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[ 0 => '{{Short description|Volcano in Tenerife}}', 1 => '{{Expand French|Teide|topic=geo|date=December 2020|fa=yes}}', 2 => '{{Expand Spanish|topic=geo|date=March 2022}}', 3 => '{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2012}}', 4 => '{{Infobox mountain', 5 => '| name = Teide', 6 => '| photo = Teide Canadas.jpg', 7 => '| photo_caption = Teide seen from the Caldera rim', 8 => '| elevation_m = 3,715', 9 => '| elevation_ref = <ref name="IGN_PhysicalMap_2012"/>', 10 => '| prominence_m = 3,715', 11 => '| prominence_ref = <ref name="IGN_PhysicalMap_2012"/><br /><small>[[List of peaks by prominence|Ranked 40th]]</small>', 12 => '| map = Canary Islands', 13 => '| map_caption = Location of Teide in the Canary Islands', 14 => '| label_position = top', 15 => '| listing = [[List of countries by highest point|Country high point]]<br />[[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]', 16 => '| location = [[Tenerife]], [[Canary Islands]], [[Spain]]', 17 => '| coordinates = {{coord|28|16|23|N|16|38|22|W|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}', 18 => '| coordinates_ref = <ref name="peaklist">[http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/EuroAtlanticP1500m.html "Europe: Atlantic Islands – Ultra Prominences"] on peaklist.org as "Pico de Teide". Retrieved October 16, 2011.</ref>', 19 => '| topo = ', 20 => '| type = [[Stratovolcano]] atop basalt [[shield volcano]]', 21 => '| last_eruption = 18 November 1909', 22 => '| first_ascent = 1582', 23 => '| easiest_route = [[Scrambling|Scramble]]', 24 => '}}', 25 => '[[File:Teide 3d - version2.gif|thumb|This 3D panoramic view of Mount Teide was created using [[Shuttle Radar Topography Mission|SRTM]] data (160% elevation).]]', 26 => ''''Teide''', or '''Mount Teide''', ({{lang-es| El Teide, Pico del Teide}}, {{IPA-es|ˈpiko ðel ˈtejðe|pron}}, "Peak of Teide") is a [[volcano]] on [[Tenerife]] in the [[Canary Islands]], [[Spain]]. Its summit (at {{convert|3715|m|abbr=on}})<ref name="IGN_PhysicalMap_2012"/>{{refn |Many published sources give Teide's height as 7500 m, but [[Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Spain)|IGN]] (the national mapping agency of the Government of Spain) gives Teide's height as 7500 m on the 2012 and 2015 versions of its ''"Mapa Físico de España"'' ("Physical Map of Spain"),<ref name="IGN_PhysicalMap_2012">{{cite web | url=http://www2.ign.es/siane/Contenido.do?contenido=8691 | title=Mapa Físico de España (Physical Map of Spain) | publisher=[[Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Spain)]] | work=Atlas Nacional de España (National Atlas of Spain) | date=2012 | access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref> as well as in its ''"MTN25 edición impresa: 2"'' ("National Topographic Map 1:25000 second edition") map series of Tenerife,<ref name="IGN_MTN25_2014">{{cite web | url=http://centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/buscar.do?filtro.codFamilia=02308&filtro.codCA=&filtro.codProv=&filtro.numeroHoja25=1091-4# | title=1091-4 La Montañeta (Tenerife) map sheet | publisher=[[Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Spain)]] | work=MTN25 edición impresa: 2' (National Topographic Map 1:25000 second edition) | date=2014 | access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref> published in 2014 and in its ''"Altitudes de las provincias"'' (list of highest points in the provinces of Spain).<ref name="IGN_HighestPoints_2020">{{cite web | url=http://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/ane-datos-geograficos/-/datos-geograficos/datosGenerales?tipoBusqueda=altitudes | title=Altitudes de las provincias (List of highest points in the provinces of Spain) | publisher=[[Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Spain)]] | work=Datos geográficos y toponimia (Geographical data and place names) | date=2020 | access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} is the highest point in Spain and the highest point above sea level in the [[List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean|islands of the Atlantic]].', 27 => '', 28 => 'If measured from the ocean floor, its height of {{convert|7500|m|abbr=on}} makes Teide the third-highest volcano in the world,{{refn |After [[Mauna Kea]]<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web | url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/highestpoint.html | title=What is the highest point on Earth as measured from Earth's center? | publisher=[[NOAA]] | work=Ocean Facts | access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref> and [[Mauna Loa]]<ref name="MaunaLoa">{{cite web | url=https://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/parks/havo/index.cfm | title=Hawaii Volcanoes National Park | publisher=National Park Service | date=2005 | access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref> at 10.2 km}} and is described by [[UNESCO]] and [[NASA]] as Earth's third-tallest volcanic structure.<ref name=unesco/><ref name="NASATeide">{{cite web | url=http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=88659 | title=Teide, Canary Islands | publisher=[[NASA]] | work=Visible Earth | access-date=31 January 2017| date=2009-08-11 }}</ref>{{refn |Teide is Earth's third-tallest volcanic structure only if the island of [[Hawaii (island)|Hawaii]] is considered to be a single structure.| group = lower-alpha }} However, as Teide was formed just 170,000 years ago due to volcanic activity following a catastrophic landslide, Teide's base is actually situated in the Las Cañadas crater (the remains of an older, eroded, extinct volcano) at a height of around {{convert|2190|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. Teide's elevation above sea level makes Tenerife the [[list of islands by highest point|tenth highest island in the world]]. Teide is an [[active volcano]]: its most recent eruption occurred in late 1909 from the El Chinyero vent on the northwestern Santiago rift. The United Nations Committee for Disaster Mitigation designated Teide a [[Decade Volcano]]<ref name="USGS">http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/DecadeVolcanoes/ Decade Volcanoes – USGS</ref> because of its history of destructive eruptions and its proximity to several large towns, of which the closest are [[Garachico]], [[Icod de los Vinos]] and [[Puerto de la Cruz]]. Teide, [[Pico Viejo]] and Montaña Blanca form the Central Volcanic Complex of Tenerife.', 29 => '', 30 => 'The volcano and its surroundings make up [[Teide National Park]], which has an area of {{convert|18900|ha|acre}} and was named a [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO in 2007.<ref name=unesco>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1258|title=Teide National Park|work=World Heritage List|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=January 18, 2009}}</ref> Teide is the most visited natural wonder of Spain, the most visited [[national park]] in Spain and Europe and – by 2015 – the eighth most visited in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elespanol.com/ciencia/20160318/110489216_0.html|title=En las entrañas del volcán|website=elespanol.com|access-date=April 9, 2018|date=2016-03-21}}</ref> with some 3 million visitors yearly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webtenerife.com/que-visitar/parque-nacional-del-teide/?tab=1Lang=es|title=Parque Nacional del Teide. Ascenso, Fauna, Flora...|access-date=March 21, 2016}}</ref> In 2016, it was visited by 4,079,823 visitors and tourists, reaching a historical record.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laopinion.es/sociedad/2017/04/11/teide-bate-record-visitantes-supera/766274.html|title=El Teide bate récord de visitantes y supera los cuatro millones|first=M.|last=Plasencia|publisher=La Opinión de Tenerife|website=laopinion.es|date=April 11, 2017|access-date=April 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728124446/http://www.laopinion.es/sociedad/2017/04/11/teide-bate-record-visitantes-supera/766274.html|archive-date=July 28, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europapress.es/islas-canarias/noticia-teide-bate-record-visitantes-2016-mas-cuatro-millones-20170411151629.html|title=El Teide bate su récord de visitantes en 2016, con más de cuatro millones|first=Europa|last=Press|date=April 11, 2017|website=europapress.es|access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref> [[Teide Observatory]], a major international [[astronomical observatory]], is located on the slopes of the mountain.', 31 => '', 32 => '== Name and legends ==', 33 => 'Before the [[Canary Islands#Castilian conquest|1496 Spanish colonization]] of Tenerife, the native [[Guanches]] referred to a powerful figure living in the volcano, which carries light, power and the sun. ''El Pico del Teide'' is the modern Spanish name.<ref name="elsevier.com">{{Cite web|title=The Geology of the Canary Islands - 1st Edition|url=https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-geology-of-the-canary-islands/troll/978-0-12-809663-5|access-date=2021-02-26|website=www.elsevier.com}}</ref>', 34 => '', 35 => 'Teide was a [[sacred mountains|sacred mountain]] for the aboriginal [[Guanches]], so it was considered a mythological mountain, as [[Mount Olympus]] was to the ancient [[Greeks]]. When going on to Teide during an [[eruption]], it was customary for the Guanches to light bonfires to scare Guayota. Guayota is often represented as a black dog, accompanied by his host of demons ([[Tibicena]]s).', 36 => '', 37 => 'The Guanches also believed that Teide held up the sky. Many hiding places found in the mountains contain the remains of stone tools and pottery. These have been interpreted as being ritual deposits to counter the influence of [[evil]] spirits, like those made by the [[Kabyle people|Berbers of Kabylie]]. The Guanches believed the mountain to be the place that housed the forces of evil and the most evil figure, Guayota.<ref name="Sheehan, William 1816"/>', 38 => '', 39 => 'Guayota shares features similar to other powerful deities inhabiting volcanoes, such as the goddess [[Pele (deity)|Pele]] of [[Hawaiian mythology]], who lives in the volcano [[Kīlauea]] and is regarded by the [[native Hawaiians]] as responsible for the eruptions of the volcano.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NpMxAQAAMAAJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NpMxAQAAMAAJ/page/n161 458]|quote=guayota y pele.|title=Ethnografia y anales de la conquista de las Islas Canarias|publisher=Imp., Litogr. y Librería Isleña|access-date=January 5, 2016|last1=Berthelot|first1=Sabin|year=1819}}</ref> The same was true for the ancient Greeks and Romans, who believed that [[Vulcano]] and [[Mount Etna]] were chimneys of the foundry of the fire god [[Hephaestus]] ([[Vulcan (mythology)|Vulcan]] in Latin).', 40 => '', 41 => 'In 1492, when Christopher Columbus arrived at the island of Tenerife, his crew claimed to see flames coming from the highest mountain of the island (Teide).<ref>{{cite web |title=El Teide, mucho más que un volcán |url=https://www.vipealo.com/blog/el-teide-mucho-mas-que-un-volcan/ |website=Vipealo |date=November 20, 2020 |access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref>', 42 => '{{Clear}}', 43 => '', 44 => '== Formation ==', 45 => '[[File:TNF-NASAmap-Labels.png|thumb|[[Synthetic-aperture radar]] image of Tenerife with different volcanic massifs labeled]]', 46 => '[[File:Teideform2.png|thumb|upright|Summary diagram for formation of Tenerife through to current Teide volcano]]', 47 => 'The [[stratovolcano]]es Teide and [[Pico Viejo]] (Old Peak, although it is in fact younger than Teide) are the most recent centres of activity on the volcanic island of [[Tenerife]], which is the largest ({{convert|2058|km2|disp=or|abbr=on}}) and highest ({{convert|3715|m|disp=or|abbr=on}}) island in the [[Canary Islands|Canaries]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/835630472|title=Teide volcano : geology and eruptions of a highly differentiated oceanic stratovolcano|date=2013|publisher=Springer|others=J. C. Carracedo, V. R. Troll|isbn=978-3-642-25893-0|location=Berlin|oclc=835630472}}</ref> It has a complex volcanic history. The formation of the island and the development of the current Teide [[volcano]] took place in the five stages shown in the diagram on the right.', 48 => '', 49 => '=== Stage one ===', 50 => 'Like the other [[Canary Islands]], and volcanic ocean islands in general, Tenerife was built by accretion of large [[shield volcano]]es, three of which developed in a relatively short period.<ref>Guillou, H., Carracedo, J. C., Paris R. and Pérez Torrado, F.J., 2004a. K/Ar ages and magnetic stratigraphy of the Miocene-Pliocene shield volcanoes of Tenerife, Canary Islands: Implications for the early evolution of Tenerife and the Canarian Hotspot age progression. Earth & Planet. Sci. Letts., 222, 599–614.</ref> This early shield stage volcanism formed the bulk of the emerged part of Tenerife. The shield volcanoes date back to the [[Miocene]] and early [[Pliocene]]<ref>Fúster, J.M., Araña, V., Brandle, J.L., Navarro, J.M., Alonso, U., Aparicio, A., 1968. Geology and volcanology of the Canary Islands: Tenerife. Instituto Lucas Mallada, CSIC, Madrid, 218 pp</ref> and are preserved in three isolated and deeply eroded [[massif]]s: [[Macizo de Anaga|Anaga]] (to the northeast), [[Macizo de Teno|Teno]] (to the northwest) and [[Macizo de Adeje|Roque del Conde]] (to the south).<ref name="Carracedo and Day 2002">Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Day, Simon (2002). Canary Islands (Classic Geology in Europe 4). Terra Publishing, 208 pp. {{ISBN|1-903544-07-6}}</ref> Each shield was apparently constructed in less than three million years, and the entire island in about eight million years.<ref name=Carracedo2007>Carracedo, J. C., Rodríguez Badioloa, E., Guillou, H., Paterne, M., Scaillet, S., Pérez Torrado, F. J., Paris, R., Fra-Paleo, U., Hansen, A., 2007. "Eruptive and structural history of Teide Volcano and rift zones of Tenerife, Canary Islands." Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 119(9–10). 1027–1051</ref>', 51 => '', 52 => '=== Stages two and three ===', 53 => 'The initial juvenile stage was followed by a period of 2–3 million years of eruptive quiescence and [[erosion]]. This cessation of activity is typical of the Canaries; [[La Gomera]], for example, is currently at this stage.<ref>Paris, R, Guillou, H., Carracedo, JC and Perez Torrado, F.J., Volcanic and morphological evolution of La Gomera (Canary Islands), based on new K-Ar ages and magnetic stratigraphy:implications for oceanic island evolution, Journal of the Geological Society, May 2005, v.162; no.3; p.501-512</ref> After this period of quiescence, the volcanic activity became concentrated within two large edifices: the central volcano of Las Cañadas, and the Anaga massif. The Las Cañadas volcano developed over the Miocene shield volcanoes and may have reached {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} in diameter and {{convert|4,500|m|abbr=on}} in height.<ref name="Carracedo 2002">Carracedo, J.C., Pérez Torrado, F.J., Ancochea, E., Meco, J., Hernán, F., Cubas, C.R., Casillas, R., Rodríguez Badiola, E. and Ahijado, A., 2002. In: Cenozoic Volcanism II: the Canary Islands. The Geology of Spain (W. Gibbons and T. Moreno, eds), pp. 439–472. Geological Society, London</ref>', 54 => '', 55 => '=== Stage four ===', 56 => 'Around 160–220 thousand years ago the [[Summit (topography)|summit]] of the Las Cañadas I volcano collapsed,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Paris|first1=Raphaël|last2=Bravo|first2=Juan J. Coello|last3=González|first3=María E. Martín|last4=Kelfoun|first4=Karim|last5=Nauret|first5=François|date=2017-05-15|title=Explosive eruption, flank collapse and megatsunami at Tenerife ca. 170 ka|url= |journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=15246|doi=10.1038/ncomms15246|pmid=28504256|pmc=5440666|bibcode=2017NatCo...815246P|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> creating the Las Cañadas (Ucanca) [[caldera]].<ref name=Carracedo2007/> Later, a new stratovolcano, Las Cañadas II, formed in the vicinity of Guajara and then catastrophically collapsed. Another volcano, Las Cañadas III, formed in the Diego Hernandez sector of the caldera. All of the Las Cañadas volcanoes attained a maximum altitude similar to that of Teide (which is sometimes referred to as the Las Cañadas IV volcano).', 57 => '', 58 => 'Two theories on the formation of the {{convert|16|x|9|km|abbr=on}} caldera exist.<ref name="gvp">{{cite gvp|name=Tenerife|vn=383030|access-date=December 12, 2007}}</ref> The first states that the depression is the result of a vertical collapse of the volcano triggered by the emptying of shallow [[magma chamber]]s at around sea level under the Las Cañadas volcano after large-volume [[explosive eruption]]s.<ref name=Carracedo2007/><ref>Martí, J., Mitjavila, J., Araña, V., 1994. Stratigraphy, structure, and geochronology of the Las Cañadas Caldera (Tenerife, Canary Islands). Geol. Mag. 131: 715–727</ref><ref>Martí. J. and Gudmudsson, A., 2000. The Las Cañadas caldera (Tenerife, Canary Islands): an overlapping collapse caldera generated by magma-chamber migration. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 103: 167–173</ref> The second theory is that the caldera was formed by a series of lateral gravitational collapses similar to those described in [[Hawaii]].<ref>Moore, J. G., 1964. Giant submarine landslides on the Hawaiian Ridge. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 501-D, D95-D98</ref> Evidence for the latter theory has been found in both onshore observations<ref>Carracedo, J.C., 1994. The Canary Islands: an example of structural control on the growth of large oceanic island volcanoes. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 60: 225–242</ref><ref>Guillou, H., Carracedo, J.C., Pérez Torrado, F. and Rodríguez Badiola, E., 1996. K-Ar ages and magnetic stratigraphy of a hotspot-induced, fast grown oceanic island : El Hierro, Canary Islands. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 73: 141–155</ref><ref>Stillman, C.J., 1999. Giant Miocene Landslides and the evolution of Fuerteventura, Canary Islands J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 94, pp. 89–104</ref> and [[marine geology]] studies.<ref name=Carracedo2007/><ref>Masson, D.G., Watts, A.B., Gee, M.J.R., Urgelés, R., Mitchell, N.C., Le Bas, T.P., Canals, M., 2002. Slope failures on the flanks of the western Canaested in the embayment itself.</ref>', 59 => '', 60 => '=== Stage five ===', 61 => 'From around 160,000 years ago until the present day, the stratovolcanoes of Teide and Pico Viejo formed within the Las Cañadas caldera.<ref>{{cite web|website=ScienceDaily|date=April 2012|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120413101117.htm|title=Canary Islands: The base of the Teide was formed in just 40,000 years|author=Plataforma SINC}}</ref>', 62 => '', 63 => '== Historical eruptions ==', 64 => 'Teide last erupted in 1909 from the El Chinyero vent,<ref name=Carracedo2007/> on the Santiago Ridge. Historical volcanic activity on the island is associated with vents on the Santiago or northwest [[rift]] (Boca Cangrejo in 1492, Montañas Negras in 1706,<ref name=Carracedo2007/> Narices del Teide or Chahorra in 1798, and El Chinyero in 1909) and the Cordillera Dorsal or northeast rift (Fasnia in 1704, Siete Fuentes and Arafo in 1705). The 1706 Montañas Negras eruption destroyed the town and principal port of Garachico, as well as several smaller villages.<ref name="elsevier.com"/>', 65 => '', 66 => 'Historical activity associated with the Teide and Pico Viejo stratovolcanoes <ref name=Carracedo2007/> occurred in 1798 from the Narices del Teide on the western flank of Pico Viejo. Eruptive material from Pico Viejo, Montaña Teide and Montaña Blanca partially fills the Las Cañadas caldera.<ref name="Carracedo and Day 2002" /> The last explosive eruption involving the central volcanic centre was from Montaña Blanca around 2000 years ago. The last eruption within the Las Cañadas caldera occurred in 1798 from the Narices del Teide or Chahorra (Teide's Nostrils) on the western flank of Pico Viejo. The eruption was predominantly [[strombolian]] in style and most of the lava was [[ʻaʻā]]. This lava is visible beside the Vilaflor–Chio road.', 67 => '', 68 => 'Christopher Columbus reported seeing "a great fire in the [[Orotava Valley]]" as he sailed past Tenerife on his voyage to discover the New World in 1492. This was interpreted as indicating that he had witnessed an eruption there. Radiometric dating of possible lavas indicates that in 1492 no eruption occurred in the Orotava Valley, but one did occur from the Boca Cangrejo vent.<ref name=Carracedo2007/>', 69 => '', 70 => 'The last summit eruption from Teide occurred about the year 850 AD, and this eruption produced the "Lavas Negras" or "Black Lavas" that cover much of the flanks of the volcano.<ref name=Carracedo2007/>', 71 => '', 72 => 'About 150,000 years ago, a much larger explosive eruption occurred, probably of [[Volcanic Explosivity Index]] 5. It created the Las Cañadas caldera, a large caldera at about 2,000 m above sea level, around {{convert|16|km|abbr=on}} from east to west and {{convert|9|km|abbr=on}} from north to south. At Guajara, on the south side of the structure, the internal walls rise as almost sheer cliffs from {{convert|2,100|to|2,715|m|abbr=on}}. The {{convert|3,715|m|abbr=on}} summit of Teide itself, and its sister stratovolcano Pico Viejo ({{convert|3,134|m|abbr=on}}), are both situated in the northern half of the caldera and are derived from eruptions later than this prehistoric explosion.<ref name="EncycloGeol2021">{{Cite book | author1-last=Carracedo | author1-first=J.C. | author2-last=Troll | author2-first=V.R. | chapter=North-East Atlantic Islands: The Macaronesian Archipelagos | editor1-last=Alderton| editor1-first=D. | editor2-last=Elias | editor2-first=S.A. | title=Encyclopedia of Geology | edition=2nd | pages=674–699 | publisher =Elsevier | location=Amsterdam | date=2021 | isbn=9780081029084 | doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-102908-4.00027-8| s2cid=226588940 }}</ref>', 73 => '', 74 => '==Future eruptions==', 75 => 'Future eruptions may include [[pyroclastic flow]]s and surges similar to those that occurred at [[Mount Pelée]], [[Mount Merapi|Merapi]], [[Vesuvius]], [[Mount Etna|Etna]], the [[Soufrière Hills]], [[Mount Unzen]] and elsewhere. During 2003, there was an increase in seismic activity at the volcano and a rift opened on the north-east flank. No eruptive activity occurred but a quantity of material, possibly liquid, was emplaced into the edifice and is estimated to have a volume of ~10¹¹ m³.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} Such activity can indicate that magma is rising into the edifice, but is not always a precursor to an eruption.<ref name="elsevier.com"/>', 76 => '', 77 => 'Teide additionally is considered structurally unstable and its northern flank has a distinctive bulge.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} The summit of the volcano has a number of small active [[fumarole]]s emitting [[sulfur dioxide]] and other gases, including low levels of [[hydrogen sulfide]].', 78 => '', 79 => 'A scientific assessment in 2006, published in the journal Eos, observed that "in the past 30,000 years, eruptions have occurred at a rate of only four to six per millennium, with a predominance (70%) of very low hazard, basaltic eruptions".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carracedo|first=Juan Carlos|date=2006|title=Recent Unrest at Canary Islands' Teide Volcano?|journal=Eos|volume=87|issue=43|pages=462–465|doi=10.1029/2006EO430003|bibcode=2006EOSTr..87..462C|doi-access=free}}</ref> The authors further commented that "the recent eruptive record, combined with the available petrological and radiometric data, provides a rather optimistic outlook on major volcanic hazards related to Teide and its rift zones, posing only very localized threats to the one million inhabitants of Tenerife and the 4.5 million annual visitors to Teide National Park." However, another study in 2009 concluded that Teide will probably erupt violently in the future, and that its structure is similar to that of Vesuvius and Etna.<ref>[http://www.laopinion.es/sociedad/2009/10/30/estudio-preve-teide-sufriria-erupciones-violentas/252111.html Un estudio prevé que el Teide sufriría erupciones violentas] (La Opinión.es)</ref> Thus the magnitude of the risk posed by Teide to the public remains a source of debate.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642258923|title=Teide Volcano: Geology and Eruptions of a Highly Differentiated Oceanic Stratovolcano|date=2013|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-642-25892-3|editor-last=Carracedo|editor-first=Juan Carlos|series=Active Volcanoes of the World|location=Berlin Heidelberg|language=en|editor-last2=Troll|editor-first2=Valentin R.}}</ref>', 80 => '', 81 => '== Major climbs ==', 82 => 'In a publication of 1626, Sir Edmund Scory, who probably stayed on the island in the first decades of the 17th century, gives a description of Teide, in which he notes the suitable paths to the top and the effects its considerable height causes for travellers, indicating that the volcano had been accessed via different routes before the 17th century.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Francisco Javier Castillo |url=http://sederi.org/docs/yearbooks/02/2_5_castillo.pdf |title=The English Renaissance and the Canary Islands: Thomas Nichols and Edmund Scory |journal=Proceedings of the II Conference of SEDERI |year=1992 |pages=57–69 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306104303/http://sederi.org/docs/yearbooks/02/2_5_castillo.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-06}}</ref> In 1715 the English traveler J. Edens and his party made the ascent and reported their observations in the journal of the Royal Society in London.<ref name="nicolasglemus.es">{{cite web|url=http://www.nicolasglemus.com/2009/01/el-parque-nacional-del-teide-patrimonio-mundial-de-la-unesco-con-juan-carlos-carracedo-y-manuel-durban/|title=El Parque Nacional del Teide: patrimonio mundial de la UNESCO, con Juan Carlos Carracedo y Manuel Durbán - Nicolás González Lemus|access-date=January 5, 2016}}</ref>', 83 => '', 84 => 'After the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], most of the expeditions that went to East Africa and the Pacific had Teide as one of the most rewarding targets. The expedition of Lord [[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney|George Macartney]], [[Sir George Staunton, 1st Baronet|George Staunton]] and [[Sir John Barrow, 1st Baronet|John Barrow]] in 1792 almost ended in tragedy, as a major snowstorm and rain swept over them and they failed to reach the peak of Teide, just barely getting past Montaña Blanca.<ref name="nicolasglemus.es"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Staunton|first=George|title=An Authentic Account of an Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China|publisher=George Nicol|year=1797|location=London|pages=122}}</ref>', 85 => '', 86 => 'The German scientist [[Alexander von Humboldt]] stopped in Tenerife during his voyage to South America in 1799 and climbed Teide with his travelling companion [[Bonpland|Aimé Bonpland]] and some local guides.<ref>Wulf, Andrea. ''The Invention of Nature: The Adventures of Alexander von Humboldt, the Lost Hero of Science''. John Murray, 2016</ref>', 87 => '', 88 => 'During an expedition to [[Kilimanjaro]], the German adventurer [[Hans Meyer (geologist)|Hans Heinrich Joseph Meyer]] visited Teide in 1894 to observe ice conditions on the volcano. He described the two mountains as "two kings, one rising in the ocean and the other in the desert and steppes".<ref name="nicolasglemus.es"/>', 89 => '', 90 => 'More recently in November 2017, [[Gema Hassen-Bey]] became the first Paralympic athlete in the world in a wheelchair to reach 3,000 meters altitude with only the momentum of her arms. Initially, Gema wanted to reach the top of Teide, although, due to weather conditions, she could not meet this objective.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.20minutos.es/deportes/noticia/hassen-bey-abandona-ascenso-teide-3186009/0/|title=Gema Hassen-Bey abandona el ascenso el Teide a 3.000 metros|last=20Minutos|website=20minutos.es|access-date=April 9, 2018|date=2017-11-14}}</ref>', 91 => '', 92 => '== Flora and fauna ==', 93 => '[[File:Echium wildpretii.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Echium wildpretii]]'' on Tenerife]]', 94 => '', 95 => 'The lava flows on the flanks of Teide weather to a very thin but nutrient- and mineral-rich [[soil]] that supports a wide variety of plant species. [[Vascular plant|Vascular]] flora consists of 168 plant species, 33 of which are [[Endemism|endemic]] to Tenerife.<ref name="Dupont 2003">Dupont, Yoko L., Dennis M., Olesen, Jens M., Structure of a plant-flower-visitor network in the high altitude sub-alpine desert of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Ecography. 26(3), 2003, pp. 301–310.</ref>', 96 => '', 97 => 'Forests of [[Canary Island Pine]] (''Pinus canariensis'') with [[Canary Island juniper]] (''Juniperus cedrus'') occur from {{convert|1000|to(-)|2100|m|ft}}, covering the middle slopes of the volcano and reaching an [[alpine climate|alpine]] [[tree line]] {{convert|1,000|m|abbr=on}} lower than that of continental mountains at similar [[latitude]]s.<ref>Gieger, Thomas and Leuschner, Christoph. Altitudinal change in needle water relations of the Canary pine (Pinus Canariensis) and possible evidence of a drought-induced alpine timberline on Mt. Teide, Tenerife, Flora – Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 199(2), 2004, Pages 100-109y</ref><ref name="Palacios 1992">J.M. Fernandez-Palacios, Climatic response of plant species on Tenerife, the Canary islands, J. Veg. Sci. 3, 1992, pp. 595–602</ref> Within the Las Cañadas caldera and at higher [[altitudes]], plant species endemic to the Teide National Park include: the Teide white [[Broom (shrub)|broom]] (''[[Spartocytisus supranubius]]''), which has white flowers; ''[[Descurainia bourgaeana]]'', a shrubby [[Brassicaceae|crucifer]] with yellow flowers; the Canary Island [[wallflower]] (''[[Erysimum]] scoparium''), which has violet flowers; and the Teide bugloss (''[[Echium wildpretii]]''), whose red flowers form a pyramid up to {{convert|3|m|abbr=on}} in height.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webtenerife.com/PortalTenerife/Home/Disfruta+sin+perderte+nada/Mas+sobre+Tenerife/Naturaleza/Espacios+naturales/Parque+Nacional+de+El+Teide/Flora+del+Teide.htm?Lang=en |title=Tenerife National Park – Flora |publisher=Tenerife Tourism Corporation |access-date=December 12, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614031136/http://www.webtenerife.com/PortalTenerife/Home/Disfruta+sin+perderte+nada/Mas+sobre+Tenerife/Naturaleza/Espacios+naturales/Parque+Nacional+de+El+Teide/Flora+del+Teide.htm?Lang=en |archive-date=June 14, 2008 }}</ref> The Teide [[Asteraceae|daisy]] (''[[Argyranthemum]] teneriffae'') can be found at altitudes close to {{convert|3,600|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, and the Teide [[Viola (plant)|violet]] (''[[Viola cheiranthifolia]]'') can be found right up to the summit, making it the highest flowering plant in Spain.<ref>J.M. Fernandez-Palacios and J.P. de Nicolas, Altitudinal pattern of vegetation variation on Tenerife, J. Veg. Sci. 6, 1995, pp. 183–190</ref>', 98 => '', 99 => 'These plants are adapted to the tough environmental conditions on the volcano, such as high altitude, intense sunlight, extreme temperature variations, and lack of moisture. [[Adaptation]]s include hemispherical forms, a downy or waxy cover, a reduction of the exposed [[leaf]] area, and high [[flower]] production.<ref name="Palacios 1992" /><ref>C. Leuschner, Timberline and alpine vegetation on the tropical and warm-temperate oceanic islands of the world: elevation, structure and floristics, Vegetatio 123, 1996, pp. 193–206.</ref> Flowering takes place in the late spring or early summer, in May and June.<ref name="Dupont 2003"/>', 100 => '[[File:Eidechsen Teide.jpg|thumb|left|Southern Tenerife lizard (''[[Gallotia galloti]] galloti'')]]', 101 => 'Teide National Park contains a large number of [[invertebrate]] species, over 40% of which are endemic species, and 70 of which are found only in the National Park. The invertebrate fauna includes [[spider]]s, [[beetles]], [[diptera]]ns, [[hemiptera]]ns, and [[hymenoptera]]e.<ref>Ashmole, M. and Ashmole, P. (1989) Natural History Excursions in Tenerife. Kidston Mill Press, Scotland. {{ISBN|0 9514544 0 4}}.</ref>', 102 => '', 103 => 'In contrast, Teide National Park has only a limited variety of [[vertebrate]] fauna.<ref name="Thorpe, R.S. 1994, pp. 230-240">Thorpe, R.S., McGregor, D.P., Cumming, A.M., and Jordan, W.C., DNA evolution and colonisation sequence of island lizards in relation to geological history: mtDNA RFLP, cytochrome B, cytochrome oxidase, 12s rRNA sequence, and nuclear RAPD analysis, Evolution, 48(2), 1994, pp. 230–240</ref> Ten species of bird nest there, including the [[Tenerife blue chaffinch|blue chaffinch]] (''Fringilla teydea''), [[Berthelot's pipit]] (''Anthus berthelotii berthelotii''), the [[Atlantic canary]] (''Serinus canaria'') and a subspecies of [[kestrel]] (''[[Falco tinnunculus]] canariensis'').<ref>Lack, D., and H.N. Southern. 1949. Birds of Tenerife. Ibis, 91:607–626</ref><ref>P.R. Grant, "Ecological compatibility of bird species on islands", Amer. Nat., 100(914), 1966, pp. 451–462.</ref>', 104 => '', 105 => 'Three endemic [[reptile]] species are found in the park: the Canary Island lizard (''[[Gallotia galloti]] galloti''), the Canary Island wall gecko (''[[Tarentola delalandii]]''), and the Canary Island skink (''[[Chalcides viridanus]] viridanus'').<ref name="Thorpe, R.S. 1994, pp. 230-240"/><ref>{{cite book | last = Lever | first = Christopher| title = Naturalized Reptiles and Amphibians of the World | edition = First | year = 2003 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-850771-0 }}</ref>', 106 => '', 107 => 'The only mammals native to the park are [[bat]]s, the most common of which is Leisler's bat (''[[Nyctalus leisleri]]''). Other mammals, such as the [[mouflon]], the [[rabbit]], the [[house mouse]], the [[black rat]], the [[feral cat]], and the [[North African hedgehog]], have all been introduced to the park.<ref>Nogales, M., Rodríguez-Luengo, J.L. & Marrero, P. (2006) "Ecological effects and distribution of invasive non-native mammals on the Canary Islands" Mammal Review, 36, 49–65</ref>', 108 => '', 109 => '== The shadow of Teide ==', 110 => '[[File:Teide Shadow Gomera.jpg|thumb|Shadow of Teide at dawn]]', 111 => 'Teide casts the world's largest shadow projected on the sea.<ref>[https://www.volcanoteide.com/es/el_cielo_del_teide/la_sombra_del_teide La sombra del Teide]</ref><ref>[http://www.supranubius.es/2014/08/la-sombra-del-teide.html Suprenubius. La sombra del Teide.]</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=current sources are a Teide tour company website and a meteorology blog|date=October 2018}} The shadow is cast for more than 40&nbsp;km from the mountain's summit, reaching as far as the island of [[La Gomera]] at dawn, and the island of [[Gran Canaria]] at sunset. The shadow has a perfectly triangular shape, even though Teide's silhouette does not; this is an effect of [[aerial perspective]].<ref name="NASA_APOD">{{cite web | url=https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110705.html | title=A Triangular Shadow of a Large Volcano | publisher=[[NASA]] | work=Astronomy Picture of the Day | date=5 July 2011 | access-date=19 October 2018 | author=Nemiroff, R. and Bonnell, J.}}</ref><ref name="AtmosOptic1">{{cite web | url=http://www.atoptics.co.uk/atoptics/mtshad.htm | title=Mountain shadow | publisher=atoptics.co.uk | work=Atmospheric Optics | access-date=19 October 2018 | author=Cowley, L.}}</ref><ref name="AtmosOptic2">{{cite web | url=http://www.atoptics.co.uk/atoptics/mtshform.htm | title=Mountain shadow formation | publisher=atoptics.co.uk | work=Atmospheric Optics | access-date=19 October 2018 | author=Cowley, L.}}</ref> Visitors and tourists climb to the top of the volcano at sunset to witness this phenomenon.', 112 => '', 113 => '== Scientific use ==', 114 => 'Teide National Park is a useful volcanic reference point for studies related to [[Mars]] because of the similarities in their environmental conditions and geological formations.<ref name="elmundo">{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/11/03/ciencia/1288783782.html|title=Tenerife se convierte en un laboratorio marciano - Ciencia - elmundo.es|author=Unidad Editorial Internet|date=November 3, 2010|access-date=January 5, 2016}}</ref> In 2010 a research team tested the [[Raman spectroscopy|Raman]] instrument at Las Cañadas del Teide in anticipation of its use in the 2016–2018 [[ExoMars|ESA-NASA ExoMars]] expedition.<ref name="elmundo"/> In June 2011 a team of researchers from the UK visited the park to test a method for looking for life on Mars and to search for suitable places to test new robotic vehicles in 2012.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120317002531/http://www.loquepasaentenerife.com/vivir/10-08-2011/buscandomarcianosenelteide Buscando "marcianos" en el Teide] La Laguna, 10 August 2011. (Archived)</ref>', 115 => '', 116 => '== Access ==', 117 => 'The volcano and its surroundings, including the whole of the Las Cañadas caldera, are protected in the Teide National Park. Access is by a public road running from northeast to southwest across the caldera. [[TITSA]] runs a return service to Teide once a day from both [[Puerto de la Cruz]] and [[Playa de las Americas]]. The park has a [[Paradores|Parador]] (hotel) and a small chapel. A [[Teide Cableway|cable car]] goes from the roadside at {{convert|2,356|m|abbr=on}} most of the way to the summit, reaching {{convert|3,555|m|abbr=on}}, carrying up to 38 passengers (34 in a high wind) and taking eight minutes to reach the summit.<ref>{{cite web |title=Teleférico del Teide |url=https://www.webtenerife.com/que-visitar/parque-nacional-del-teide/teleferico-teide.htm |website=Turismo Tenerife |access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref> Access to the summit itself is restricted; a free permit is required to climb the last {{convert|200|m|abbr=on}}. Numbers are normally restricted to 200 per day.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Several footpaths take hikers to the upper cable car terminal, and then onto the summit.', 118 => '', 119 => '[[File:Volcano Teide.JPG|thumb|Mount Teide from a distance with a cloud at the top]]', 120 => 'Because of the altitude, the air is significantly thinner than at sea level. This can cause people (especially with heart or lung conditions) to become light-headed or dizzy, to develop [[altitude sickness]],<ref name="AltSick">{{cite web | url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/canary-islands/narratives/practical-information/health | title=Canary Islands in detail: Health and Insurance | publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] | accessdate=12 August 2021}}</ref> and in extreme cases to lose consciousness. The only treatment is to return to lower altitudes and acclimatise.', 121 => '', 122 => '== Astronomical observatory ==', 123 => '[[File:Obs 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Teide Observatory]]]]', 124 => '{{Main|Teide Observatory}}', 125 => 'An [[astronomical observatory]] is located on the slopes of the mountain, taking advantage of the good weather, and the altitude, which puts it above most clouds, and promotes stable [[Astronomical seeing]]. The [[Teide Observatory]] is operated by the [[Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias]]. It includes solar, radio and microwave telescopes, in addition to traditional optical night-time telescopes.', 126 => '', 127 => '== Symbol ==', 128 => 'Teide is the main symbol of Tenerife and the most emblematic natural monument of the Canary Islands. An image of Teide, gushing flames, appears at the centre of Tenerife's coat of arms. Above the volcano appears [[St. Michael]], the patron saint of Tenerife. The [[Flag of Tenerife|flag colors of the island]] are [[Dark blue (color)|dark blue]], traditionally identified with the sea that surrounds the island, and [[white]] for the whiteness of the snow-covered peaks of Mount Teide during winter. The logo of the [[Cabildo de Tenerife]] (governing body of the island) includes a symbol of Teide in eruption.', 129 => '', 130 => 'Teide has been depicted frequently throughout history, from the earliest engravings made by European conquerors to typical Canarian craft objects, on the back of 1000-[[Spanish peseta|peseta]] notes, in oil paintings and on postcards.', 131 => '', 132 => 'In the Canary Islands, especially on Tenerife, Teide has cultural symbolism deeply rooted in traditions and history. It is popularly referred to as ''Padre Teide'' (Father Teide).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eldia.es/ultima/2008-04-13/4-cara-menos-conocida-padre-Teide.htm|title=La cara menos conocida del padre Teide -|date=April 13, 2008|website=eldia.es|access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laopinion.es/sociedad/2010/05/24/disputa-padre-teide/287165.html|title=Disputa por el padre Teide - La Opinión de Tenerife|first=La Opinión de|last=Tenerife|website=www.laopinion.es|access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref>', 133 => '', 134 => '<gallery class="center">', 135 => 'File:Coat of Arms of Tenerife.svg|[[Coat of arms of Tenerife]]', 136 => 'File:Flag of Tenerife.svg|[[Flag of Tenerife]]', 137 => 'File:Logotipo del Cabildo de Tenerife.svg|Logo of the [[Cabildo de Tenerife]].', 138 => 'File:Billet 1000 Pesetas Verso Galdos.jpg|Old bill of 1000-[[Spanish peseta|peseta]]', 139 => '</gallery>', 140 => '', 141 => '== Mountain of the Moon ==', 142 => '[[Mons Pico]], one of the [[Montes Teneriffe]] range of lunar mountains in the inner ring of the [[Mare Imbrium]], was named by [[Johann Hieronymus Schröter]] after the ''Pico von Teneriffe'', an 18th-century name for Teide.<ref name="Sheehan, William 1816">Sheehan, William & Baum, Richard, Observation and inference: Johann Hieronymous Schroeter, 1745–1816, JBAA 105 (1995), 171</ref><ref>Schroeter, Johann Hieronymous, Selenotopographische Fragmente sur genauern Kenntniss der Mondfläche [vol. 1]. – Lilienthal: auf Kosten des Verfassers, 1791</ref>', 143 => '', 144 => 'There is also a [[brown dwarf star]] located in the open [[star cluster]] of the [[Pleiades]] called [[Teide 1]].', 145 => '', 146 => '==See also==', 147 => '* [[Teide National Park]]', 148 => '* [[Roque Cinchado]]', 149 => '* [[Mount Guajara]]', 150 => '* [[Pico Viejo]]', 151 => '* [[Tenerife]]', 152 => '* [[List of tallest mountains in the Solar System]]', 153 => '', 154 => '== Notes ==', 155 => '{{Reflist', 156 => '| group = lower-alpha', 157 => '}}', 158 => '', 159 => '==References==', 160 => '{{Reflist|2}}', 161 => '', 162 => '==External links==', 163 => '{{Commons|Teide}}', 164 => '* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1258 UNESCO World Heritage Site datasheet]', 165 => '* [http://reddeparquesnacionales.mma.es/en/parques/teide/index.htm Teide National Park—Official Website]', 166 => '* [http://www.iac.es/eno.php?op1=3&op2=7 Teide Webcam]', 167 => '* [http://www.telefericoteide.com/ Cable car ]', 168 => '* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.komandokroketa.org/Teide/Teide.html Description of the ascent of Mount Teide]', 169 => '* {{APOD |date=December 17, 2013 |title=Geminid Meteors over Teide Volcano}}', 170 => '', 171 => '{{Ultras of Europe}}', 172 => '{{Decade Volcanoes}}', 173 => '{{Culture of Canary Islands}}', 174 => '{{Highest points of Europe}}', 175 => '{{Authority control}}', 176 => '', 177 => '[[Category:Mountains of the Canary Islands]]', 178 => '[[Category:Volcanoes of the Canary Islands]]', 179 => '[[Category:VEI-5 volcanoes]]', 180 => '[[Category:Active volcanoes]]', 181 => '[[Category:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes]]', 182 => '[[Category:Holocene stratovolcanoes]]', 183 => '[[Category:Hotspot volcanoes]]', 184 => '[[Category:Decade Volcanoes]]', 185 => '[[Category:Three-thousanders]]', 186 => '[[Category:Mythological mountains]]', 187 => '[[Category:Tenerife]]', 188 => '[[Category:Tourism in Spain]]', 189 => '[[Category:Tourist attractions in Tenerife]]', 190 => '[[Category:Highest points of countries]]', 191 => '[[Category:Extreme points of Spain]]', 192 => '[[Category:Underworld]]' ]