4 |May record high C = 31.7 |Jun record high C = 28.8 |Jul record high C = 30.2 |Aug record high C = 33.0 |Sep record high C = 35.7 |Oct record high C = 35.9 |Nov record high C = 35.3 |Dec record high C = 35.6 |year record high C = 37.0 |Jan high C = 28.6 |Feb high C = 29.0 |Mar high C = 28.0 |Apr high C = 26.6 |May high C = 23.4 |Jun high C = 22.9 |Jul high C = 22.9 |Aug high C = 24.5 |Sep high C = 25.2 |Oct high C = 26.5 |Nov high C = 26.9 |Dec high C = 28.3 |year high C = 26.1 |Jan mean C = 23.1 |Feb mean C = 23.5 |Mar mean C = 22.5 |Apr mean C = 21.2 |May mean C = 18.4 |Jun mean C = 17.5 |Jul mean C = 17.2 |Aug mean C = 18.1 |Sep mean C = 19.1 |Oct mean C = 20.5 |Nov mean C = 21.2 |Dec mean C = 22.6 |year mean C = 20.4 |Jan low C = 19.4 |Feb low C = 19.6 |Mar low C = 18.9 |Apr low C = 17.5 |May low C = 14.7 |Jun low C = 13.5 |Jul low C = 12.8 |Aug low C = 13.3 |Sep low C = 14.9 |Oct low C = 16.5 |Nov low C = 17.3 |Dec low C = 18.7 |year low C = 16.4 |Jan record low C = 6.5 |Feb record low C = 12.4 |Mar record low C = 12.0 |Apr record low C = 6.8 |May record low C = 3.7 |Jun record low C = 1.2 |Jul record low C = 0.8 |Aug record low C = 3.4 |Sep record low C = 3.5 |Oct record low C = 7.0 |Nov record low C = 7.0 |Dec record low C = 10.3 |year record low C = 0.8 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 292.1 |Feb precipitation mm = 257.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 229.1 |Apr precipitation mm = 87.0 |May precipitation mm = 66.3 |Jun precipitation mm = 59.7 |Jul precipitation mm = 48.4 |Aug precipitation mm = 32.3 |Sep precipitation mm = 83.3 |Oct precipitation mm = 127.2 |Nov precipitation mm = 143.9 |Dec precipitation mm = 231.3 |year precipitation mm = 1658.3 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 17 |Feb precipitation days = 14 |Mar precipitation days = 13 |Apr precipitation days = 6 |May precipitation days = 6 |Jun precipitation days = 5 |Jul precipitation days = 4 |Aug precipitation days = 4 |Sep precipitation days = 7 |Oct precipitation days = 10 |Nov precipitation days = 11 |Dec precipitation days = 13 |year precipitation days = 110 |Jan humidity = 76.9 |Feb humidity = 75.0 |Mar humidity = 76.6 |Apr humidity = 74.6 |May humidity = 75.0 |Jun humidity = 73.5 |Jul humidity = 70.8 |Aug humidity = 68.2 |Sep humidity = 71.3 |Oct humidity = 73.7 |Nov humidity = 73.7 |Dec humidity = 73.9 |year humidity = 73.6 |Jan sun = 139.1 |Feb sun = 153.5 |Mar sun = 161.6 |Apr sun = 169.3 |May sun = 167.6 |Jun sun = 160.0 |Jul sun = 169.0 |Aug sun = 173.1 |Sep sun = 144.5 |Oct sun = 157.9 |Nov sun = 152.8 |Dec sun = 145.1 |year sun = 1893.5 |source 1 = [[Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia]] (sun 1981–2010)<ref name=INMETtmax> {{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043914/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMAX.xlsx | archive-date = 24 March 2022 | url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMAX.xlsx | title = Temperatura Máxima Mensal e Anual (°C) | work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 | publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia | language = pt | access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=INMETtmed> {{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043931/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMEDSECA.xlsx | archive-date = 24 March 2022 | url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMEDSECA.xlsx | title = Temperatura Média Compensada Mensal e Anual (°C) | work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 | publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia | language = pt | access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=INMETtmin> {{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324044001/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMIN.xlsx | archive-date = 24 March 2022 | url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMIN.xlsx | title = Temperatura Mínima Mensal e Anual (°C) | work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 | publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia | language = pt | access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=INMETprecip> {{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043703/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PREC.xlsx | archive-date = 24 March 2022 | url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PREC.xlsx | title = Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual (mm) | work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 | publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia | language = pt | access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=INMETprecipdays> {{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324044003/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PRENDIAS1.xlsx | archive-date = 24 March 2022 | url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PRENDIAS1.xlsx | title = Número de dias no mês ou no ano com precipitação maior ou igual a (1 mm) (dias) | work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 | publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia | language = pt | access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=INMEThumidity> {{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043838/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-UR.xlsx | archive-date = 24 March 2022 | url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-UR.xlsx | title = Umidade Relativa do Ar Compensada Mensal e Anual (%) | work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 | publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia | language = pt | access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=INMETinsolacion> {{cite web | url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/18-Insola%C3%A7%C3%A3o-total-NCB_1981-2010.xls | title = Insolação Total Mensal e Anual | work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1981-2010 | publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia | language = pt | access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref> |source 2 = Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat> {{cite web | url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1440-Sao_paulo_mir_de_santana.php | title = Station Sao Paulo Mir de Santana | publisher = Meteo Climat |language = fr | access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref> }} {{Weather box |location = São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990) |collapsed = yes |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan high C = 27.0 |Jan low C = 16.6 |Feb high C = 27.8 |Feb low C = 16.9 |Mar high C = 27.3 |Mar low C = 16.3 |Apr high C = 24.9 |Apr low C = 14.1 |May high C = 23.0 |May low C = 11.7 |Jun high C = 22.0 |Jun low C = 10.5 |Jul high C = 22.0 |Jul low C = 9.7 |Aug high C = 23.7 |Aug low C = 10.9 |Sep high C = 24.5 |Sep low C = 12.4 |Oct high C = 24.7 |Oct low C = 13.7 |Nov high C = 25.7 |Nov low C = 14.6 |Dec high C = 26.3 |Dec low C = 16.0 |Jan mean C = 21.2 |Feb mean C = 21.6 |Mar mean C = 21.1 |Apr mean C = 18.8 |May mean C = 16.7 |Jun mean C = 15.6 |Jul mean C = 15.1 |Aug mean C = 16.4 |Sep mean C = 17.6 |Oct mean C = 18.5 |Nov mean C = 19.5 |Dec mean C = 20.6 |Jan record high C = 34.6 |Jan record low C = 10.3 |Feb record high C = 35.8 |Feb record low C = 11.1 |Mar record high C = 33.4 |Mar record low C = 9.6 |Apr record high C = 32.0 |Apr record low C = 3.5 |May record high C = 29.5 |May record low C = 0.2 |Jun record high C = 29.4 |Jun record low C = -1.8 |Jul record high C = 29.0 |Jul record low C = 0.2 |Aug record high C = 33.2 |Aug record low C = 0.4 |Sep record high C = 35.2 |Sep record low C = 3.0 |Oct record high C = 34.3 |Oct record low C = 5.7 |Nov record high C = 34.6 |Nov record low C = 7.0 |Dec record high C = 33.9 |Dec record low C = 9.2 |year record high C = 35.8 |year record low C = -1.8 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 245.6 |Feb rain mm = 243.8 |Mar rain mm = 159.2 |Apr rain mm = 76.0 |May rain mm = 59.7 |Jun rain mm = 58.7 |Jul rain mm = 53.1 |Aug rain mm = 39.9 |Sep rain mm = 76.2 |Oct rain mm = 162.7 |Nov rain mm = 195.7 |Dec rain mm = 220.6 |year rain mm = 1591.3 |unit rain days = 1 mm |Jan rain days = 16 |Feb rain days = 14 |Mar rain days = 11 |Apr rain days = 7 |May rain days = 6 |Jun rain days = 5 |Jul rain days = 5 |Aug rain days = 4 |Sep rain days = 7 |Oct rain days = 11 |Nov rain days = 12 |Dec rain days = 15 |year rain days = 113 |Jan humidity = 81.0 |Feb humidity = 80.4 |Mar humidity = 80.3 |Apr humidity = 81.2 |May humidity = 80.5 |Jun humidity = 79.2 |Jul humidity = 77.4 |Aug humidity = 74.6 |Sep humidity = 76.2 |Oct humidity = 79.3 |Nov humidity = 79.4 |Dec humidity = 80.4 |year humidity = 79.2 |source 1 = Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET).<ref name="DailyMeanC_INMET">{{Cite web |date=1961–1990 |title=Temperatura Média Compensada (°C) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/norMays/imagens/norMays/planilhas/Temperatura-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060540/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Temperatura-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt }}</ref><ref name="AverageHighC_INMET">{{Cite web |date=1961–1990 |title=Temperatura Máxima (°C) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/norMays/imagens/norMays/planilhas/Temperatura-Maxima_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060537/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Temperatura-Maxima_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt }}</ref><ref name="AverageLowC_INMET">{{Cite web |date=1961–1990 |title=Temperatura Mínima (°C) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/norMays/imagens/norMays/planilhas/Temperatura-Minima_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060545/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Temperatura-Minima_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt }}</ref><ref name="Rainfall_INMET">{{Cite web |date=1961–1990 |title=Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual (mm) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/norMays/imagens/norMays/planilhas/Precipitacao-Acumulada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060527/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Precipitacao-Acumulada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt }}</ref><ref name="RainyDays_INMET">{{Cite web |title=Número de Dias com Precipitação Mayor ou Igual a 1 mm (dias) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/norMays/imagens/norMays/planilhas/Numero-Dias-Precipitacao-Mayor-ou-Igual-1mm_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827173708/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Numero-Dias-Precipitacao-Maior-ou-Igual-1mm_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=27 August 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology }}</ref><ref name="Sunshine_INMET">{{Cite web |title=Insolação Total (horas) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/norMays/imagens/norMays/planilhas/Insolacao-Total_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060530/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Insolacao-Total_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology }}</ref><ref name="Humidity_INMET">{{Cite web |title=Umidade Relativa do Ar Média Compensada (%) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/norMays/imagens/norMays/planilhas/Umidade-Relativa-Mensal-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060524/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Umidade-Relativa-Mensal-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology }}</ref><ref name="RecordHighC_INMET">{{Cite web |title=Temperatura Máxima Absoluta (ºC) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/norMays/imagens/norMays/planilhas/Temperatura-Maxima-Absoluta-NCB_1961-1990.xls |access-date=7 August 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (Inmet)}}{{dead link|date=February 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="RecordLowC_INMET">{{Cite web |title=Temperatura Mínima Absoluta (ºC) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/norMays/imagens/norMays/planilhas/Temperatura-Minima-Absoluta-NCB_1961-1990.xls |access-date=7 August 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (Inmet)}}{{dead link|date=February 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> }} </center> ==Demographics== {{Historical populations|1872|31385|1890|64934|1900|239820|1920|579033|1940|1326261|1950|2198096|1960|3781446|1970|5924615|1980|8493226|1991|9646185|2000|10434252|2010|11253503|2021|12396372|align=right|footnote=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barsa Planeta Ltda |url=http://brasil.planetasaber.com/default.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715091236/http://brasil.planetasaber.com/default.asp |archive-date=15 July 2011 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Brasil.planetasaber.com}}</ref>}} {{see also|Brazilians|Demographics of São Paulo|Demographics of Brazil}} In 2013, São Paulo was the most populous city in Brazil and in South America.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maiores cidades do Brasil crescem menos do que média nacional, aponta Censo – Notícias – UOL Notícias |url=http://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2010/11/04/maiores-cidades-do-brasil-crescem-menos-do-que-resto-do-pais-aponta-censo.jhtm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106193624/http://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2010/11/04/maiores-cidades-do-brasil-crescem-menos-do-que-resto-do-pais-aponta-censo.jhtm |archive-date=6 January 2012 |access-date=1 December 2012 |publisher=Noticias.uol.com.br}}</ref> According to the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|2010 IBGE Census]], there were 11,244,369 people residing in the city of São Paulo.<ref>[http://www.censo2013.ibge.gov.br/dados_divulgados/index.php?uf=29] {{Dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref> Portuguese remains the most widely spoken language and São Paulo is the largest city in the [[Portuguese speaking world]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.poiesis.org.br/mlp/ |title=São Paulo is the largest city in the portuguese speaking world |access-date=17 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108015506/http://www.poiesis.org.br/mlp/ |archive-date=8 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2010, the city had 2,146,077 opposite-sex couples and 7,532 [[same-sex couple]]s. The population of São Paulo was 52.6% female and 47.4% male.<ref name="censo2010.ibge.gov.br" /> The census found 6,824,668 [[White Brazilian|White]] people (60.6%), 3,433,218 [[Pardo Brazilians|Pardo]] ([[Multiracial#Brazil|multiracial]]) people (30.5%), 736,083 [[Afro-Brazilian|Black]] people (6.5%), 246,244 [[Asian Brazilian|Asian]] people (2.2%) and 21,318 [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindian]] people (0.2%).<ref name="censo2010.ibge.gov.br">{{Cite web |title=IBGE :: Censo 2010 |url=http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/painel/?nivel=mn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145708/http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/painel/?nivel=mn |archive-date=14 May 2012 |access-date=1 December 2012 |publisher=Censo2010.ibge.gov.br}}</ref> ===Metropolitan area=== {{Main|Greater São Paulo|São Paulo Macrometropolis}} [[File:ISS-67_City_lights_of_São_Paulo,_Brazil.jpg|left|thumb|Satellite view of [[Greater São Paulo]] at night]] The nonspecific term "Grande São Paulo" ("''[[Greater São Paulo]]''") covers multiple definitions. The legally defined ''Região Metropolitana de São Paulo'' consists of 39 municipalities in total and a population of 21.1 million<ref name="bra">Constituent municipalities as listed by {{Cite web |title=Informações Básicas das Regiões Metropolitanas Brasileiras |url=http://www.observatoriodasmetropoles.ufrj.br/metrodata/ibrm/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007113832/http://www.observatoriodasmetropoles.ufrj.br/metrodata/ibrm/index.html |archive-date=7 October 2011 |website=Obervatorio das Metropoles}} Population figures from the sum of the municipalities' population: [http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2014/POP2014_DOU.pdf IBGE]{{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> inhabitants ({{As of|2014||alt=as of the 2014 National Census}}). The Metropolitan Region of São Paulo is known as the financial, economic, and cultural center of Brazil. Among the largest municipalities, [[Guarulhos]], with a population of more than 1 million people is the biggest one. Several others count more than 100,000 inhabitants, such as [[São Bernardo do Campo]] (811,000 inh.) and [[Santo André]] (707,000 inh.) in the [[ABC Region]]. The ABC Region, comprising Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo and [[São Caetano do Sul]] in the south of Grande São Paulo, is an important location for industrial corporations, such as [[Volkswagen]] and [[Ford Motors]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MRSP |url=http://www.metodista.br/letras/portuguese/metropolitan-region/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909031733/http://www.metodista.br/letras/portuguese/metropolitan-region/ |archive-date=9 September 2012 }}</ref> Because São Paulo has [[urban sprawl]], it uses a different definition for its metropolitan area alternately called the Expanded Metropolitan Complex of São Paulo and the [[São Paulo Macrometropolis]]. Analogous to the [[Northeast megalopolis|BosWash]] definition, it is one of the largest urban agglomerations in the world, with 32 million inhabitants,<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2007 |title=Empresa Paulista de Planejamento Metropolitano SA |url=http://www.emplasa.sp.gov.br/metropoles/cme.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070530135122/http://www.emplasa.sp.gov.br/metropoles/cme.asp |archive-date=30 May 2007 |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=EMPLASA}}</ref> behind [[Greater Tokyo Area|Tokyo]], which includes 4 contiguous legally defined metropolitan regions and 3 micro-regions. {{wide image|Panorama da cidade de São Paulo.jpg|800px|Panoramic view of [[Central Zone of São Paulo]] from [[Edifício Itália|Italy Building]]}} ===Immigration and migration=== {{Main|Immigration to Brazil}} {{bar box |title = Race and ethnicity in São Paulo |width = 287px |titlebar = #ddd |left1 = Ethnicity |right1 = Percentage |float = left |bars= {{bar percent|[[White Brazilian|White]]|Blue|60.6}} {{bar percent|[[Pardo]] ([[Multiracial#Brazil|Multiracial]])|green|30.5}} {{bar percent|[[Black Brazilian|Black]]|Black|6.5}} {{bar percent|[[Asian Brazilian|Asian]]|red|2.2}} {{bar percent|[[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindian]]|yellow|0.2}} }} São Paulo is considered the most [[multicultural]] city in Brazil. From 1870 to 2010, approximately 2.3 million [[immigrants]] arrived in the state, from all parts of the world. The [[Italian Brazilians|Italian community]] is one of the strongest, with a presence throughout the city. Of the 9 million inhabitants of São Paulo, 50% (4.5 million people) have full or partial Italian ancestry. São Paulo has more [[Italian Brazilians|descendants of Italians]] than any Italian city (the largest city of [[Italy]] is [[Rome]], with 2.8 million inhabitants).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tudo sobre São Paulo SP |url=http://www.encontrasaopaulo.com.br/sobre-sao-paulo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323153154/http://www.encontrasaopaulo.com.br/sobre-sao-paulo.html |archive-date=23 March 2016 |access-date=25 March 2016 |publisher=EncontraSP}}</ref> The main groups, considering all the metropolitan area, are: 6 million people of [[Italian Brazilian|Italian descent]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Especiais&nbsp;– Agência Brasil |url=http://www.radiobras.gov.br/especiais/saopaulo450/sp450_mat10_2004.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126141714/http://www.radiobras.gov.br/especiais/saopaulo450/sp450_mat10_2004.htm |archive-date=26 November 2007 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Radiobras.gov.br}}</ref> 3 million people of [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese descent]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Especiais&nbsp;– Agência Brasil |url=http://www.radiobras.gov.br/especiais/saopaulo450/sp450_mat13_2004.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407180426/http://www.radiobras.gov.br/especiais/saopaulo450/sp450_mat13_2004.htm |archive-date=7 April 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Radiobras.gov.br}}</ref> 1.7&nbsp;million people of [[African Brazilian|African descent]],<ref>IBGE. Census 2000. [http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=2094&i=P&nome=on&qtu8=137&qtu14=1&notarodape=on&tab=2094&opn8=0&opn14=0&unit=0&pov=1&poc133=1&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=0&nivt=0&orc86=3&orp=5&qtu3=27&qtu13=27&opv=1&poc86=2&opc133=1&pop=1&opn2=0&orv=2&orc133=4&qtu2=5&sev=93&opc86=1&sec133=0&opp=1&opn3=0&qtu6=5507&opn13=0&sec86=0&sec86=2776&sec86=2777&sec86=2779&sec86=2778&sec86=2780&sec86=2781&sep=23487&orn=1&qtu7=22&pon=1&qtu9=558&opn6=0&digt6=&OpcCara=44&proc=1&qtu1=1&opn9=0&cabec=on&opn7=u6565&decm=99 População residente por cor ou raça e religião] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807033244/http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=2094&i=P&nome=on&qtu8=137&qtu14=1&notarodape=on&tab=2094&opn8=0&opn14=0&unit=0&pov=1&poc133=1&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=0&nivt=0&orc86=3&orp=5&qtu3=27&qtu13=27&opv=1&poc86=2&opc133=1&pop=1&opn2=0&orv=2&orc133=4&qtu2=5&sev=93&opc86=1&sec133=0&opp=1&opn3=0&qtu6=5507&opn13=0&sec86=0&sec86=2776&sec86=2777&sec86=2779&sec86=2778&sec86=2780&sec86=2781&sep=23487&orn=1&qtu7=22&pon=1&qtu9=558&opn6=0&digt6=&OpcCara=44&proc=1&qtu1=1&opn9=0&cabec=on&opn7=u6565&decm=99 |date=7 August 2013}}.</ref> 1 million people of [[Arab Brazilian|Arab descent]],<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |title=450 Anos de São Paulo |url=http://www.colunista.com.br/sp450/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102150947/http://www.colunista.com.br/sp450/index.htm |archive-date=2 November 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Colunista.com.br}}</ref> 665,000 people of [[Japanese Brazilian|Japanese descent]],<ref name="autogenerated1" /> 400,000 people of [[German Brazilian|German descent]],<ref name="autogenerated1" /> 250,000 people of [[French Brazilian|French descent]],<ref name="autogenerated1" /> 150,000 people of [[Greek Brazilian|Greek descent]],<ref name="autogenerated1" /> 120,000 people of [[Chinese Brazilian|Chinese descent]],<ref name="autogenerated1" /> 120,000–300,000 [[Bolivians in Brazil|Bolivian immigrants]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2005 |title=Programa Saúde da Família atende imigrantes |url=http://www.etni-cidade.net/bolivianos_saude.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830072536/http://www.etni-cidade.net/bolivianos_saude.htm |archive-date=30 August 2009 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Etni-cidade}}</ref> 50,000 people of [[Korean Brazilian|Korean descent]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Enciclopédia das Línguas no Brasil |title=ELB |url=http://www.labeurb.unicamp.br/elb/asiaticas/leiamais_coreano.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219121239/http://www.labeurb.unicamp.br/elb/asiaticas/leiamais_coreano.html |archive-date=19 February 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Labeurb.unicamp.br}}</ref> and 80,000 [[Jews in Brazil|Jews]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática |url=http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=2094&i=P&nome=on&qtu8=137&qtu14=1&notarodape=on&tab=2094&opn8=0&opn14=0&unit=0&pov=1&poc133=2&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=0&nivt=0&orc86=3&orp=5&qtu3=27&qtu13=27&opv=1&poc86=1&opc133=1&pop=1&opn2=0&orv=2&orc133=4&qtu2=5&sev=93&opc86=1&sec133=0&sec133=100424&opp=1&opn3=0&qtu6=5507&opn13=0&sec86=0&sep=23487&orn=1&qtu7=22&pon=1&qtu9=558&opn6=0&digt6=&OpcCara=44&proc=1&qtu1=1&opn9=0&cabec=on&opn7=u6565&decm=99 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807033850/http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=2094&i=P&nome=on&qtu8=137&qtu14=1&notarodape=on&tab=2094&opn8=0&opn14=0&unit=0&pov=1&poc133=2&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=0&nivt=0&orc86=3&orp=5&qtu3=27&qtu13=27&opv=1&poc86=1&opc133=1&pop=1&opn2=0&orv=2&orc133=4&qtu2=5&sev=93&opc86=1&sec133=0&sec133=100424&opp=1&opn3=0&qtu6=5507&opn13=0&sec86=0&sep=23487&orn=1&qtu7=22&pon=1&qtu9=558&opn6=0&digt6=&OpcCara=44&proc=1&qtu1=1&opn9=0&cabec=on&opn7=u6565&decm=99 |archive-date=7 August 2013 |access-date=1 December 2012 |publisher=Sidra.ibge.gov.br}}</ref> Even today, Italians are grouped in neighborhoods like [[Bixiga]], [[Brás]], and [[Mooca (district of São Paulo)|Mooca]] to promote celebrations and festivals. In the early twentieth century, Italian and its dialects were spoken almost as much as [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] in the city, which influenced the formation of the São Paulo dialect of today. Six thousand pizzerias are producing about a million pizzas a day. Brazil has the largest [[Italians|Italian population]] outside [[Italy]], with São Paulo being the most populous city with Italian ancestry in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brazil – the Country and its People |url=http://www.brazil.org.uk/resources/documents/bs-primary03.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021152752/http://www.brazil.org.uk/resources/documents/bs-primary03.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2014 |access-date=26 November 2014 |website=Brazil.org.uk}}</ref> The [[Portuguese Brazilians|Portuguese community]] is also large; it is estimated that three million paulistanos have some origin in [[Portugal]]. The [[History of the Jews in Brazil|Jewish colony]] is more than 80,000 people in São Paulo and is concentrated mainly in [[Higienópolis, São Paulo|Higienópolis]] and [[Bom Retiro (district of São Paulo)|Bom Retiro]].<ref name="forbesimi" /> [[File:Italians Sao Paulo - original.jpg|thumb|[[Italian Brazilian|Italian immigrants]] in the [[Immigrant Inn]], c. 1890]] [[File:Liberdade of Sao Paulo.jpg|thumb|The [[Liberdade (district of São Paulo)|Liberdade]] district is a [[Japantown]] of São Paulo]] From the nineteenth century through the first half of the twentieth century, São Paulo also received [[German Brazilians|German immigrants]] (in the current neighborhood of [[Santo Amaro, São Paulo|Santo Amaro]]), [[Spanish people|Spanish]] and [[Lithuanian people|Lithuanian]] (in the neighborhood [[Vila Zelina]]).<ref name="forbesimi">{{Cite news |last=Geromel |first=Ricardo |title=Jun Sakamoto, One of America's Top Sushi Chef, Shares 11 Key Ingredients Of The Recipe For Success |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ricardogeromel/2013/08/17/jun-sakamoto-one-of-americas-top-sushi-chef-shares-12-key-ingredients-of-the-recipe-for-success/#b2c87a22f995 |url-status=live |access-date=10 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211084633/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ricardogeromel/2013/08/17/jun-sakamoto-one-of-americas-top-sushi-chef-shares-12-key-ingredients-of-the-recipe-for-success/#b2c87a22f995 |archive-date=11 February 2017}}</ref> São Paulo is not only home to the largest Japanese community of São Paulo|Japanese diaspora, over 1.5 million [[Japanese community of São Paulo|Japanese descendants live in São Paulo]], but it also has over 600 Japanese restaurants (20% more than "[[churrascaria]]s," Brazilian steakhouses) where more than 12 million sushis are sold every month. {{quote|"A French observer, travelling to São Paulo at the time, noted that there was a division of the capitalist class, by nationality (...) Germans, French and Italians shared the dry goods sector with Brazilians. Foodstuffs was generally the province of either Portuguese or Brazilians, except for bakery and pastry which was the domain of the French and Germans. Shoes and tinware were mostly controlled by Italians. However, the larger metallurgical plants were in the hands of the English and the Americans. (...) Italians outnumbered Brazilians two to one in São Paulo."|<ref>{{Cite book |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=lw3iPzyfpdQC|page=327 }} |title=World Cities beyond the West: Globalization, Development and Inequality |date=14 October 2004 |access-date=1 December 2012}}</ref>}} Until 1920, 1,078,437 [[Italians]] entered in the [[State of São Paulo]]. Of the immigrants who arrived there between 1887 and 1902, 63.5% came from Italy. Between 1888 and 1919, 44.7% of the immigrants were Italians, 19.2% were [[Spaniards]] and 15.4% were [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]].<ref name="100 anos de imigração">{{Cite book |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=ncc7WLAXlmQC|page=100 }} |title=Do outro lado do AtlРntico: um sжculo de imigraусo italiana no Brasil – Angelo Trento |access-date=1 December 2012}}</ref> In 1920, nearly 80% of São Paulo city's population was composed of immigrants and their descendants and Italians made up over half of its male population.<ref name="100 anos de imigração" /> At that time, the Governor of São Paulo said that ''"if the owner of each house in São Paulo display the flag of the country of origin on the roof, from above São Paulo would look like an Italian city".'' In 1900, a columnist who was absent from São Paulo for 20 years wrote ''"then São Paulo used to be a genuine Paulista city, today it is an Italian city."''<ref name="100 anos de imigração" /> Research conducted by the [[University of São Paulo]] (USP) shows the city's high ethnic diversity: when asked if they are "descendants of foreign immigrants", 81% of the students reported "yes". The main reported ancestries were: Italian (30.5%), Portuguese (23%), Spanish (14%), Japanese (8%), German (6%), ''Brazilian'' (4%), African (3%), Arab (2%) and Jewish (1%).<ref>{{cite web |title=Universidade de São Paulo |url=http://www.fflch.usp.br/sociologia/asag/relatorio_substantivo.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421204230/http://www.fflch.usp.br/sociologia/asag/relatorio_substantivo.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2012 |access-date=1 December 2012 |publisher=Fflch.usp.br}}</ref> The city once attracted numerous immigrants from all over Brazil and even from foreign countries, due to a strong economy and for being the hub of most Brazilian companies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2006 |title=Curitiba é eleita a melhor cidade para investimento |url=http://www.bonde.com.br/economia/noticias/curitiba-e-eleita-a-melhor-cidade-para-investimento-68562.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929183528/http://www.bonde.com.br/economia/noticias/curitiba-e-eleita-a-melhor-cidade-para-investimento-68562.html |archive-date=29 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=Bonde}}</ref> São Paulo is also receiving waves of immigration from [[Haiti]] and from many countries of [[Africa]] and the [[Caribbean]]. Those immigrants are mainly concentrated in [[Praça da Sé]], [[Glicério]] and [[Vale do Anhangabaú]] in the [[Central Zone of São Paulo]]. Since the 19th century people began migrating from [[Northeast Region, Brazil|northeastern Brazil]] into São Paulo. This migration grew enormously in the 1930s and remained huge in the next decades. The concentration of land, modernization in rural areas, changes in work relationships and cycles of droughts stimulated migration. Northeastern migrants live mainly in hazardous and unhealthy areas of the city, in [[cortiço]]s ''("guettos")'', in [[favela]]s ''("slums")'' of the metropolis, because they offer cheaper housing. The largest concentration of northeastern migrants was found in the area of Sé/Brás (districts of [[Brás]], [[Bom Retiro, São Paulo|Bom Retiro]], [[Cambuci]], [[Pari (district of São Paulo)|Pari]] and [[Sé (district of São Paulo)|Sé]]). In this area they composed 41% of the population.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=Dec 2006 |title=Uma inserção dos migrantes nordestinos em São Paulo: o comércio de retalhos |trans-title=An insertion of northeastern migrants in São Paulo: the retail trade |url=http://pepsic.bvs-psi.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-666X2006000200007&lng=pt&nrm=Uma |url-status=dead |journal=Imaginário |language=pt |location=São Paulo |volume=12 |issn=1413-666X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515170608/http://pepsic.bvs-psi.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-666X2006000200007&lng=pt&nrm=Uma |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=30 January 2012 |number=13}}</ref>{{cn|date=June 2022}} ===Religion=== {{see also|Religion in Brazil|Protestantism in Brazil|Roman Catholic Church in Brazil}} {{multiple image | align = left | image1 = Templo de Salomão SP.jpg | width1 = 225 | alt1 = | caption1 = [[Temple of Solomon (São Paulo)|Temple of Solomon]] of the [[Universal Church of the Kingdom of God]] | image2 = Catedral Metropolitana Ortodoxa de São Paulo (cropped).jpg | width2 = 200 | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Catedral Metropolitana Ortodoxa|Metropolitan Orthodox Cathedral]] of São Paulo | footer = }} Like the cultural variety verifiable in São Paulo, there are several religious manifestations present in the city. Although it has developed on an eminently [[Catholic]] social matrix, both due to colonization and immigration – and even today most of the people of São Paulo declare themselves Roman Catholic – it is possible to find in the city dozens of different Protestant denominations, as well as the practice of [[Islam]], [[Spiritism]], among others. [[Buddhism]] and Eastern religions also have relevance among the beliefs most practiced by Paulistanos. It is estimated that there are more than one hundred thousand [[Buddhist]] followers and Hindu. Also considerable are [[Judaism]], [[Mormonism]] and [[Afro-Brazilian religions]]. According to data from the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]] (IBGE), in 2010 the population of São Paulo was 6,549,775 [[Roman Catholics]] (58.2%), 2,887,810 [[Protestants]] (22.1%), 531,822 [[Spiritists]] (4.7 percent), 101,493 [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (0.9 percent), 75,075 [[Buddhists]] (0.7 percent), 50,794 [[Umbanda|Umbandists]] (0.5 percent), 43,610 [[Jews]] (0.4 percent), 28,673 [[Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church|Catholic Apostolic Brazilians]] (0.3%), 25,583 eastern religious (0.2%), 18,058 [[Candomblé|candomblecists]] (0.2%), 17,321 [[Mormons]] (0.2%), 14,894 Eastern Orthodox (0.1%), 9,119 [[spiritualists]] (0.1%), 8,277 [[Muslims]] (0.1%), 7,139 [[esoteric]] (0.1%), 1,829 practiced Indian traditions (<0.1%) and 1,008 were [[Hindu]] (<0.1%). Others 1,056 008 had no religion (9.4%), 149,628 followed other Christian religiosities (1.3%), 55,978 had an undetermined religion or multiple belonging (0.5%), 14,127 did not know (0.1%) And 1,896 reported following other religiosities (<0.1%). {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Catedral Sé.jpg | width1 = 150 | alt1 = | caption1 = [[São Paulo Cathedral]] in [[Downtown São Paulo]] | image2 = São Bento Monastery, São Paulo downtown, Brazil.jpg | width2 = 183 | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Mosteiro de São Bento (São Paulo)|São Bento Monastery]]. | footer = }} The Catholic Church divides the territory of the municipality of São Paulo into four ecclesiastical circumscriptions: the [[Archdiocese of São Paulo]], and the adjacent Diocese of Santo Amaro, the Diocese of São Miguel Paulista and the Diocese of Campo Limpo, the last three suffragans of the first. The archive of the archdiocese, called the Metropolitan Archival Dom Duarte Leopoldo e Silva, in the [[Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga]] neighborhood, holds one of the most important documentary heritage in Brazil. The archiepiscopal is the [[São Paulo Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral of São Paulo]] (known as Sé Cathedral), in [[Praça da Sé]], considered one of the five largest [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]] temples in the world. The Catholic Church recognizes as patron saints of the city [[Paul the Apostle|Saint Paul of Tarsus]] and [[Our Lady of Peñafrancia|Our Lady of Penha of France]]. The city has the most diverse Protestant or Reformed creeds, such as the Evangelical Community of Our Land, Maranatha Christian Church, [[Lutheran Church]], [[Presbyterian Church]], [[Methodist Church]], [[Anglican Episcopal Church]], [[Baptist church]]es, Assembly Church of God, The [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]], the World Church of God's Power, the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, the Christian Congregation in Brazil, among others, as well as Christians of various denominations. ''Source: [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]] 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática |url=http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=2094&z=cd&o=7&i=P |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150323020023/http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=2094&i=P&nome=on&qtu8=137&qtu14=3&notarodape=on&tab=2094&opn8=0&opn14=0&unit=0&pov=3&poc133=2&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&orc86=3&orp=5&qtu3=27&qtu13=47&opv=1&poc86=1&opc133=1&pop=1&opn2=0&opn15=0&orv=2&orc133=4&qtu2=5&qtu15=3&sev=93&sev=1000093&opc86=1&sec133=95263&sec133=100430&sec133=2803&sec133=95277&sec133=95264&sec133=100403&sec133=100404&sec133=100405&sec133=99741&sec133=100406&sec133=100407&sec133=99743&sec133=100408&sec133=95265&sec133=100409&sec133=99746&sec133=100410&sec133=100411&sec133=99745&sec133=100412&sec133=100413&sec133=100414&sec133=100415&sec133=12881&sec133=12882&sec133=99748&sec133=100416&sec133=100417&sec133=100418&sec133=100419&sec133=95266&sec133=121096&sec133=12891&sec133=100420&sec133=100421&sec133=100422&sec133=100423&sec133=2824&sec133=95267&sec133=2826&sec133=2827&sec133=2829&sec133=2828&sec133=12883&sec133=100424&sec133=100425&sec133=95269&sec133=100427&sec133=100428&sec133=100429&sec133=95270&sec133=100426&sec133=95273&sec133=95274&sec133=95275&sec133=2836&sec133=12884&sec133=12885&sec133=12886&sec133=12887&sec133=12888&sec133=12889&sec133=95276&sec133=12890&sec133=2837&opp=f1&opn3=0&qtu6=5565&opn13=0&sec86=0&ascendente=on&sep=38559&orn=1&qtu7=36&pon=2&qtu9=558&opn6=3&digt6=Fortaleza&OpcCara=44&proc=1&qtu1=1&opn9=0&cabec=on&opn7=0&decm=99 |archive-date=23 March 2015 |access-date=11 October 2012 |publisher=Sidra.ibge.gov.br}}</ref> '' ===Public security=== [[File:Formacaodapmesp.jpg|thumb|left|Training of soldiers of the [[Military Police of São Paulo State]] at the Military Police Academy of Barro Branco]] According to the 2011 Global Homicide Survey released by the [[United Nations]], in the period between 2004 and 2009 the homicide rate dropped from 20.8 to 10.8 murders per 100,000 inhabitants. The UN pointed to São Paulo as an example of how big cities can reduce crime. [[Crime rates]], such as [[homicide]], have been steadily declining for 8 years. The number of murders in 2007 was 63% lower than in 1999. Carandiru's 9th DP is considered one of the five best police stations in the world and the best in [[Latin America]]. In 2008, the city of São Paulo ranked 493rd in the list of the most violent cities in Brazil. Among the capitals, it was the fourth least violent, registering, in 2006, homicide rates higher than those of [[Boa Vista, Roraima|Boa Vista]], [[Palmas, Tocantins|Palmas]] and [[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]]. In a survey on the Adolescent Homicide Index (IHA), released in 2009, São Paulo ranked 151st among 267 cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. In November 2009, the Ministry of Justice and the Brazilian Forum of Public Security published a survey that pointed to São Paulo as the safest Brazilian capital for young people. Between 2000 and 2010, the city of São Paulo reduced its homicide rate by 78%. According to data from the Map of Violence 2011, published by the Sangari Institute and the Ministry of Justice, the city of São Paulo has the lowest homicide rate per 100,000 inhabitants among all Brazilian capitals. ===Social challenges=== [[File:Paraisópolis_I.jpg|thumb|[[Paraisópolis (São Paulo)|Paraisópolis]], the largest [[slum]] (''[[favela]]'') in the city, with residential buildings in the background]] [[File:Conjunto habitacional em Heliópolis.jpg|thumb|[[Public housing]] in [[Heliópolis]]]] {{Main|Social issues in Brazil}} Since the beginning of the 20th century, São Paulo has been a major economic center in Latin America. During two [[World war|World Wars]] and the [[Great Depression]], coffee exports (from other regions of the state) were critically affected. This led wealthy coffee farmers to invest in industrial activities that turned São Paulo into Brazil's largest industrial hub. * [[Crime statistics|Crime rates]] consistently decreased in the 21st century. The citywide homicide rate was 6.56 in 2019, less than a fourth of the 27.38 national rate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Homicídios dolosos caem em SP, mas mortes por policiais têm alta |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2020/01/homicidios-dolosos-caem-em-sp-mas-mortes-por-policiais-tem-alta.shtml |access-date=1 July 2020 |website=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt-BR}}</ref> * Air quality<ref>{{Cite journal |last=School of Public Health, University of São Paulo |year=2003 |title=Air pollution and children's health in São Paulo (1986–1998) |journal=Soc Sci Med |volume=57 |issue=Dec |pages=2013–2022 |doi=10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00068-6 |pmid=14512233}}</ref> has steadily increased during the modern era. * The two major rivers crossing the city, [[Tietê River|Tietê]] and [[Pinheiros River|Pinheiros]], are highly polluted. A major project to clean up these rivers is underway.<ref name="veja.abril.com.br"/><ref name="www1.folha.uol.com.br"/> * The [[Cidade Limpa|Clean City Law]] or anti[[billboard]], approved in 2007, focused on two main targets: anti-publicity and anti-commerce. Advertisers estimate that they removed 15,000 billboards and that more than 1,600 [[Signage|signs]] and 1,300 towering metal panels were dismantled by authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2008 |title=Billboard law in SP |url=http://www.worldculturepictorial.com/blog/content/clean-city-sao-paulo-says-no-visual-pollution-bans-public-advertising-cleaner-more-serene-environment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206141515/http://www.worldculturepictorial.com/blog/content/clean-city-sao-paulo-says-no-visual-pollution-bans-public-advertising-cleaner-more-serene-environment |archive-date=6 February 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010 |website=Worldculturepictorial.com}}</ref> * São Paulo metropolitan region, adopted vehicle restrictions from 1996 to 1998 to reduce air pollution during wintertime. Since 1997, a similar project was implemented throughout the year in the central area of São Paulo to improve traffic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martins |first1=Lourdes Conceição |last2=Latorre |first2=Maria do Rosário Dias de Oliveira |last3=Saldiva |first3=Paulo Paulo Hilário Nascimento |last4=Braga |first4=Alfésio Luís Ferreira |date=5 January 1996 |title=Vehicular Restriction in SP |url=http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?pid=S1415-790X2001000300008&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt |url-status=live |journal=Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=220–229 |doi=10.1590/S1415-790X2001000300008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919200045/http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?pid=S1415-790X2001000300008&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt |archive-date=19 September 2011 |access-date=17 April 2010 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * There were more than 30,000 homeless people in 2021 according to official data. It increased by 31% in two years, and doubled in 20 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsendip.com/homeless-population-grew-by-more-than-30-in-sao-paulo-brazil-in-2-years/|title=Homeless population grew by more than 30% in São Paulo in 2 years|date=24 January 2022|website=Newsendip.com|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> ===Languages=== {{Main|Languages of Brazil}} The primary language is [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. The general language from São Paulo General, or [[Tupi language|Tupi Austral]] (Southern Tupi), was the Tupi-based trade language of what is now São Vicente, São Paulo, and the upper Tietê River. In the 17th century it was widely spoken in São Paulo and spread to neighboring regions while in Brazil. From 1750 on, following orders from [[Marquess of Pombal]], Portuguese language was introduced through immigration and consequently taught to children in schools. The original [[Tupi Austral]] language subsequently lost ground to [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and eventually became extinct. Due to the large influx of [[Japanese Brazilians|Japanese]], [[German Brazilians|German]], [[Brazilians of Spanish descent|Spanish]], [[Italian Brazilian|Italian]] and [[Arab Brazilian|Arab]] immigrants etc., the Portuguese idiom spoken in the metropolitan area of São Paulo reflects influences from those languages. [[File:Interior do Museu da Língua Portuguesa em São Paulo, Brasil.jpg|thumb|left|[[Museum of the Portuguese Language]]]] The Italian influence in São Paulo accents is evident in the Italian neighborhoods such as Bela Vista, [[Mooca (district of São Paulo)|Mooca]], [[Brás]] and Lapa. Italian mingled with Portuguese and as an old influence, was assimilated or disappeared into spoken language. The local accent with Italian influences became notorious through the songs of [[Adoniran Barbosa]], a Brazilian [[samba]] singer born to Italian parents who used to sing using the local accent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://revistalingua.uol.com.br/textos.asp?codigo%3D12097 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706154937/http://revistalingua.uol.com.br/textos.asp?codigo=12097 |archive-date=6 July 2011 |title=A linguagem ítalo-brasileira {{!}} Revista Língua Portuguesa |access-date=8 April 2021}}</ref> Other languages spoken in the city are mainly among the Asian community: São Paulo is home to the largest Japanese population outside Japan. Although today most Japanese-Brazilians speak only Portuguese, some of them are still fluent in Japanese. Some people of Chinese and Korean descent are still able to speak their ancestral languages.<ref>{{cite web |title=ELB |url=http://www.labeurb.unicamp.br/elb/asiaticas/asiaticas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502125515/http://www.labeurb.unicamp.br/elb/asiaticas/asiaticas.htm |archive-date=2 May 2009 |access-date=6 May 2009 |publisher=Labeurb.unicamp.br}}</ref> In some areas it is still possible to find descendants of immigrants who speak German<ref>{{cite web |title=Alemães ajudaram a formar a classe média paulistana {{pipe}} Alemanha {{pipe}} DW.DE {{pipe}} 26 May 2004 |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1213337,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221034830/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1213337,00.html |archive-date=21 February 2011 |access-date=1 December 2012 |publisher=Dw-world.de}}</ref> (especially in the area of Brooklin paulista) and Russian or East European languages (especially in the area of Vila Zelina).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historias |url=http://amoviza.org.br/historias.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012002659/http://www.amoviza.org.br/historias.asp |archive-date=12 October 2012 |access-date=1 December 2012 |publisher=Amoviza.org.br}}</ref> In the west zone of São Paulo, specially at Vila Anastácio and Lapa region, there is a [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] colony, with three churches (Calvinist, Baptist and Catholic), so on Sundays it is possible to see Hungarians talking to each other on sidewalks. ===Sexual diversity=== {{Main|LGBT rights in Brazil|LGBT people in Brazil|LGBT history in Brazil|Same-sex marriage in Brazil}} [[File:São Paulo LGBT Pride Parade 2014 (14108541924).jpg|thumb|left|The 18th edition of the [[São Paulo Gay Pride Parade]] in 2014]] The [[Greater São Paulo]] is home to a prominent self-identifying [[gay]], [[bisexual]] and [[transgender]] community, with 9.6% of the male population and 7% of the female population declaring themselves to be non-heterosexual.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2013 |title=Quase a Metade Dos Internautas Brasileiros Com O Casamento Gay |url=http://www.ibope.com.br/pt-br/relacionamento/imprensa/releases/Paginas/Quase-a-metade-dos-internautas-brasileiros-concorda-com-o-casamento-gay.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620164431/http://www.ibope.com.br/pt-br/relacionamento/imprensa/releases/Paginas/Quase-a-metade-dos-internautas-brasileiros-concorda-com-o-casamento-gay.aspx |archive-date=20 June 2014 |website=Ibope |language=pt}}</ref> Same-sex [[civil union]]s have been legal in the whole country since 5 May 2011, while [[Same-sex marriage in Brazil|same-sex marriage in São Paulo]] was legalized on 18 December 2012. Since 1997, the city has hosted the annual [[São Paulo Gay Pride Parade]], considered the biggest [[pride parade]] in the world by the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] with over 5 million participants, and typically rivalling the [[New York City Pride March]] for the record.<ref name="NYCWorld'sLargestPrideParade" /> Strongly supported by the State and the City of São Paulo government authorities, in 2010, the city hall of São Paulo invested R$1 million reais in the parade and provided a solid security plan, with approximately 2,000 policemen, two mobile police stations for immediate reporting of occurrences, 30 equipped ambulances, 55 nurses, 46 medical physicians, three hospital camps with 80 beds. The parade, considered the city's second largest event after the [[Formula One]], begins at the [[São Paulo Museum of Art]], crosses [[Paulista Avenue]], and follows Consolação Street to [[Praça Roosevelt]] in [[Downtown São Paulo]]. According to the LGBT app [[Grindr]], the gay parade of the city was elected the best in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/dailymusto/2012/04/grindr_awards_f.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415190718/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/dailymusto/2012/04/grindr_awards_f.php|url-status=dead|title=Grindr Awards For Gayest Cities, Beaches, And Marital Destinations {{in lang|en}}|archive-date=15 April 2012|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> ==Government== {{See also|List of mayors of São Paulo}} [[File:Matarazzo Building.jpg|thumb|[[Matarazzo Building]], the [[seat of local government|São Paulo city hall]]]] [[File:Palácio Anchieta (SP).jpg|thumb|[[Municipal Chamber of São Paulo]]]] [[File:Palácio_dos_Bandeirantes_foto001_(43944820834).jpg|thumb|[[Palácio dos Bandeirantes|Bandeirantes Palace]], the seat of state government]] As the capital of the [[São Paulo (state)|state of São Paulo]], the city is home to the [[Palácio dos Bandeirantes|Bandeirantes Palace]] (state government) and the [[Legislative Assembly of São Paulo|Legislative Assembly]]. The Executive Branch of the municipality of São Paulo is represented by the [[mayor]] and his cabinet of secretaries, following the model proposed by the [[Constitution of Brazil|Federal Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web |title=São Paulo, da taipa ao concreto |url=http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/portal/a_cidade/historia/index.php?p=2979 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160522102955/http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/portal/a_cidade/historia/index.php?p=2979 |archive-date=22 May 2016 |access-date=29 March 2012 |publisher=Prefeitura de São Paulo}}</ref> The organic law of the municipality and the Master Plan of the city, however, determine that the public administration must guarantee to the population effective tools of manifestation of participatory democracy, which causes that the city is divided in regional prefectures, each one led by a Regional Mayor appointed by the Mayor.<ref name="districts" /> The legislative power is represented by the Municipal Chamber, composed of 55 aldermen elected to four-year posts (in compliance with the provisions of Article 29 of the Constitution, which dictates a minimum number of 42 and a maximum of 55 for municipalities with more than five million inhabitants). It is up to the house to draft and vote fundamental laws for the administration and the Executive, especially the municipal budget (known as the Law of Budgetary Guidelines).<ref>{{Cite web |title=LDO – Lei de Diretrizes Orçamentárias |url=http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/sao_paulo_cidade_global/index.php?p=1193 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119045205/http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/sao_paulo_cidade_global/index.php?p=1193 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |access-date=29 March 2012 |publisher=Prefeitura de São Paulo}}</ref> In addition to the legislative process and the work of the secretariats, there are also a number of municipal councils, each dealing with different topics, composed of representatives of the various sectors of organized civil society. The actual performance and representativeness of such councils, however, are sometimes questioned. The following municipal councils are active: Municipal Council for Children and Adolescents (CMDCA); of Informatics (WCC); of the Physically Disabled (CMDP); of Education (CME); of Housing (CMH); of Environment (CADES); of Health (CMS); of Tourism (COMTUR); of Human Rights (CMDH); of Culture (CMC); and of Social Assistance (COMAS) and Drugs and Alcohol (COMUDA). The Prefecture also owns (or is the majority partner in their social capital) a series of companies responsible for various aspects of public services and the economy of São Paulo: * [[Anhembi Convention Center|''São Paulo Turismo S/A'']] (SPTuris): company responsible for organizing large events and promoting the city's tourism. * ''Companhia de Engenharia de Tráfego'' (CET):<ref>{{Cite web |title=CET - Companhia de Engenharia de Tráfego |url=http://www.cetsp.com.br/ |access-date=17 July 2020 |website=Cetsp.com.br}}</ref> subordinated to the Municipal Transportation Department, is responsible for traffic supervision, fines (in cooperation with DETRAN) and maintenance of the city's road system. * ''Companhia Metropolitana de Habitação de São Paulo'' (COHAB): subordinate to the Department of Housing, is responsible for the implementation of public housing policies, especially the construction of housing developments. * ''Empresa Municipal de Urbanização de São Paulo'' (EMURB): subordinate to the Planning Department, is responsible for urban works and for the maintenance of public spaces and urban furniture. * ''Companhia de Processamento de Dados de São Paulo'' (PRODAM): responsible for the electronic infrastructure and information technology of the city hall. * [[SPTrans|''São Paulo Transportes Sociedade Anônima'']] (SPTrans): responsible for the operation of the public transport systems managed by the city hall, such as the municipal bus lines. ===Subdivisions=== São Paulo is divided into 32 sub-prefectures, each with an administration ("subprefeitura") divided into several districts ("distritos").<ref name="districts">{{Cite web |title=Website of São Paulo City Hall |url=http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/subprefeituras/subprefeituras/index.php?p=8978 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705112812/http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/subprefeituras/subprefeituras/index.php?p=8978 |archive-date=5 July 2016 |access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> The city also has a radial division into nine zones for purpose of traffic control and bus lines, which don't fit into the administrative divisions. These zones are identified by colors in the street signs. The historical core of São Paulo, which includes the inner city and the area of [[Paulista Avenue]], is in the [[Subprefecture of Sé]]. Most other economic and tourist facilities of the city are inside an area officially called ''Centro Expandido'' (Portuguese for "Broad Center", or "Broad Downtown"), which includes Sé and several other subprefectures, and areas immediately around it. {| class="toccolours" width="100%" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="margin:1 1 1em 1em; clear:right; text-align:center" |- ! colspan="8" align=center style="background:lightgrey; padding-left:8px; font-size:130%" | Subprefectures of São Paulo<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dados Demográficos dos Distritos pertencentes às Subprefeituras |url=http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/subprefeituras/subprefeituras/dados_demograficos/index.php?p=12758 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830072747/http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/subprefeituras/subprefeituras/dados_demograficos/index.php?p=12758 |archive-date=30 August 2012 |access-date=27 September 2010 |publisher=Secretaria Municipal de Coordenação das Subprefeituras}}</ref> ! colspan="1" align=right style="background:lightgrey; padding-right:10px" | |- style="font-size:95%" ! width="2%" style="background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:2px solid black" | &nbsp; ! width="16%" style="background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:2px solid black" | Subprefecture ! width="4%" style="background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:2px solid black" | Area ! width="10%" style="background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:2px solid black" | Population ! width="15%" style="background:white; text-align:center" | &nbsp; ! width="2%" style="background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:2px solid black" | &nbsp; ! width="16%" style="background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:2px solid black" | Subprefecture ! width="4%" style="background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:2px solid black" | Area ! width="10%" style="background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:2px solid black" | Population |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 1 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Aricanduva|Aricanduva/Vila Formosa]]''' | align=left | 21.5&nbsp;km² | | 266&nbsp;838 ! align=center rowspan=20 style="background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" |[[File:mapa sp.svg|250px]] | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 17 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Mooca|Mooca]]''' | align=left | 35.2&nbsp;km² | | 305&nbsp;436 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 2 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Butantã|Butantã]]''' | align=left | 56.1&nbsp;km² | | 345&nbsp;943 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 18 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Parelheiros|Parelheiros]]''' | align=left | 353.5&nbsp;km² | | 110&nbsp;909 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 3 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Campo Limpo|Campo Limpo]]''' | align=left | 36.7&nbsp;km² | | 508&nbsp;607 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 19 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Penha|Penha]]''' | align=left | 42.8&nbsp;km² | | 472&nbsp;247 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 4 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Capela do Socorro|Capela do Socorro]]''' | align=left | 134.2&nbsp;km² | | 561&nbsp;071 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 20 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Perus|Perus]]''' | align=left | 57.2&nbsp;km² | | 109&nbsp;218 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 5 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Casa Verde|Casa Verde/Cachoeirinha]]''' | align=left | 26.7&nbsp;km² | | 313&nbsp;176 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 21 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Pinheiros|Pinheiros]]''' | align=left | 31.7&nbsp;km² | | 270&nbsp;798 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 6 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Cidade Ademar|Cidade Ademar]]''' | align=left | 30.7&nbsp;km² | | 370&nbsp;759 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 22 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Pirituba-Jaraguá|Pirituba/Jaraguá]]''' | align=left | 54.7&nbsp;km² | | 390&nbsp;083 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 7 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Cidade Tiradentes|Cidade Tiradentes]]''' | align=left | 15&nbsp;km² | | 248&nbsp;762 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 23 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Sé|Sé]]''' | align=left | 26.2&nbsp;km² | | 373&nbsp;160 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 8 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Ermelino Matarazzo|Ermelino Matarazzo]]''' | align=left | 15.1&nbsp;km² | | 204&nbsp;315 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 24 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Santana-Tucuruvi|Santana/Tucuruvi]]''' | align=left | 34.7&nbsp;km² | | 327&nbsp;279 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 9 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Freguesia-Brasilândia|Freguesia do Ó/Brasilândia]]''' | align=left | 31.5&nbsp;km² | | 391&nbsp;403 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 25 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Jaçanã-Tremembé|Jaçanã/Tremembé]]''' | align=left | 64.1&nbsp;km² | | 255&nbsp;435 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 10 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Guaianases|Guaianases]]''' | align=left | 17.8&nbsp;km² | | 283&nbsp;162 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 26 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Santo Amaro|Santo Amaro]]''' | align=left | 37.5&nbsp;km² | | 217&nbsp;280 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 11 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Ipiranga|Ipiranga]]''' | align=left | 37.5&nbsp;km² | | 427&nbsp;585 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 27 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of São Mateus|São Mateus]]''' | align=left | 45.8&nbsp;km² | | 422&nbsp;199 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 12 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Itaim Paulista|Itaim Paulista]]''' | align=left | 21.7&nbsp;km² | | 358&nbsp;888 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 28 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of São Miguel Paulista|São Miguel Paulista]]''' | align=left | 24.3&nbsp;km² | | 377&nbsp;540 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 13 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Itaquera|Itaquera]]''' | align=left | 54.3&nbsp;km² | | 488&nbsp;327 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 29 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Sapopemba|Sapopemba]]''' | align=left | 13.4&nbsp;km² | | 296&nbsp;042 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 14 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Jabaquara|Jabaquara]]''' | align=left | 14.1&nbsp;km² | | 214&nbsp;200 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 30 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Vila Maria-Vila Guilherme|Vila Maria/Vila Guilherme]]''' | align=left | 26.4&nbsp;km² | | 302&nbsp;899 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 15 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Lapa|Lapa]]''' | align=left | 40.1&nbsp;km² | | 270&nbsp;102 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 31 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Vila Mariana|Vila Mariana]]''' | align=left | 26.5&nbsp;km² | | 311&nbsp;019 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 16 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of M'Boi Mirim|M'Boi Mirim]]''' | align=left | 62.1&nbsp;km² | |523&nbsp;138 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 32 | align=left style="padding-left:5px" | '''[[Subprefecture of Vila Prudente|Vila Prudente]]''' | align=left | 33.3&nbsp;km² | | 480&nbsp;823 |} === Twin towns – sister cities === {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Brazil}} São Paulo is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cidades-Irmãs de São Paulo |url=https://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/assuntos_internacionais/index.php?p=146728|access-date=21 May 2020|website=prefeitura.sp.gov.br|publisher=São Paulo|language=pt}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=20em}} *{{flagicon|CIV}} [[Abidjan]], Ivory Coast *{{flagicon|PAR}} [[Asunción]], Paraguay *{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Barcelona]], Spain *{{flagicon|POR}} [[Belmonte, Portugal|Belmonte]], Portugal <!--Buenos Aires - not twinning, does not list São Paulo as its twin town--> *{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Cluj-Napoca]], Romania *{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Havana]], Cuba *{{flagicon|TUR}} [[İzmir]], Turkey *{{flagicon|PER}} [[Lima]], Peru <!--Lisbon - not twinning, does not list São Paulo as its twin town--> *{{flagicon|MAC}} [[Macau]], China *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Miami-Dade County]], United States *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Milan]], Italy <!--Montevideo - not twinning, does not list São Paulo as its twin town--> *{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Osaka]], Japan *{{flagicon|BOL}} [[La Paz]], Bolivia <!--Póvoa de Varzim - not twinning, does not list São Paulo as its twin town--> *{{flagicon|ESP}} [[San Cristóbal de La Laguna]], Spain *{{flagicon|CHL}} [[Santiago]], Chile *{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Santiago de Compostela]], Spain *{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea *{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shanghai]], China *{{flagicon|ARM}} [[Yerevan]], Armenia {{div col end}} ==Economy== {{Main|Economy of São Paulo|Economy of Brazil}} {{multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = Avenida Paulista no pôr do sol.jpg | caption1 = [[Paulista Avenue]] | image2 = Rua_Oscar_Freire.jpg | caption2 = [[Rua Oscar Freire|Oscar Freire St.]], one of the most luxurious streets in the world<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2010 |title=Oscar Freire Street |url=http://www.gohouse.com.br/brazil/saopaulo/saopaulo/jardins/rua-oscar-freire |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727091149/http://www.gohouse.com.br/brazil/saopaulo/saopaulo/jardins/rua-oscar-freire |archive-date=27 July 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014 |publisher=Gohouse.com.br |language=pt}}</ref> | image3 = Sao Paulo Stock Exchange.jpg | caption3 = [[B3 (stock exchange)|São Paulo Stock Exchange]] }} São Paulo is considered the "financial capital of Brazil", as it is the location for the headquarters of major corporations and of banks and financial institutions. São Paulo is [[Economy of Brazil|Brazil's highest GDP city]] and the [[List of cities by GDP|10th largest in the world]],<ref name="Estadão">{{Cite web |title=Richest cities 2009 |url=http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,sp-sera-6-cidade-mais-rica-do-mundo-ate-2025-diz-ranking,463359,0.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713153107/http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral%2Csp-sera-6-cidade-mais-rica-do-mundo-ate-2025-diz-ranking%2C463359%2C0.htm |archive-date=13 July 2010 |access-date=16 May 2012 |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers}}</ref> using [[Purchasing power parity]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC&nbsp;– Último Segundo&nbsp;– São Paulo será 6ª cidade mais rica do mundo em 2020, diz estudo |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/noticias/2009/11/091109_ranking_cidades_price_rw.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111023134/http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/noticias/2009/11/091109_ranking_cidades_price_rw.shtml |archive-date=11 November 2009 |access-date=11 September 2009 |publisher=Ultimosegundo.ig.com.br}}</ref> According to data from the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]], its gross domestic product (GDP) in 2010 was R$450 billion,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ribeiro |first=Renata |date=26 January 2012 |title=Jornal da Globo – São Paulo completa 458 anos com proporções de um grande país |url=http://g1.globo.com/jornal-da-globo/noticia/2012/01/sao-paulo-completa-458-anos-com-proporcoes-de-um-grande-pais.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701131518/http://g1.globo.com/jornal-da-globo/noticia/2012/01/sao-paulo-completa-458-anos-com-proporcoes-de-um-grande-pais.html |archive-date=1 July 2013 |access-date=1 December 2012 |publisher=G1.globo.com}}</ref> approximately {{USD|220}} billion, 12.26% of Brazilian GDP and 36% of all production of [[goods and services]] of the State of São Paulo.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=2025&id_pagina=1&titulo=Centro-Oeste-e-Nordeste-ganham-participacao-no-PIB-nacional-em-2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303015314/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=2025&id_pagina=1&titulo=Centro-Oeste-e-Nordeste-ganham-participacao-no-PIB-nacional-em-2009 |archive-date=3 March 2013 |access-date=21 July 2012 |publisher=IBGE}}</ref> According to [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]] average annual economic growth of the city is 4.2%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singka |first=Ranny |title=The on-line magazine covering the Miss USA, Miss Universe, Miss Teen USA, Miss America and Miss World Pageants |url=http://www.behindthecrown.com/sao_paulo.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514190257/http://www.behindthecrown.com/sao_paulo.html |archive-date=14 May 2012 |access-date=1 December 2012 |publisher=Behind The Crown}}</ref> São Paulo also has a large "informal" economy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Instituto Brasileiro de Geografía e Estatística. |url=http://www.iets.org.br/article.php3?id_article=567 |title=informal economy |publisher=[[Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy|IETS]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-85-240-3919-5 |location=São Paulo, SP |language=pt |format=PDF |access-date=27 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316200655/http://www.iets.org.br/article.php3?id_article=567 |archive-date=16 March 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2005, the city of São Paulo collected R$90&nbsp;billion in taxes and the city budget was R$15&nbsp;billion. The city has 1,500 bank [[branch]]es and 70 shopping malls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sao Paulo, Brazil |url=http://www.aboutsaopaulo.com/news/business-and-economy/economy-of-the-city-of-sao-paulo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009063636/http://www.aboutsaopaulo.com/news/business-and-economy/economy-of-the-city-of-sao-paulo/ |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref> {{As of|2014}}, São Paulo is the third largest exporting municipality in Brazil after [[Parauapebas|Parauapebas, PA]] and [[Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro, RJ]]. In that year São Paulo's exported goods totaled $7.32B (USD) or 3.02% of Brazil's total exports. The top five [[commodities]] exported by São Paulo are [[soybean]] (21%), [[Sugar|raw sugar]] (19%), [[coffee]] (6.5%), [[Pulp (paper)|sulfate chemical wood pulp]] (5.6%), and [[Maize|corn]] (4.4%).<ref>DataViva. [http://en.dataviva.info/apps/builder/tree_map/secex/4sp090607/all/all/hs/?controls=true&year=2014&size=export_val&depth=hs_6&color=color "Exports of São Paulo (2014)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610211226/http://en.dataviva.info/apps/builder/tree_map/secex/4sp090607/all/all/hs/?controls=true&year=2014&size=export_val&depth=hs_6&color=color |date=10 June 2015}}, ''[[DataViva]]'', Retrieved on 10 June 2015.</ref> The [[BM&F Bovespa|São Paulo Stock Exchange]] (BM&F Bovespa) is Brazil's official stock and bond exchange. It is the largest [[stock exchange]] in Latin America, trading about R$6&nbsp;billion (US$3.5&nbsp;billion) every day.<ref>[http://www.bmfbovespa.com.br/English/NewExchange.asp BM&F Bovespa: About us] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605040305/http://www.bmfbovespa.com.br/English/NewExchange.asp |date=5 June 2008}}</ref> São Paulo's economy is going through a deep transformation. Once a city with a strong [[Secondary sector of the economy|industrial character]], São Paulo's economy has followed the global trend of shifting to the [[tertiary sector of the economy]], focusing on services. The city is unique among Brazilian cities for its large number of foreign corporations.<ref>FERREIRA, João Sette Whitaker; ''The myth of the global city'', doctoral thesis presented to the FAUUSP, 2003.</ref> 63% of all the [[company|international companies]] with business in Brazil have their head offices in São Paulo. São Paulo has one of the largest concentrations of German businesses worldwide<ref>{{Cite web |last=Federal Foreign Office |year=2011 |title=Auswärtiges Amt – Brazil |url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/EN/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/01-Nodes/Brasilien_node.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920181208/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/EN/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/01-Nodes/Brasilien_node.html |archive-date=20 September 2011 |access-date=19 July 2011 |website=auswaertiges-amt.de}}</ref> and is the largest Swedish industrial hub alongside Gothenburg.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swedish-Brazilian Chamber of Commerce |year=2011 |title=Overview |url=http://www.swedcham.com.br/aboutus_Overview.asp?LOCALE=en& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925224712/http://www.swedcham.com.br/aboutus_Overview.asp?LOCALE=en& |archive-date=25 September 2011 |access-date=19 July 2011 |website=swedcham.com.br}}</ref> São Paulo ranked second after New York in [[FDi magazine]]'s bi-annual ranking of Cities of the Future 2013–14 in the [[Americas]], and was named the Latin American City of the Future 2013–14, overtaking [[Santiago de Chile]], the first city in the previous ranking. Santiago now ranks second, followed by [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walls |first=Jacqueline |date=8 April 2013 |title=American Cities of the Future 2013/14 |work=[[FDi magazine|FDi Intelligence]] |url=http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Americas/American-Cities-of-the-Future-2013-14 |url-status=live |access-date=13 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723035752/http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Americas/American-Cities-of-the-Future-2013-14 |archive-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> The per capita income for the city was R$32,493 in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2004_2008/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108012419/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2004_2008/ |archive-date=8 November 2011 |access-date=3 June 2011 |publisher=IBGE}}</ref> According to [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]'s 2011 [[List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees#Mercer surveys|city rankings of cost of living for expatriate employees]], São Paulo is now among the ten most expensive cities in the world, ranking 10th in 2011, up from 21st in 2010 and ahead of [[London]], [[Paris]], [[Milan]] and [[New York City]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2011 |title=Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2011 – Top 50 cities: Cost of living ranking |url=http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr#City_rankings |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725215323/http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=22 July 2011 |publisher=[[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2011 |title=SP é a 10ª cidade mais cara do mundo para estrangeiros; RJ é a 12ª |language=pt |work=UOL Noticias |url=http://economia.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2011/07/12/sp-e-a-10-cidade-mais-cara-do-mundo-para-estrangeiros-rj-e-a-12.jhtm |url-status=live |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715220331/http://economia.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2011/07/12/sp-e-a-10-cidade-mais-cara-do-mundo-para-estrangeiros-rj-e-a-12.jhtm |archive-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> ===Science and technology=== {{multiple iamge | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = Itaim Bibi (232990015).jpeg | caption1 = [[Itaim Bibi]], a district in the [[subprefecture of Pinheiros]] | image2 = Jardim Paulistano2.jpg | caption2 = [[Jardins]], one of the most luxurious neighborhoods of the city }} {{Main|Brazilian science and technology}} The city of São Paulo is home to research and development facilities and attracts companies due to the presence of regionally renowned universities. Science, technology and innovation is leveraged by the allocation of funds from the [[São Paulo (state)|state government]], mainly carried out by means of the Foundation to Research Support in the State of São Paulo (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo&nbsp;– FAPESP), one of the main agencies promoting scientific and technological research.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saobernardo.sp.gov.br/dados2/SDET/GSDET/cadernos-sao-bernardo-vol02.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208210214/http://www.saobernardo.sp.gov.br/dados2/SDET/GSDET/cadernos-sao-bernardo-vol02.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Science and technology – SP|archive-date=8 December 2013|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> ===Luxury goods=== [[Luxury brand]]s tend to concentrate their business in São Paulo. Because of the lack of department stores and multi-brand boutiques, [[shopping mall]]s as well as the [[Jardins]] district attract most of the world's luxurious brands. Most of the international luxury brands can be found in the [[Iguatemi Empresa de Shopping Centers|Iguatemi]], Cidade Jardim or JK shopping malls or on the streets of [[Rua Oscar Freire|Oscar Freire]], Lorena or Haddock Lobo in the Jardins district. They are home of brands such as [[Cartier (jeweler)|Cartier]], [[Chanel]], [[Dior]], [[Giorgio Armani]], [[Gucci]], [[Louis Vuitton]], [[Marc Jacobs]], [[Tiffany & Co]]. Cidade Jardim was opened in São Paulo in 2008, it is a {{convert|45,000|m2|0|adj=mid|abbr=off|sp=us}} mall, landscaped with trees and greenery scenario, with a focus on Brazilian brands but also home to international luxury brands such as [[Hermès]], [[Jimmy Choo]], [[Emilio Pucci|Pucci]] and [[Carolina Herrera (fashion designer)|Carolina Herrera]]. Opened in 2012, JK shopping mall has brought to Brazil brands that were not present in the country before such as Goyard, Tory Burch, Llc., [[Prada]], and Miu Miu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brazil's Booming Luxury Market |url=http://fashionbi.com/newspaper/brazil-s-booming-luxury-market |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221161215/http://fashionbi.com/newspaper/brazil-s-booming-luxury-market |archive-date=21 February 2015 |access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref> The [[Iguatemi São Paulo|Iguatemi]] Faria Lima, in [[Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima|Faria Lima Avenue]], is Brazil's oldest mall, opened in 1966.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iguatemi Mobile |url=http://www.iguatemi.com.br/en/conteudo/empresa.swf?NoCache=1337256627597 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018200142/http://iguatemi.com.br/en/conteudo/empresa.swf?NoCache=1337256627597 |archive-date=18 October 2015 |access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref> The [[Jardins]] neighborhood is regarded among the most sophisticated places in town, with upscale restaurants and hotels. The New York Times once compared Oscar Freire Street to [[Rodeo Drive]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Shaw |first=Dan |date=12 March 2006 |title=The New São Paulo |work=The New York Times |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/03/12/travel/12sao.html?pagewanted=all}}</ref> In Jardins there are luxury car dealers. One of the world's best restaurants as elected by The World's 50 Best Restaurants Award, D.O.M.,<ref>{{cite news |title=2010 Award Winners |work=The World's 50 Best Restaurants |url=http://www.theworlds50best.com/past-winners/2010-award-winners |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024201330/http://www.theworlds50best.com/past-winners/2010-award-winners |archive-date=24 October 2011}}</ref> is there. === Tourism === {{Main|Tourism in Brazil}} {{multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = Ibirapuera, Pavilhão Ciccillo Matarazzo (biennale) 07.JPG | caption1 = [[São Paulo Art Biennial]], the second oldest art biennial in the world after the [[Venice Biennial]] | image2 = Sao Paulo - Mercado Municipal.JPG | caption2 = The interior of the [[Municipal Market of São Paulo]] }} Large hotel chains whose target audience is the corporate traveler are in the city. São Paulo is home to 75% of the country's leading business fairs. The city also promotes one of the most important fashion weeks in the world, [[São Paulo Fashion Week]], established in 1996 under the name Morumbi Fashion Brasil, is the largest and most important fashion event in Latin America.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moda regional marca presença no São Paulo Fashion Week |url=http://acritica.uol.com.br/vida/Manaus-Amazonas-Amazonia-Moda-regional-Paulo-Fashion-Week_0_715728434.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303054759/http://acritica.uol.com.br/vida/Manaus-Amazonas-Amazonia-Moda-regional-Paulo-Fashion-Week_0_715728434.html |archive-date=3 March 2013}}</ref> Besides, the [[São Paulo Gay Pride Parade]], held since 1997 on [[Paulista Avenue]] is the event that attracts more tourists to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2011 |title=Parada Gay é evento que atrai mais turistas a SP, diz SPTuris |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/turismo/934700-parada-gay-e-evento-que-atrai-mais-turistas-a-sp-diz-spturis.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704224320/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/turismo/934700-parada-gay-e-evento-que-atrai-mais-turistas-a-sp-diz-spturis.shtml |archive-date=4 July 2015 |access-date=3 July 2015 |publisher=[[Folha de S.Paulo]] |language=pt}}</ref> The annual March For Jesus is a large gathering of Christians from Protestant churches throughout Brazil, with São Paulo police reporting participation in the range of 350,000 in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2016 |title=Tens of thousands take part in Brazil March for Jesus |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/05/26/tens-thousands-take-part-in-brazil-march-for-jesus.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100227/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/05/26/tens-thousands-take-part-in-brazil-march-for-jesus.html |archive-date=21 February 2018 |access-date=20 February 2018 |publisher=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> In addition, São Paulo hosts the annual São Paulo Pancake Cook-Off in which chefs from across Brazil and the world participate in competitions based on the cooking of [[pancakes]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2014 |title=Sao Paulo Travel Guide |url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/travel-guide/sao-paolo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930232450/http://www.travelandleisure.com/travel-guide/sao-paolo |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=29 September 2015 |publisher=[[Travel + Leisure]]}}</ref> Cultural tourism also has relevance to the city, especially when considering the international events in the metropolis, such as the [[São Paulo Art Biennial]], that attracted almost 1 million people in 2004. The city has a nightlife that is considered one of the best in the country, and is an international hub of highly active and diverse [[nightlife]] with [[Bar (establishment)|bars]], dance bars and [[nightclub]]s staying open well past midnight.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/features/sao-paolo-the-city-that-never-sleeps/|title=São Paolo – the city that never sleeps|date=28 June 2010|publisher=CNN Business Traveller}}</ref> There are cinemas, theaters, museums, and cultural centers. The [[Rua Oscar Freire]] was named one of the eight most luxurious streets in the world, according to the Mystery Shopping International,<ref name="Oscar Freire">{{Cite web |last=Gallo |first=Ricardo |date=9 December 2006 |title=Incompleta, Oscar Freire inaugura sua nova cara |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u129190.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221124143/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u129190.shtml |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016 |language=pt}}</ref> and São Paulo the 25th "most expensive city" of the planet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=São Paulo entre as 25 cidades mais caras do mundo |url=http://www.rfi.fr/actubr/articles/103/article_12707.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701200506/http://www1.rfi.fr/actubr/articles/103/article_12707.asp |archive-date=1 July 2015 |access-date=28 June 2015 |publisher=RFI}}</ref> According to the International Congress & Convention Association, São Paulo ranks first among the cities that host international events in [[Americas]] and the 12th in the world, after [[Vienna]], [[Paris]], [[Barcelona]], [[Singapore]], [[Berlin]], [[Budapest]], [[Amsterdam]], [[Stockholm]], [[Seoul]], [[Lisbon]], and [[Copenhagen]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2009 |title=Paris ties with Vienna as top conference city in ICCA rankings |url=http://www.citmagazine.com/news/906533/Paris-ties-Vienna-top-conference-city-ICCA-rankings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105015601/http://citmagazine.com/news/906533/Paris-ties-Vienna-top-conference-city-ICCA-rankings/ |archive-date=5 January 2010 |access-date=1 June 2009}}</ref> According to a study by [[MasterCard]] in 130 cities around the world, São Paulo was the third most visited destination in Latin America (behind [[Mexico City]] and [[Buenos Aires]]) with 2.4 million foreign travelers, who spent US$2.9 billion in 2013 (the highest among the cities in the region). In 2014, [[CNN]] ranked nightlife São Paulo as the fourth best in the world, behind [[New York City]], [[Berlin]] and [[Ibiza]], in [[Spain]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2014 |title=As 10 melhores cidades do mundo para sair à noite (tem brasileira na lista) |url=https://br.noticias.yahoo.com/10-melhores-cidades-mundo-sair-173900866.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006111319/https://br.noticias.yahoo.com/10-melhores-cidades-mundo-sair-173900866.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=28 June 2015 |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] Notícias}}</ref> The cuisine of the region is a tourist attraction. The city has 62 cuisines across 12,000 restaurants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spcvb.com.br/acidade/dados.asp|title=Dados da Cidade|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708085953/http://www.spcvb.com.br/acidade/dados.asp|access-date=5 February 2022|archive-date=8 July 2007}}</ref> During the 10th International Congress of Gastronomy, Hospitality and Tourism (Cihat) conducted in 1997, the city received the title of "World Gastronomy Capital" from a commission formed by 43 nations' representatives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Retrospectiva |url=http://www.abresi.com.br/realizacoes_capital_mundial_da_gastronomia.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326180153/http://www.abresi.com.br/realizacoes_capital_mundial_da_gastronomia.htm |archive-date=26 March 2010 |publisher=Congresso Internacional de Gastronomia, Hospitalidade e Turismo}}</ref> {{clr}} {{wide image|Panorama Ibirapuera.jpg|900px|align-cap=center|[[Ibirapuera Park]] panorama}} ==Urban infrastructure== [[File:CENU, São Paulo, Brasil (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Octávio Frias de Oliveira Bridge]] aside of [[Centro Empresarial Nações Unidas]]]] [[File:Building in São Paulo 06.jpg|thumb|[[Martinelli Building]] was the first [[skyscraper]] of [[Latin America]] and the tallest until 1947]] Since the beginning of the 20th century, São Paulo has been one of the main economic centers of [[Latin America]]. With the [[WWI|First]] and [[WWII|Second World Wars]] and the [[Great Depression]], coffee exports to the [[United States]] and [[Europe]] were heavily affected, forcing the rich coffee growers to invest in the industrial activities that would make São Paulo the largest industrial center in Brazil. The new job vacancies contributed to attract a significant number of immigrants (mainly from Italy)<ref name="Italian">{{Cite web |title=A capital paulista tem sotaque italiano |url=http://www.radiobras.gov.br/especiais/saopaulo450/sp450_mat10_2004.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623002947/http://www.radiobras.gov.br/especiais/saopaulo450/sp450_mat10_2004.htm |archive-date=23 June 2008 |access-date=9 May 2017 |publisher=Agência Brasil |language=pt}}</ref> and migrants, especially from the Northeastern states.<ref name="Causas">{{Cite web |last=Ferrari |first=Monia |title=A Migração Nordestina para São Paulo no segundo governo Vargas (1951–1954) – Seca e desigualdades regionais |url=http://www.ufscar.br/~ppgcso/resumos%20disserta/monia%20ferrari.doc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165425/http://www.ufscar.br/~ppgcso/resumos%20disserta/monia%20ferrari.doc |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=9 May 2017 |publisher=[[UFSCar]]}}</ref> From a population of only 32.000 people in 1880, São Paulo now has 8.5 million inhabitants in 1980. The rapid population growth has brought many problems for the city. São Paulo is practically all served by the water supply network. The city consumes an average of 221 liters of water/inhabitant/day while the UN recommends the consumption of 110 liters/day. The water loss is 30.8%. However, between 11 and 12.8% of households do not have a sewage system, depositing waste in pits and ditches. Sixty percent of the sewage collected is treated. According to data from IBGE and Eletropaulo, the electricity grid serves almost 100% of households. The fixed telephony network is still precarious, with coverage of 67.2%. Household garbage collection covers all regions of the municipality but is still insufficient, reaching around 94% of the demand in districts such as [[Parelheiros (district of São Paulo)|Parelheiros]] and Perus. About 80% of the garbage produced daily by Paulistas is exported to other cities, such as [[Caieiras]] and [[Guarulhos]].<ref name="lixo">{{Cite web |date=14 May 2010 |title=A sustentabilidade urbana |url=http://www.estadao.com.br/estadaodehoje/20100514/not_imp551610,0.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20110706100614/http://www.estadao.com.br/estadaodehoje/20100514/not_imp551610,0.php |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=9 May 2017 |publisher=O Estado de S. Paulo}}</ref> Recycling accounts for about 1% of the 15,000 metric tons of waste produced daily.<ref name="lixo" /> ===Urban fabrics=== São Paulo has a myriad of urban fabrics. The original nuclei of the city are vertical, characterized by the presence of commercial buildings and services; And the peripheries are generally developed with two to four-story buildings – although such generalization certainly meets with exceptions in the fabric of the metropolis. Compared to other global cities (such as the island cities of [[New York City]] and [[Hong Kong]]), however, São Paulo is considered a "low-rise building" city. Its tallest buildings rarely reach forty stories, and the average residential building is twenty. Nevertheless, it is the fourth city in the world in quantity of buildings, according to the page specialized in research of data on buildings ''Emporis Buildings'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skyline Ranking |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/sk/st/sr/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604005151/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/06/12/afx3810988.html |archive-date=4 June 2011 |access-date=9 May 2017 |publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref> besides possessing what was considered until 2014 the tallest skyscraper of the country, the [[Mirante do Vale]], also known as ''Palácio Zarzur Kogan'', with 170 meters of height and 51 floors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nogueira |first=Sylvio Rocha |title=A verticalização predial e o melhor urbanismo brasileiro |url=http://www.revistasim.com.br/asp/materia.asp?idtexto=1136 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707053521/http://www.revistasim.com.br/asp/materia.asp?idtexto=1136 |archive-date=7 July 2009 |access-date=9 May 2017 |publisher=Revista SIM }}</ref> Such tissue heterogeneity, however, is not as predictable as the generic model can make us imagine. Some central regions of the city began to concentrate indigents, [[drug trafficking]], street vending and [[prostitution]], which encouraged the creation of new socio-economic centralities. The characterization of each region of the city also underwent several changes throughout the 20th century. With the relocation of industries to other cities or states, several areas that once housed factory sheds have become commercial or even residential areas.<ref name="Planejamento">{{Cite web |last=Indriunas |first=Luís |editor-last=[[HowStuffWorks]] |title=Planejamento urbano em São Paulo |url=http://pessoas.hsw.uol.com.br/sao-paulo-urbanismo.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221153559/http://pessoas.hsw.uol.com.br/sao-paulo-urbanismo.htm |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=9 May 2017 }}</ref> The constant change of the landscape of São Paulo due to the technological changes of its buildings has been a striking feature of the city, pointed out by scholars. In a period of a century, between the middle of 1870 and 1970 the city of São Paulo was "practically demolished and rebuilt at least three times". These three periods are characterized by the typical constructive processes of their times. ===Urban planning=== [[File:São Paulo - Planet Imagery.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|Changes in urban fabrics in the region of [[Jardins]]: side by side, vertical areas and low houses]] São Paulo has a history of actions, projects and plans related to urban planning that can be traced to the governments of Antonio da Silva Prado, Baron Duprat, Washington and Luis Francisco Prestes Maia. However, in general, the city was formed during the 20th century, growing from village to metropolis through a series of informal processes and irregular urban sprawl.<ref>{{Cite web |title=São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil |url=http://friendsite.com/hardwarezone/blog/16972/S%C3%A3o+Paulo+is+the+largest+city+in+Brazil.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106065345/http://friendsite.com/hardwarezone/blog/16972/S%C3%A3o+Paulo+is+the+largest+city+in+Brazil.html |archive-date=6 January 2016 |access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref> Urban growth in São Paulo has followed three patterns since the beginning of the 20th century, according to urban historians: since the late 19th Century and until the 1940s, São Paulo was a condensed city in which different social groups lived in a small urban zone separated by type of housing; from the 1940s to the 1980s, São Paulo followed a model of center-periphery social segregation, in which the upper and middle-classes occupied central and modern areas while the poor moved towards precarious, self-built housing in the periphery; and from the 1980s onward, new transformations have brought the social classes closer together in spatial terms, but separated by walls and security technologies that seek to isolate the richer classes in the name of security.<ref name="Caldeira, Teresa P.R. 2000. p. 215">[Caldeira, Teresa P.R. "City of Walls: Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo," University of California Press, 2000. Berkeley. (p. 215)]</ref> Thus, São Paulo differs considerably from other Brazilian cities such as [[Belo Horizonte]] and [[Goiânia]], whose initial expansion followed determinations by a plan, or a city like [[Brasília]], whose master plan had been fully developed prior to construction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=São Paulo |url=http://pt.scribd.com/doc/134833915/Sao-Paulo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106065345/http://pt.scribd.com/doc/134833915/Sao-Paulo |archive-date=6 January 2016 |access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref> [[File:SP from Altino Arantes Building.jpg|thumb|The city view from [[Altino Arantes Building]]]] [[File:São Paulo view.jpg|thumb|Vale do Anhangabaú, in [[Central Zone of São Paulo|Downtown]]]] The effectiveness of these plans has been seen by some planners and historians as questionable. Some of these scholars argue that such plans were produced exclusively for the benefit of the wealthier strata of the population while the working classes would be relegated to the traditional informal processes. In São Paulo until the mid-1950s, the plans were based on the idea of "demolish and rebuild", including former Mayor [[Francisco Prestes Maia|Francisco Prestes Maia's]] road plan for São Paulo (known as the Avenues Plan) or [[Saturnino de Brito|Saturnino de Brito's]] plan for the Tietê River. The Plan of the Avenues was implemented during the 1920s and sought to build large avenues connecting the city center with the outskirts. This plan included renewing the commercial city center, leading to real estate speculation and gentrification of several downtown neighborhoods. The plan also led to the expansion of bus services, which would soon replace the trolley as the preliminary transportation system.<ref>[Moreira dos Santos, Laerte. "Expansao Urbana da Cidade de São Paulo e a Segregacao Socio-Espacial Durante o Periodo de 1850–1992" Instituto Federal de São Paulo, 1992]</ref> This contributed to the outwards expansion of São Paulo and the peripherization of poorer residents. Peripheral neighborhoods were usually unregulated and consisted mainly of self-built single-family houses.<ref name="Caldeira, Teresa P.R. 2000. p. 215" /> In 1968 the Urban Development Plan proposed the Basic Plan for Integrated Development of São Paulo, under the administration of Figueiredo Ferraz. The main result was zoning laws. It lasted until 2004 when the Basic Plan was replaced by the current Master Plan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=São Paulo, Brazil. |url=http://wewantsexualfreedom.com/?p=32987 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018200142/http://www.wewantsexualfreedom.com/?p=32987 |archive-date=18 October 2015 |access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref> That zoning, adopted in 1972, designated "Z1" areas ([[residential area]]s designed for elites) and "Z3" (a "mixed zone" lacking clear definitions about their characteristics). Zoning encouraged the growth of suburbs with minimal control and major speculation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AsianAve.com – hardwarezone's Blog |url=http://www.asianave.com/your_page/blog/index.html?profile_id=17935585&profile_name=hardwarezone&user_id=17935585&username=hardwarezone&m=January&y=2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018200139/http://www.asianave.com/your_page/blog/index.html?profile_id=17935585&profile_name=hardwarezone&user_id=17935585&username=hardwarezone&m=January&y=2012 |archive-date=18 October 2015 |access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref> After the 1970s peripheral lot regulation increased and infrastructure in the periphery improved, driving land prices up. The poorest and the newcomers now could not purchase their lot and build their house, and were forced to look for a housing alternative. As a result, [[favela]]s and precarious tenements (cortiços) appeared.<ref>[Caldeira, Teresa P.R. ''City of Walls: Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo'', University of California Press, 2000. Berkeley.]</ref> These housing types were often closer to the city's center: favelas could sprawl in any unused terrain (often dangerous or unsanitary) and decaying or abandoned buildings for tenements were abundant inside the city. Favelas went back into the urban perimeter, occupying the small lots not yet occupied by urbanization – alongside polluted rivers, railways, or between bridges.<ref>Da Gama Torres, Heraldo, et al. "Pobreza e espaco: padroes de segregacao em São Paulo," Estud. av.[online]. 2003</ref> By 1993, 19.8% of São Paulo's population lived in [[favelas]], compared to 5.2% in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usp.br/fau/depprojeto/labhab/biblioteca/textos/fix_saopaulo-cityreport.pdf|title=The case of São Paulo, Brazil|author1=Mariana Fix|author2=Pedro Arantes|author3=Giselle Tanaka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906081633/http://www.usp.br/fau/depprojeto/labhab/biblioteca/textos/fix_saopaulo-cityreport.pdf|access-date=5 February 2022|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> Today, it is estimated that 2.1 million Paulistas live in favelas, which represents about 11% of the metropolitan area's population.<ref>[Galdo, Rafael. "Rio e a cidade com maior populacao em favelas do Brasil," Jornal O Globo, 21 December 2012. Seen 7 October 2014.]</ref> {{wide image|Panorama de São Paulo.jpg|1400px|align-cap=center|Panoramic view of the city at night from [[Ibirapuera Park]]}} ==Education== {{multiple iamge | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = University sao paulo.jpg | caption1 = [[University of São Paulo]] | image2 = Centro_de_Documentação_e_Memória_da_UNESP_01.jpg | caption2 = Rectory of the [[São Paulo State University]] | image3 = Prédio 3 - direito mackenzie (cropped).jpg | caption3 = [[Mackenzie Presbyterian University]] }} {{Main|Education in Brazil}} São Paulo has public and private primary and secondary schools and vocational-[[technical school]]s. More than nine-tenths of the population are literate and roughly the same proportion of those age 7 to 14 are enrolled in school. There are 578 universities in the state of São Paulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2012 |title=Faculdades reconhecidas pelo MEC, Vestibular, Apostilas, Universitário, Profissão, Professor |url=http://www.seruniversitario.com.br |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613055510/http://www.seruniversitario.com.br/ |archive-date=13 June 2011 |access-date=1 December 2012 |publisher=Seruniversitario.com.br}}</ref> ===Educational institutions=== The universities and colleges include: {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[University of São Paulo|Universidade de São Paulo]] (USP) (University of São Paulo) * Insper Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa (Insper-SP) (Insper Institute of Education and Research) * INPG Business School * Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing (ESPM) (Superior School of Advertising and Marketing) * [[Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie]] (MACKENZIE-SP) (Mackenzie Presbyterian University) * [[Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo]] (PUC-SP) (Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo)- ( Catholic University) * [[Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo]] (IFSP) (São Paulo Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology) * [[Unesp|Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho]] (Unesp) (São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho) * [[São Paulo State Technological College|Faculdade de Tecnologia de São Paulo]] (FATEC) (São Paulo Technological College) * [[Universidade Federal de São Paulo]] (UNIFESP) (Federal University of São Paulo) * [http://www.belasartes.br/ Centro Universitário Belas Artes de São Paulo](University of Fine Arts of São Paulo) * [[Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes]] (UMC) (University of Mogi das Cruzes) * Universidade Paulista (UNIP) (Paulista University) * [[Universidade São Judas Tadeu]] (USJT) (São Judas Tadeu University/"São Judas University") * [[Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing]] (ESPM-SP) (Superior School of Advertising and Marketing) * [[Fundação Getúlio Vargas]] (FGV-SP) (Getúlio Vargas Foundation) * Fundação Escola de Comércio Álvares Penteado (FECAP) (School of Commerce Alvares Penteado Foundation) * [[Fundação Armando Alvares Penteado]] (FAAP) (Armando Alvares Penteado Foundation) * [[Anhembi Morumbi|Universidade Anhembi Morumbi]] (Anhembi Morumbi University) * Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas (FMU) (UMC, United Metropolitan Colleges) * [[Ibmec|Instituto Brasileiro de Mercado de Capitais]] (Ibmec-SP) (Brazilian [[Capital market|Capital Market]] Institute) * [[Faculdade de Comunicação Social Cásper Líbero]] (Cásper Líbero [[Social communication|Social Communication]] College) * Faculdade Santa Marcelina (FASM) (Santa Marcelina College) * Universidade de Santo Amaro (Unisa) e Faculdade de Medicina de Santo Amaro (OSEC) * Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) * Centro Universitário São Camilo (CUSC) (Saint Camillus University Center) }} ==Health care== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = Institute of Cancer of São Paulo.jpg | caption1 = [[Institute of Cancer of São Paulo]] | image2 = Hospital Albert Einstein.jpg | caption2 = [[Albert Einstein Hospital]] | image3 = Hospital Sírio-Libanês 02.jpg | caption3 = [[Hospital Sírio-Libanês|Syrian-Lebanese Hospital]] }} {{Main|Health in Brazil|Rede São Paulo Saudável}} São Paulo is one of the largest health care hubs in Latin America. Among its hospitals are the Albert Einstein Israelites Hospital, ranked the best hospital in all Latin America<ref>[https://www.cityofhope.org/news/hospital-israelita-albert-einstein#:~:text=Hospital%20Israelita%20Albert%20Einstein%20has%20been%20ranked%20as%20the%20best,the%20World's%20Best%20Hospitals%202021. Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein has been ranked as the best hospital in Latin America]</ref> and the [[Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo|Hospital das Clínicas]], the largest in the region. The main hospitals in the city of São Paulo concentrate in the upper-income areas, the majority of the population of the city has a private health insurance. This can includes hospitals, private practices and pharmacies. The city of São Paulo has the largest number of foreigners comparing with any other Brazilian city and an intense [[health tourism]]. In Brazil, the city of São Paulo has the largest number of doctors who can speak more than one language, which in this case is [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], with the secondary languages predominantly are [[English language|English]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].<ref>[https://www.expatarrivals.com/americas/brazil/sao-paulo/healthcare-sao-paulo#:~:text=S%C3%A3o%20Paulo%20has%20a%20two,they%20will%20be%20easily%20accessible. Health in São Paulo]</ref> The private health care sector is very large and most of Brazil's best hospitals are in the city. As of September 2009, the city of São Paulo had:<ref>{{Cite web |title=DATASUS Health Care Statistics |url=http://www.datasus.gov.br/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907170518/http://www.datasus.gov.br/ |archive-date=7 September 2008 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Datasus.gov.br}}</ref> * 32,553 [[ambulatory]] clinics, centers and professional offices (physicians, dentists and others); * 217 hospitals, with 32,554 beds; * 137,745 health care professionals, including 28,316 physicians. ===Municipal health=== The municipal government operates public [[health facilities]] across the city's territory, with 770 primary health care units (UBS), ambulatory and emergency clinics and 17 hospitals. The Municipal Secretary of Health has 59,000 employees, including 8,000 physicians and 12,000 nurses. 6,000,000 citizens uses the facilities, which provide drugs at no cost and manage an extensive family health program (PSF&nbsp;– Programa de Saúde da Família). The [[Rede São Paulo Saudável]] (''Healthy São Paulo Network'') is a [[satellite]]-based [[Digital television|digital TV]] [[corporate video|corporate channel]], developed by the Municipal Health Secretary of São Paulo, bringing programs focused on [[health promotion]] and [[health education]], which may be watched by citizens seeking health care in its units in the city. The network consists of two studios and a system for transmission of closed [[digital video]] in [[high-definition television|high definition]] via [[satellite]], with about 1,400 points of reception in all health care units of the municipality of São Paulo. The Sistema Integrado de Gestão de Assistência à Saúde de São Paulo - SIGA Saúde (''Integrated Health Care Management System in São Paulo'') has been operating in the city of São Paulo since 2004. Today there are more than 22 million registered users, including the people of the [[Greater São Paulo]], with a monthly average of 1.3 million appointments.<ref>[https://www.saudebusiness.com/ti-e-inovao/siga-sade SIGA Saúde]</ref> ==Transport== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = Margtiete.jpg | caption1 = [[Marginal Tietê]] | image2 = Ponte estaiada Octavio Frias - Sao Paulo.jpg | caption2 = [[Octávio Frias de Oliveira Bridge]] and [[Marginal Pinheiros]] | image3 = Rodoanel Mario Covas7.JPG | caption3 = [[Rodoanel Mário Covas|Mario Covas Beltway]] }} {{Main|Transport in São Paulo|Transport in Brazil}} ===Highways=== Automobiles are the main means to get into the city. In March 2011, more than 7 million vehicles were registered.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2011 |title=A Melting Pot in the southern hemisphere |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/04/17/a-melting-pot-southern-hemisphere.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608004248/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/04/17/a-melting-pot-southern-hemisphere.html |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 June 2011 |website=The Jakarta Post}}</ref> Heavy traffic is common on the city's main avenues and [[traffic congestion|traffic jams]] are relatively common on its highways. The city is crossed by 10 major motorways: * [[Rodovia Presidente Dutra]]/BR-116 (President Dutra Highway) – connects São Paulo to the east and [[Ordinal direction|north-east]] of the country. Most important connection: [[Rio de Janeiro]]. * Rodovia Régis Bittencourt/BR-116 (Régis Bittencourt Highway) – connects São Paulo to the south of the country. Most important connections: [[Curitiba]] and [[Porto Alegre]]. * [[Rodovia Fernão Dias]]/BR-381 (Fernão Dias Highway) – Connects São Paulo to the north of the country. Most important connection: [[Belo Horizonte]]. * [[Rodovia Anchieta]]/SP-150 (Anchieta Highway) – connects São Paulo to the ocean coast. Mainly used for cargo transportation to [[Port of Santos|Santos Port]]. Most important connection: [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]]. * [[Rodovia dos Imigrantes]]/SP-150 (Immigrants Highway) – connects São Paulo to the ocean coast. Mainly used for tourism. Most important connections: Santos, [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]], [[Guarujá]] and [[Praia Grande]]. * [[Rodovia Castelo Branco]]/SP-280 (President Castelo Branco Highway) – connects São Paulo to the west and [[Cardinal direction|north-west]] of the country. Most important connections: [[Osasco]], [[Sorocaba]], [[Bauru]], [[Jaú]], [[Araçatuba]] and [[Campo Grande]]. * [[Rodovia Raposo Tavares]]/SP-270 (Raposo Tavares Highway) – connects São Paulo to the west of the country. Most important connections: [[Cotia]], [[Sorocaba]], [[Presidente Prudente, São Paulo|Presidente Prudente]]. * [[Rodovia Anhanguera|Rodovia Anhangüera]]/SP-330 (Anhanguera Highway) – connects São Paulo to the north-west of the country, including its capital city. Most important connections: [[Campinas]], [[Ribeirão Preto]] and [[Brasília]]. * [[Rodovia dos Bandeirantes]]/SP-348 (Bandeirantes Highway) – connects São Paulo to the north-west of the country. It is considered the best motorway of Brazil. Most important connections: [[Campinas]], [[Ribeirão Preto]], [[Piracicaba]] and [[São José do Rio Preto]]. * [[Rodovia Ayrton Senna]]/SP-70 (Ayrton Senna Highway) – named after Brazilian legendary [[Formula One]] driver [[Ayrton Senna]], the motorway connects São Paulo to east locations of the state, as well as the north coast of the state. Most important connections: [[São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport]], [[São José dos Campos]] and [[Caraguatatuba]]. ====Rodoanel==== {{Main|Rodoanel Mário Covas}} Rodoanel Mário Covas (official designation SP-021) is the beltway of the Greater São Paulo, Brazil. Upon its completion, it will have a length of {{convert|177|km|abbr=on}}, with a radius of approximately {{convert|23|km|abbr=on}} from the geographical center of the city. It was named after Mário Covas, who was mayor of the city of São Paulo (1983–1985) and a state governor (1994-1998/1998-2001) until his death from cancer. It is a controlled access highway with a speed limit of {{convert|100|km/h|0|abbr=on}} under normal weather and traffic circumstances. The west, south and east parts are completed, and the north part, which will close the beltway, is due in 2022 and is being built by DERSA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DERSA official website |url=http://www.dersa.com.br/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712122822/http://dersa.com.br/ |archive-date=12 July 2013 |access-date=1 December 2012 |publisher=Dersa.com.br }}</ref> ===Airports=== {{multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = Aeroporto de Congonhas - Aeronaves.jpg | caption1 = [[Congonhas-São Paulo Airport|Congonhas Airport]] | image2 = Terminal 3 de Guarulhos.jpg | caption2 = [[São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport]], the second largest airport in Latin America and Southern Hemisphere<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2014 |title=São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport |url=http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2014/05/dilma-e-alckmin-inauguram-terminal-3-do-aeroporto-de-guarulhos.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523012943/http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2014/05/dilma-e-alckmin-inauguram-terminal-3-do-aeroporto-de-guarulhos.html |archive-date=23 May 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014 |publisher=G1.globo.com |language=pt}}</ref> | image3 = Vista-torre-campo-de-marte MG 0231-arb.jpg | caption3 = [[Campo de Marte Airport]] }} São Paulo has two main airports, [[São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport]] {{Airport codes|GRU}} for international flights and national hub, and [[Congonhas-São Paulo Airport]] {{Airport codes|CGH}} for domestic and regional flights. Another airport, the [[Campo de Marte Airport]], serves private jets and light aircraft. The three airports together moved more than 58.000.000 passengers in 2015, making São Paulo one of the top 15 busiest in the world, by number of air passenger movements. The region of Greater São Paulo is also served by [[Viracopos-Campinas International Airport]], [[São José dos Campos Airport]] and [[Jundiaí Airport]]. Congonhas Airport operates flights mainly to Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte and Brasília. In the latest upgrade, twelve new [[boarding (transport)|boarding]] bridges increase passenger comfort by eliminating the need to walk in the open to their flights. The terminal area was expanded from {{convert|37.3|e3m2|1|abbr=off|sp=us}} to over {{convert|70|e3m2|abbr=off|sp=us}}. This expansion raised capacity to almost 18&nbsp;million users. Built in the 1930s, it was designed to handle the increasing demand for flights, in the fastest growing city in the world. Located in Campo Belo District, Congonhas Airport is close to the three main city's financial districts: [[Paulista Avenue]], [[Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue]] and [[Engenheiro Luís Carlos Berrini Avenue]]. São Paulo–Guarulhos International, also known as "Cumbica" is {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} north-east of the city center, in the neighboring city of [[Guarulhos]]. Every day nearly 110.000 people pass through the airport, which connects Brazil to 36 countries around the world. 370 companies operate there, generating more than 53.000 jobs. Construction of a third passenger terminal was completed in time for the 2014 World Cup, and raised yearly capacity to 42&nbsp;million passengers. The project is part of the airport's master plan, which will, by the end of 2032, increase the airport capacity to nearly 60&nbsp;million passengers. [https://www.saopaulointernationalairport.com/ São Paulo International Airport] is also the main air cargo [[Transport hub|hubs]] in Brazil. The roughly 150 flights a day carry everything from fruits grown in the São Francisco Valley to locally manufactured medicine and electronics devices. The airport's cargo terminal is South America's largest. In 2015, over 503.675 tons were transported from the airport.<ref>{{Cite web |title=São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport |url=http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=217 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803030557/http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=217 |archive-date=3 August 2008 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Infraero}}</ref> Both [[São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport]] and [[Congonhas-São Paulo Airport]] will be connected to the metropolitan rail system by the end of 2018, with lines [[Line 13 (CPTM)]] and [[Line 17 (São Paulo Metro)]], respectively. Campo de Marte is in [[Santana (São Paulo)|Santana]] district, the northern [[zoning|zone]] of São Paulo. The airport handles private flights and air shuttles, including [[air taxi]] firms. Opened in 1935, Campo de Marte is the base for the largest helicopter fleet in Brazil and the world's, ahead of New York and Tokyo, with a fleet of more than 3.500 helicopters. This airport is the home base of the State Civil Police Air Tactical Unit, the State Military Police Radio Patrol Unit and the São Paulo Flying Club.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Campo de Marte Airport |url=http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=218 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014021207/http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=218 |archive-date=14 October 2007 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Infraero.gov.br}}</ref> From this airport, passengers can take advantage of some 350 remote helipads and heliports to bypass heavy road traffic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brazil's Elites Fly Above Their Fears (washingtonpost.com) |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A42332-2002May31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20100305235212/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp%2Ddyn/A42332%2D2002May31 |archive-date=5 March 2010 |website=Wayback.vefsafn.is }}</ref> Campo de Marte also hosts the Ventura [[Goodyear Blimp]]. [[São Paulo Catarina Executive Airport]] in [[São Roque, São Paulo|São Roque]] handles general aviation traffic. [[São Paulo Air Force Base|São Paulo Air Force Base - BASP]], a base of the [[Brazilian Air Force]], is in the adjoining city [[Guarulhos]]. ===Urban rail transit=== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = Mapa do Metrô de São Paulo em escala.png | caption1 = Map of the network of the [[São Paulo Metro]] | image2 = Estação da Luz noite.jpg | caption2 = [[Luz Station]], a [[São Paulo Metro|subway]]-[[CPTM|railroad]] station | image3 = 1º_Balanço_Metroferroviário_Nacional_(7895335648).jpg | caption3 = Trains of the [[Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos|CPTM]] | image4 = Estação Brooklin - Obras.jpg | caption4 = [[Brooklin (São Paulo Metro)|Brooklin Station]] of the [[Line 5 (São Paulo Metro)|Line 5]] of the [[São Paulo Metro]] | image5 = Monotrilho SP (3).jpg | caption5 = The [[monorail]] of the [[Line 15 (São Paulo Metro)|Line 15]] }} {{Main|São Paulo Metro|Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos}} São Paulo has three [[urban rail transit]] systems: the [[São Paulo Metro]] (locally known as the ''Metrô''), an [[Rapid transit|underground]] system with six lines, which includes the [[monorail]] of the [[Line 15 (São Paulo Metro)|Line 15 (Silver)]], and the [[commuter rail]] system of the [[Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos]] (CPTM), with seven lines that serve cities in the metropolitan region. The underground and railway lines together carry some 7 million people on an average weekday.<ref>There are 8 subway lines in construction or expansion, which will connect the two main airport and several business districts, along with others metropolitan cities. All the main projects from the São Paulo railway and underground system can be found on the [http://www.metro.sp.gov.br/ingles/index.asp Metrô website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517130345/http://www.metro.sp.gov.br/ingles/index.asp |date=17 May 2008 }} and [http://www.cptm.sp.gov.br/ CPTM (in Portuguese)].</ref> The systems combined form a {{convert|370|km|mi|abbr=on}} long network of urban rail transit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2018 |title=Estação São Paulo-Morumbi coloca a Linha 4 mais próxima da periferia |url=https://www.metrocptm.com.br/estacao-sao-paulo-morumbi-coloca-a-linha-4-mais-proxima-da-periferia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504111045/https://www.metrocptm.com.br/estacao-sao-paulo-morumbi-coloca-a-linha-4-mais-proxima-da-periferia/ |archive-date=4 May 2019 |access-date=4 May 2019 |website=Metrô CPTM}}</ref> The [[São Paulo Metro]] operates {{convert|101|km|mi|sp=us}} of [[rapid transit]] system, with six lines in operation, serving 89 stations.<ref name="spmetro_about">{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=Estação São Paulo-Morumbi do Metrô recebe visita técnica |url=http://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/spnoticias/estacao-sao-paulo-morumbi-da-linha-4-amarela-recebe-visita-tecnica/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504111045/http://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/spnoticias/estacao-sao-paulo-morumbi-da-linha-4-amarela-recebe-visita-tecnica/ |archive-date=4 May 2019 |access-date=14 November 2018 |publisher=Governo do Estado de Sao Paulo}}</ref> In 2015, the metro reached the mark of 11.5&nbsp;million passengers per mile of line, 15% higher than in 2008, when 10 million users were taken per mile. It is the largest concentration of people in a single transport system in the world, according to the company. The company ViaQuatro, a [[Concession (contract)|private concessionaire]], operates the [[Line 4 (São Paulo Metro)|Line 4]] of the system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=São Paulo – 2014 soccer world cup host city |url=http://www.brazilaccommodation.org/sao-paulo.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811115416/http://brazilaccommodation.org/sao-paulo.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=23 May 2015 }}</ref> In 2014, the São Paulo Metro was elected the best metro system in the [[Americas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walton |first=Jon |date=23 April 2012 |title=Top Ten Metro Systems |url=http://www.constructiondigital.com/top_ten/top-10-business/top-ten-metro-systems |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701162402/http://www.constructiondigital.com/top_ten/top-10-business/top-ten-metro-systems |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014 |publisher=Constructiondigital.com}}</ref> The [[Line 15 (São Paulo Metro)|Line 15 (Silver)]] of the São Paulo Metro is the first mass-transit [[monorail]] of the South America and the first system in the world to use the [[Bombardier Innovia Monorail]] 300. When fully completed will be the largest and highest capacity monorail system in the Americas and second worldwide, only behind to the [[Chongqing Rail Transit|Chongqing Monorail]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sao Paulo, Brazil |url=http://www.monorails.org/tMspages/SaoPaulo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504111044/http://www.monorails.org/tMspages/SaoPaulo.html |archive-date=4 May 2019 |access-date=4 May 2019 |website=monorails.org}}</ref> The [[Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos]] (CPTM, or "Paulista Company of Metropolitan Trains") railway add {{convert|273.0|km|1|abbr=on}} of [[commuter rail]], with seven lines and 94 stations. The system carries about 2.8 million passengers a day. On 8 June 2018, CPTM set a weekday ridership record with 3,096,035 trips.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CPTM tem recorde de passageiros - CPTM |url=https://www.cptm.sp.gov.br/noticias/Pages/CPTM-tem-recorde-de-passageiros.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184444/https://www.cptm.sp.gov.br/noticias/Pages/CPTM-tem-recorde-de-passageiros.aspx |archive-date=13 June 2018 |access-date=4 May 2019 |website=Cptm.sp.gov.br}}</ref> The [[Line 13 (CPTM)|Line 13 (Jade)]] of the CPTM connects São Paulo to the [[São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport]], in the municipality of [[Guarulhos]], the first major international airport in South America to be directly served by train.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trem de Guarulhos |url=http://www.revistaferroviaria.com.br/stip/apresentacoes/Aeroporto_GRT_Renato%20Viegas.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323232904/http://www.revistaferroviaria.com.br/stip/apresentacoes/Aeroporto_GRT_Renato%20Viegas.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2012 |access-date=4 June 2011 |language=pt}}</ref> The two major São Paulo [[railway stations]] are Luz and Júlio Prestes in the Luz/Campos Eliseos region. [[Estação Júlio Prestes|Julio Prestes Station]] connected Southwest São Paulo State and Northern [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]] State to São Paulo City. Agricultural products were transferred to Luz Station from which they headed to the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and overseas. Júlio Prestes stopped transporting passengers through the Sorocabana or FEPASA lines and now only has metro service. Due to its acoustics and interior beauty, surrounded by Greek revival columns, part of the rebuilt station was transformed into the São Paulo Hall. [[Luz Station]] was built in Britain and assembled in Brazil. It has an underground station and is still active with metro lines that link São Paulo to the Greater São Paulo region to the East and the Campinas Metropolitan region in [[Jundiaí]] in the western part of the State. Luz Station is surrounded by important [[culture|cultural]] institutions such as the [[Pinacoteca do Estado]], The Museu de Arte Sacra on Tiradentes Avenue and Jardim da Luz, among others. It is the seat of the [[Estrada de Ferro Santos-Jundiaí|Santos-Jundiaí line]] which historically transported [[Immigration to Brazil|international immigrants]] from the [[Port of Santos]] to São Paulo and the coffee plantation lands in the Western region of [[Campinas]]. São Paulo has no [[tram]] lines, although trams were common in the first half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=São Paulo |url=http://www.tramz.com/br/tto/6SP1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412070846/http://tramz.com/br/tto/6SP1.html |archive-date=12 April 2013 |access-date=1 December 2012 |publisher=Tramz.com}}</ref> A [[Rio–São Paulo High-speed rail|high-speed railway]] service is proposed to link São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company News Story |url=http://www.nasdaq.com/aspxcontent/NewsStory.aspx?cpath=20070528%5CACQDJON200705280952DOWJONESDJONLINE000113.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129111724/http://www.nasdaq.com/aspxcontent/NewsStory.aspx?cpath=20070528%5CACQDJON200705280952DOWJONESDJONLINE000113.htm |archive-date=29 January 2013 |access-date=1 December 2012 |publisher=Nasdaq.com}}</ref> The trains are projected to reach {{convert|280|km/h|mph|sp=us}}, taking about 90 minutes. Another important project is the "Expresso Bandeirantes", a medium-speed rail service (about {{convert|160|km/h|0|disp=or|abbr=on}}) from São Paulo to [[Campinas]], which would reduce the journey time from 90 minutes by car to about 50 minutes, linking São Paulo, [[Jundiaí]], Campinas Airport and Campinas city center. This service is also to connect to the railway service between São Paulo city center and Guarulhos Airport. Work on an express railway service between São Paulo city center and Guarulhos International Airport were announced by the São Paulo state government in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PPP do Expresso Aeroporto e Trem de Guarulhos |url=http://www.stm.sp.gov.br/noticias/nt-2817.htm |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226195120/http://www.stm.sp.gov.br/noticias/nt-2817.htm |archive-date=26 December 2007 |access-date=30 April 2007}}</ref> ===Buses=== {{main|Empresa Metropolitana de Transportes Urbanos de São Paulo|Trolleybuses in São Paulo}} {{multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = Terminal Rodoviário Tietê.jpg | caption1 = [[Tietê Bus Terminal]], the 2nd largest [[Bus station|bus terminal]] in the world, after [[Port Authority Bus Terminal|PABT]] in [[New York City|New York]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Do G1, em São Paulo, com informações do SPTV |date=21 November 2007 |title=Tietê Bus Terminal, the second largest in the world |url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/SaoPaulo/0,,MUL33392-5605,00-TERMINAL+TIETE+COMEMORA+ANOS+NESTA+TERCA.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520011229/http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/SaoPaulo/0,,MUL33392-5605,00-TERMINAL+TIETE+COMEMORA+ANOS+NESTA+TERCA.html |archive-date=20 May 2011 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=G1.globo.com}}</ref> | image2 = Truquetroll.jpg | caption2 = [[Trolleybuses in São Paulo|Trolleybus in São Paulo]] }} Bus transport (government and private) is composed of 17,000 buses (including about 290 [[trolleybus|trolley buses]]).<ref name="juts2009">Webb, Mary (Ed.) (2009). Jane's Urban Transport Systems 2009–2010, pp. 42/6. Coulsdon (UK): [[Jane's Information Group]]. {{ISBN|978-0-7106-2903-6}}.</ref> The traditional system of informal transport (dab vans) was later reorganized and legalized. São Paulo [[Tietê Bus Terminal]] is the second largest bus terminal in the world. It serves localities across the nation, with the exception of the states of [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]], Roraima and [[Amapá]]. Routes to 1,010 cities in five countries (Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Paraguay) are available. It connects to all regional airports and a [[Carpool|ride sharing]] automobile service to [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]]. The [[Palmeiras-Barra Funda Intermodal Terminal]] is much smaller and is connected to the Palmeiras-Barra Funda metro and Palmeiras-Barra Funda CPTM stations. It serves the southwestern cities of [[Sorocaba]], Itapetininga, Itu, Botucatu, [[Bauru]], [[Marília]], [[Jaú]], [[Avaré, São Paulo|Avaré]], [[Piraju]], [[Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo]], [[Ipaussu]], [[Chavantes]] and [[Ourinhos]] (on the border with [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]] State). It also serves [[São José do Rio Preto]], [[Araçatuba]] and other small towns on the northwest of São Paulo State. Buses to São Paulo coast are available at the [[Jabaquara (São Paulo Metro)|Jabaquara metro station]], which is the final southbound stop on [[Line 1 (São Paulo Metro)|Line 1 (Blue)]] of the [[São Paulo Metro]]. A large network of [[bus rapid transit]] lines, called "Passa Rápido", connect metro and CPTM stations with the rest of the city, examples include [[São Mateus–Jabaquara Metropolitan Corridor]] and [[Expresso Tiradentes]]. The Litoral bus terminal serves [[Mongaguá]], [[Praia Grande]], [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]] and [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]] on the South Shore and [[Guarujá]] and [[Bertioga]] on the North Shore. Buses to North Shore cities such as [[Maresias]], Riviera de São Lourenço, [[Caraguatatuba]], [[Ubatuba]] and [[Paraty]], in [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] State must be taken at the [[Tietê Bus Terminal]], at [[Portuguesa-Tietê (São Paulo Metro)|Portuguesa-Tietê metro station]] on [[Line 1 (São Paulo Metro)|Line 1 (Blue)]]. On 26 October 2013, hundreds of people attacked the bus station in São Paulo, setting fire to a bus and destroying cash and ticket machines. At least six people were arrested in the protests.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2013 |title=Brazil protests: São Paulo bus station attacked |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24680283 |url-status=live |access-date=26 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026065336/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24680283 |archive-date=26 October 2013}}</ref> {{clr}} ===Helicopters=== [[File:Helicoptero sobre a prefeitura de São Paulo.JPG|thumb|[[Helicopter]] taking off from the [[Matarazzo Building|São Paulo City Hall]]]] São Paulo has the largest number of [[helicopter]]s in the world. The second and third positions are of [[New York City]] and [[Tokyo]]. With 420 helicopters<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noticias.r7.com/sao-paulo/sao-paulo-e-a-cidade-com-a-maior-frota-de-helicopteros-do-mundo-diz-estudo-20082013Number|title=Página não encontrada - Portal R7|website=Noticias.r7.com|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> in 2012 and around 2,000 flights per day within the central area, the city is, according to ''[[The Guardian]]'', turning into a "real life South-American episode of ''[[The Jetsons]].''"<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/20/brazil High above São Paulo's choked streets, the rich cruise a new highway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116113516/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/20/brazil |date=16 November 2016 }} The Guardian, 20 June 2008</ref> In 2016, [[Uber]] offered a helicopter service on a test basis for one month, with prices starting at 66 [[reais]] per seat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-tech-brazil-idUSKCN0YZ2H0|title=Uber offers helicopters to escape Sao Paulo gridlock|date=13 June 2016|access-date=5 February 2022|website=Reuters.com}}</ref> In 2017, [[Cabify]] offered helicopter service to the residents and tourists in São Paulo, Cabify is an associate of the Voom company of the [[Airbus]] group. A client can order a helicopter through Cabify or directly online from Voom up to 45 minutes before the desired flight time at prices some 80 percent less than traditional [[air-taxi]] services. A five-minute trip from a [[hotel]] on Ave. Faria Lima to [[Congonhas Airport]] can cost between 160 and 400 reais depending on the promotional discount, compared with 3,700 reais charged by one of São Paulo's more traditional air-taxi companies.<ref>[https://www.efe.com/efe/english/business/low-cost-helicopters-a-growing-transport-segment-in-sao-paulo/50000265-3414571 Low-cost helicopters, a growing transport segment in São Paulo]</ref> Helicopters enable business executives and employees to sharply reduce the time spent commuting. Some companies own their helicopters, others lease them and still others use [[Air taxi|helicopter taxi]] services. One suburban helicopter shuttle service, about {{convert|15|mi|km}} from the center of the city in Tamboré, is operated totally by women, including its [[Aviator|pilots]]. ==Culture== ===Music=== {{Main|Music of Brazil}} [[File:Webysther 20150501201754 - Interior Sala São Paulo.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.7|[[Sala São Paulo]], the home of the [[São Paulo State Symphony]]]] [[Adoniran Barbosa]] was a [[samba]] singer and composer who became successful during São Paulo's early radio era. Born in 1912 in the town of [[Valinhos]], Barbosa was known as the "composer to the masses", particularly Italian immigrants living in the quarters of Bela Vista, also known as "Bexiga" and Brás, as well as those who lived in the city's many 'cortiços' or tenements. His songs drew from the life of urban workers, the unemployed and those who lived on the edge. His first big hit was "Saudosa Maloca" ("Shanty of Fond Memories" – 1951), wherein three homeless friends recall with nostalgia their improvised shanty home, which was torn down by the landowner to make room for a building. His 1964 [[Trem das Onze]] ("The 11&nbsp;pm Train"), became one of the five best samba songs ever, the protagonist explains to his lover that he cannot stay any longer because he has to catch the last train to the [[Jaçanã (district of São Paulo)|Jaçanã suburb]], for his mother will not sleep before he arrives home. Another important musician with a similar style is [[Paulo Vanzolini]]. Vanzolini is a PhD in Biology and a part-time professional musician. He composed a song depicting a love murder scene in São Paulo called "Ronda". [[File:Ibirapuera Auditorium.jpg|thumb|[[Ibirapuera Auditorium]]]] [[File:Theatro São Pedro Capital SP.jpg|thumb|[[Teatro São Pedro (São Paulo)|Saint Peter Theatre]]]] [[File:Credicardhall.jpg|thumb|right|Credicard Hall]] In the late 1960s, a psychedelic rock band called [[Os Mutantes]] became popular. Their success is related to that of other [[tropicalismo|tropicalia]] musicians. The group was known as very ''paulistanos'' in its behavior and clothing. Os Mutantes released five albums before lead singer [[Rita Lee]] departed in 1972 to join another group called [[Tutti Frutti (Brazilian band)|Tutti Frutti]]. Although initially known only in Brazil, Os Mutantes became successful abroad after the 1990s. In 2000, ''[[Tecnicolor]]'', an album recorded in the early 1970s in English by the band, was released with artwork designed by [[Sean Lennon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Music – Culture – About SP – Governo do Estado de São Paulo |url=http://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/en/conhecasp/cultura_musica.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424105426/http://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/en/conhecasp/cultura_musica.php |archive-date=24 April 2015 |access-date=23 May 2015 }}</ref> In the early 1980s, a band called ''[[Ultraje a Rigor]]'' (Elegant Outrage) emerged. They played a simple and irreverent style of rock. The lyrics depicted the changes in society and culture that Brazilian society was experiencing. A late punk and garage scene became strong in the 1980s, perhaps associated with the gloomy scenario of unemployment during an extended recession. Bands originating from this movement include [[Ira!]], [[Titãs]], [[Ratos de Porão]] and [[Inocentes]]. In the 1990s, [[drum and bass]] arose as another musical movement in São Paulo, with artists such as [[DJ Marky]], [[DJ Patife]], [[Xerxes de Oliveira|XRS]], [[Drumagick]] and [[Fernanda Porto]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2009 |title=Movement website |url=http://www.movement.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504090151/http://movement.co.uk/ |archive-date=4 May 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Movement.co.uk}}</ref> Many [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] bands also originated in São Paulo, such as [[Angra (band)|Angra]], [[Project46]], [[Torture Squad]], Korzus and [[Dr. Sin]]. Famous electro-pop band [[CSS (band)|Cansei de Ser Sexy]], or CSS (Portuguese for "tired of being sexy") also has its origins in the city. Many of the most important classical Brazilian living composers, such as [[José Carlos Amaral Vieira|Amaral Vieira]], [[Osvaldo Lacerda]] and [[Edson Zampronha]], were born and live in São Paulo. Local [[baritone]] [[Paulo Szot]] has won international acclaim performing for six consecutive seasons at The Metropolitan Opera, La Scala and Opera de Paris, among others; and The [[Tony Award]] for best actor in a musical for his performance in a 2008 revival of ''[[South Pacific (musical)|South Pacific]]''. The [[Orquestra Sinfônica do Estado de São Paulo|São Paulo State Symphony]] is one of the world's outstanding orchestras; their artistic director beginning in 2012 is the noted American conductor [[Marin Alsop]]. In 1952, [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]] wrote his Symphony Number 10 ('Ameríndia') for the 400th anniversary of São Paulo: an allegorical, historical and religious account of the city told through the eyes of its founder [[José de Anchieta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sao Paulo City – Brazil, Sao Paulo Travel : SphereInfo.com |url=http://www.sphereinfo.com/brazil/sao%20paulo.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130185222/http://www.sphereinfo.com/brazil/sao-paulo.htm |archive-date=30 November 2016 |access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref> ====Music halls and concert halls==== São Paulo's opera houses are: [[Theatro Municipal (São Paulo)|São Paulo Municipal Theater]], Theatro São Pedro and Alfa Theater, for the symphonic concerts there is the [[Sala São Paulo]], the latter being the headquarters of [[OSESP]], an orchestra. The city hosts several music halls. The main ones are: Citibank Hall, HSBC Music Hall, Olympia, Via Funchal, Villa Country, Arena Anhembi and Espaco das Américas. The [[Anhembi Sambadrome]] hosts musical presentations as well, in addition to the [[Carnival of São Paulo]]. Other facilities include the new Praça das Artes, with the Municipal Conservatory of Music Chamber Hall and others venues, like, Cultura Artistica, Teatro Sérgio Cardoso with a venue for only dance performances and Herzog & DeMeron's Centro Cultural Luz, for Ballet, Opera, theater and concerts, with three huge halls. The auditorium of the Latin-American Cultural Center, The Mozarteum, holds concerts through the year. ====Free music festivals==== Festivals as the Virada Cultural "Cultural Overnight" happen once a year and holds hundreds of attractions spread throughout the city. {{wide image|Virada.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|2007 [[Virada Cultural]], in Downtown São Paulo}} ===Literature=== {{Main|Literature of Brazil}} [[File:Biblioteca Mario Andrade, São Paulo, Brasil.jpg|thumb|[[Mário de Andrade Library]]]] [[File:Livraria Cultura, Avenida Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil.jpg|thumb|[[Livraria Cultura]]]] São Paulo was home to the first [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionaries in Brazil, in the early 16th century. They wrote reports to the Portuguese crown about the newly found land, the [[Indigenous peoples|native peoples]] and composed poetry and music for the [[catechism]], creating the first written works from the area. The literary priests included [[Manuel da Nóbrega]] and [[José de Anchieta]], living in or near the colony then called ''Piratininga''. They also helped to register the [[Old Tupi language]], lexicon and its grammar. In 1922, the Brazilian Modernist Movement, launched in São Paulo, began to achieve cultural independence. Brazil had gone through the same stages of development as the rest of Latin America, but its political and cultural [[independence]] came more gradually.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mexico at the World's Fairs |url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft2k4004k4&chunk.id=d0e5397&toc.id=d0e5397&brand=ucpress |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317220302/http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft2k4004k4&chunk.id=d0e5397&toc.id=d0e5397&brand=ucpress |archive-date=17 March 2015 |access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref> Brazilian elite culture was originally strongly tied to [[Culture of Portugal|Portugal]]. Gradually writers developed a multi-ethnic body of work that was distinctively Brazilian. The presence of large numbers of former slaves added a distinctive [[Ethnic groups of Africa|African]] character to the [[Culture of Brazil|culture]]. Subsequent infusions of immigrants of non-Portuguese origin broadened the range of influences.<ref name="Modernism" /> [[Mário de Andrade]] and [[Oswald de Andrade]] were the prototypical modernists. With the urban poems of "Paulicéia Desvairada" and "Carefree Paulistan land" (1922), Mário de Andrade established the [[Cultural movement|movement]] in Brazil. His rhapsodic novel ''Macunaíma'' (1928), with its abundance of Brazilian [[folklore]], represents the apex of [[modernism]]'s nationalist prose through its creation of an offbeat native [[hero|national hero]]. Oswald de Andrade's experimental poetry, [[avant-garde]] prose, particularly the novel Serafim Ponte Grande (1933) and provocative manifestos exemplify the movement's break with tradition.<ref name="Modernism" /> Modernist artists and writers chose the Municipal Theatre of São Paulo to launch their Modernist manifesto. The site happened to be a bastion of European culture with opera and classical music presentations from Germany, France, Austria and Italy. They defied the high society that frequented the venue and who insisted on speaking only foreign languages such as French, behaving as if Brazilian culture did not matter.<ref name="Modernism">{{Cite web |last=noicols |date=12 July 2013 |title=São Paulo Culture |url=http://sasopaulo.blogspot.com.br/2013/07/culture.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201212813/http://sasopaulo.blogspot.com.br/2013/07/culture.html |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014 |publisher=Sasopaulo.blogspot.com.br}}</ref> ===Theaters=== Many historians believe that the first theatrical performance in Brazil was held in São Paulo. The Portuguese [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionary [[José de Anchieta]] (1534–1597) wrote short plays that were performed and watched by the Tupi–Guarani natives. In the second half of the 19th century a cultural, musical and theatrical life emerged. [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European ethnic groups]] began holding performances in some of the state's rural cities. The most important period for the art in São Paulo was the 1940s. São Paulo had had a professional company, Teatro Brasileiro de Comédia, (Brazilian Theater of Comedy), along with others. [[File:Teatro Municipal de São Paulo 8.jpg|thumb|left|[[Municipal Theatre of São Paulo]]]] During the 1960s, major theater productions in São Paulo and Brazil were presented by two groups. Teatro de Arena began with a group of students from Escola de Arte Dramática (Drama [[Art school|Art School]]), founded by Alfredo Mesquita, in 1948. In 1958, the group excelled with the play "Eles não usam black tie" by [[Gianfrancesco Guarnieri]] which was the first in the history of the Brazilian drama to feature [[Wage labour|labor]] [[Laborer|workers]] as [[protagonist]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theaters – Culture – About SP – Governo do Estado de São Paulo |url=http://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/en/conhecasp/cultura_teatros.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424112445/http://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/en/conhecasp/cultura_teatros.php |archive-date=24 April 2015 |access-date=23 May 2015 }}</ref> After the military coup of 1964, plays started focusing on [[History of Brazil|Brazilian history]] (Zumbi, Tiradentes). Teatro de Arena and Teatro Oficina supported the democratic resistance during the [[military dictatorship]] period, marked by its censorship. The Tropicalist movement began there. A number of plays represented [[history|historic]] moments, notably "O Rei da Vela", "Galileu Galilei" (1968), "Na Sela das Cidades" (1969) and "Gracias Señor" (1972). The district of Bixiga concentrates the greatest number of [[theater]]s, around 40 including the theaters that are closed for refurbishing or for other reasons, and small alternatives companies venues. Some of the most important are Renault, Brigadeiro, Zaccaro, [[Bibi Ferreira]], Maria della Costa, Ruth Escobar, Opera, TBC, Imprensa, Oficina, Àgora, Cacilda Becker, Sérgio Cardoso, do Bixiga, and Bandeirantes. ===Museums=== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = Museu_de_Arte_de_São_Paulo_Assis_Chateaubriand_-_MASP.jpg | caption1 = [[São Paulo Museum of Art]] | image2 = Pinacoteca_de_São_Paulo,_Brazil.jpg | caption2 = [[Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo|Pinacotheca of the State of São Paulo]] | image3 = Webysther 20190304150324 - Parque da Independência.jpg | caption3 = [[Museu Paulista|Ipiranga Museum]] }} São Paulo has many neighborhoods and buildings of historical value. The city has a large number of museums and art galleries. Among the museums in the city are [[São Paulo Museum of Art]] (MASP), the [[Museu Paulista|Ipiranga Museum]], the Museum of Sacred Art, the [[Museum of the Portuguese Language]], the [[Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo]], among other renowned institutions. It also houses one of the top five zoos in the world, the [[São Paulo Zoo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Conheça o Zoo |url=http://www.zoologico.sp.gov.br/atividades/turmadozoo.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706160458/http://www.zoologico.sp.gov.br/atividades/turmadozoo.htm |archive-date=6 July 2011 |publisher=Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo}}</ref> Popularly known as "Ipiranga Museum", the first monument built to preserve the memory of the [[Brazilian Declaration of Independence|Independence of Brazil]], opened on 7 September 1895, with the name of Museu de Ciências Naturais (Natural [[Science museum|Science Museum]]). In 1919, it became a [[history]] museum. Reflecting the architectural influence of the Versailles Palace in France, the Ipiranga's collection, with approximately 100,000 pieces, comprises works of art, furniture, clothing and appliances that belonged to those who took part in [[History of Brazil|Brazilian history]], such as explorers, rulers and freedom fighters. Its facilities house a library with 100,000 books and the "Centro de Documentação Histórica", Historic Documentation Center, with 40,000 [[manuscript]]s. The [[Ema Gordon Klabin Cultural Foundation]] opened to the public in March 2007. Its headquarters is a 1920s mansion. It houses 1545 works, including paintings by [[Marc Chagall]], [[Pompeo Batoni]], [[Pierre Gobert]] and [[Frans Post]], Brazilian modernists [[Tarsila do Amaral]], [[Di Cavalcanti]] and [[Candido Portinari|Portinari]], period furniture, decorative and archeological pieces. Stretching over {{convert|78|e3m2|abbr=off|sp=us}}, [[Memorial da América Latina]] (''Latin America's Memorial'') was conceived to showcase [[Latin America|Latin American countries]] and their roots and cultures. It is home to the headquarters of Parlamento Latino-Americano&nbsp;– Parlatino (Latin American Parliament). Designed by [[Oscar Niemeyer]], Memorial has an exhibition pavilion with permanent exhibition of the continent's craftwork production; a library with books, newspapers, magazines, videos, films and records about the history of Latin America; and a 1,679-seat auditorium. Hospedaria do Imigrante (''Immigrant's Hostel'') was built in 1886 and opened in 1887. Immigrant's Hostel was built in Brás to welcome the immigrants who arrived in Brazil through the [[Port of Santos]], quarantining those who were sick and helping new arrivals to find work in coffee plantations in Western, Northern and Southwestern São Paulo State and Northern Paraná State. From 1882 to 1978, 2.5&nbsp;million immigrants of more than 60 nationalities and ethnicities were guests there,<ref name="Hospedaria dos Imigrantes 1885">{{Cite web |title=Hospedaria dos Imigrantes (1885) |url=http://www.aprenda450anos.com.br/450anos/vila_metropole/2-2_hospedaria_imigrantes.asp# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714035111/http://www.aprenda450anos.com.br/450anos/vila_metropole/2-2_hospedaria_imigrantes.asp |archive-date=14 July 2009 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Aprenda450anos.com.br}}</ref> all of them duly registered in the museum's books and lists. The hostel hosted approximately 3,000 people on average, but occasionally reached 8,000. The hostel received the last immigrants in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.memorialdoimigrante.org.br/historico/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323095757/http://www.memorialdoimigrante.org.br/historico/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=Histórico da Hospedaria|archive-date=23 March 2009|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> In 1998 the hostel became a museum, where it preserves the immigrants' documentation, memory and objects. Located in one of the few remaining centenarian buildings, the museum occupies part of the former hostel. The museum also restores wooden train wagons from the former [[São Paulo Railway]]. Two restored wagons inhabit the museum. One dates from 1914, while a second class passenger car dates from 1931. The museum records the names of all immigrants who were hosted there from 1888 to 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.memorialdoimigrante.org.br/ahc/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323232658/http://www.memorialdoimigrante.org.br/ahc/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=Acervo Histórico-Cultural|archive-date=23 March 2009|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> [[File:Fcegk-fachada1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ema Gordon Klabin Cultural Foundation]]]] [[File:Fachada_do_Museu_da_Imigração_de_São_Paulo.JPG|thumb|left|[[Immigration Museum of the State of São Paulo]]]] [[File:MIS, SP, 5.JPG|thumb|left|[[São Paulo Museum of Image and Sound]]]] Occupying an area of {{convert|700|m2|0|abbr=off|sp=us}}, the animals shown in the museum are samples of the country's tropical [[fauna]] and were prepared (embalmed) more than 50 years ago. The animals are grouped according to their classification: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and [[mammal]]s and some invertebrates such as [[coral]]s, [[crustacean]]s and [[mollusk]]s. The library specializes in [[zoology]]. It has 73,850 works, of which 8,473 are books and 2,364 are newspapers, in addition to theses and [[map]]s. [[São Paulo Museum of Art|MASP]] has one of world's most important collections of [[Western art history|European art]]. The most important collections cover Italian and French painting schools. The museum was founded by [[Assis Chateaubriand]] and is directed by [[Pietro Maria Bardi]]. Its headquarters, opened in 1968, were designed by [[Lina Bo Bardi]]. MASP organizes temporary exhibitions in special areas. Brazilian and international exhibitions of [[contemporary art]]s, [[photography]], [[design]] and [[architecture]] take turn during the whole year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidadedesaopaulo.com/sp/en/what-to-see/attractions/sightseeings/201-masp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030234512/http://www.cidadedesaopaulo.com/sp/en/what-to-see/attractions/sightseeings/201-masp|url-status=dead|title=Masp – São Paulo Museum of Art|archive-date=30 October 2012|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> The headquarters of the state government has a collection of works by Brazilian artists, such as [[Candido Portinari|Portinari]], Aldo Bonadei, Djanira, [[José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior|Almeida Júnior]], [[Victor Brecheret]], Ernesto de Fiori and [[Aleijadinho]]. It also gathers colonial furniture, leather and silver artefacts and European tapestry. In [[eclecticism in art|eclectic style]], its walls are covered with panels describing the history of São Paulo. Located next to the Luz metro station, the building was projected by architect Ramos de Azevedo in 1895. It was constructed to house an Arts Lyceum. In 1911, it became the [[Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo]], where it hosts a number of art exhibitions. A major exhibition on the bronze statues of French sculptor [[Auguste Rodin]] took place in 2001. There is also a permanent exhibition on the "Resistance" movement that took place during military dictatorship in the Republican period, including a reconstructed prison cell where political prisoners were kept. Also called Oca do Ibirapuera, ''oca'' means thatched house in Native Brazilian [[Tupi-Guarani languages|Tupi-Guarani]]. A white, spaceship-like building sitting in the greens of Ibirapuera Park, Oca is an exhibition place with more than {{convert|10|e3m2|abbr=off|sp=us}}. Modern art, Native Brazilian art, and photographie are some of the topics of past thematic exhibitions. [[São Paulo Museum of Image and Sound|Museu da Imagem e do Som]] (''Image and Sound Museum'') preserves music, cinema, photography and [[graphic design|graphical]] arts. MIS has a collection of more than 200,000 images. It has more than 1,600 fiction videotapes, documentaries and music and 12,750 titles recorded in [[Super 8 film|Super 8]] and 16&nbsp;mm film. MIS organizes concerts, cinema and video festivals and photography and graphical arts exhibitions. The [[Museum of Art of the Parliament of São Paulo]] is a contemporary art museum housed in the Palácio 9 de Julho, the Legislative Assembly of São Paulo house. The museum is run by the Department of Artistic Heritage of the Legislative Assembly and has paintings, sculpture, prints, ceramics and photographs, exploring the Brazilian contemporary art. The [[Football Museum|Museu do Futebol]] (''Football Museum'') is at the famous soccer stadium Paulo Machado de Carvalho, which was built in 1940 during Getúlio Vargas presidency. The museum shows the history of soccer with a special attention to the memories, emotions and cultural values promoted by the sport during the 20th and 21st centuries in Brazil. The visit also includes fun and interactive activities, 16 rooms from the permanent collection, plus a temporary exposition. {{clr}} {{wide image|Webysther 20150428132625 - Vista panorâmica do memorial.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|[[Latin America Memorial]]}} ===Media=== [[File:Cidade de São Paulo.jpg|thumb|[[Globo Network São Paulo|Globo São Paulo]] headquarters (left) and the [[Sede do BankBoston]] building at [[Marginal Pinheiros]] highway]] São Paulo is home to the two most important daily newspapers in Brazil, ''[[Folha de S.Paulo]]'' and ''[[O Estado de S. Paulo]]''. Also, the top three weekly news magazines of the country are based in the city, ''[[Veja (magazine)|Veja]]'', ''[[Época (Brazilian magazine)|Época]]'' and ''[[ISTOÉ]]''. Two of the five major television networks are based in the city, [[Rede Bandeirantes|Band]] and [[RecordTV]], while [[Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão|SBT]] and [[RedeTV!]] are based in [[Osasco]], a city in the [[Greater São Paulo|São Paulo metropolitan area]], while [[Rede Globo|Globo]], the country's most watched TV channel, has a major news bureau and entertainment production center in the city. In addition, [[TV Gazeta|Gazeta]] is at [[Paulista Avenue]] and the city is used for its station idents since 2014. Many of the major AM and FM radio networks of Brazil are headquartered in São Paulo, such as [[Jovem Pan]], Rádio Mix, [[Transamérica Pop|Transamérica]], [[BandNews FM]], [[Central Brasileira de Notícias|CBN]], 89 A Radio Rock, Kiss FM and [[Grupo Bandeirantes de Comunicação|Band FM]]. The telephone area code for the city of São Paulo is 11.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DDD São Paulo (SP) |url=http://www.codigosddd.com.br/sao-paulo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818015609/http://www.codigosddd.com.br/sao-paulo/ |archive-date=18 August 2016 |access-date=12 August 2016 |publisher=Codigos DDD |language=pt}}</ref> ==Sports== {{See also|Sport in Brazil}} ===Football=== {{Main|Football in São Paulo}} [[File:ARENA_CORINTHIANS.jpg|thumb|right|[[Arena Corinthians]]]] [[File:Estádio do Morumbi.jpg|thumb|[[Estádio do Morumbi|Morumbi Stadium]]]] [[File:Imagens_da_Cidade_de_São_Paulo_e_Zoológico_da_Capital_Paulista._(47480340301).jpg|thumb|[[Allianz Parque]]]] {{See also|Football in Brazil|Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Campeonato Paulista}} As in the rest of Brazil, [[Association football|football]] is the most popular sport. The city's major teams are [[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]], [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] and [[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]]. [[Associação Portuguesa de Desportos|Portuguesa]] is a medium club and [[Clube Atlético Juventus|Juventus]], [[Nacional Atlético Clube (SP)|Nacional]] and [[Barcelona Esportivo Capela|Barcelona EC]] are three small clubs. São Paulo was one of the host cities of the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]], for which Brazil was the host nation. The [[Arena Corinthians]] was built for the event and hosted six matches, including the opening. {| class="wikitable" |+ Football/soccer teams |- ! Club ! League ! Venue ! Established (team) |- ! [[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]] |[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]] |[[Arena Corinthians]] 48,234 <small>(63,267 record)</small> |1910 |- ! [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] |[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]] |[[Allianz Parque]] 43,600 <small>(39,660 record)</small> |1914 |- ! [[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] |[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]] |[[Estádio do Morumbi|Morumbi Stadium]] 67,428 <small>(138,032 record)</small> |1930 |- ! [[Associação Portuguesa de Desportos|Portuguesa]] |[[Campeonato Paulista Série A2]] |[[Estádio do Canindé|Canindé Stadium]] 19,717 <small>(25,000 record)</small> |1920 |- ! [[Clube Atlético Juventus|Juventus]] |[[Campeonato Paulista Série A2]] |[[Estádio Rua Javari|Rua Javari Stadium]] 7,200 <small>(9,000 record)</small> |1924 |- ! [[Nacional Atlético Clube (SP)|Nacional]] |[[Campeonato Paulista Série A3]] |[[Estádio Nicolau Alayon|Nicolau Alayon Stadium]] 9,500 <small>(22,000 record)</small> |1919 |- ! [[Barcelona Esportivo Capela|Barcelona Capela]] |[[Campeonato Paulista Série B]] |[[Estádio Nicolau Alayon|Nicolau Alayon Stadium]] 9,500 <small>(22,000 record)</small> |2004 |} ===Other sports=== [[File:Corrida São Silvestre 2012.jpg|thumb|left|[[Saint Silvester Road Race]] in 2011]] The [[Saint Silvester Road Race|São Silvestre]] Race takes place every New Year's Eve. It was first held in 1925, when the competitors ran about {{convert|8,000|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}. Since then, the distance raced varied, but is now set at {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The [[São Paulo Indy 300]] was an [[IndyCar Series]] race in [[Santana (district of São Paulo)|Santana]] that ran annually from 2010 to 2013. The event was removed from the [[2014 IndyCar Series season|2014 season]] calendar. São Paulo hosted the official [[1984 Tournament of the Americas]] (basketball) where the [[Brazil men's national basketball team|Brazilian national team]] won its first out of four gold medals. Volleyball, basketball, skateboard and tennis are other major sports. There are several traditional [[sports club]]s in São Paulo that are home for teams in many championships. The most important are [[Esporte Clube Pinheiros]] (waterpolo, [[Esporte Clube Pinheiros (women's volleyball)|women's volleyball]], swimming, [[Esporte Clube Pinheiros (basketball)|men's basketball]] and [[Team handball|handball]]), [[Clube Athletico Paulistano (basketball)]], Esporte Clube Banespa (volleyball, handball and [[futsal]]), [[Esporte Clube Sírio (basketball)]], Associação Atlética Hebraica (basketball), Clube Atlético Monte Líbano (basketball), Clube de Campo Associação Atlética Guapira (amateur football) and Clube Atlético Ipiranga (multi-sports and former professional football). In Bom Retiro district, there is a public baseball stadium, Estádio Mie Nishi, while Santo Amaro district is the seat of the Núcleo de Alto Rendimento (NAR) is a high performance sports center focused on Olympic athletes. São Paulo is also [[rugby union]]'s stronghold in Brazil, with the main rugby field in the city being at the [[São Paulo Athletic Club]], São Paulo's oldest club, founded by the British community. ====Brazilian Grand Prix==== [[File:Autódromo_José_Carlos_Pace,_July_3,_2018_SkySat_(cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Formula One]] [[São Paulo Grand Prix]] is held at the [[Autódromo José Carlos Pace]] in [[Interlagos]]]] {{Main|Brazilian Grand Prix}} [[Formula One]] is also one of the most popular sports in Brazil. One of Brazil's most famous sportsmen is three-time Formula One world champion and São Paulo native [[Ayrton Senna]]. The Formula One [[São Paulo Grand Prix]] (formally known as the [[Brazilian Grand Prix]]) is held at the [[Autódromo José Carlos Pace]] in [[Interlagos]], [[Socorro (district of São Paulo)|Socorro]]. The Grand Prix has been held at the Interlagos circuit from [[1973 Brazilian Grand Prix|1973]] to 1977, in 1979 and 1980, and from [[1990 Brazilian Grand Prix|1990]] to the present. Four Brazilian drivers have won the Brazilian Grand Prix, all of whom were born in São Paulo: [[Emerson Fittipaldi]] ([[1973 Brazilian Grand Prix|1973]] and [[1974 Brazilian Grand Prix|1974]]), [[Carlos Pace|José Carlos Pace]] ([[1975 Brazilian Grand Prix|1975]]), [[Ayrton Senna]] ([[1991 Brazilian Grand Prix|1991]] and [[1993 Brazilian Grand Prix|1993]]) and [[Felipe Massa]] ([[2006 Brazilian Grand Prix|2006]] and [[2008 Brazilian Grand Prix|2008]]). In [[2007 Brazilian Grand Prix|2007]], a new local railway station ''Autódromo'' of the Line C (Line 9) of [[Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos|CPTM]], was constructed near the circuit to improve access. ==Notable people== {{main|List of people from São Paulo}} ==See also== {{Portal|Brazil|South America|Geography}} * [[ABCD Region]] * [[Japanese cuisine in São Paulo]] * [[Large Cities Climate Leadership Group]] * [[Largest cities in the Americas]] * [[List of municipalities in the state of São Paulo by population]] * [[OPENCities]] * [[Caminhada Noturna]] (night walk) * [[Rio de Janeiro]] ==References== ===Bibliography=== {{See also|Timeline of São Paulo#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of São Paulo}} * {{Cite book |last=Lawrence |first=Rachel |title=Brazil |date=January 2010 |publisher=Apa Publications GmbH & Co. / [[Discovery Channel]] |editor-last=Alyse Dar |edition=Seventh |pages=183–204 |ref=Lawrence69}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|São Paulo (city)|voy=São Paulo|d=Q174}} {{Commons category|São Paulo (city)}} ;Official websites * [http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/ São Paulo City Hall website] {{in lang|pt}} * [http://www.cidadedesaopaulo.com/ São Paulo Tourism Office website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517130345/http://www.metro.sp.gov.br/ingles/index.asp São Paulo Metro (subway) website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100424220014/http://www.bmfbovespa.com.br/en-us/home.aspx?idioma=en-us BM&F Bovespa – São Paulo Stock Exchange website] ;Other websites * [http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/central-and-south-america/brazil/sao-paulo/overview.html São Paulo in The New York Times Travel Guide] s * [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmtrdind/982/982.pdf UK House of Commons Trade and Industry Committee report on Brazil] * {{Wikivoyage-inline}} * {{OSM relation|298285}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821110216/http://maplink.uol.com.br/ Maplink&nbsp;– São Paulo Street Guide and Maps] {{in lang|pt}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110308173123/http://opencities.britishcouncil.org/web/index.php?monitor_en OPENCities Monitor participant] * [http://www.discoveringsaopaulo.com/ Discovering São Paulo] * [http://www.thebrazilguide.com/ Travel Guide to Brazil] * [http://www.aboutbrasil.com/modules/brazil-brasil/rio-de-janeiro_sao-paulo_fortaleza.php?hoofd=3&sub=11&art=114 AboutBrasil/São Paulo – Powerhouse of South America] ;News stories * ''[[Adbusters|AdBusters]]'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20071114132600/http://www.adbusters.org/the_magazine/73/So_Paulo_A_City_Without_Ads.html "São Paulo: A City Without Ads"]. * ''[[The Times]]'', [http://travel.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/travel/destinations/latin_america/article513082.ece "Cutting-edge style in São Paulo"], by Alex Bello. * ''The Times'', [http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/markets/article3006861.ece "Where cafezinho is the key to commerce"]. Retrieved 6 December 2007. * ''[[Guardian.co.uk|Guardian Unlimited]]'', [https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2007/nov/20/saopaolo.brazil "Blog by blog guide to&nbsp;... São Paulo"]. * ''[[The New York Times]]'', [http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/10/14/travel/14hours.html "36 Hours in São Paulo"]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051028024025/http://www.renatojanine.pro.br/LEstrangeira/rich.html Rich Brazilians Rise Above Rush-Hour Jams]. {{Navboxes |title=Articles Related to São Paulo |list= {{São Paulo}} {{São Paulo state|Metropolitana de São Paulo}} {{Navboxes |title= [[File:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Geographic locale |list= {{Geographic location |Centre=São Paulo |North= [[Caieiras]], [[Guarulhos]] and [[Mairiporã]] |Northeast= |East= [[Ferraz de Vasconcelos]], [[Itaquaquecetuba]] and [[Poá]] |Southeast= [[Diadema, São Paulo|Diadema]], [[Mauá]], [[Santo André, São Paulo|Santo André]], [[São Bernardo do Campo]] and [[São Caetano do Sul]] |South= [[Itanhaém]] and [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]] |Southwest= |West= [[Cajamar]], [[Cotia]], [[Embu das Artes|Embu]], [[Embu-Guaçu]], [[Itapecerica da Serra]], [[Juquitiba]], [[Osasco]], [[Santana de Parnaíba]] and [[Taboão da Serra]] |Northwest= }} }} {{Subdivisions of São Paulo}} {{Brazil topics}} {{Municipalities of São Paulo}} {{Pan American Games host cities}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} {{Visitor attractions in São Paulo (city)}} {{Megacities}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sao Paulo}} [[Category:São Paulo| ]]<!--leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:Populated places established in 1554]] [[Category:1554 establishments in the Portuguese Empire]]'