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'{{Short description|Family of flies}} {{For|the common household drain fly|Clogmia albipunctata}} {{Automatic_taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Norian|Present}} | image = Clogmia Albipunctata or moth fly.jpg | image_caption = Male ''[[Clogmia albipunctata]]''. A moth-like dense coat of small hairs gives rise to the term "BLACK COCK FLY”. | display_parents = 3 | taxon = Psychodidae | authority = [[Edward Newman (entomologist)|Newman]], 1834<ref name="Newman1834">{{cite journal |last1=Newman |first1=E. |title=Attempted division of British insects into natural orders |journal=The Entomological Magazine |date=1834 |volume=2 |pages=379–431 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8980527#page/405/mode/1up |access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref> | synonyms = Phlebotomidae }} '''Psychodidae''', called '''drain flies''', '''sink flies''', '''filter flies''',<ref name="PSU" /> '''sewer flies''', or '''sewer gnats''', is a family of [[Fly|true flies]]. Some genera have short, hairy bodies and wings giving them a "furry" moth-like appearance, hence one of their common names, '''moth flies'''.<ref name="PSU">{{Cite web|url=https://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/moth-flies-in-the-home|title=Moth Flies in the Home (Department of Entomology)|website=Department of Entomology (Penn State University)}}</ref> Members of the sub-family [[Phlebotominae]] which are [[hematophagous]] (feed on blood) may be called '''sand flies''' in some countries, although this term is also used for other unrelated flies. There are more than 2,600 described species worldwide, most of them native to the humid tropics. This makes them one of the most diverse families of their order.<ref>Quate LW, Vockeroth JR. Psychodidae. In: McAlpine JF, Peterson BV, Shewell GE, Teskey HJ, Vockeroth JR, Wood DM, eds. ''Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1''. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monograph 27; 1981:293–300.</ref> Drain flies sometimes inhabit plumbing drains and sewage systems, where they are harmless, but may be a persistent annoyance.<ref name="OscozGalicia2011">{{cite book|author1=Javier Oscoz|author2=David Galicia|author3=Rafael Miranda|title=Identification Guide of Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mm5rt6IRxwC&pg=PA138|date=27 June 2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-007-1554-7|page=138}}</ref> ==Life cycle== [[File:Drain fly larvae.ogg|thumb|right|upright|Live drain fly larvae]] [[File:Datzia bispina Fig1 A.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''[[Datzia bispina]]'' holotype in [[Burmese amber]]]] The larvae of the subfamilies [[Psychodinae]], [[Sycoracinae]] and [[Horaiellinae]] live in aquatic to semi-terrestrial or sludge-based habitats, including bathroom sinks,<ref>{{cite web|title=How to get rid of drain flies |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcHduAy12CY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/IcHduAy12CY |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=2018-07-03}}{{cbignore}}</ref> where they feed on bacteria and can become problematic. The larvae of the most commonly encountered species are nearly transparent with a non-retractable black head and can sometimes be seen moving along the moist edges of crevices in shower stalls or bathtubs or submerged in toilet water. The larval form of the moth fly is usually between {{convert|4|and|5|mm|abbr=on}} long, and is shaped like a long, thin, somewhat flattened cylinder. The body lacks prolegs, but the body segments are divided into a series of rings called ''annuli'' (singular is ''annulus''). Some of these rings will have characteristic plates on the dorsal side. The larval thorax is not significantly larger than its abdomen, giving it a more "worm-like" appearance than that of most aquatic insect larvae. In some species, the larvae can secure themselves to surfaces of their environment using "attachment disks" on their ventral side. Like [[mosquito]] larvae, they cannot absorb oxygen through water, and instead breathe via a small dark tube (a [[Spiracle (arthropods)|spiracle]]) on their posterior end — they must regularly reach the surface to obtain oxygen. The larval stage lasts for between 9 and 15 days, depending on species, temperature, and environment. There are four [[instar]] stages.<ref name="OscozGalicia2011"/><ref name="McCafferty1983">{{cite book|author=W. Patrick McCafferty|title=Aquatic Entomology: The Fishermen's and Ecologists' Illustrated Guide to Insects and Their Relatives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiTq7x-fI_0C&pg=PA297|date=January 1983|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-0-86720-017-1|page=297}}</ref><ref name="Schrock2004">{{cite book|author=Denny Schrock|title=Ortho home gardener's problem solver|url=https://archive.org/details/homegardenerspro00orth|url-access=registration|access-date=1 August 2011|date=31 January 2004|publisher=Meredith Books|isbn=978-0-89721-504-6}}</ref> In small numbers, the larvae are sometimes considered beneficial, as their strong jaws can cut through the hair and sludge waste in drains which might otherwise form clogs. However, unless this sludge layer is removed entirely, the adult flies will continue to find it and lay more eggs. While the [[biting midge]]s also have larvae that have no prolegs and which also have attachment disks, the larvae of the netwinged midges can be distinguished from those of the moth fly by the multiple deep lateral constrictions of the latter.<ref name="McCafferty1983"/> The pupal stage lasts between 20 and 40 hours. During this stage, the insect does not feed, but stays submerged near the water surface, still breathing through a spiracle, and soon metamorphoses into an adult fly, which bursts through a seam in the pupal casing and emerges onto the water's surface. The adults are half as long as the larvae, but are much broader in appearance, with a pair of hairy wings held pitched-roof-like over the body. The wings have the most elementary [[Wing venation|venation]] of any of the Diptera, having little more than a series of parallel veins without crossveins. The adults are typically nocturnal, though they orient themselves around lights and may appear to be attracted to light and odors. They are erratic fliers, and are often seen walking or running rapidly as well as taking flight.<ref name="Townsend">{{cite web|last1=Townsend|first1=Lee|title=Drain Flies or Moth Flies|url=https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/ef615|website=Entomology at the University of Kentucky|publisher=University of Kentucky|access-date=2017-06-21}}</ref> They are most active at night, but may also be seen during daylight, or near windows, lights, or illuminated display panels.<ref name="DIYPC">{{cite web|title=Get Rid Of Drain Flies {{!}} Drain Fly Control Treatment|url=https://www.doyourownpestcontrol.com/drainflies.htm|access-date=2017-06-21|website=Do It Yourself Pest Control}}</ref> The adults live for about 20 days, during which they will breed only once, often within hours of emerging from their pupal casings. Females will lay their eggs (between 30 and 100) just above the water line inside moist drains. Within 48 hours these eggs hatch into drain worms, the larval form.<ref>[https://drainflies.info/drain-fly-life-cycle/ Drain Fly Life Circle]</ref> <gallery widths="160px" heights="200px"> File:Psychodidae SEM top view.tif|Psychodidae SEM top view File:Psychodidae SEM rear view.tif|Psychodidae SEM rear view File:Psychodidae SEM view from left.tif|Psychodidae SEM view from left File:Psychodidae SEM front view.tif|high resolution SEM image of Psychodidae (drain- or moth flies), front view File:Psychodidae SEM whiskers.tif|high resolution SEM image of Psychodidae (drain- or moth flies) whiskers segments File:Psychodidae leg.tif|high resolution SEM image of Psychodidae (drain- or moth flies) leg </gallery> == Health effects == The drain flies which are commonly found in bathrooms, ''[[Clogmia albipunctata]]'', are not known to carry any human diseases, but have been known to be an opportunistic agent of [[myiasis]]. However, the subfamily of [[Phlebotominae]] does feed on blood with the ability to transmit (tropical) diseases, and ''[[Sycorax silacea]]'' can transmit [[microfilaria]].<ref>Schulz-Stübner, Sebastian, et al. "Psychodidae (Drain Fly) Infestation in an Operating Room." Infection control and hospital epidemiology 36.3 (2015): 366-367.</ref> Inhalation of insect fragments may cause respiratory [[asthma]]. == Taxonomy == [[File:Nemapalpus zelandiae.jpg|thumb|upright|''Notofairchildia zelandiae'' (previously in ''[[Nemapalpus]]'')]] [[file:Protopsychodinae Fig1 A Mandalayia beumersorum.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''[[Mandalayia beumersorum]]'']] This family has seven subfamilies that contain more than 2600 described species.<ref>Quate, L.W. & B.V. Brown. 2004. Revision of Neotropical ''Setomimini'' (Diptera: ''Psychodidae'': ''Psychodinae''). Contributions in Science, 500: 1-117.</ref><ref name="PeerJPsychodidaeMyanmar">{{Cite journal|last1=Stebner|first1=F.|last2=Solórzano Kraemer|first2=M. M.|last3=Ibáñez-Bernal|first3=S.|last4=Wagner|first4=R.|year=2015|title=Moth flies and sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Cretaceous Burmese amber|journal=PeerJ|volume=3|pages=e1254|doi=10.7717/peerj.1254|pmc=4579024|pmid=26401462}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=30em}} *[[Horaiellinae]] <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1937</small><ref name="Enderlein1937">{{cite journal |last1=Enderlein |first1=Günther |title=Klassifikation der Psychodiden (Dipt.) |journal=Entomologische Zeitschrift |date=1937 |volume=1936 |pages=81–112 |url=https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Deutsche-Ent-Zeitschrift_1936_0081-0112.pdf |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref> **''[[Horaiella]]'' <small>[[André Léon Tonnoir|Tonnoir]], 1933</small><ref name="Tonnoir1933">{{cite journal |last1=Tonnoir |first1=A.L. |title=Descriptions of remarkable Indian Psychodidae and their early stages, with a theory of the evolution of the ventral suckers of dipterous larvae |journal=Records of the Indian Museum |date=1933 |volume=35 |pages=53–75 |url=http://recordsofzsi.com/index.php/zsoi/article/view/162601/113049 |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref> **{{extinct}}''[[Protohoraiella]]'' <small>Curler, Krzeminski & Skibinska, 2019</small><ref name="CurlerKrzeminskiSkibinska2019">{{cite journal |last1=Curler |first1=G.R. |last2=Krzeminski |first2=W. |last3=Skibinska |first3=K. |title=The first record of fossil Horaiellinae (Diptera: Psychodidae) from mid-Cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar |journal=Cretaceous Research |date=2019 |volume=98 |issue=305–315}}</ref> *[[Bruchomyiinae]] <small>[[Charles Paul Alexander|Alexander]], 1921</small><ref name="Alexander1921">{{cite journal |last1=Alexander |first1=C.P. . |title=A new subfamily of tanyderid flies (Diptera) |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |date=1921 |volume=13[1920] |pages=402–407 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11996575#page/436/mode/1up |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> - selected genera: **''[[Alexanderia]]'' <small>Wagner & Kvifte, 2018</small><ref name="PolseelaWagner2018">{{cite journal |last1=Polseela |first1=Raxsina |last2=Wagner |first2=Rüdiger |last3=Kvifte |first3=Gunnar Mikalsen |last4=Rulik |first4=Björn |last5=Apiwathnasorn |first5=Chamnarn |title=Revision of Bruchomyiinae (Diptera, Psychodidae) of the Oriental Region, with description of a new genus and species and discussion of putative male/female antagonistic coevolution |journal=Insect Systematics & Evolution |date=2018 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=67–82}}</ref> (Oriental) **''[[Boreofairchildia]]'' <small>Wagner & [[Brian Roy Stuckenberg|Stuckenberg]], 2016</small><ref name = "W&S2016">{{cite journal | title = Cladistic analysis of Subfamily Bruchomyiinae (Diptera: Psychodidae) | date = 2016-03-16 | last1 = Wagner | first1 = Rüdiger | last2 = Stuckenberg | first2 = Brian | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 4092 | issue = 2 | pages = 151–174 | pmid = 27394447 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.2.1}}</ref> ([[Americas]]) **''[[Bruchomyia]]'' <small>[[Charles Paul Alexander|Alexander]], 1921</small><ref name="Alexander1921"/> (South America): **''[[Eutonnoiria]]'' <small>[[Charles Paul Alexander|Alexander]], 1940</small><ref name="Alexander1940">{{cite journal |last1=Alexander |first1=C.P. |title=Further observations on the Psychodid subfamily Bruchomyinae (Diptera) |journal=Revista de Entomologia |date=1940 |volume=11 |pages=793–799}}</ref> (Central Africa) **''[[Laurenceomyia]]'' <small>Wagner & [[Brian Roy Stuckenberg|Stuckenberg]], 2016</small><ref name = "W&S2016"/> (South America) **''[[Nemopalpus]]'' <small>[[Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart|Macquart]], 1838</small><ref name="Macquart1838">{{cite book |last1=Macquart |first1=P.J.M. |title=Insectes diptères nouveaux ou peu connus. Tome premier.--1re partie |date=1838 |publisher=Roret |location=Paris |pages=5–221, 25 pls}}</ref> **''[[Notofairchildia]]'' <small>Wagner & [[Brian Roy Stuckenberg|Stuckenberg]], 2016</small><ref name = "W&S2016"/> **{{extinct}}''[[Hoffeinsodes]]'' <small>Wagner, 2017</small> [[Baltic amber]], Eocene **{{extinct}}''[[Palaeoglaesum]]'' <small>Wagner, 2017</small> *[[Phlebotominae]] <small>[[Camillo Rondani|Rondani]], 1840</small> **''[[Australophlebotomus]]'' <small>[[Oskar Theodor|Theodor]], 1948</small> **''[[Bichromomyia]]'' <small>Artemiev, 1991</small> **''[[Brumptomyia]]'' <small>França & Parrot, 1921</small> (Mexico to South America) **''[[Chinius]]'' <small>Leng, 1985</small> (2 species: China, Thailand) **''[[Dampfomyia]]'' <small>Addis, 1945</small> **{{extinct}}''[[Datzia]]'' <small>Stebner et al., 2015</small> (Burmese amber, Cenomanian) **''[[Deanemyia]]'' <small>Galati, 1995</small><ref name="Galati1995">{{cite journal |last1=Galati |first1=E.A.B. |title=Phylogenetic systematics of Phlebotominae (Diptera) with emphasis on American groups |journal=Boletín de Dirección de Malariologia y Ssaneamiento Ambiental |date=1995 |volume=35 |issue=Suplemento 1 |pages=133–142}}</ref> **''[[Evandromyia]]'' <small>Mangabeira, 1941</small><ref name="Mangabeira1941a">{{cite journal |last1=Mangabeira |first1=O. |title=3a contribuição ao estudo dos Flebotomus. Evandromyia n. subg. (Diptera: Psychodidae) |journal=Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz |date=1941 |volume=36 |pages=215–233}}</ref> **''[[Edentomyia]]'' <small>Galati, Andrade-Filho, da Silva & Falcão, 2003</small> (Brazil) **''[[Expapillata]]'' <small>Galati, 1995</small><ref name="Galati1995"/> **''[[Hertigia]]'' <small>[[Graham Fairchild|Fairchild]], 1949</small> **''[[Idiophlebotomus]]'' <small>Quate & [[Graham Fairchild|Fairchild]], 1961</small> **{{extinct}}''[[Libanophlebotomus]]'' <small>Azar et al., 1999</small><ref name="AzarEtAl1999">{{cite journal |last1=Azar |first1=D. |last2=Nel |first2=A. |last3=Solignac |first3=M. |last4=Paicheler |first4=J.-C. |last5=Bouchet |first5=F. |title=New genera and species of psychodoid flies from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon |journal=Palaeontology |date=1999 |volume=42 |pages=1101–1136}}</ref> [[Lebanese amber]], [[Barremian]] **''[[Lutzomyia]]'' <small>França, 1924</small> (North and South America) **{{extinct}}''[[Mandalayia]]'' <small>Stebner et al., 2015</small> (Burmese amber, Cenomanian) **''[[Martinsmyia]]'' <small>Galati, 1995</small><ref name="Galati1995"/> **{{extinct}}''[[Mesophlebotomites]]'' <small>Azar et al., 1999</small><ref name="AzarEtAl1999"/> Lebanese amber, Barremian **''[[Micropygomyia]]'' <small>Barretto, 1962</small><ref name="Barretto1962">{{cite journal |last1=Barretto |first1=M.P. |title=Novos subgeneros de Lutzomyia Franca, 1924 (Diptera, Psychodidae, subfamilia Phlebotominae) |journal=Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo |date=1962 |volume=4 |pages=91–100}}</ref> **''[[Migonemyia]]'' <small>Galati, 1995</small><ref name="Galati1995"/> **''[[Nyssomyia]]'' <small>Barretto, 1962</small><ref name="Barretto1962"/> **''[[Oligodontomyia]]'' <small>Galati, 1995</small><ref name="Galati1995"/> **{{extinct}}''[[Palaeomyia]]'' <small>Poinar 2004</small> Burmese amber, Albian <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Poinar Jr, George|title=Palaeomyia burmitis gen. n., sp. n.(Phlebotominidae: Diptera) a new genus of Cretaceous sandflies with evidence of blood sucking habits|journal=Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington}}</ref> **{{extinct}}''[[Phlebotomites]]'' <small>Stebner et al., 2015</small> Lebanese amber, Barremian, [[Burmese amber]], [[Cenomanian]] **{{extinct}}''[[Phlebotoiella]]'' <small>Solórzano Kraemer and Wagner 2009</small> [[Cambay amber]], India, Eocene **''[[Phlebotomus]]'' <small>[[Camillo Rondani|Rondani]]& Berté, 1840</small> (Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia) **''[[Pintomyia]]'' <small>Costa Lima, 1932</small> **''[[Pressatia]]'' <small>Mangabeira, 1942</small><ref name="Mangabeira1942">{{cite journal |last1=Mangabeira |first1=O. |title=7a contribuição ao estudo dos Flebotomus. Diptera: Psychodidae. Descrição dos machos de 24 novas espécies. |journal=Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz |date=1942 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=111–218}}</ref> **{{extinct}}[[Protopsychodinae]] <small>Stebner et al., 2015</small> **{{extinct}}''[[Protopsychoda]]'' <small>Azar et al., 1999</small><ref name="AzarEtAl1999"/> Lebanese amber, Barremian **''[[Psathyromyia]]'' <small>Barretto, 1962</small><ref name="Barretto1962"/> **''[[Psychodopygus]]'' <small>Mangabeira, 1941</small><ref name="Mangabeira1941b">{{cite journal |last1=Mangabeira |first1=O. |title=4a contribuição ao estudo dos Flebotomus. Psychodopygus n. subg. (Diptera: Psychodidae) |journal=Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz |date=1941 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=237–250}}</ref> **''[[Sciopemyia]]'' <small>Barretto, 1962</small><ref name="Barretto1962"/> **''[[Sergentomyia]]'' <small>França & Parrot, 1920</small> (Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia) **''[[Trichophoromyia]]'' <small>Barretto, 1962</small><ref name="Barretto1962"/> **''[[Viannamyia]]'' <small>Mangabeira, 1941</small><ref name="Mangabeira1941c">{{cite journal |last1=Mangabeira |first1=O. |title=5a contribuição ao estudo dos Flebotomus. Viannamyia n. subg. (Diptera: Psychodidae) |journal=Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz |date=1941 |volume=36 |issue=251-262}}</ref> **''[[Warileya]]'' <small>Hertig, 1948</small> (Central and South America) *{{extinct}}[[Protopsychodinae]] <small>Stebner et al., 2015</small> **{{extinct}}''[[Datzia]]'' S<small>tebner et al., 2015</small> (Burmese amber, Cenomanian) **{{extinct}}''[[Mandalayia]]'' <small>Stebner et al., 2015</small> (Burmese amber, Cenomanian) **{{extinct}}''[[Protopsychoda]]'' <small>Azar et al., 1999</small><ref name="AzarEtAl1999"/> Lebanese amber, Barremian *[[Psychodinae]] <small>[[Edward Newman (entomologist)|Newman]], 1834</small><ref name="Newman1834"/> **''[[Abcharis]]'' <small>Tkoc and Jezek, 2013</small> (= ''[[Notiocharis]]'' <small>[[Alfred Edwin Eaton|Eaton]], 1913</small>, preoccupied) (Australia) **''[[Alloeodidicrum]]'' <small>Duckhouse, 1990</small> (Australia) **''[[Arisemus]]'' <small>Satchell, 1955</small> **''[[Atrichobrunettia]]'' <small>Satchell, 1953</small> **''[[Australopericoma]]'' <small>Vaillant, 1975</small> **''[[Balbagathis]]'' <small>Quate, 1996</small> **''[[Bazarella]]'' <small>Vaillant, 1961</small> **''[[Berdeniella]]'' <small>Vaillant, 1976</small> **''[[Boreoclytocerus]]'' <small>Duckhouse, 1978</small> **''[[Breviscapus]]'' <small>Quate, 1955</small><ref name="Quate1955">{{cite journal |last1=Quate |first1=L.W. |title=A revision of the Psychodidae (Diptera) in America north of Mexico |journal=University of California Publications in Entomology |date=1955 |volume=10 |pages=103–273}}</ref> **''[[Brunettia]]'' <small>Annandale, 1910</small> **''[[Clogmia]]'' <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1937</small><ref name="Enderlein1937"/> **''[[Clytocerus]]'' <small>[[Alfred Edwin Eaton|Eaton]], 1904</small> **''[[Didicrum]]'' <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1937</small><ref name="Enderlein1937"/> **''[[Epacretron]]'' <small>Quate, 1965</small> **''[[Eremolobulosa]]'' <small>Duckhouse, 1990</small> (Australia) **''[[Eurygarka]]'' <small>Quate, 1959</small> **''[[Feuerborniella]]'' <small>Vaillant, 1974</small> **''[[Gerobrunettia]]'' <small>Quate & Quate, 1967</small> **''[[Lepimormia]]'' <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1937</small><ref name="Enderlein1937"/> **''[[Lepidiella]]'' <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1937</small><ref name="Enderlein1937"/> **''[[Lobulosa]]'' <small>Szabo, 1960</small> **''[[Maruina]]'' <small>[[Otto Friedrich Müller|Müller]], 1895</small> (Americas) **{{extinct}}''[[Matuna]]'' <small>Stebner and Solórzano Kraemer 2014</small> [[Mexican amber]], [[Miocene]] **{{extinct}}''[[Megapsychoda]]'' <small>Azar and Nel 2002</small> [[Crato Formation]], Brazil, [[Aptian]] **''[[Mormia]]'' <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1937</small><ref name="Enderlein1937"/> **''[[Neoarisemus]]'' <small>Botosaneanu & Vaillant, 1970</small> **{{extinct}}''[[Paleopsychoda]]'' <small>Azar et al., 1999</small><ref name="AzarEtAl1999"/> Lebanese amber, Barremian, [[Jordanian amber]], [[Albian]], [[Taimyr amber]], Russia, Albian **''[[Panimerus]]'' <small>[[Alfred Edwin Eaton|Eaton]], 1913</small> **{{extinct}}''[[Paralibanopsychoda]]'' <small>Azar and Nel 2002</small> Lebanese amber, Barremian **''[[Paramormia]]'' <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1937</small><ref name="Enderlein1937"/> **''[[Parasetomima]]'' <small>Duckhouse, 1968</small> (South America) **''[[Paratelmatoscopus]]'' <small>Satchell, 1953</small> (Australia) **''[[Pericoma]]'' <small>[[Alexander Henry Haliday|Haliday]], in [[Francis Walker (entomologist)|Walker]], 1856</small> **''[[Peripsychoda]]'' <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1937</small><ref name="Enderlein1937"/> **''[[Philosepedon]]'' <small>[[Alfred Edwin Eaton|Eaton]], 1904</small> (Europe, North and Central America) **''[[Pneumia]]'' <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1937</small><ref name="Enderlein1937"/> (= ''[[Satchelliella]]'' Vaillant, 1979) **''[[Psychoda]]'' <small>[[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1796</small> **''[[Rotundopteryx]]'' <small>Duckhouse, 1990</small> (Australia) **''[[Saraiella]]'' <small>Vaillant, 1981</small> **''[[Setomima]]'' <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1937</small><ref name="Enderlein1937"/> **''[[Stupkaiella]]'' <small>Vaillant, 1973</small> **{{extinct}}''[[Succinarisemus]]'' <small>Wagner, 2002</small> Mexican amber, [[Dominican amber]], Miocene **''[[Szaboiella]]'' <small>Vaillant, 1979</small> **''[[Telmatoscopus]]'' <small>[[Alfred Edwin Eaton|Eaton]], 1904</small> **''[[Thornburghiella]]'' <small>Vaillant, 1982</small> **''[[Threticus]]'' <small>[[Alfred Edwin Eaton|Eaton]], 1904</small> **''[[Tinearia]]'' <small>[[Johann Rudolph Schellenberg|Schellenberg]], 1803</small> **''[[Tonnoiriella]]'' <small>Vaillant, 1982</small> **''[[Trichopsychoda]]'' <small>[[André Léon Tonnoir|Tonnoir]], 1922</small> **''[[Ulomyia]]'' <small>[[Francis Walker (entomologist)|Walker]], 1856</small> (= ''[[Saccopterix]]'' <small>[[Alexander Henry Haliday|Haliday]], in [[John Curtis (entomologist)|Curtis]], 1839</small>, preoccupied) **''[[Vaillantodes]]'' <small>Wagner, 2002</small> ( = ''[[Vaillantia]]'' <small>Wagner, 1993,</small> preoccupied) **{{extinct}}''[[Wightipsychoda]]'' <small>Azar 2019</small> [[Bembridge Marls]], United Kingdom, [[Priabonian]] *[[Sycoracinae]] <small>Jung, 1954</small> **''[[Aposycorax]]'' <small>Duckhouse, 1972</small> **{{extinct}}''[[Palaeoparasycorax]]'' <small>Stebner et al., 2015</small> ([[Burmese amber]], Cenomanian) **''[[Parasycorax]]'' <small>Duckhouse, 1972</small> **''[[Sycorax (fly)|Sycorax]]'' <small>[[Alexander Henry Haliday|Haliday]], in [[John Curtis (entomologist)|Curtis]], 1839</small> *[[Trichomyiinae]] <small>[[André Léon Tonnoir|Tonnoir]], 1922</small> **{{extinct}}''[[Axenotrichomyia]]'' <small>Azar et al., 2015</small> [[Burmese amber]], Cenomanian **{{extinct}}''[[Eatonisca]]'' <small>Meunier, 1905</small> Baltic, [[Bitterfeld amber]], Eocene **{{extinct}}''[[Eotrichomyia]]'' Meunier [[Oise amber]], France [[Ypresian]] **''[[Trichomyia]]'' <small>[[Alexander Henry Haliday|Haliday]], in [[John Curtis (entomologist)|Curtis]], 1839</small> **{{extinct}}''[[Xenotrichomyia]]'' <small>Azar et al., 2015</small> [[New Jersey amber]], [[Turonian]] *''[[Incertae sedis]]'' **{{extinct}}''[[Bamara]]'' <small>Stebner et al., 2015</small> Burmese amber, Cenomanian **{{extinct}}''[[Cretapsychoda]]'' <small>Azar et al., 1999</small><ref name="AzarEtAl1999"/> Lebanese amber, Barremian **{{extinct}}''[[Eochaoborites]]'' <small>Hong, 2002</small> [[Fushun amber]], China, [[Ypresian]] **{{extinct}}''[[Eophlebotomus]]'' <small>Cockerell, 1920</small> Lebanese amber, Barremian, [[Charentese amber]], France, Cenomanian, Burmese amber, Cenomanian **{{extinct}}''[[Liassopsychodina]]'' <small>Ansorge, 1994</small> [[Ciechocinek Formation|Green Series]], Germany, [[Toarcian]] **{{extinct}}''[[Libanopsychoda]]'' <small>Azar et al., 1999</small><ref name="AzarEtAl1999"/> Lebanese amber, Barremian **{{extinct}}''[[Mesopsychoda]]'' <small>Brauer et al., 1889</small> [[Cheremkhovskaya Formation]], Russia, Toarcian **{{extinct}}''[[Protopsychoda]]'' <small>Azar et al., 1999</small><ref name="AzarEtAl1999"/> Lebanese amber, Barremian **{{extinct}}''[[Tanypsycha]]'' <small>Ansorge, 1994</small> Green Series, Germany, Toarcian **{{extinct}}''[[Triassopsychoda]]'' <small>Blagoderov and Grimaldi. 2007</small> [[Cow Branch Formation]], North Carolina, [[Norian]] **{{extinct}}''[[Xenopsychoda]]'' <small>Azar and Ziadé, 2005</small> Lebanese amber, Barremian{{div col end}} ==See also== * [[Fungus gnat]] * ''[[Trichomyia lengleti]]'' ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Further reading== * Quate, L.W. & B.V. Brown (2004). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/210558 "Revision of Neotropical Setomimini (Diptera: Psychodidae: Psychodinae)"]. ''Contributions in Science'', 500: 1–117. [https://biostor.org/reference/201375 BioStor]. {{Doi|10.5962/p.210558}}. * Vaillant, F. (1971). "Psychodidae–Psychodinae". In: E. Lindner, ed. ''Die Fliegen der Paläarktischen Region'', 9d, Lieferung 287: 1–48. * Young, D.G. & P.V. Perkins (1984). "Phlebotomine sand flies of North America (Diptera: Psychodidae)". ''Mosquito News'', 44: 263–304. ==External links== {{Commons category|Psychodidae}} * [http://www.drawwing.org/insects/diptera/psychodidae Wing venation] * [https://archive.today/20121215004055/http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2071.html Ohio State University Extension] * [http://www.diptera.info/photogallery.php?album_id=83 Diptera.info Gallery] * [https://waarneming.nl/taxa/10259/ Waarneming Gallery] {{Diptera|1}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q753860}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Psychodidae| ]] [[Category:Nematocera families]] [[Category:Taxa named by Edward Newman]]'