Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Capital of Maharashtra, India}}
{{Redirect|Bombay|other uses|Bombay (disambiguation)|and|Mumbai (disambiguation)}}
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{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mumbai
| native_name = ''Muṃbaī''
| native_name_lang = mr
| other_name = Bombay
| settlement_type = [[Megacity]]
| image_shield = SealofMumbai.jpg
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/3/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = BackBay skyline.jpg
| caption1 = [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai|Skyline of Mumbai]] across [[Back Bay (Mumbai)|Back Bay]]
| image2 = Mumbai 03-2016 30 Gateway of India.jpg
| caption2 = [[Gateway of India]]
| image3 = The World Towers Mumbai.jpg
| caption3 = [[World One|The World Towers]]
| image4 = Marine_Drive_Skyline.jpg
| caption4 = [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]]
| image5 = Taj Mahal Palace Hotel.jpg
| caption5 = [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]]
| image6 = Chhatrapati shivaji terminus, esterno 01.jpg
| caption6 = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]]
| image7 = Bandra Worli Sea-Link (cropped).jpg
| caption7 = [[Bandra–Worli Sea Link]]
}}
| flag_size = 120px
| nickname = ''[[City of Dreams (disambiguation)|City of Dreams]]'', ''[[Seven Islands of Bombay|City of Seven Islands]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 1995 |title=The Seven Islands |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/7islands.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026175045/http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/7islands.html |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=27 October 2012 |publisher=The Mumbai Pages}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood|Hollywood of India]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2015 |title=Indian Cities and Their Nicknames – Complete List |url=https://www.daytodaygk.com/indian-cities-and-their-nicknames-complete-list/}}</ref> ''[[Gateway of India]]'', ''[[Maximum City]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai is truly maximum city |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mumbai-is-truly-maximum-city/articleshow/64440610.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref>
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=280|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=Q1156|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining Mumbai}}
| map_alt = Mumbai is on the west coast of India, about one third of the way down to the southern tip. It is in the west side of the Maharashtra province, which covers roughly the second quarter of the west coast (counting from the north), and heads inland roughly twice as far as its coastline.
| pushpin_map = Mumbai#India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mumbai##Location in Maharashtra##Location in India
| pushpin_mapsize = 280
| coordinates = {{coord|19|04|34|N|72|52|39|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Maharashtra|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konkan division|Konkan]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]<br />[[Mumbai Suburban District|Mumbai Suburban]]
| established_title = First settled
| established_date = 1507<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai Settlement|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mumbai/History|website=Britannia}}</ref>
| named_for = [[Mumbadevi]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor of Mumbai|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Vacant<ref>{{Cite web |title=Administrator to run BMC, first time in 40 years |url=https://www.timesofindia.com/city/mumbai/administrator-assumes-charge-in-bmc-today-as-term-of-house-ends/amp_articleshow/90063515.cms |website=The Times of India }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BMC to be Run by Administrator Sans Mayor After 4 Decades |publisher=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/amp/news/india/bmc-to-be-run-by-administrator-sans-mayor-after-4-decades-what-it-means-for-public-explained-4848242.html |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = Administrator
| leader_name2 = [[I. S. Chahal]], [[Indian Administrative Services|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iqbal Chahal appointed as BMC administrator as elections delayed |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/mumbai/mumbai-iqbal-chahal-appointed-as-bmc-administrator-as-elections-delayed |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=The Free Press Journal}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 603.4
| area_rank =
| area_metro_km2 = 6328
| area_metro_sq_mi = 1681.5
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 14
| population_total = 12,478,447
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006153720/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 18,414,288 <br />20,748,395 (Extended UA)
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="extended UA 2011">{{Cite web |title=INDIA STATS : Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011 |url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630112755/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |access-date=20 August 2015 |website=Press Information Bureau, Mumbai |publisher=National Informatics Centre}}</ref>
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|1st]]
| population_demonym = Mumbaikar, Bombayite, Mumbaiite<ref name="MumbaiitesinMH">{{Cite book |author1=Neela Dabir |author2=Naina Athale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNmGAwAAQBAJ&q=mumbaiites&pg=PA75 |title=From Street to Hope |date=7 June 2011 |publisher=Sage Publications Private Limited, Mathura Road, [[New Delhi]] |isbn=9788132107651 |page=76}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]
| postal_code = 400 001 to 400 107
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-22]]
| registration_plate = {{plainlist|
*MH-01 Mumbai(S/C)
*MH-02 Mumbai(W)
*MH-03 Mumbai(E)
*MH-47 Borivali<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Government-Know Your RTO |url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/report/pdf/Know%20Your%20RTO.pdf |access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref><!--RTO offices in Mumbai as per Maharashtra Government RTO list. Do not make changes-->
}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Purchasing Power Parity|GDP (PPP)]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = $400 billion<ref name="Mumbai_info2">
*{{Cite web |date=3 June 2017 |title=Mumbai 17th in global GDP list, says survey |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-17th-in-global-gdp-list-says-survey-4686508/ |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}
*{{cite web|title=Global Wealth PPP Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? - Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html|access-date=17 November 2022|website=visualcapitalist.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013080238/http://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html|archive-date=13 October 2021}}
*{{Cite web |date=14 October 2019 |title=Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Mumbai_GDP">{{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Clara|url=https://www.timesofindia.com/city/mumbai/delhi-not-mumbai-indias-economic-capital/amp_articleshow/55655582.cms|title=Delhi, not Mumbai, India's economic capital|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 November 2016|access-date=11 September 2023}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=gdp />
| blank3_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank3_info = {{Increase}} 0.841<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mahasdb.maharashtra.gov.in/docs/pdf/mhdr_2012.pdf|title=Maharashtra Human Development Report, 2012}}</ref> – <span style=color:#090>very high</span>
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[International airport]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Rapid Transit]]
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Mumbai Metro]] and [[Mumbai Monorail]]
| blank_name_sec2 = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<!-- Do not add Hindi, Gujarati, Kannada, or English here --><ref name="NCLMreport">[http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf National Commissioner Linguistic Minorities 50th report, page 131] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |date= 8 July 2016 }}. Government of India. Retrieved 15 July 2015.</ref><ref name="MCGMhistmilestone">{{Cite web |title=Evolution of the Corporation, Historical Milestones |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlhismilestone?guest_user=english |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715172504/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlhismilestone?guest_user=english |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 July 2015 |publisher=[[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|mumbaicity.gov.in/}}
| footnotes = {{designation list | embed = yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = [[Elephanta Caves]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]], and [[The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai]]
| designation1_date = 1987, 2004, 2018 (11th, 28th 42nd [[World Heritage Committee|sessions]])
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_criteria = i, ii, iii, iv
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/244]; [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945]
[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1480]
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Southern Asia|Southern Asia]]
}}
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="projectsecoa1">{{Cite web |title=Mumbai metropolitan area |url=http://www.projectsecoa.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=73 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513105912/http://www.projectsecoa.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=73 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=14 March 2013 |publisher=Projectsecoa.eu |language=it}}</ref>
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| blank1_name_sec2 =
}}
<!--============================================================================================
PLEASE DO ''NOT'' ADD NAMES IN MARATHI, HINDI, GUJARATI, AND OTHER LANGUAGES HERE. THIS IS A DECISION TO AVOID EDIT WARS. ==================================================================================-->
'''Mumbai''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Mumbai Pronunciation.ogg|m|ʊ|m|ˈ|b|aɪ}}, {{IPA-mr|ˈmumbəi|lang}}, [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Muṃbaī}}; also known as<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS WORDING TO WAS OR FORMERLY, PLEASE SEE THE PREVIOUS DISCUSSION WHERE IT WAS DECIDED. SUCH EDITS WILL BE REVERTED. START A DISCUSSION ON THE TALK PAGE FIRST.--> '''Bombay'''{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|b|ɒ|m|ˈ|b|eɪ}} }} — [[List of renamed Indian cities and states#Maharashtra|the official name until 1995]]) is the [[capital city]] of the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Mumbai is the ''[[de facto]]'' financial centre and the [[list of cities in India by population|most populous city]] of [[India]] with an estimated [[city proper]] population of 12.5 million (1.25 crore).<ref name="Cities1Lakhandabove">{{Cite web |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2012 |access-date=26 March 2012 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> Mumbai is the centre of the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]], the [[List of largest cities|sixth most populous metropolitan area in the world]] with a population of over 23 million (2.3 crore) living within the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=World Urban Areas |url=http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |access-date=21 October 2019 |publisher=Demographia}}</ref> Mumbai lies on the [[Konkan]] coast on the west coast of India and has a deep [[natural harbour]]. In 2008, Mumbai was named an [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Alpha|alpha]] [[world city]].<ref name="lboro2008" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai | ISAC |url=http://indiastudyabroad.org/locations/mumbai/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512013615/http://indiastudyabroad.org/locations/mumbai/ |archive-date=12 May 2015 |access-date=29 May 2015 |publisher=Indiastudyabroad.org}}</ref>
The seven islands that constitute Mumbai were earlier home to communities of [[Marathi language]]-speaking [[Koli people]].<ref name="james customs">{{cite journal|last1=James |first1=V. |date=1977 |title=Marriage Customs of Christian Son Kolis |url=https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1064 |format=PDF |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=131–148 |doi=10.2307/1177821 |jstor=1177821 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231210/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1064 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="munshi">{{Cite book |last=Munshi |first=Kanaiyalal M. |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.97812/2015.97812.Gujarat-And-Its-Literature-1852#page/n31/mode/2up/search/Kolis |title=Gujarāt and its literature, from early times to 1852 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Educational Trust|Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] |year=1954 |page=xix |quote=The next immigrants into the islands of Bombay were the Kolis, who on all authorities continued to be their original inhabitants till Aungier founded the city of Bombay. Kathiawad and Central Gujarāt was the home of the Kolis in pre-historic times.}}</ref><ref name="rnmehta">{{Cite journal |last=Mehta |first=R. N. |year=1983 |title=Bombay – An analysis of the toponym |journal=Journal of the Oriental Institute |pages=138–140 |quote=The kolis who succeeded the stone-age men on the island brought with them from Gujarat their patron goddess Mummai whom their descendants still worship in Kathiawar. The name of Bombay is derived from this koli goddess.}}</ref> For centuries, the [[seven islands of Bombay]] were under the control of successive [[History of Mumbai under indigenous empires|indigenous rulers]] before being [[cession|ceded]] to the [[Portuguese Empire in the East|Portuguese Empire]], and subsequently to the [[East India Company]] in 1661, through the [[dowry of Catherine Braganza]] when she was married off to [[Charles II of England]].<ref>{{Cite ODNB |first=S. M. |last=Wynne |title=Catherine (1638–1705) |volume=1 |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4894?docPos=1 |access-date=21 February 2015 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/4894 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010804/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4894?docPos=1 |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Beginning in 1782, Mumbai was reshaped by the [[Hornby Vellard]] project,<ref name="Dwivedi 2001 28">{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=28}}</ref> which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea.<ref name="fp-onceuponatime">{{Cite magazine |date=24 June 2011 |title=Once Upon a Time in Bombay |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/slideshow/once-upon-a-time-in-bombay/ |url-status=live |magazine=Foreign Policy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109020758/http://foreignpolicy.com/slideshow/once-upon-a-time-in-bombay/ |archive-date=9 January 2015 |access-date=22 February 2012}}</ref> Along with construction of major [[Roads in India|roads]] and [[Rail transport in India|railways]], the reclamation project, completed in 1845, transformed Mumbai into a major seaport on the [[Arabian Sea]]. Mumbai in the 19th century was characterized by economic and educational development. During the early 20th century it became a strong base for the [[Indian independence movement]]. Upon India's independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into [[Bombay State]]. In 1960, following the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Movement]], a new state of Maharashtra was created with Mumbai as the capital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bombay: History of a City |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous?NavigationTarget=navurl://d20cb3d618ee8cb6c3a780df7c58030c |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213041900/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous?NavigationTarget=navurl%3A%2F%2Fd20cb3d618ee8cb6c3a780df7c58030c |archive-date=13 February 2009 |access-date=8 November 2008 |publisher=[[British Library]]}}</ref>
Mumbai is the [[financial centre|financial]], commercial,<ref name="millionaireRoleModel">{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=Rama |date=14 April 2011 |title=New millionaires hope to serve as role models for India's lower castes |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |location=Mumbai |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/new-millionaires-emerge-as-role-models-for-indias-lower-castes/2011/04/03/AFesUMfD_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623215214/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/new-millionaires-emerge-as-role-models-for-indias-lower-castes/2011/04/03/AFesUMfD_story.html |archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> and the entertainment capital of India. It is also one of the world's top ten centres of commerce in terms of global financial flow,<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2011 |title=Mumbai, a land of opportunities |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-a-land-of-opportunities/articleshow/9292526.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804070300/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-a-land-of-opportunities/articleshow/9292526.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> generating 6.16% of India's GDP,<ref name="mmrda muip gdp">{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226031015/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm |archive-date=26 February 2009 |title=Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] |access-date=18 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and accounting for 25% of industrial output, 70% of maritime trade in India ([[Mumbai Port Trust]], [[Dharamtar|Dharamtar Port]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port|JNPT]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/11/slide-show-1-worst-oil-spills-in-the-world.htm |title=10 worst oil spills that cost trillions in losses : Rediff.com Business |work=Rediff.com |access-date=16 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814232747/http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/11/slide-show-1-worst-oil-spills-in-the-world.htm |archive-date=14 August 2010}}</ref> and 70% of capital transactions to [[Economy of India|India's economy]].<ref name="NMIAtender">{{cite web |title=Development of Mumbai International Airport (NMIA) |url=http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/PIM_NMIA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808061543/http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/PIM_NMIA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 August 2014 |publisher=[[CIDCO]] |year=2013 |access-date=8 July 2015 |page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahajan |first1=Poonam |title=Poonam Mahajan explains why Mumbai is at the very heart of India story |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/column-poonam-mahajan-explains-why-mumbai-is-at-the-very-heart-of-india-story-2005310 |access-date=21 June 2015 |work=DNA India |date=26 July 2014 |location=Mumbai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621131904/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/column-poonam-mahajan-explains-why-mumbai-is-at-the-very-heart-of-india-story-2005310 |archive-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> The city houses important financial institutions and the corporate [[List of Indian companies headquartered in Mumbai|headquarters]] of numerous [[List of Indian companies|Indian companies]] and [[multinational corporations]]. It is also home to some of India's premier scientific and nuclear institutes. The city is also home to [[Bollywood]] and [[Marathi cinema]] industries. Mumbai's business opportunities attract migrants from all over India.
== Etymology ==
The name ''Mumbai'' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: {{lang|mr|मुंबई}}, [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: {{lang|gu|મુંબઈ}}) is derived from ''Mumbā'' or ''Mahā-Ambā''—the name of the patron Hindu goddess ([[kuladevata]]) [[Mumbadevi]] of the native [[Koli people|Koli]] community<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2010 |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-6709481,prtpage-1.cms |last=Mukund Kule |title=मुंबईचं श्रद्धास्थान |location=Maharashtra |trans-title=Mumba'īcaṁ Shrad'dhāsthān |language=mr |access-date=16 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617083828/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-6709481,prtpage-1.cms |archive-date=17 June 2015}}</ref>—and from ''ā'ī'', meaning "mother" in the [[Marathi language]], which is the mother tongue of the Koli people and the official language of Maharashtra.<ref name="james customs" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bapat |first=Jyotsna |year=2005 |title=Development projects and critical theory of environment |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentproje00bapa |url-access=limited |isbn=978-0-7619-3357-1 |publisher=Sage |page=[https://archive.org/details/developmentproje00bapa/page/n6 6]}}</ref> According to certain accounts, the Koli community, which hails from [[Kathiawar]] and [[Central Gujarat]], is believed to have introduced their deity Mumba from Kathiawar ([[Gujarat]]), where her worship continues to this day.<ref name="munshi" /><ref name="rnmehta" /> However, other sources disagree that Mumbai's name was derived from the goddess Mumba.<ref name="rnmehta" />
[[File:Mumbadevi temple.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Mumba Devi Temple]], from whom the city of Mumbai may derive its name.]]
The oldest known names for the city are ''Kakamuchee'' and ''Galajunkja''; these are sometimes still used.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patel|Masselos|2003|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Mehta|2004|p=130}}</ref> Portuguese writer [[Gaspar Correia]] recorded the name "Bombaim" after 1512 in his ''Lendas da Índia'' (''Legends of India'').<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="et6yh">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA102 102]}}</ref> While some anglophone authors have suggested this name possibly originated as an allegued [[Galician-Portuguese]] phrase ''bom baim'', meaning "good little bay",<ref name="Shirodkar 1998 7">{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=7}}</ref> such suggestions lack any scientific basis.<ref name="jpm2">Machado, José Pedro, "Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa", Livros Horizonte, 2003, verbete "Bombaim", volume I, pp. 265/266.</ref> Portuguese linguist [[:pt:José Pedro Machado|José Pedro Machado]] attrributes that interpretation to a deficient knowledge of the Portuguese language of these authors, mixing up the Portuguese word "bom" with the English "bay", from the English version of the name.<ref name="jpm2" /> In 1516, Portuguese explorer [[Duarte Barbosa]] used the name ''Tana-Maiambu'': ''Tana'' appears to refer to the adjoining town of [[Thane]] and ''Maiambu'' to ''Mumbadevi''.<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=2}}</ref> The form ''Bombaim'' is still commonly used in Portuguese.<ref name="ety" />
Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include: ''Mombayn'' (1525), ''Bombay'' (1538), ''Bombain'' (1552), ''Bombaym'' (1552), ''Monbaym'' (1554), ''Mombaim'' (1563), ''Mombaym'' (1644), ''Bambaye'' (1666), ''Bombaiim'' (1666), ''Bombeye'' (1676), ''Boon Bay'' (1690)<ref name="ety">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA103 103]}}</ref><ref name="etyh">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA104 104]}}</ref> and ''Bon Bahia''.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Keay |author-link= John Keay |year=2000 |title=India, a History |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |location=New York, United States |isbn=978-0-00-638784-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC |page=348 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC |archive-date= 1 January 2016}}</ref> After the [[English overseas possessions|English]] gained possession of the city in the 17th century, the Portuguese name was [[anglicise]]d as ''Bombay''.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=6|Ref=bom}}</ref> Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial [[dewan]] or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the ''Mirat-i Ahmedi'' (1762) referred to the city as ''Manbai''.<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=3}}</ref>
The French traveller [[Louis Rousselet]], who visited in 1863 and 1868, states in his book ''L'Inde des Rajahs'', which was first published in 1877: "Etymologists have wrongly derived this name from the Portuguese Bôa Bahia, or (French: "bonne bai", English: "good bay"), not knowing that the tutelar goddess of this island has been, from remote antiquity, Bomba, or [[Mumba Devi Temple|Mumba Devi]], and that she still ... possesses a temple".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rousselet |first1=Louis |title=L'Inde des Rajahs |date=1877 |publisher=Librairie Hachette et cie, Paris |page=[https://archive.org/details/lindedesrajahsvo00rous/page/7 7] |url=https://archive.org/details/lindedesrajahsvo00rous |access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>
By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as ''Mumbai'' or ''Mambai'' in Marathi, [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], and as ''Bambai'' in [[Hindi]].<ref name="Christopher Beam">{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html |title=Why Did Bombay Become Mumbai? How the city got renamed |author=Christopher Beam |date=1 December 2008 |access-date=16 June 2015 |website=Slate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615105241/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> The Government of India officially changed the English name to ''Mumbai'' in November 1995.<ref>{{harvnb|Hansen|2001|p=1}}</ref> This came at the insistence of the Marathi nationalist [[Shiv Sena]] party, which had just won the Maharashtra state elections, and mirrored [[renaming of cities in India|similar name changes across the country]] and particularly in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20091218/4692758299134963929.htm |author=Nitin Chavan |work=[[Sakal]] |title=शिवसेना आमदाराची नामांतर एक्स्प्रेस |trans-title=Shivsēnā Âmadārācī Nāmāntar Express |language=mr |date=18 December 2009 |access-date=16 June 2015 |location=Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002023/http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20091218/4692758299134963929.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> According to ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' magazine, "they argued that 'Bombay' was a corrupted English version of 'Mumbai' and an unwanted legacy of British colonial rule."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html |work=Slate |date=1 December 2008 |first=Christopher |last=Beam |title=Why did Bombay become Mumbai? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615105241/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> ''Slate'' also said "The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region."<ref>{{cite news |work=Slate |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2006/07/mumbai_what_about_bombay.html |title=Mumbai? What about Bombay? |first=Christopher |last=Beam |date=12 May 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420043035/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2006/07/mumbai_what_about_bombay.html |archive-date=20 April 2013}}</ref> While Mumbai is still referred to as Bombay by some of its residents and by some Indians from other regions,<ref name="24change">{{cite news |title=From Bombay to Mumbai: 24 ways the city has changed |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-from-bombay-to-mumbai-24-ways-the-city-has-changed-1909096 |first=Ruchi |last=Kumar |date=28 October 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602205513/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-from-bombay-to-mumbai-24-ways-the-city-has-changed-1909096 |archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="mummaharashtra1">{{cite web |url=http://www.fodors.com/world/asia/india/mumbai-bombay-and-maharashtra/more.html |title=Mumbai (Bombay) and Maharashtra |publisher=[[Fodor's]] |access-date=24 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119201349/http://www.fodors.com/world/asia/india/mumbai-bombay-and-maharashtra/more.html |archive-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> mention of the city by a name other than ''Mumbai'' has been controversial.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-vs-bombay/527660/0 |title=Mumbai vs Bombay |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=11 October 2009 |access-date=15 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-vs-bombay/527660/0 |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Fruit+And+Nut:+Another+'Bombay'+controversy+brewing/1/65447.html |title=Fruit And Nut: Another 'Bombay' controversy brewing? |work=India Today |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005120437/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Fruit+And+Nut%3A+Another+%27Bombay%27+controversy+brewing/1/65447.html |archive-date=5 October 2012}}</ref>
=== People from Mumbai ===
A resident of Mumbai is called ''Mumbaikar'' (pronounced [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[mumbəikəɾ]]]) in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], in which the suffix ''-kar'' means a ''resident of''. The term had been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai.<ref name="Mumbaikar" /> Older terms such as ''Bombayite'' are also used.<ref>{{cite news |author=Vir Sanghvi |title=The Angry Bombay-ite |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-angry-bombay-ite/story-0bQZZ6gJQxGeVyotqUVGIO.html |access-date=15 April 2019 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 April 2006 |author-link=Vir Sanghvi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=3 Mumbaikars Who Are Changing The City All By Themselves |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/the-better-india/3-mumbaikars-who-are-changing-the-city-all-by-themselves_a_21477899/ |website=[[HuffPost]] |access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref>
== History ==
{{Main|History of Mumbai}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Mumbai}}
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=== Early history ===
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 94 Kanheri Caves.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Kanheri Caves]] contain Buddhist sculptures and paintings dating from the 1st century CE to the 10th century CE.|alt=A white Buddhist stupa.]]
Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of [[seven islands of Bombay|seven islands]]: [[Isle of Bombay]], [[Parel]], [[Mazagaon]], [[Mahim]], [[Colaba]], [[Worli]], and [[Old Woman's Island]] (also known as ''Little Colaba'').<ref>{{harvnb|Farooqui|2006|p=1}}</ref> It is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited. [[Pleistocene]] sediments found along the coastal areas around [[Kandivali]] in northern Mumbai suggest that the islands were inhabited since the [[South Asian Stone Age]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Ghosh|1990|p=25}}</ref> Perhaps at the beginning of the [[Common Era]], or possibly earlier, they came to be occupied by the Koli fishing community.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=5|Ref=bom}}</ref><ref name=city-profile>{{cite web |title=2. Mumbai City Profile |url=http://dm.mcgm.gov.in:9080/gmdma/wp-content/uploads/2015/pdf/city_profile.pdf |website=GMDMA Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Authority |publisher=Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai |access-date=19 July 2015 |page=7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721202935/http://dm.mcgm.gov.in:9080/gmdma/wp-content/uploads/2015/pdf/city_profile.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>
In the 3rd century BCE, the islands formed part of the [[Maurya Empire]], during its expansion in the south, ruled by the Buddhist emperor [[Ashoka]] of [[Magadha]].<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=5}}</ref> The [[Kanheri Caves]] in [[Borivali]] were excavated from basalt rock in the first century CE,<ref name="Ray">{{cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Himanshu Prabha |title=Kanheri: The archaeology of an early Buddhist pilgrimage centre in western India |journal=World Archaeology |date=June 1994 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=35–46 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1994.9980259}}</ref> and served as an important centre of Buddhism in Western India during ancient Times.<ref>{{harvnb|Kumari|1990|p=37}}</ref> The city then was known as ''Heptanesia'' ([[Ancient Greek]]: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographer [[Ptolemy]] in 150 CE.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=8}}</ref> The [[Mahakali Caves]] in [[Andheri]] were cut out between the 1st century BCE and the 6th century CE.<ref name="battleneglect">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ancient-caves-battle-neglect/articleshow/4770451.cms |title=Ancient caves battle neglect |last=Jaisinghani |first=Bella |date=13 July 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ancient-caves-battle-neglect/articleshow/4770451.cms |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="threattocaves">{{cite news |title=Threat to caves of Bombay |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060402/spectrum/main2.htm |first=Vinaya |last=Kumar |date=2 April 2006 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193451/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060402/spectrum/main2.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
Between the 2nd century BCE and 9th century CE, the islands came under the control of successive [[History of Mumbai under indigenous empires|indigenous dynasties]]: [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]], [[Western Satraps]], [[Abhira Kingdom|Abhira]], [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakataka]], [[Kalachuri dynasty|Kalachuris]], Konkan Mauryas, [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] and [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]],<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|pp=127–150|Ref=bom}}</ref> before being ruled by the [[Shilahara]]s from 810 to 1260.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=79}}</ref> Some of the oldest edifices in the city built during this period are the [[Jogeshwari Caves]] (between 520 and 525),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/eesj/gradpubs/GeneralMags/Patel_Archaeology_SlumandSacredCave_0607.pdf |title=The Slum and the Sacred Cave |page=5 |access-date=12 October 2008 |publisher=Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory ([[Columbia University]]) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123104753/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/eesj/gradpubs/GeneralMags/Patel_Archaeology_SlumandSacredCave_0607.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2008}}</ref> [[Elephanta Caves]] (between the sixth to seventh century),<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_elephanta.asp |title=World Heritage Sites – Elephanta Caves |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=22 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021063323/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_elephanta.asp |archive-date=21 October 2008}}</ref> [[Walkeshwar Temple]] (10th century),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=101117 |title=The Legends of Walkeshwar |last=Dwivedi |first=Sharada |date=26 September 2007 |website=Mumbai Newsline |publisher=[[Express Group]] |access-date=31 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101938/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=101117 |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Walkeshwar">{{cite book |author=Maharashtra (India) |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWtDAAAAYAAJ |edition=1 |volume=24 |year=1986 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |page=596 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=IWtDAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> and [[Banganga Tank]] (12th century).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=239318 |title=What about Gateway of India, Banganga Tank? |last=Agarwal |first=Lekha |date=2 June 2007 |website=Mumbai Newsline |publisher=Express Group |access-date=31 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113202153/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=239318 |archive-date=13 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="Banganga">{{cite book |last=Parry |first=Eric |title=Context: Architecture and the Genius of Place|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kiDWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |access-date=21 June 2015 |year=2015 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-94673-2 |page=44 |chapter=1: Pavement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=kiDWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Hajiali.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Haji Ali Dargah]] was built in 1431, when Mumbai was under the rule of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]].]]
[[Bhima of Mahikavati|King Bhimdev]] founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century and established his capital in ''Mahikawati'' (present day [[Mahim]]).<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=51}}</ref> The [[Pathare Prabhu]]s, among the earliest known settlers of the city, were brought to ''Mahikawati'' from [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev.<ref name="prabhu">{{harvnb|Maharashtra|2004|p=1703|Ref=prabhu}}</ref> The [[Delhi Sultanate]] annexed the islands in 1347–48 and controlled it until 1407. During this time, the islands were administered by the Muslim Governors of [[Gujarat]], who were appointed by the Delhi Sultanate.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=14}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=12}}</ref>
The islands were later governed by the independent [[Gujarat Sultanate]], which was established in 1407. As a result of the Sultanate's support, numerous mosques were built, with one notable example being the [[Haji Ali Dargah]] in [[Worli]]. Erected in 1431, this magnificent structure pays homage to the revered Muslim saint, Haji Ali.<ref>{{harvnb|Khalidi|2006|p=24}}</ref> From 1429 to 1431, the islands were a source of contention between the Gujarat Sultanate and the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] of Deccan.<ref>{{harvnb|Misra|1982|p=193|Ref=misra}}</ref><ref name="mis">{{harvnb|Misra|1982|p=222|Ref=misra}}</ref> In 1493, [[Bahadur Khan Gilani]] of the Bahmani Sultanate attempted to conquer the islands but was defeated.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=16}}</ref>
=== Portuguese and British rule ===
{{Main|History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)|History of Bombay under British rule}}
[[File:Madh-fort3.jpg|thumb|The [[Madh Island|Madh Fort]], built by the Portuguese, was one of the most important forts in [[Salsette Island|Salsette]].]]
The [[Mughal Empire]], founded in 1526, was the dominant power in the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the mid-16th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Mughals/mughals.html |title=Mughal Empire |publisher=Department of Social Sciences ([[University of California]]) |access-date=22 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718061048/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Mughals/mughals.html |archive-date=18 July 2009}}</ref> Growing apprehensive of the power of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Humayun]], Sultan [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]] was obliged to sign the [[Treaty of Bassein (1534)|Treaty of Bassein]] with the [[Portuguese Empire]] on 23 December 1534. According to the treaty, the Seven Islands of Bombay, the nearby strategic town of [[Vasai|Bassein]] and its dependencies were offered to the Portuguese. The territories were later surrendered on 25 October 1535.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=166|Ref=bom}}</ref>
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 72 Flora Fountain.jpg|thumb|right|[[Flora Fountain]], built in Neo Classical and Gothic Revival style in 1864, depicts the Roman goddess [[Flora (mythology)|Flora]].]]
The Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their [[Roman Catholic]] religious orders in Bombay.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=169|Ref=bom}}</ref> They called the islands by various names, which finally took the written form ''Bombaim''. The islands were leased to several Portuguese officers during their regime. The Portuguese [[Franciscans]] and [[Jesuits]] built several churches in the city, prominent being the [[St. Michael's Church (Mumbai)|St. Michael's Church]] at [[Mahim]] (1534),<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=19}}</ref> [[St. John the Baptist Church, Mumbai|St. John the Baptist Church]] at [[Andheri]] (1579),<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_relishing-a-sunday-feast-but-only-once-in-a-year_1163869 |title=Relishing a Sunday feast, but only once in a year |date=12 May 2008 |last=Shukla |first=Ashutosh |access-date=2 September 2009 |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728070104/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_relishing-a-sunday-feast-but-only-once-in-a-year_1163869 |archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref> [[St. Andrew's Church (Mumbai)|St. Andrew's Church]] at [[Bandra]] (1580),<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/New-life-for-old-church-records/articleshow/3112498.cms?referral=PM |title=New life for old church records |date=9 June 2008 |last=D'Mello |first=Ashley |access-date=2 September 2009 |work=The Times of India |location=India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804093347/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/New-life-for-old-church-records/articleshow/3112498.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> and [[Gloria Church]] at [[Byculla]] (1632).<ref name="gc">{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/glorious-past/233152/ |title=Glorious past |newspaper=Express India |date=28 October 2008 |access-date=17 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205151403/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Glorious-past/233152/ |archive-date=5 February 2008}}</ref> The Portuguese also built several fortifications around the city like the [[Bombay Castle]], ''[[Castella de Aguada]]'' (Castelo da Aguada or Bandra Fort), and [[Madh Fort]]. The [[English Empire|English]] were in constant struggle with the Portuguese vying for hegemony over Mumbai, as they recognised its strategic natural harbour and its natural isolation from land attacks. By the middle of the 17th century the growing power of the [[Dutch Empire]] forced the [[English Empire|English]] to acquire a station in western India. On 11 May 1661, the marriage treaty of [[Charles II of England]] and [[Catherine of Braganza]], daughter of [[John IV of Portugal|King John IV of Portugal]], placed the islands in possession of the [[English Empire]], as part of Catherine's [[dowry]] to Charles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A2998461 |title=Catherine of Bragança (1638–1705) |date=12 October 2004 |publisher=BBC |access-date=5 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102065741/http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A2998461 |archive-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> However, [[Salsette Island|Salsette]], [[Vasai|Bassein]], [[Mazagaon]], [[Parel]], [[Worli]], [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]], [[Dharavi]], and [[Wadala Road|Wadala]] still remained under Portuguese possession. From 1665 to 1666, the English managed to acquire Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala.<ref>{{harvnb|The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island|1978|p=54|Ref=bi}}</ref>
[[File:AMH-6748-NA Two views of the English fort in Bombay.jpg|thumb|Two views of the English fort in Bombay, {{Circa|1665}}]]
In accordance with the [[Royal Charter of 27 March 1668]], England leased these islands to the [[English East India Company]] in 1668 for a sum of [[Pound sterling|£]]10 per annum.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=20}}</ref> The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=410}}</ref> The islands were subsequently attacked by [[Yakut Khan]], the [[Muslim]] [[Koli people|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&q=Yakut+Khan+koli&pg=PA174 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times |last=Ali |first=Shanti Sadiq |date=1996 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UU1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Koli |title=Bajirao I: an outstanding cavalry general |last1=Palsokar |first1=R. D. |last2=Reddy |first2=T. Rabi |date=1995 |publisher=Reliance Pub. House |isbn=978-81-85972-94-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924070623685 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924070623685/page/n458 443] |quote=Yakub Khan koli. |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kolába and Janjira |last=Campbell |first=Sir James MacNabb |date=1883 |publisher=Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fVBAQAAMAAJ&q=Gohagad+koli |title=A History of the Maratha People |last1=Kincaid |first1=Charles Augustus |last2=Pārasanīsa |first2=Dattātraya Baḷavanta |date=1922 |publisher=H. Milford, Oxford University Press |language=en}}</ref> admiral of the [[Mughal Empire]], in October 1672,<ref name="y72">{{harvnb|Yimene|2004|p=94|Ref=yakg}}</ref> [[Rickloffe van Goen]], the Governor-General of [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch India]] on 20 February 1673,<ref>{{Cite conference|url=http://www.isnie.org/assets/files/papers2007/ganley.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726175635/http://www.isnie.org/assets/files/papers2007/ganley.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 July 2008 |title=Security, the central component of an early modern institutional matrix; 17th century Bombay's Economic Growth |last=Ganley |first=Colin C. |year=2007 |page=13 |publisher=International Society for New Institutional Economics |access-date=6 November 2008}}</ref> and [[Siddi]] admiral [[Siddi Sambal|Sambal]] on 10 October 1673.<ref name="y72" />
In 1687, the English East India Company transferred its headquarters from [[Surat]] to Mumbai. The city eventually became the headquarters of the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Carsten|1961|p=427}}</ref> Following the transfer, Mumbai was placed at the head of all the company's establishments in India.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=179}}</ref> Towards the end of the 17th century, the islands again suffered incursions from Yakut Khan in 1689–90.<ref name="iexpress">{{Cite news |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=47106 |title=Mazgaon fort was blown to pieces – 313 years ago |last=Nandgaonkar |first=Satish |date=22 March 2003 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=20 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030412025617/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=47106 |archive-date=12 April 2003}}</ref> The Portuguese presence ended in Mumbai when the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] under ''[[Peshwa]]'' [[Baji Rao I]] captured [[Salsette Island|Salsette]] in 1737, and [[Vasai|Bassein]] in 1739.<ref>{{harvnb|History of Medieval India|p=126|Ref=maratha}}</ref>
By the middle of the 18th century, Mumbai began to grow into a major trading town, and received a huge influx of migrants from across India.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=32}}</ref> Later, the British occupied Salsette on 28 December 1774. With the [[Treaty of Surat]] (1775), the British formally gained control of [[Salsette]] and Bassein, resulting in the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref>{{harvnb|Fortescue|2008|p=145}}</ref> The British were able to secure Salsette from the Marathas without violence through the [[Treaty of Purandar (1776)]],<ref>{{harvnb|Naravane|2007|p=56}}</ref> and later through the [[Treaty of Salbai]] (1782), signed to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War.<ref>{{harvnb|Naravane|2007|p=63}}</ref>
[[File:Ships in Bombay Harbour, 1731.jpg|thumb|Ships in [[Bombay Harbour|Mumbai Harbour]] (c. 1731). Mumbai emerged as a significant trading town during the mid-18th century.]]
From 1782 onwards, the city was reshaped with large-scale civil engineering projects aimed at merging all the [[seven islands of Bombay]] into a single amalgamated mass by way of a [[causeway]] called the [[Hornby Vellard]], which was completed by 1784.<ref name="Dwivedi 2001 28" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Perur |first=Srinath |date=30 March 2016 |title=Story of cities #11: the reclamation of Mumbai – from the sea, and its people? |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/mar/30/story-cities-11-reclamation-mumbai-bombay-megacity-population-density-flood-risk |access-date=28 March 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In 1817, the British East India Company under [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]] defeated [[Baji Rao II]], the last of the Maratha ''Peshwa'' in the [[Battle of Khadki]].<ref>{{harvnb|Naravane|2007|pp=80–82}}</ref> Following his defeat, almost the whole of the [[Deccan Plateau]] came under British suzerainty, and was incorporated into the Bombay Presidency. The success of the British campaign in the Deccan marked the end of all attacks by native powers.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=233|Ref=bom}}</ref>
By 1845, the seven islands coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard project via large scale [[land reclamation]].<ref name="fp-onceuponatime" /><ref name="mumfact">{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/Trivia.html |title=Maharashtra – trivia |publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation |access-date=7 December 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016224555/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=..%2FMaharashtraTourism%2FTrivia.html |archive-date=16 October 2007}}</ref> On 16 April 1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Mumbai to the neighbouring town of [[Thane|Thana]] (now Thane).<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=127}}</ref> During the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865), the city became the world's chief cotton-trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy that subsequently enhanced the city's stature.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=343}}</ref>
The opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869 transformed Mumbai into one of the largest seaports on the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=88}}</ref> In September 1896, Mumbai was hit by a [[Mumbai plague epidemic|bubonic plague epidemic]] where the death toll was estimated at 1,900 people per week.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=74}}</ref> About 850,000 people fled Mumbai and the textile industry was adversely affected.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=45 |title=Rat Trap |issue=6 |journal=[[Time Out Mumbai]] |date=14 November 2008 |access-date=19 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129020135/http://timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=45 |archive-date=29 November 2010}}</ref> While the city was the capital of the [[Bombay Presidency]], the [[Indian independence movement]] fostered the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942 and the [[Royal Indian Navy mutiny]] in 1946.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=345}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=293}}</ref>
=== Independent India ===
{{Main|History of Bombay in Independent India}}
[[File:Victoria Terminus, Bombay in 1950.jpg|thumb|[[Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai]] in 1950 (Victoria Terminus partly visible on far right)]]
After India's independence in 1947, the territory of the [[Bombay Presidency]] retained by India was restructured into [[Bombay State]]. The area of [[Bombay State]] increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into the state. Subsequently, the city became the capital of Bombay State.<ref>{{Harvnb|Census of India|1961|p=23|Ref=cent}}</ref> In April 1950, Municipal limits of Mumbai were expanded by merging the [[Mumbai suburban district|Mumbai Suburban District]] and [[Mumbai city district|Mumbai City]] to form the Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/administrative_setup.htm |title=Administration |access-date=6 November 2008 |publisher=[[Mumbai Suburban District]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121000427/http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/administrative_setup.htm |archive-date=21 November 2008}}</ref>
The [[Samyukta Maharashtra movement]] to create a separate Maharashtra state including Mumbai was at its height in the 1950s. In the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'' discussions in 1955, the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] demanded that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state.<ref>{{cite web |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050514003803/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm |archive-date=14 May 2005 |title=The battle for Bombay |date=13 April 2003 |access-date= 12 November 2008 |website=The Hindu |location=India |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[States Reorganisation Act|States Reorganisation]] Committee recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra–[[Gujarat]] with Mumbai as its capital in its 1955 report. [[Bombay Citizens' Committee]], an advocacy group of leading [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] industrialists lobbied for Mumbai's independent status.<ref>{{Harvnb|Guha|2007|pp=197–8}}</ref>
Following protests during the movement in which 105 people died in clashes with the police, [[Bombay State]] was reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sons-of-soil-born-reborn/269628/ |title=Sons of soil: born, reborn |date=6 February 2008 |work=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514103258/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sons-of-soil-born-reborn/269628/ |archive-date=14 May 2014}} Retrieved on 12 November 2008.</ref> [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-speaking areas of [[Bombay State]] were partitioned into the state of Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_gujurat.php |title=Gujarat |access-date=16 January 2008 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115083238/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_gujurat.php |archive-date=15 January 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Maharashtra State with Mumbai as its capital was formed with the merger of [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking areas of [[Bombay State]], eight districts from [[Central Provinces and Berar]], five districts from [[Hyderabad State]], and numerous princely states enclosed between them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_maharashtra.php |title=Maharashtra |access-date=16 January 2008 |publisher=Government of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105100324/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_maharashtra.php |archive-date=5 January 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> As a memorial to the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, Flora Fountain was renamed as ''[[Hutatma Chowk]]'' (Martyr's Square) and a memorial was erected.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |title=BMC will give jobs to kin of Samyukta Maharashtra martyrs |first=Geeta |last=Desai |access-date=16 November 2008 |date=13 May 2008 |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816124148/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |archive-date=16 August 2011}}</ref> [[File:Hutatma Chowk.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Hutatma Chowk]] memorial, built to honour the martyrs of the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti|Samyukta Maharashtra movement]] ([[Flora Fountain]] on its left in the background)|alt=A stone statue of torch-bearers as seen at night. A fountain with a white base is in the background|left]]The following decades saw massive expansion of the city and its suburbs. In the late 1960s, [[Nariman Point]] and [[Cuffe Parade]] were reclaimed and developed.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=306}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (BMRDA) was established on 26 January 1975 by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the [[Mumbai metropolitan area|Mumbai metropolitan region]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307224202/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm |archive-date=7 March 2009 |title=About Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) |access-date=13 November 2008 |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> In August 1979, a sister township of [[New Bombay|New Mumbai]] was founded by the [[City and Industrial Development Corporation]] (CIDCO) across the [[Thane district|Thane]] and [[Raigad district]]s to help the dispersal and control of Mumbai's population. The textile industry in Mumbai largely disappeared after the widespread 1982 [[Great Bombay Textile Strike]], in which nearly 250,000 workers in more than 50 textile mills went on strike.<ref name="a">{{Cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/18sld2.htm |title=The Great Mumbai Textile Strike... 25 Years On |date=18 January 2007 |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] India Limited |access-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531192635/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/18sld2.htm |archive-date=31 May 2010}}</ref> Mumbai's defunct cotton mills have since become the focus of [[Redevelopment of Mumbai mills|intense redevelopment]].<ref name="skylimit">{{cite news |title=From mills to malls, the sky is the limit |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/From-mills-to-malls-the-sky-is-the-limit/articleshow/298196.cms |first=Nazer |last=Bharucha |date=24 November 2003 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709080439/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/From-mills-to-malls-the-sky-is-the-limit/articleshow/298196.cms |archive-date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="revisitmills">{{cite news |title=Maharashtra may revisit redevelopment of textile mill land |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/maharashtra-may-revisit-redevelopment-of-textile-mill-land-112081100041_1.html |first=Sanjay |last=Jog |date=11 August 2012 |work=The Economic Times |location=Mumbai |access-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706134722/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/maharashtra-may-revisit-redevelopment-of-textile-mill-land-112081100041_1.html |archive-date=6 July 2015}}</ref> Industrial development began in Mumbai when its economy started focusing on the petrochemical, electronic, and automotive sectors. In 1954 [[Hindustan Petroleum]] comissoned [[Mumbai Refinery (HPCL)|Mumbai Refinery]] at [[Trombay]] and [[Mumbai Refinery (BPCL)|BPCL Refinery]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Map of Refineries in India |url=https://www.ppac.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/Refineries_Map_01_04_2020.pdf}}</ref>
The [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]], which handles 55–60% of India's containerized cargo, was commissioned on 26 May 1989 across the creek at [[Nhava Sheva]] with a view to de-congest [[Mumbai Harbour]] and to serve as a hub port for the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jawaharcustoms.gov.in/jnch/others/profile.htm |title=Profile of Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House (Nhava Sheva) |access-date=13 November 2008 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226073604/http://www.jawaharcustoms.gov.in/jnch/others/profile.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008}}</ref> The geographical limits of Greater Mumbai were coextensive with municipal limits of Greater Mumbai. On 1 October 1990, the Greater Mumbai district was bifurcated to form two revenue districts namely, [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]] and [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]], though they continued to be administered by same Municipal Administration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/profile.htm |title=Profile |publisher=[[Mumbai Suburban District]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202060333/http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/profile.htm |archive-date=2 December 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014}}</ref>
The years from 1990 to 2010 saw an increase in violence and terrorism activities. Following the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]] in [[Ayodhya]], the city was rocked by the [[Bombay riots|Hindu-Muslim riots of 1992–93]] in which more than 1,000 people were killed. In March 1993, [[1993 Bombay bombings|a series of 13 coordinated bombings]] at several city landmarks by [[Islamic extremism|Islamic extremists]] and the [[Mumbai underworld#Mumbai underworld|Mumbai underworld]] resulted in 257 deaths and over 700 injuries.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm |title=1993: Bombay hit by devastating bombs |access-date=12 November 2008 |date=12 March 1993 |publisher=BBC News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211202614/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm |archive-date=11 December 2008}}</ref> In 2006, 209 people were killed and over 700 injured when [[2006 Mumbai train bombings|seven bombs exploded]] on the city's [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|commuter trains]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/south_asia/2006/mumbai_train_attacks/default.stm |title=Special Report: Mumbai Train Attacks |date=30 September 2006 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=13 August 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810041902/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/south_asia/2006/mumbai_train_attacks/default.stm |archive-date=10 August 2008}}</ref> In 2008, a series of [[2008 Mumbai attacks|ten coordinated attacks]] by armed terrorists for three days resulted in 173 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to several heritage landmarks and prestigious hotels.<ref name="Casualties">{{cite press release |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=45446 |publisher=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |date=11 December 2008 |title=HM announces measures to enhance security |access-date=14 December 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221205459/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=45446 |archive-date=21 February 2011}}</ref> The three coordinated [[2011 Mumbai bombings|bomb explosions in July 2011]] that occurred at the [[Opera house]], [[Zaveri Bazaar]] and [[Dadar]] were the latest in the series of terrorist attacks in Mumbai which resulted in 26 deaths and 130 injuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai blasts: Death toll rises to 26 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai-blasts-Death-toll-rises-to-26/Article1-727292.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905103034/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai-blasts-Death-toll-rises-to-26/Article1-727292.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 September 2012 |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="13 July Mumbai bombings">{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-bomb-blasts-in-mumbai-18-dead-over-130-injured-119083?curl=1420282309 |title=Three bomb blasts in Mumbai, 18 dead, over 130 injured |access-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109003829/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-bomb-blasts-in-mumbai-18-dead-over-130-injured-119083?curl=1420282309 |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref>
Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and has evolved into a global financial hub.<ref name="Mumbai global" /> For several decades it has been the home of India's main financial services companies, and a focus for both infrastructure development and private investment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shaw |first=Annapurna |title=Emerging Patterns of Urban Growth in India |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=34 |issue=16/17 |pages=969–978 |year=1999 |jstor=4407880}}</ref> From being an ancient fishing community and a colonial centre of trade, Mumbai has become South Asia's largest city and home of the world's most prolific film industry.<ref>{{harvnb|Brunn|Williams|Zeigler|2003|pages=353–354|Ref=bru}}</ref>
== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Mumbai}}
{{See also|South Mumbai|Western Suburbs (Mumbai)|Eastern Suburbs (Mumbai)|List of neighbourhoods in Mumbai}}
[[File:Mumbai_432_pan_crop_375_(27105063465).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Satellite image]] of Mumbai]]
[[File:Mumbaicitydistricts.png|thumb|upright|Mumbai consists of two revenue districts.]]
Mumbai is on a narrow peninsula on the southwest of [[Salsette Island]], which lies between the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west, [[Thane Creek]] to the east and [[Vasai Creek]] to the north. Mumbai's suburban district occupies most of the island. [[Navi Mumbai]] is east of Thane Creek and [[Thane]] is north of [[Vasai Creek]]. Mumbai consists of two distinct regions: [[Mumbai City district]] and [[Mumbai Suburban district]], which form two separate revenue districts of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Suburban |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] (Mahrashtra State Centre) |url=http://www.maharashtra.nic.in/htmldocs/Activity/mumbai_sub.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513120309/http://www.maharashtra.nic.in/htmldocs/Activity/mumbai_sub.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref> The city district region is also commonly referred to as the ''Island City'' or [[South Mumbai]].<ref name="mmrda muip gdp" /> The total area of Mumbai is 603.4 km<sup>2</sup> (233 sq mi).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dm.mcgm.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/city_profile.pdf |title=City Profile of Greater Mumbai |publisher=Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425114633/http://dm.mcgm.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/city_profile.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Of this, the island city spans 67.79 km<sup>2</sup> (26 sq mi), while the suburban district spans 370 km<sup>2</sup> (143 sq mi), together accounting for 437.71 km<sup>2</sup> (169 sq mi) under the administration of [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] (MCGM). The remaining areas belong to various Defence establishments, the [[Mumbai Port Trust]], the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] and the Borivali National Park, which are out of the jurisdiction of the MCGM.<ref name="trf">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.2 Area and Divisions|Ref=plan}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] which includes portions of [[Thane district|Thane]], [[Palghar district|Palghar]] and [[Raigad district|Raigad]] districts in addition to Greater Mumbai, covers an area of 4,355 km<sup>2</sup> (1681.5 sq mi).<ref name="projectsecoa1" />
Mumbai lies at the mouth of the [[Ulhas River]] on the western coast of India,<!-- DO NOT change this to Maharashtra as Konkan extends to Goa --> in the coastal region known as the [[Konkan]]. It sits on [[Salsette Island]] (Sashti Island), which it partially shares with the [[Thane district]].<ref name="geo">{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=2|Ref=bom}}</ref> Mumbai is bounded by the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west.<ref name="mloc">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.1 Location|Ref=plan}}</ref> Many parts of the city lie just above sea level, with elevations ranging from 10 m (33 ft) to 15 m (49 ft);<ref>{{Harvnb|Krishnamoorthy|2008|p=218}}</ref> the city has an average elevation of 14 m (46 ft).<ref name="Wbase">{{cite web |publisher=Weatherbase |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=030034&refer= |title=Mumbai, India |access-date=19 March 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316121943/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=030034&refer= |archive-date=16 March 2006}}</ref> Northern Mumbai (Salsette) is hilly,<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.2.2 Salsette Island|Ref=plan}}</ref> and the highest point in the city is 450 m (1,476 ft) at Salsette in the [[Powai]]–[[Kanheri]] ranges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in/floristic%20survey.html |title=Floristic Survey of Institute of Science, Mumbai, Maharashtra State |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |last1=Srinivasu |first1=T. |last2=Pardeshi |first2=Satish |access-date=26 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717023146/http://iscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in/floristic%20survey.html |archive-date=17 July 2009}}</ref> The [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]] (Borivali National Park) is located partly in the [[Mumbai suburban district]], and partly in the Thane district, and it extends over an area of 103.09 km<sup>2</sup> (39.80 sq mi).<ref>{{Harvnb|Bapat|2005|pp=111–112}}</ref>
Apart from the [[Bhatsa Dam]], there are six major lakes that supply water to the city: [[Vihar Lake|Vihar]], [[Middle Vaitarna Dam|Lower Vaitarna]], [[Upper Vaitarna Dam|Upper Vaitarna]], [[Tulsi Lake|Tulsi]], [[Tansa Dam|Tansa]] and [[Powai]]. Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located in [[Borivili National Park]], within the city's limits. The supply from Powai lake, also within the city limits, is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt |format=PPT |title=Salient Features of Powai Lake |publisher=Department of Environment ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |pages=1–3 |access-date=29 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715195652/https://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt |archive-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> Three small rivers, the [[Dahisar River]], [[Poisar River|Poinsar (or Poisar)]] and [[Oshiwara River|Ohiwara (or Oshiwara)]] originate within the park, while the [[Mithi River]] originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai Lakes.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.7 Water Supply and Sanitation|Ref=plan}}</ref> The coastline of the city is indented with numerous [[creek (tidal)|creeks]] and bays, stretching from the [[Thane creek]] on the
eastern to Madh Marve on the western front.<ref>{{cite news |title=Security web for city coastline |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Security-web-for-city-coastline/articleshow/3830390.cms?referral=PM |date=13 December 2008 |last=Sen |first=Somit |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=30 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803214157/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Security-web-for-city-coastline/articleshow/3830390.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=3 August 2014}}</ref> The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large [[mangrove]] [[swamp]]s, rich in biodiversity, while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patil|1957|pp=45–49}}</ref>
Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.1 Soil|Ref=plan}}</ref> The underlying rock of the region is composed of black [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] basalt flows, and their acidic and [[basic (chemistry)|basic]] variants dating back to the late [[Cretaceous]] and early [[Eocene]] eras.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.2 Geology and Geomorphology|Ref=plan}}</ref> Mumbai sits on a [[Seismicity|seismically active]] zone owing to the presence of 23 [[fault line]]s in the vicinity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kanth |first1=S. T. G. Raghu |last2=Iyenagar |first2=R. N. |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/10026629/Earthquake-Hazard-Computation-for-Mumbai-Bombay-City |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=91 |title=Seismic Hazard estimation for Mumbai City |date=10 December 2006 |issue=11 |page=1486 |access-date=3 September 2009 |quote=This is used to compute the probability of ground motion that can be induced by each of the '''twenty-three''' known faults that exist around the city. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202112243/http://www.scribd.com/doc/10026629/Earthquake-Hazard-Computation-for-Mumbai-Bombay-City |archive-date=2 February 2009}}</ref> The area is classified as a [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|Seismic Zone III region]],<ref>{{cite map |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm |title=Seismic Zoning Map |access-date=20 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915154543/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm |archive-date=15 September 2008}}</ref> which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter magnitude scale may be expected.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/fault.html |title=The Seismic Environment of Mumbai |publisher=Department of Theoretical Physics ([[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]) |access-date=6 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213094722/http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/fault.html |archive-date=13 December 2007}}</ref>
=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Mumbai}}
{{See also|Mumbai Climate Action Plan}}
[[File:India mumbai temperature precipitation averages chart.svg|thumb|Average temperature and precipitation in Mumbai|alt=The average temperature ranges between {{cvt|23|°C|0}} in January to {{cvt|30|°C|0}} in May. Rainfall is at or near zero from November through May, then quickly rises to a peak of about {{cvt|600|mm|2}} in July, falling back more gradually.|left]]
[[File:Mumbai Skyline during monsoon (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai|Skyline of Mumbai]] during a [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]]]]
Mumbai has an extreme [[tropical savanna climate|tropical wet and dry climate]] (''Aw'') under the [[Köppen climate classification]], although the central and northern suburbs have a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am'') with even heavier wet season rainfall. Mumbai has a virtually rainless period extending from October to May and an extremely wet period peaking in July.<ref>{{harvnb|Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy|1999|p=210|Ref=proc}}</ref> A cooler season from December to February is followed by a hotter season from March to May. The period from June to about the end of September constitutes the [[Monsoon of Indian subcontinent|south west monsoon]] season, and October and November form the post-monsoon season.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=84|Ref=bom}}</ref>
Between June and September, the [[South-west monsoon]] rains occur in Mumbai. Pre-monsoon showers are received in May. Occasionally, north-east monsoon showers occur in October and November. The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was {{cvt|3452|mm|0}} for 1954.<ref name="clra">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.4 Climate and Rainfall|Ref=plan}}</ref> The [[2005 Mumbai floods|highest rainfall]] recorded in a single day was {{cvt|944|mm|0}} on [[Maharashtra floods of 2005|26 July 2005]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kishwar |first=Madhu Purnima |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-three-drown-as-heavy-rain-lashes-mumbai-for-the-3rd-day-1039257 |title=Three drown as heavy rain lashes Mumbai for the 3rd day |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |location=Mumbai |date=3 July 2006 |access-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106115301/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-three-drown-as-heavy-rain-lashes-mumbai-for-the-3rd-day-1039257 |archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> The average total annual rainfall is {{cvt|2213.4|mm|0}} for the Island City, and {{cvt|2502.3|mm|0}} for the suburbs.<ref name="clra" />
The average annual temperature is {{cvt|27|°C|0}}, and the average annual [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] is {{cvt|2213|mm|0}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Rohli|Vega|2007|p=267}}</ref> In the Island City, the average maximum temperature is {{cvt|31|°C|0}}, while the average minimum temperature is {{cvt|24|°C|0}}. In the suburbs, the daily mean maximum temperature range from {{cvt|29|°C|0}} to {{cvt|33|°C|0}}, while the daily mean minimum temperature ranges from {{cvt|16|°C|0}} to {{cvt|26|°C|0}}.<ref name="clra" /> The record high is {{cvt|42.2|°C|0}} set on 14 April 1952,<ref name=IMDextremes>{{cite web |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date= 5 February 2020 |url=http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M146 |access-date= 1 March 2020}}</ref> and the record low is {{cvt|7.4|°C|0}} set on 27 January 1962.<ref name=IMDextremes /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-still-cold-at-86-degree-C/articleshow/2770007.cms?referral=PM |title=Mumbai still cold at 8.6 °C |newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 February 2008 |access-date=26 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-still-cold-at-86-degree-C/articleshow/2770007.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref>
Tropical cyclones are rare in the city. The worst cyclone to ever impact Mumbai was the one in 1948 where gusts reached {{cvt|151|km/h}} in Juhu. The storm left 38 people dead and 47 missing. The storm reportedly impacted Mumbai for 20 hours and left the city devastated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 1948 |title=Cyclone hits Bombay; isolates city |pages=1 |work=Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848–1957) |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22707765 |access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyclone Nisarga: When 1948 November storm left 38 dead and 47 missing in Bombay |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/cyclone-nisarga-when-1948-november-storm-left-38-dead-and-47-missing-in-bombay |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |agency=Press Trust of India |date=3 June 2020 |title=When 20-hour storm paralysed Bombay: Old-timers recall fury of cyclone which hit Mumbai in 1948 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/when-20-hour-storm-paralysed-bombay-old-timers-recall-fury-of-cyclone-which-hit-mumbai-in-1948-1685017-2020-06-03 |access-date=14 September 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
Mumbai is prone to [[monsoon]] floods,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai-floods-why-india-s-cities-are-struggling-with-extreme-rainfall/story-wsWPNy2MXh4b9JYTqtA0QJ.html |title=Mumbai floods: Why India's cities are struggling with extreme rainfall |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/will-mumbai-flood-this-year-too-bmc-starts-to-find-solutions/story-jWxMNBb5M37hj5MvC3kqQI.html |title=Will Mumbai flood this year too? BMC starts to find solution |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref> caused due to [[climate change]] that is affected by heavy rains and [[high tide]] in the sea, according to the [[World Bank]], unplanned drainage system and [[Informal housing|informal settlement]] is a key factor of frequent floods in Mumbai.<ref name="WEF">{{cite web|title= How Twitter is helping one Indian city map monsoon floods|url= https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/07/twitter-indian-city-map-monsoon-floods/|last= Srivastava|first= Roli|work=[[World Economic Forum]]|date=8 July 2022|access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> Among other causes of flooding in Mumbai is its [[Geographical feature|geographic location]], Mumbai urban is peninsular in form, (a land-filled area that connects seven islands) a low laying area, compared to its suburbs that sit on an elevated location. Over the past few decades, new informal settlements were formed in the suburbs, causing a rapid increase in population, improper waste management, and drainage congestion. The rainwater from these areas heavily flows towards low-lying urban areas consisting of some slums and high-rise buildings. As a result, slums are either [[swamp]]ed, washed away, or collapse causing heavy casualties, and post-flood water logging lasts for a long time that causing blockage of railway lines-(most frequently used public transport in Mumbai), traffic snarl, inundated roads, and sub-merged bylanes. Over the past few decades, the frequency of floods in Mumbai is enormous, the [[2005 Mumbai floods]] are characterized by 500-1000 deaths, household displacements, damaged infrastructure-(including heritage sites), and a financial loss of {{USD}} 1.2 billion.<ref name="WEF" /><ref name="david,david&Janel">{{cite book|title= Adapting Cities to Climate Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HX_i-QdqD0wC|pages=134–140|last3= Satterthwaite|first3= David|last2=Bicknell|first2=Jane|last1=Dodman|first1=David|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=9781136572548|access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> In the process of reducing floods in Mumbai, the [[Maharashtra government]] adopted a flood mitigation plan; according to which the drainage system will be restructured, restoration of [[Mithi River]], and re-establishment of informal settlements. Local civic body [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) authorities are assigned to forecast and issue eviction notices while BMC along with NGO's prepare for the evacuation of the residents of those areas to temporary safe camps.<ref name="WEF" /><ref name="david,david&Janel" /><ref name="LSC">{{cite journal|title=An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on flood risk in Mumbai|url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33459/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Ranger,%20N_Assessment%20of%20potential%20impact_Ranger_Assessment%20potential%20impact_2014.pdf|pages=142–157|last13=Ranger|first13=Nicola|last12=Hallegatte|first12=Stéphane|last11=Bhattacharya|first11=Sumana|last10=Bachu|first10=Murthy|last9=Priya|first9=Satya|last8=Dhore|first8=K.|last7=Rafique|first7=Farhat|last6=Mathur|first6=P.|last5=Naville|first5=Nicolas|last4=Henriet|first4=Fanny|last3=Herweijer|first3=Celine|last2=Pohit|first2=Sanjib |last1=Corfee|first1=Morlot|publisher=[[London School of Economics]]|date=31 December 2010|issn=0165-0009|access-date=3 October 2022|journal=Climatic Change}}</ref>{{center|
{{Clear}}
{{Mumbai weatherbox}}
{{Weather box
| location = Mumbai ([[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]], located in [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1951–2012)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 37.4
| Feb record high C = 39.6
| Mar record high C = 41.7
| Apr record high C = 42.2
| May record high C = 41.0
| Jun record high C = 39.8
| Jul record high C = 36.2
| Aug record high C = 33.5
| Sep record high C = 37.0
| Oct record high C = 38.6
| Nov record high C = 37.6
| Dec record high C = 39.8
| year record high C = 42.2
| Jan high C = 31.2
| Feb high C = 31.7
| Mar high C = 33.1
| Apr high C = 33.4
| May high C = 33.7
| Jun high C = 32.5
| Jul high C = 30.4
| Aug high C = 30.2
| Sep high C = 30.9
| Oct high C = 33.6
| Nov high C = 34.1
| Dec high C = 32.6
| year high C = 32.3
| Jan low C = 16.9
| Feb low C = 18.1
| Mar low C = 21.1
| Apr low C = 24.2
| May low C = 27.0
| Jun low C = 26.6
| Jul low C = 25.5
| Aug low C = 25.2
| Sep low C = 24.9
| Oct low C = 23.9
| Nov low C = 21.4
| Dec low C = 18.4
| year low C = 22.8
| Jan record low C = 7.4
| Feb record low C = 8.5
| Mar record low C = 12.7
| Apr record low C = 16.9
| May record low C = 20.2
| Jun record low C = 19.8
| Jul record low C = 21.2
| Aug record low C = 19.4
| Sep record low C = 20.7
| Oct record low C = 16.7
| Nov record low C = 13.3
| Dec record low C = 10.6
| year record low C = 7.4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 0.2
| Feb rain mm = 0.2
| Mar rain mm = 0.1
| Apr rain mm = 0.1
| May rain mm = 7.3
| Jun rain mm = 526.3
| Jul rain mm = 919.9
| Aug rain mm = 560.8
| Sep rain mm = 383.5
| Oct rain mm = 91.3
| Nov rain mm = 11.0
| Dec rain mm = 1.6
| year rain mm = 2502.3
| Jan rain days = 0.0
| Feb rain days = 0.0
| Mar rain days = 0.1
| Apr rain days = 0.0
| May rain days = 0.7
| Jun rain days = 14.0
| Jul rain days = 23.3
| Aug rain days = 21.4
| Sep rain days = 14.4
| Oct rain days = 3.9
| Nov rain days = 0.6
| Dec rain days = 0.2
| year rain days = 78.6
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 49
| Feb humidity = 47
| Mar humidity = 51
| Apr humidity = 59
| May humidity = 65
| Jun humidity = 74
| Jul humidity = 81
| Aug humidity = 81
| Sep humidity = 76
| Oct humidity = 63
| Nov humidity = 54
| Dec humidity = 51
| year humidity = 63
| source = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>{{cite web|url=https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=43003 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |title=Climatological Information - Mumbai (Santacruz) (43003)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M146 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
}}<!-- end of "center" -->
=== Air pollution ===
[[Air pollution]] is a major issue in Mumbai.<ref>Borwankari, Vinamrata. [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/air-pollution-killed-81000-in-delhi-mumbai-cost-rs-70000-crore-in-2015/articleshow/56656252.cms "Air pollution killed 81,000 in Delhi & Mumbai, cost Rs 70,000 crore in 2015."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610043814/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/air-pollution-killed-81000-in-delhi-mumbai-cost-rs-70000-crore-in-2015/articleshow/56656252.cms |date=10 June 2017 }} ''Times of India''. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>Chatterjee, Badri. [http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-breathes-2017-s-cleanest-air-good-aqi-after-6-months/story-4YoZQvrZSFBNOOcf6tmKBK.html "Mumbai breathes 2017's cleanest air; 'good' AQI after 6 months."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506153636/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-breathes-2017-s-cleanest-air-good-aqi-after-6-months/story-4YoZQvrZSFBNOOcf6tmKBK.html |date=6 May 2017 }} ''Hindustan Times''. 11 March 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>Express News Service. [http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/air-quality-in-mumbai-3-times-worse-than-delhi-4568124/ "Air quality in Mumbai three times worse than Delhi."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318200948/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/air-quality-in-mumbai-3-times-worse-than-delhi-4568124/ |date=18 March 2017 }} ''Indian Express''. 14 March 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref> According to the 2016 [[World Health Organization]] Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database,<ref>[https://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301221905/http://who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |date=1 March 2017 }} ''World Health Organization''. May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2017.</ref> the annual average [[PM2.5]] concentration in 2013 was 63 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, which is 6.3 times higher than that recommended by the WHO Air Quality Guidelines<ref name="guidelines">[https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ WHO Air Quality Guidelines.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104165807/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ |date=4 January 2016 }} ''World Health Organization''. September 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2017.</ref> for the annual mean PM2.5. The [[Central Pollution Control Board]] for the [[Government of India]] and the [[Consulate General of the United States, Mumbai]] monitor and publicly share real-time air quality data.<ref>[https://data.gov.in/ "Central Pollution Control Board Air Quality Information."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619153514/https://data.gov.in/ |date=19 June 2016 }} ''Open Government Data Platform India.'' Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>[https://in.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/mumbai/air-quality-data/ "U.S. Embassy Air Quality Data."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116102725/https://in.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/mumbai/air-quality-data/ |date=16 January 2018 }} ''U.S. Department of State, Mission Air Quality.'' Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref> In December 2019, [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]], in partnership with the [[McKelvey School of Engineering]] of [[Washington University in St. Louis]] launched the Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility to study air pollution in Mumbai, among other Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://source.wustl.edu/2019/12/new-partnership-brings-together-mckelvey-iit-bombay-to-study-air-pollution/ |title=McKelvey Engineering, IIT Bombay partner to study air pollution |work=The Source |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis|date=4 December 2019 |access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref>
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Mumbai}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = ওরলির গগনরৈখিক দৃশ্য.jpg
| caption1 = Some of the [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai|tallest skyscrapers of Mumbai]], like [[World One]] and [[The Park (residential project)|Lodha Park]] complexes, can be found in [[Parel|Lower Parel]].
| image2 = Three Sixty West,Mumbai.jpg
| caption2 = [[Three Sixty West]] Tower B, occupied by [[The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company|The Ritz-Carlton]], is one of the [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai|tallest commercial skyscrapers]] in the city.
| image3 = Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers Bombay Stock Exchange.jpg
| caption3 = The [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] is the oldest stock exchange in Asia.
}}
Mumbai is India's second largest city (by population) and is the financial and commercial capital of the country as it generates 6.16% of the total GDP.<ref name="mmrda muip gdp" /><ref name="Mumbai global">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/apr/27mumbai.htm |title=Mumbai a global financial centre? Of course! |last=Thomas |first=T. |publisher=Rediff |date=27 April 2007 |access-date=31 May 2009 |location=New Delhi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118221806/http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/apr/27mumbai.htm |archive-date=18 November 2008}}</ref><ref name="The Financial Express">{{cite news |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/266636 |title=GDP growth: Surat fastest, Mumbai largest |access-date=5 September 2009 |date=29 January 2008 |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20090906034022/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/266636 |archive-date=6 September 2009}}</ref> It serves as an economic hub of India; as of 2006, Mumbai contributed 10% of the nation's factory employment, 25% of industrial output, 33% of [[income tax]] collections, 60% of [[customs (tax)|customs duty]] collections, 20% of central [[excise tax]] collections, 40% of [[foreign trade]], and {{INRConvert|40|b|lk=b|year=2006}} in [[corporate tax]]es.<ref>{{harvnb|Swaminathan|Goyal|2006|p=51}}</ref>
Along with the rest of India, Mumbai has witnessed an economic boom since the [[Economic liberalisation in India|liberalisation of 1991]], the finance boom in the mid-nineties and the IT, export, services and outsourcing boom in the 2000s.<ref>{{harvnb|Kelsey|2008|p=208}}</ref> Although Mumbai had prominently figured as the hub of economic activity of India in the 1990s, the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]]'s contribution to India's GDP is currently declining.<ref name="ecoprofile">{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Economic%20profile.pdf |title=City Development Plan (Economic Profile) |access-date=25 August 2013 |author=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) |quote=Mumbai, at present, is in reverse gear, as regards the economic growth and quality of life. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125052153/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Economic%20profile.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2013}}</ref>
Recent estimates of the economy of the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] have ranged from $368 billion to $400 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] [[Gross metropolitan product|metro GDP]]) ranking it either the [[List of cities by GDP|most or second-most productive metro area]] of India.<ref name="Mumbai_GDP"/><ref>{{Cite news|title=Global Wealth PPP Distribution;Who are the leaders og the global economy|work=Visualcapitalist.com|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-17th-in-global-gdp-list-says-survey-4686508/ |title=Mumbai 17th in global GDP list, says survey |date=7 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="gqindia.com">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2019 |title=Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=gdp>* {{cite web |title=Global city GDP 2014 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |date=22 January 2015 |access-date=4 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525113815/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |archive-date=25 May 2017}}
* {{cite web |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |publisher=[[Pricewaterhouse Coopers|PwC]] |access-date=16 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |archive-date=4 May 2011}}
* {{cite web |title=India's top 15 cities with the highest GDP Photos Yahoo! India Finance |url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807049.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009131024/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807049.html |archive-date=9 October 2014 |publisher=[[Yahoo! Finance]] |date=28 September 2012 |access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> Many of India's numerous conglomerates (including [[Larsen & Toubro]], [[State Bank of India]] (SBI), [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] (LIC), [[Tata Group]], [[Godrej Group|Godrej]] and [[Reliance Industries|Reliance]]),<ref name="Mumbai global" /> and five of the [[Fortune Global 500]] companies are based in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fortune Global 500 |url=http://fortune.com/global500/ |publisher=CNN |date=21 July 2008 |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509014825/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/full_list/index.html |archive-date=9 May 2012}}</ref> This is facilitated by the presence of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI), the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE), the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] (NSE), and financial sector regulators such as the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI).<ref name="ecoprofile" />
Until the 1970s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport, but the local economy has since then diversified to include [[finance]], [[engineering]], diamond-polishing, [[healthcare]] and information technology.<ref>{{harvnb|Swaminathan|Goyal|2006|p=52}}</ref>
The key sectors contributing to the city's economy are: finance, gems & jewellery, leather processing, IT and [[Business process outsourcing|ITES]], textiles, petrochemical, electronics manufacturing, automobiles, and entertainment. [[Nariman Point]] and [[Bandra Kurla Complex]] (BKC) are Mumbai's major financial centres.<ref name="ecoprofile" />
Despite competition from [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Pune]], Mumbai has carved a niche for itself in the information technology industry. The [[SEEPZ|Santacruz Electronic Export Processing Zone]] (SEEPZ) and the International Infotech Park ([[Navi Mumbai]]) offer excellent facilities to IT companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://drnarendrajadhav.info/drnjadhav_web_files/Published%20papers/Role%20of%20Mumbai%20City%20in%20Indian%20Economy.pdf |title=Role of Mumbai in Indian Economy |access-date=25 August 2013 |last=Jadhav |first=Narendra |author-link=Narendra Jadhav |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522221937/http://drnarendrajadhav.info/drnjadhav_web_files/Published%20papers/Role%20of%20Mumbai%20City%20in%20Indian%20Economy.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2012}}</ref>
State and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics, and other such [[blue collar]] professions. The port and shipping industry is well established, with [[Mumbai Port]] being one of the oldest and most significant ports in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipa.nic.in/oper.htm |title=Indian Ports Association, Operational Details |access-date=16 April 2009 |publisher=Indian Ports Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410022515/http://ipa.nic.in/oper.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref> [[Dharavi]], in central Mumbai, has an increasingly large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of the city; the district has an estimated 15,000 single-room factories.<ref name="gua">{{Cite news |first=Dan |last=McDougall |title=Waste not, want not in the £700m slum |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=4 March 2007 |access-date=29 April 2009 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/mar/04/india.recycling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831032146/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/mar/04/india.recycling |archive-date=31 August 2013}}</ref>
As of 2023, Mumbai is home to the [[List of cities by number of billionaires|seventh-highest number of billionaires]] of any city.<ref name="Mumbai_data">
* {{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-sixth-among-top-10-global-cities-on-billionaire-count/articleshow/19978005.cms?referral=PM |title=Mumbai sixth among top 10 global cities on billionaire count |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 May 2013 |access-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804042725/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-sixth-among-top-10-global-cities-on-billionaire-count/articleshow/19978005.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}
* {{Cite news |last=Bharucha |first=Nauzer |date=9 March 2015 |title=Thirty of India's 68 billionaires live in Mumbai |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Thirty-of-Indias-68-billionaires-live-in-Mumbai/articleshow/46503633.cms |url-status=live |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310040742/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Thirty-of-Indias-68-billionaires-live-in-Mumbai/articleshow/46503633.cms |archive-date=10 March 2015}}
* {{Cite news |date=10 March 2015 |title=With 68 billionaires, India ranks 7th globally; Mumbai leads in India with 30 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=New Delhi |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-by-2024-number-of-billionaires-in-india-expected-to-swell-to-3371-2067378 |url-status=live |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312102008/http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-by-2024-number-of-billionaires-in-india-expected-to-swell-to-3371-2067378 |archive-date=12 March 2015}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities_slide_5.html?thisSpeed=15000 |work=Forbes |title=In Pictures: The Top 10 Cities For Billionaires |access-date=28 April 2009 |first=Chaniga |last=Vorasarun |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422212819/http://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities_slide_5.html?thisSpeed=15000 |archive-date=22 April 2009}}
* {{Cite web |title=Richest Cities In The World: The Top 10 Cities With The Most Billionaires |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/cartercoudriet/2019/03/07/richest-cities-in-the-world-the-top-10-cities-with-the-most-billionaires/ |last=Coudriet |first=Carter |website=Forbes |language=en |access-date=14 May 2020}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities.html |title=Cities of the Billionaires |last=Vorasarun |first=Chaniga |work=Forbes |date=30 April 2008 |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417171221/http://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities.html |archive-date=17 April 2009}}</ref> With a total wealth of around $960 billion,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world |title=Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind |date=14 October 2019 |website=GQ India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-billion-delhi-comes-second-report-4544685/ |title=Mumbai richest Indian city with total wealth of $820 billion, Delhi comes second: Report |date=26 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227063903/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-billion-delhi-comes-second-report-4544685/ |archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> it is the richest Indian city and one of the richest cities in the world.<ref name="Mumbai_info">
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/mumbai-12th-richest-city-in-the-world-nyc-on-top-with-65-billionaires-119101001520_1.html |title=Mumbai 12th richest city in the world, NYC on top with 65 billionaires |first=Sudipto |last=Dey |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=10 October 2019 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |title=Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008 |publisher=[[MasterCard]] |page=21 |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504014257/http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2012}}
* {{cite web |author=Giacomo Tognini |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/04/07/worlds-richest-cities-the-top-10-cities-where-most-billionaires-call-home-2020/ |title=World's Richest Cities: The Top 10 Cities Billionaires Call Home |work=Forbes |access-date=19 June 2020}}
</ref> {{As of|2008}}, the Globalization and World Cities Study Group (GaWC) has ranked Mumbai as an "Alpha world city", third in its categories of [[Global city|Global cities]].<ref name="lboro2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html |title=The World According to GaWC 2008 |website=Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) |publisher=[[Loughborough University]] |access-date=7 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110223235243/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html |archive-date=23 February 2011}}</ref> Mumbai is the third most expensive office market in the world, and was ranked among the fastest cities in the country for business startup in 2009.<ref name="World Bank and International Financial Corporation">{{cite web |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/subnational-reports/india |title=Doing Business in India 2009 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=8 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018092951/http://www.doingbusiness.org/Reports/Subnational-Reports/India |archive-date=18 October 2010}}</ref>
== Government and politics ==
=== Civic administration ===
[[File:Municipal_Corporation_of_Greater_Mumbai_01.jpg|thumb|upright|Headquarters of the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC), the largest civic organisation in the country.]]
Greater Mumbai (or Brihanmumbai), an area of {{cvt|603|km2|mi2}},<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2004-05 |url=http://mpcb.gov.in/ereports/pdf/AnnualReport2004-05.pdf |publisher=Maharashtra Pollution Control Board |access-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317135825/http://mpcb.gov.in/ereports/pdf/AnnualReport2004-05.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2015 |page=185}}</ref> consisting of the [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]] and [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]] districts, extends from [[Colaba]] in the south, to [[Mulund]] and [[Dahisar]] in the north, and [[Mankhurd]] in the east. Its population as per the 2011 census was 12,442,373.<ref name=census2011-gtmumcity>{{cite web |title=Mumbai (Greater Mumbai) City Census 2011 data |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html |website=Census 2011 India |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=11 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629002612/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html |archive-date=29 June 2015}}</ref>
It is administered by the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) (sometimes referred to as the [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]]), formerly known as the ''Bombay Municipal Corporation'' (BMC).<ref name="mloc" /> The [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|BMC]] is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis.<ref name="mcmmm">{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/ |title=Official Website of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai |publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=18 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607124049/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/ |archive-date=7 June 2008}}</ref> The mayor, who serves for a term of two and a half years, is chosen through an [[indirect election]] by the councillors from among themselves.<ref name="mayorterm">{{cite news |title=Shiv Sena's Snehal Ambekar elected new Mumbai mayor |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-09/news/53730851_1_deputy-mayor-sunil-prabhu-public-toilets |date=9 September 2014 |work=The Economic Times |location=Mumbai |access-date=5 July 2015 |quote=... as Sena's Sunil Prabhu completed his two-and-half-years term as the city mayor today. Ambekar, who secured 121 votes in the 226 member House,...}}</ref>
The municipal commissioner is the chief executive officer and head of the executive arm of the municipal corporation. All executive powers are vested in the [[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai|municipal commissioner]] who is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer appointed by the [[Government of Maharashtra|state government]]. Although the municipal corporation is the legislative body that lays down policies for the governance of the city, it is the commissioner who is responsible for the execution of the policies. The commissioner is appointed for a fixed term as defined by state statute. The powers of the commissioner are those provided by statute and those delegated by the corporation or the standing committee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/government/india_government.html |title=Commissioner System |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102043915/http://citymayors.com/government/india_government.html |archive-date=2 January 2010}}</ref>
The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation was ranked 9th out of 21 cities for best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.5 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nair |first1=Ajesh |title=Annual Survey of India's City-Systems |url=http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf |publisher=Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy |access-date=7 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003215/http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 41 Bombay High Court.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Bombay High Court]] exercises jurisdiction over Maharashtra, [[Goa]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].|alt=A brown building with a central tower and sloping roofs surrounded by trees. A grassy ground and a coconut tree are in front of it.]]
The two revenue districts of Mumbai come under the jurisdiction of a [[District Collector]]. The collectors are in charge of property records and revenue collection for the [[Government of India|central government]], and oversee the national elections held in the city.
The [[Mumbai Police]] is headed by a [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai|police commissioner]], who is an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer. The Mumbai Police is a division of the [[Maharashtra Police]], under the state Home Ministry.<ref>{{harvnb|Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai|p=2|Ref=mp}}</ref> The city is divided into seven police zones and seventeen [[Mumbai traffic police|traffic police]] zones,<ref name="trf" /> each headed by a deputy commissioner of police.<ref>{{harvnb|Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai|pp=7–8|Ref=mp}}</ref> The Mumbai Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police. The [[Mumbai Fire Brigade]], which is under the jurisdiction of the municipal corporation, is headed by the chief fire officer, who is assisted by four deputy chief fire officers and six divisional officers.<ref name="trf" /> The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) is responsible for infrastructure development and planning of [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm |title=MMRDA – Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority |publisher=Mmrdamumbai.org |date=26 January 1975 |access-date=30 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307224202/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm |archive-date=7 March 2009}}</ref>
Mumbai is the seat of the [[Bombay High Court]], which exercises jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra and [[Goa]], and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/ |title=About Bombay High Court |access-date=27 January 2008 |publisher=[[Bombay High Court]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130075145/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/ |archive-date=30 January 2008}}</ref> Mumbai also has two lower courts, the [[Small Causes Court]] for civil matters, and the [[Sessions Court]] for criminal cases. Mumbai also has a special Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (TADA) court for people accused of conspiring and abetting acts of terrorism in the city.<ref>{{harvnb|Fuller|Bénéï|2001|p=47}}</ref>
=== National politics ===
[[File:1st INC1885.jpg|thumb|First session of the [[Indian National Congress]] in Mumbai (28–31 December 1885)|alt=Men in traditional Indian dresses posing for a photograph]]
Mumbai had been a traditional stronghold and birthplace of the [[Indian National Congress]], also known as the Congress Party.<ref>{{harvnb|100 glorious years: Indian National Congress, 1885–1985|loc=p. 4, "The centenary of the Indian National Congress, which is being celebrated at its birthplace Bombay, is a unique event."|Ref=cng}}</ref> The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Mumbai from 28 to 31 December 1885.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article3040262.ece |title=Congress foundation day celebrated |date=29 December 2006 |access-date=12 November 2008 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article3040262.ece |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> The city played host to the Indian National Congress six times during its first 50 years, and became a strong base for the [[Indian independence movement]] during the 20th century.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=215}}</ref>
The 1960s saw the rise of regionalist politics in Mumbai, with the formation of the [[Shiv Sena]] on 19 June 1966, under the leadership of [[Bal Thackeray|Balasaheb Thackeray]] out of a feeling of resentment about the relative marginalisation of the native [[Marathi people]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gogate |first1=Sudha |title=The Emergence of Regionalism in Mumbai |year=2014 |publisher=Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7991-823-4|chapter-url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/shiv-senas-prehistory/article6370416.ece |access-date=22 June 2015 |chapter=History of the Shiv Sena |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010804/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/shiv-senas-prehistory/article6370416.ece |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Shiv Sena switched from 'Marathi Cause' to larger 'Hindutva Cause' in 1985 and joined hands with [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in the same year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bal-thackeray-turned-to-hindutva-in-1985-to-win-elections-ex-shiv-sena-mp-2000407 |title=Bal Thackeray turned to Hindutva in 1985 to win elections: ex-Shiv Sena MP |website=dna |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107052854/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bal-thackeray-turned-to-hindutva-in-1985-to-win-elections-ex-shiv-sena-mp-2000407 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |date=7 July 2014}}</ref> The Congress had dominated the politics of Mumbai from independence until the early 1980s, when the Shiv Sena won the 1985 Mumbai Municipal Corporation elections.<ref>{{harvnb|Phadnis|pp=86–87}}</ref>
In 1989, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), a major national political party, forged an electoral alliance with the Shiv Sena to dislodge the Congress in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elections. In 1999, several members left the Congress to form the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) but later allied with the Congress as part of an alliance known as the [[Democratic Front (India)|Democratic Front]].<ref>{{harvnb|Rana|2006|pp=315–316}}</ref> Other parties such as [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS), [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP), [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP), [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM)]] and several independent candidates also contest elections in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Stage-Set-for-Third-Phase-Polls-in-Maharashtra/659150 |date=29 April 2009 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |title=Stage Set for Third Phase Polls in Maharashtra |access-date=6 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109010731/http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Stage-Set-for-Third-Phase-Polls-in-Maharashtra/659150 |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref>
In the [[Elections in India|Indian national elections]] held every five years, Mumbai is represented by six parliamentary constituencies: [[Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|North]], [[Mumbai North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|North West]], [[Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|North East]], [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Central]], [[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Central]], and [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|South]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/miscellaneous_statistics/ListofPC.pdf |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=7 |access-date=4 September 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009113307/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/miscellaneous_statistics/ListofPC.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2010}}</ref> A [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament]] (MP) to the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'', the lower house of the [[Indian Parliament]], is elected from each of the parliamentary constituencies. In the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 national election]], all six parliamentary constituencies were won by the BJP and Shiv Sena in alliance, with both parties winning three seats each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Lok Sabha Election Result 2019, Maharashtra Assembly and General Poll Result 2019 – IndiaToday {{!}} IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/maharashtra |website=India Today |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522203229/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/maharashtra |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Vidhan_Bhavan_aerial_view.jpg|thumb|[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]]]
In the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra state assembly]] elections held every five years, Mumbai is represented by 36 assembly constituencies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=List of ACs and PCs |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |access-date=4 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=25 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/results.pdf |title=Maharashtra Assembly Election 2009 |access-date=18 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122084331/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/results.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2009}}</ref> A [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member of the legislative assembly]] (MLA) to the Maharashtra ''[[Vidhan Sabha]]'' (legislative assembly) is elected from each of the assembly constituencies. In the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019 state assembly election]], out of the 36 assembly constituencies, 16 were won by the BJP, 11 by the Shiv Sena, 6 by the Congress, 2 by the NCP and one by independent candidate.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Mumbai election results Live updates: Aditya Thackeray registers landslide victory from Worli |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/maharashtra-assembly-elections-mumbai-constituencies-results-2019-vote-counting-live-updates-1612344-2019-10-24 |date=24 October 2019 |magazine=India Today |language=en |access-date=27 May 2020 }}</ref>
Elections are also held every five years to elect corporators to power in the MCGM.<ref>{{harvnb|The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|p=6|Ref=mumact}}</ref> The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the [[Administrative divisions of Mumbai|24 municipal wards]], five nominated Councillors having special knowledge or experience in municipal administration, and a [[Mayor of Mumbai|mayor]] whose role is mostly ceremonial.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlcorporation |publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) |title=Corporation |access-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501232803/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlcorporation |archive-date=1 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlmayoffice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314202555/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlmayoffice |archive-date=14 March 2008 |publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) |title=Mayor – the First Citizen of Mumbai |access-date=12 May 2009 |quote=As the presiding authority at the Corporation Meetings, his/her role is confined to the four corners of the Corporation Hall. The decorative role, however, extends far beyond the city and the country to other parts of world}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|p=3|Ref=mumact}}</ref> In the [[2012 Brihanmumbai Mahanagar Palika election|2012 municipal corporation elections]], out of the 227 seats, the Shiv Sena-BJP alliance secured 107 seats, holding power with the support of independent candidates in the MCGM, while the Congress-NCP alliance bagged 64 seats.<ref name="civic20102">{{cite news |title=BMC results: Saffron alliance wins BMC with 75 seats |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bmc-results-saffron-alliance-wins-bmc-with-75-seats-1651270 |date=17 February 2012 |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615005738/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bmc-results-saffron-alliance-wins-bmc-with-75-seats-1651270 |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> The tenure of the [[Mayor of Mumbai|mayor]], deputy mayor, and [[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai|municipal commissioner]] is two and a half years.<ref>{{harvnb|The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|p=27|Ref=mumact}}</ref>
== Transport ==
{{Main|Transport in Mumbai}}
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220px
| image1 = Rapid transit map of Mumbai.jpg
| caption1 = Rapid transit map of Mumbai
| image2 = AC-EMU-Mumbai.jpg
| caption2 = The [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] system carries more than 69.9 lakh (6.99 million) commuters on a daily basis. It has the highest passenger density of any urban railway system in the world.
| image3 = Mumbaimetro.jpg
| caption3 = [[Mumbai Metro]] provides connectivity with eastern and western part of the city.
| image4 = Mumbai Monorail train.jpg
| caption4 = The [[Mumbai Monorail]], opened in February 2014, is the [[Urban rail transit in India|only operational monorail system]] in India and also is the [[List of monorail systems|seventh largest Monorail system]] in the world.
| image5 = Mumbai-BEST-Kinglong-Bus.jpg
| caption5 = [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]] buses carry a total of 2.8 million passengers daily.
| alt = A BEST bus on Route 56
| image6 = PremierPadminiTaxis gobeirne.jpg
| caption6 = The black and yellow Premier Padmini Taxis are iconic of Mumbai.
| image7 = Mumbai 03-2016 81 Dadar Beach view of the SeaLink.jpg
| caption7 = The [[Bandra-Worli Sea Link]] is a 5.6 kilometers long [[cable-stayed bridge]] that connects central Mumbai with its western suburbs.
| image8 = Mumbai 03-2016 114 Airport international terminal interior.jpg
| caption8 = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport]], Mumbai, India
| image9 = Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg
| caption9 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] is the busiest port in India.
| total_width =
| alt1 =
}}
=== Public transport ===
Public transport systems in Mumbai include the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]], [[Mumbai Monorail|Monorail]], [[Mumbai Metro|Metro]], [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] (BEST) buses, black-and-yellow meter [[taxicabs|taxis]], [[auto rickshaw]]s and [[ferries]]. Suburban railway and BEST bus services together accounted for about 88% of the passenger traffic in 2008.<ref name="bus44">{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/BRTS%20Note%20for%20web%20Page.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927192943/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/BRTS%20Note%20for%20web%20Page.doc |archive-date=27 September 2013 |format=DOC |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) |title=Development of Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) in Mumbai |access-date=28 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Auto rickshaws are allowed to operate only in the suburban areas of Mumbai, while taxis are allowed to operate throughout Mumbai, but generally operate in [[South Mumbai]].<ref name="autaxi">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/speakup/report_what-s-mumbai-without-the-black-beetles_422 |title=What's Mumbai without the black beetles? |date=24 August 2005 |newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |last=Ghose |first=Anindita |access-date=29 August 2009 |quote=In Mumbai autos run only in the suburbs up to Mahim creek. This is probably the perfect arrangement because it is not economically viable for autos and taxis to solicit the same passengers. So autos monopolise the suburbs while taxis rule South Mumbai. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728070112/http://www.dnaindia.com/speakup/report_what-s-mumbai-without-the-black-beetles_422 |archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref> Taxis and Auto rickshaws in Mumbai are required by law to run on [[compressed natural gas]] (CNG),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Taxi-auto-fares-may-dip-due-to-CNG-usage/articleshow/631726.cms?referral=PM |title=Taxi, auto fares may dip due to CNG usage |date=22 April 2004 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=29 August 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804041631/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Taxi-auto-fares-may-dip-due-to-CNG-usage/articleshow/631726.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> and are a convenient, economical, and easily available means of transport.<ref name="autaxi" />
==== Railway ====
The [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]], popularly referred to as Locals forms the backbone of the city's transport system.<ref name="Outlook">{{cite book |title=Outlook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zhWAAAAYAAJ |access-date=8 July 2012 |date=July 2008 |publisher=Hathway Investments Pvt Ltd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527054807/http://books.google.com/books?id=5zhWAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=27 May 2013}}</ref> It is operated by the Central Railway and Western Railway zones of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fsep2001/f240920011.html |publisher=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |title=Making Rail Commuting Easier in Mumbai |last=Kumar |first=Akshey |access-date=29 August 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805142529/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fsep2001/f240920011.html |archive-date=5 August 2011}}</ref> Mumbai's suburban rail systems carried a total of 63 [[lakh]] (6.3 million) passengers every day in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/overview.htm |title=Overview of existing Mumbai suburban railway |access-date=7 July 2008 |publisher=Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620033027/http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/overview.htm |archive-date=20 June 2008}}</ref> Trains are overcrowded during peak hours, with nine-car trains of rated capacity 1,700 passengers, actually carrying around 4,500 passengers at peak hours.<ref>{{harvnb|Environment and urbanization|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0DBhYWmqpDoC&pg=PA160 160]|Ref=n450}}</ref> The Mumbai rail network is spread at an expanse of 319 route kilometres. 191 rakes (train-sets) of 9 car and 12 car composition are utilised to run a total of 2,226 train services in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://203.176.113.182/MRVC/intr.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306161840/http://203.176.113.182/MRVC/intr.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2010 |title=Welcome to Official Website of Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation Ltd. |date=6 March 2010}}</ref>
The [[Mumbai Monorail]] and [[Mumbai Metro]] have been built and are being extended in phases to relieve the overcrowding on the existing network. The Monorail opened in early February 2014.<ref name="startMono">{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbai-monorail-to-be-inaugurated-on-saturday-477248 |title=Mumbai monorail to be inaugurated on Saturday |date=30 January 2014 |access-date=30 January 2014 |last=Gupta |first=Saurabh |publisher=[[NDTV]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131061547/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbai-monorail-to-be-inaugurated-on-saturday-477248 |archive-date=31 January 2014}}</ref> The [[Line 1 (Mumbai Metro)|first line]] of the Mumbai Metro opened in early June 2014.<ref name="startMetro">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-CM-Prithivraj-Chavan-flags-off-Mumbai-Metro/articleshow/36238569.cms |title=Maharashtra CM Prithivraj Chavan flags off Mumbai Metro |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213001656/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-CM-Prithivraj-Chavan-flags-off-Mumbai-Metro/articleshow/36238569.cms |archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref>
Mumbai is the headquarters of two zones of the [[Indian Railways]]: the [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway (CR)]] headquartered at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] (formerly Victoria Terminus), and the [[Western Railway (India)|Western Railway (WR)]] headquartered at [[Churchgate]].<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|pp=2–14|Ref=exe}}</ref> Mumbai is also well connected to most parts of India by the [[Indian Railways]]. Long-distance trains originate from [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]], [[Dadar railway station|Dadar]], [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]], [[Mumbai Central]], [[Bandra Terminus]], [[Andheri railway station|Andheri]] and [[Borivali railway station|Borivali]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/Railways/21streport.pdf |title=Terminal Facilities in Metropolitanc Cities |publisher=[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] |page=14 |access-date=28 August 2009 |quote=The port city of Mumbai is served by 5 passenger terminals namely Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminal (CST), Mumbai Central, Dadar, Bandra and Lokmanya Tilak Terminal. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529070718/http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/Railways/21streport.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2011}}</ref>
==== Bus ====
Mumbai's bus services carried over 55 lakh (5.5 million) passengers per day in 2008,<ref name="bus44" /> which dropped to 28 lakh (2.8 million) in 2015.<ref name="BESTdip">{{cite news |title=Mumbai: BEST ridership falls further |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-best-ridership-falls-further-2129038 |first=Ateeq |last=Shaikh |date=27 September 2015 |agency=DNA |location=Mumbai |access-date=6 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003232953/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-best-ridership-falls-further-2129038 |archive-date=3 October 2015}}</ref> Public buses run by BEST cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Mira-Bhayandar]] and Thane.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bestundertaking.com/trans_func.asp |title=Organisational Setup |publisher=Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) |access-date=14 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604204123/http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_func.asp |archive-date=4 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The BEST operates a total of 4,608 buses<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=16-05-2011&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00403&format=&publabel=TOI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406013750/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=16 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 April 2012 |title=Times of India Publications |publisher=Lite.epaper.timesofindia.com |date=16 May 2011 |access-date=22 July 2011 }}</ref> with CCTV cameras installed, ferrying 45 lakh (4.5 million) passengers daily<ref name="bus44" /> over 390 routes. Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor, disabled-friendly, air-conditioned and [[Euro III]] compliant diesel and [[compressed natural gas]] powered buses.<ref name="bestfleet">{{cite web |url=http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_engg.asp |title=Composition of Bus Fleet |access-date=12 October 2006 |publisher=BEST |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718003152/http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_engg.asp |archive-date=18 July 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> BEST introduced air-conditioned buses in 1998.<ref name="timelineBEST">{{cite news |title=A timeline of BEST buses in Mumbai |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-a-timeline-of-best-buses-in-mumbai-1854866 |date=29 June 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=11 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111419/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-a-timeline-of-best-buses-in-mumbai-1854866 |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> BEST buses are red in colour, based originally on the [[AEC Routemaster|Routemaster]] buses of London.<ref name="newkiller">{{cite news |title=BEST buses, the new killer on the prowl? |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-best-buses-the-new-killer-on-the-prowl-1697804 |date=4 June 2012 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=8 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709175844/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-best-buses-the-new-killer-on-the-prowl-1697804 |archive-date=9 July 2015}}</ref>
[[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] (MSRTC, also known as ST)<ref name="training">{{cite news |title=Soon, computer-aided training for MSRTC drivers |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-soon-computer-aided-training-for-msrtc-drivers-2047712 |first=Mewati |last=Sitaram |date=29 December 2014 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531164905/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-soon-computer-aided-training-for-msrtc-drivers-2047712 |archive-date=31 May 2015}}</ref> buses provide intercity transport connecting Mumbai with other towns and cities of Maharashtra and nearby states.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/MSRTC-to-make-long-distance-travel-easier/articleshow/3322572.cms?referral=PM |last=Tembhekar |first=Chittaranjan |title=MSRTC to make long distance travel easier |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 August 2008 |access-date=14 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804104904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/MSRTC-to-make-long-distance-travel-easier/articleshow/3322572.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/MSRTC-adds-Volvo-luxury-to-Mumbai-trip/articleshow/32792301.cms?referral=PM |title=MSRTC adds Volvo luxury to Mumbai trip |newspaper=The Times of India |date=29 December 2002 |access-date=14 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514185925/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/MSRTC-adds-Volvo-luxury-to-Mumbai-trip/articleshow/32792301.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> The [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport]] (NMMT) and [[Thane Municipal Transport]] (TMT) also operate their buses in Mumbai, connecting various nodes of Navi Mumbai and Thane to parts of Mumbai.<ref name="NMMTgain">{{cite news |title=NNMT gains from BEST's plan to discontinue AC bus services |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-nnmt-gains-from-best-s-plan-to-discontinue-ac-bus-services-2057399 |first=Mewati |last=Sitaram |date=2 February 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=13 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430053240/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-nnmt-gains-from-best-s-plan-to-discontinue-ac-bus-services-2057399 |archive-date=30 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="TMTmoolah">{{cite news |title=TMT rakes in moolah on new AC bus routes |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/TMT-rakes-in-moolah-on-new-AC-bus-routes/articleshow/45015246.cms |first=Manoj |last=Badgeri |date=3 November 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Thane |access-date=13 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103160736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/TMT-rakes-in-moolah-on-new-AC-bus-routes/articleshow/45015246.cms |archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref>
Buses are generally favoured for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for longer distance commutes.<ref>{{harvnb|Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SD4I3CEtDz0C&pg=PA49 49]|Ref=UNB}}</ref>
The ''Mumbai Darshan'' is a tourist bus service which explores numerous [[List of tourist attractions in Mumbai|tourist attractions in Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2009/mar/310309-Mumbai-News-Mumbai-Darshan-popular-tourist-spots-traffic-congestion-Tourist.htm |title=Traffic claims Mumbai darshan hot spots |last=Seth |first=Urvashi |newspaper=[[MiD DAY]] |date=31 March 2009 |access-date=14 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929062537/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2009/mar/310309-Mumbai-News-Mumbai-Darshan-popular-tourist-spots-traffic-congestion-Tourist.htm |archive-date=29 September 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) lanes have been planned throughout Mumbai.<ref name="routetalpdf">{{cite web |url=http://www.bestundertaking.com/TravelAsYouLike-Ticket.pdf |title=Bus Routes Under Bus Rapid Transit System |publisher=BEST |page=5 |access-date=23 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126235306/http://bestundertaking.com/TravelAsYouLike-Ticket.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2009}}</ref> Though 88% of the city's commuters travel by public transport, Mumbai still continues to struggle with [[traffic congestion]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/7-Questions-You-Wanted-to-Ask.html |last=Khanna |first=Gaurav |access-date=28 August 2009 |title=7 Questions You Wanted to Ask About the Mumbai Metro |publisher=[[Businessworld]] |quote=Road congestion has worsened, though 88 per cent of journeys are made by public transport. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625151715/http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/7-Questions-You-Wanted-to-Ask.html |archive-date=25 June 2009}}</ref> Mumbai's transport system has been categorised as one of the most congested in the world.<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|loc=p. 2-1: "The 137% increase in cars, a 306% increase in two wheelers, the 420% increase in autos and 128% increase in taxis during 1991–2005 has created a lethal dose of traffic congestion which has categorised Mumbai as one of the congested cities in the world."|Ref=exe}}</ref>
==== Water ====
[[Water transport in Mumbai]] consists of ferries, hovercraft and catamarans. Services are provided by both government agencies as well as private partners.<ref name="alibauglaunch">{{cite web |title=Transportation from Alibaug |url=http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/transportation.htm |publisher=Raigad District Authority |access-date=3 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009122502/http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/transportation.htm |archive-date=9 October 2014}}</ref> [[Hovercraft]] services plied briefly in the late 1990s between the [[Gateway of India]] and [[CBD Belapur]] in Navi Mumbai. They were subsequently scrapped due to lack of adequate [[water transport infrastructure|infrastructure]].<ref name="nmhovercraft">{{cite news |title=Navi Mumbai mulls hovercraft services |url=http://www.sify.com/news/navi-mumbai-mulls-hovercraft-services-news-national-llcwkhfijcisi.html |date=3 November 2011 |work=Sify |location=Navi Mumbai |access-date=3 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924215722/http://www.sify.com/news/navi-mumbai-mulls-hovercraft-services-news-national-llcwkhfijcisi.html |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
=== Road ===
Mumbai is served by National Highway 48, National Highway 66, National Highway 160 and National Highway 61.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf |title=NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI |access-date=4 July 2008 |publisher=[[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142615/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009}}</ref> The Mumbai–[[Chennai]] and Mumbai–Delhi prongs of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] system of National Highways start from the city. The [[Mumbai-Pune Expressway]] was the first [[Expressways of India|expressway]] built in India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dalal |first=Sucheta |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/ |title=India's first international-class expressway is just a month away |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=1 April 2000 |access-date=14 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116132018/http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/ |archive-date=16 January 2014}}</ref> The [[Eastern Freeway (Mumbai)|Eastern Freeway]] was opened in 2013. The [[Bandra-Worli Sea Link]] bridge, along with [[Mahim Causeway]], links the island city to the western suburbs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msrdc.org/projects/bandra_worli.aspx |title=MSRDC – Project – Bandra Worli Sea Link |publisher=[[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation]] (MSRDC) |access-date=2 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415171242/http://www.msrdc.org/Projects/Bandra_worli.aspx |archive-date=15 April 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The three major road arteries of the city are the [[Eastern Express Highway]] from [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]] to Thane, the [[Sion Panvel Expressway]] from [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]] to [[Panvel]] and the [[Western Express Highway]] from [[Bandra]] to [[Bhayander]].<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.10 Transport and Communication Network|Ref=plan}}</ref> The under-construction [[Mumbai Trans Harbour Link]] will connect Mumbai with Navi Mumbai and when completed, will be the longest sea bridge in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2023 |title=India's longest sea bridge in Mumbai will be open for traffic in November |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/indias-longest-sea-bridge-in-mumbai-will-be-open-for-traffic-in-november/article66369834.ece/amp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128013009/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/indias-longest-sea-bridge-in-mumbai-will-be-open-for-traffic-in-november/article66369834.ece/amp/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Mumbai has approximately {{cvt|1900|km|0}} of roads.<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027 |title=28,000 more autos to run riot on MMR streets – Mumbai – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415045359/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027 |archive-date=15 April 2014 |date=3 May 2013}}</ref> There are five [[toll plaza|tolled]] entry points to the city by road.<ref name="gatewaytollfree">{{cite news |title=Mumbai's five gateways may become toll-free |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-s-five-gateways-may-become-toll-free-2090781 |first=Dhaval |last=Kulkarni |date=31 May 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=1 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602000054/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-s-five-gateways-may-become-toll-free-2090781 |archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref>
Mumbai had about 721,000 private vehicles as of March 2014,<ref name=TOI1>{{cite news |title=Only 10 public transport services for every 90 private vehicles in Mumbai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Only-10-public-transport-services-for-every-90-private-vehicles-in-Mumbai/articleshow/33624790.cms |access-date=12 April 2014 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 April 2014 |author=Somit Sen |author2=Manthan K Mehta |agency=TNN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412125904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Only-10-public-transport-services-for-every-90-private-vehicles-in-Mumbai/articleshow/33624790.cms |archive-date=12 April 2014}}</ref> 56,459 black and yellow taxis {{As of|2005|lc=y}},<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|pp=2–9|Ref=exe}}</ref> and 106,000 auto rickshaws, as of May 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027 |title=28,000 more autos to run riot on MMR streets |website=dna |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415045359/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027 |archive-date=15 April 2014 |date=3 May 2013}}</ref>
Mumbai currently has one operational expressway–the Mumbai–Pune Expressway, which directly connects Mumbai with [[Pune]]. In the coming years, the great metropolis will be connected with more expressways. They are as follows:
*[[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]]: Under construction since March 2019,<ref>{{Cite news |title=NHAI starts work on Rs 6,672 cr expressway |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/NxqWRhBOMqO8P6x3Hra5eO/NHAI-starts-work-on-Rs6672-cr-expressway.html |last1=Kumar |first1=K.P. Narayana |last2=Chandran |first2=Rahul |date=6 March 2008 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=14 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117111028/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/NxqWRhBOMqO8P6x3Hra5eO/NHAI-starts-work-on-Rs6672-cr-expressway.html |archive-date=17 January 2013}}</ref> to be completed by December 2023.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news|author1=Mishra, Saumya|title=Delhi-Mumbai Expressway to cut travel time by half; Rs 98,000 crore project likely to be completed by 2023 end|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/delhi-mumbai-expressway-to-cut-travel-time-by-half-rs-98000-crore-project-likely-to-start-by-2023-end-article-96880738/amp|work=Times Now|date=10 January 2023|access-date=12 February 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite news|title=Breaking News Live: PM Modi inaugurates 246-km first phase of Delhi-Mumbai Expressway|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/breaking-news-live-february-12/amp_liveblog/97832803.cms|work=The Times of India|date=12 February 2023|access-date=12 February 2023|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway]]: Under construction since January 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/work-on-nag-mum-eway-begins-in-full-swing/articleshow/67631967.cms|title=Work on Nagpur-Mumbai expressway begins in full swing {{pipe}} Nagpur News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=22 January 2019|access-date=13 March 2023|language=en}}</ref> to be completed by December 2023.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Phadke, Manasi|title=Shinde govt targets Dec 2023 finish for Nagpur-Mumbai Expressway, just ahead of state & LS polls|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/shinde-govt-targets-dec-2023-finish-for-nagpur-mumbai-expressway-just-ahead-of-state-ls-polls/ar-AA18cVqh?PC=EMMX01|work=The Print|date=4 March 2023|access-date=11 March 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Kukreja, Sahil|title=PM Modi inaugurates 'Samruddhi Mahamarg' Mumbai-Nagpur expressway: How it'll benefit car owners|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/auto/news/pm-modi-inaugurates-samruddhi-mahamarg-mumbai-nagpur-expressway-how-itll-benefit-car-owners/amp_articleshow/96146928.cms|work=The Times of India|date=11 December 2022|access-date=11 December 2022|language=en}}</ref>
*Konkan Expressway: Proposed.<ref>{{cite news|title=CM now aims for Konkan expressway|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/cm-now-aims-for-konkan-expressway-101671218411627.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=17 December 2022|access-date=13 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>
=== Air ===
The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] (formerly Sahar International Airport) is the main aviation hub in the city and the second busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/nov2k10annex3.pdf |title=AAI traffic figures |access-date=14 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116110757/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/nov2k10annex3.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> It handled 36.6 million (3.66 crore) passengers and 694,300 tonnes of cargo during FY 2014–2015.<ref name="APA">{{cite web |url=http://www.apaoindia.com/?page_id=923 |title=Statistics: Mumbai International Airport Limited |publisher=Association of Private Airport Operators |access-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172617/http://www.apaoindia.com/?page_id=923 |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> An upgrade plan was initiated in 2006, targeted at increasing the capacity of the airport to handle up to 40 million (4 crore) passengers annually<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csia.in/knowyourairport/aboutcsia.aspx |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (CSIA)- Masterplan |publisher=Csia.in |access-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221021450/http://www.csia.in/knowyourairport/aboutcsia.aspx |archive-date=21 December 2011}}</ref> and the new terminal T2 was opened in February 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-with-maiden-air-india-flight-t2-opens-to-public-1961614 |title=With maiden Air India flight, T2 opens to public |newspaper=[[Daily News & Analysis]] |date=13 February 2014 |access-date= 28 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115312/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-with-maiden-air-india-flight-t2-opens-to-public-1961614 |archive-date= 6 October 2014}}</ref>
The proposed [[Navi Mumbai International airport]] to be built in the Kopra-[[Panvel]] area has been sanctioned by the Indian Government and will help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article1755254.ece |title=Work on Navi Mumbai airport may start next year |work=The Hindu |date=19 December 2006 |access-date=16 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103114405/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article1755254.ece |archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref>
The [[Juhu Aerodrome]] was India's first airport, and now hosts the [[Bombay Flying Club]] and a heliport operated by state-owned [[Pawan Hans]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2007/jun/194964.htm |title=MIAL eyes Juhu airport |newspaper=MiD DAY |date=7 June 2007 |access-date=14 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802194057/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2007/jun/194964.htm |archive-date=2 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Sea ===
Mumbai is served by two major ports, [[Mumbai Port Trust]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust]], which lies just across the creek in [[Navi Mumbai]].<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|pp=2–12|Ref=exe}}</ref> Mumbai Port has one of the best natural harbours in the world, and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation facilities.<ref>{{harvnb|Chittar|1973|loc=p. 65: "The Port is endowed with one of the best natural harbours in the world and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation to meet the normal needs of the city."}}</ref> Jawaharlal Nehru Port, commissioned on 26 May 1989, is the busiest and most modern major port in India.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjan2003/07012003/r070120037.html |publisher=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |title=Laudable Achievement of JNPT |date=7 January 2003 |access-date=29 August 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005230020/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjan2003/07012003/r070120037.html |archive-date=5 October 2009}}</ref> It handles 55–60% of the country's total containerised cargo.<ref name="pt">{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=site:jnport.com+55-60%25 |title=Our Mission |publisher=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] Trust |access-date=27 August 2009}}</ref> Ferries from [[Ferry Wharf]] in [[Mazagaon]] allow access to islands near the city.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=236291 |title=Cruise terminal plan gets MoU push |last=Sonawane |first=Rakshit |date=13 May 2007 |access-date=27 August 2009 |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] |quote=While Arthur Bunder is used by small boats and Hay Bunder caters to declining traffic of barges, Ferry Wharf offers services to Mora, Mandva, Rewas and Uran ports. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101920/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=236291 |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref>
The city is also the headquarters of the [[Western Naval Command]], and also an important base for the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="mloc" />
== Utility services ==
{{See also|Mumbai's water sources}}
Under colonial rule, tanks were the only source of water in Mumbai, with many localities having been named after them. The [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|MCGM]] supplies potable water to the city from six lakes,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980521/14150784.html |title=BMC Inc. will now sell bottled water |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=21 May 1998 |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/33467/ |archive-date=3 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_it-will-be-years-before-mumbai-surmounts-its-water-crisis_1086577 |title=It will be years before Mumbai surmounts its water crisis |last=Sawant |first=Sanjay |newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |date=23 March 2007 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108035059/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_it-will-be-years-before-mumbai-surmounts-its-water-crisis_1086577 |archive-date=8 November 2009}}</ref> most of which comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes. The Tansa lake supplies water to the western suburbs and parts of the island city along the Western Railway.<ref name="tansa">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Tansa-water-mains-to-be-replaced/articleshow/2247432.cms?referral=PM |title=Tansa water mains to be replaced |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 August 2007 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804005809/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Tansa-water-mains-to-be-replaced/articleshow/2247432.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> The water is filtered at [[Bhandup]],<ref name="tansa" /> which is Asia's largest water filtration plant.<ref name="RTIBhandup">{{cite web |title=Right to Information Act-2005 Information Booklet |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/Wards/Assistant%20Commissioner%20%28T%20Ward%29/RTI%20Manuals/T_RTI_E01.pdf |publisher=[[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] |year=2013 |orig-year=2012 |access-date=15 June 2015 |location=Mumbai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122755/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/Wards/Assistant%20Commissioner%20(T%20Ward)/RTI%20Manuals/T_RTI_E01.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="contamination">{{cite news |title=Water contamination complaints double, Bhandup hit hard |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Water-contamination-complaints-double-Bhandup-hit-hard/articleshow/3197203.cms |date=4 July 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=16 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624081154/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Water-contamination-complaints-double-Bhandup-hit-hard/articleshow/3197203.cms |archive-date=24 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wajihuddin |first=Mohammed |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=50939 |title=Make way for Mulund, Mumbai's newest hotspot |work=Mumbai Newsline |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]] |date=4 May 2003 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101949/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=50939 |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> India's first underground water tunnel was completed in Mumbai to supply water to the Bhandup filtration plant.<ref name="firstwatertunnel">{{cite news |date=20 February 2008 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-countrys-first-water-tunnel-to-come-up-in-mumbai-1151960 |title=Country's first water tunnel to come up in Mumbai |access-date=21 February 2008 |newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002824/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-countrys-first-water-tunnel-to-come-up-in-mumbai-1151960 |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="tunnelcomplete">{{cite news |title=BMC completes water tunnel project |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/BMC-completes-water-tunnel-project/articleshow/29418851.cms |first=Linah |last=Baliga |date=26 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=1 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010803/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/BMC-completes-water-tunnel-project/articleshow/29418851.cms |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Eastern Express Highway Mumbai May 2023.jpg|[[Deonar dumping ground]] seen behind the [[Eastern Express Highway]]|thumb]]
About 700 million (70 crore) litres of water, out of a daily supply of 3.5 billion (350 crore) litres, is lost by way of water thefts, illegal connections and leakages, per day in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |last=Express News Service |title=Now, a toll-free helpline to check water leakage, theft |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=22 October 2009 |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/now-a-tollfree-helpline-to-check-water-lea/531630/ |access-date =22 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/now-a-tollfree-helpline-to-check-water-lea/531630/ |archive-date =4 September 2015}}</ref> Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800 metric tonnes, of which 40 metric tonnes is [[plastic pollution|plastic waste]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nevin |first=John |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/aug/27plastic.htm |title=Plastic ban: 1 lakh to be jobless |publisher=Rediff |date=27 August 2005 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806032332/http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/aug/27plastic.htm |archive-date=6 August 2011}}</ref> is transported to dumping grounds in [[Gorai]] in the northwest, [[Mulund]] in the northeast, and to the [[Deonar dumping ground]] in the east.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2002/aug/29797.htm |title=How BMC cleans up the city |newspaper=MiD DAY |date=26 August 2002 |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109004042/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2002/aug/29797.htm |archive-date=9 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sewage treatment is carried out at [[Worli]] and [[Bandra]], and disposed of by two independent marine outfalls of {{cvt|3.4|km|1}} and {{cvt|3.7|km|1}} at Bandra and Worli respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india |title=Bombay Sewage Disposal |publisher=The World Bank Group |access-date=12 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629050630/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india |archive-date=29 June 2012}}</ref>
Electricity is distributed by the [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] (BEST) undertaking in the island city, and by [[Adani Transmission]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2018 |title=Adani to buy Reliance Energy for ₹18,800 cr. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/adani-to-buy-reliance-energy-for-18800-cr/article24556753.ece/amp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320100201/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/adani-to-buy-reliance-energy-for-18800-cr/article24556753.ece/amp/ |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Tata Power]] and the Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd ([[Mahavitaran]]) in the suburbs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Stay-in-island-city-do-biz/articleshow/1956009.cms |last=Dasgupta |first=Devraj |title=Stay in island city, do biz |newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 April 2007 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Stay-in-island-city-do-biz/articleshow/1956009.cms |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> Power supply cables are [[Undergrounding|underground]], which reduces pilferage, thefts and other losses.<ref name="curbtheft">{{cite news |title=Reliance Energy curbs power theft |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-reliance-energy-curbs-power-theft-1322058 |first=Ashwin |last=Aghor |date=10 December 2009 |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925050410/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-reliance-energy-curbs-power-theft-1322058 |archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="explorecurbtheft">{{cite news |title=To curb power theft, Maharashtra explores underground supply network across state |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-to-curb-power-theft-maharashtra-explores-underground-supply-network-across-state-2084774 |first=Dhaval |last=Kulkarni |date=11 March 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=India |access-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925005358/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-to-curb-power-theft-maharashtra-explores-underground-supply-network-across-state-2084774 |archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref>
Cooking gas is supplied in the form of [[Liquefied petroleum gas|liquefied petroleum gas cylinders]] sold by state-owned oil companies,<ref name="cylinderatpump">{{cite news |title=Cooking gas cylinders to be sold at petrol pumps |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cooking-gas-cylinders-to-be-sold-at-petrol-pumps-1865090 |date=24 July 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615204630/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cooking-gas-cylinders-to-be-sold-at-petrol-pumps-1865090 |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> as well as through [[Liquefied natural gas|piped natural gas]] supplied by Mahanagar Gas Limited.<ref name="pipedattractive">{{cite news |title=Piped gas becomes more attractive for the kitchen |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-piped-gas-becomes-more-attractive-for-the-kitchen-1740662 |first=Promit |last=Mukherjee |date=14 September 2014 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615203513/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-piped-gas-becomes-more-attractive-for-the-kitchen-1740662 |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref>
The largest telephone service provider is the state-owned [[MTNL]], which held a monopoly over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as well as mobile [[Wireless local loop|WLL]] services.<ref>{{harvnb|Campbell|2008|p=143|Ref=in08}}</ref> Mobile phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers are [[Vodafone Essar]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], MTNL, [[Loop Mobile]], [[Reliance Communications]], [[Idea Cellular]] and [[Tata Indicom]]. Both [[GSM]] and [[CDMA]] services are available in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Somayaji |first1=Chitra |last2=Bhatnagar |first2=Shailendra |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a_3Aeo82P.Kg&refer=canada |title=Reliance Offers BlackBerry in India, Vies With Bharti |publisher=Bloomberg |date=13 June 2009 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025044056/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a_3Aeo82P.Kg&refer=canada |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> Mumbai, along with the area served by [[telephone exchange]]s in [[Navi Mumbai]] and [[Kalyan]] is classified as a ''Metro'' telecom circle.<ref name="unifiedLicence">{{cite web |title=DETAILS OF SERVICE AREA |url=http://www.dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/list%20of%20unifiedaccess%20licensees_0.doc |publisher=Department of Telecommunications, Government of India |access-date=12 June 2015 |format=Word Document |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319104536/http://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/list%20of%20unifiedaccess%20licensees_0.doc |archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> Many of the above service providers also provide broadband internet and wireless internet access in Mumbai. {{As of|2014}}, Mumbai had the highest number of internet users in India with 16.4 million (1.64 crore) users.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-04/news/55757553_1_internet-and-mobile-association-iamai-user-base |title=Internet surfers: Mumbai scores, Bangalore falls |work=The Economic Times |date=7 November 2014 |access-date=7 November 2014}}</ref>
== Demographics ==
{{See also|Growth of Mumbai}}
{{Historical population
| source = [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority|MMRDA]]<ref>{{harvnb|Population and Employment profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region|p=6|Ref=pemmr}}</ref>
| footnote = Data is based on [[Government of India]] Census.
|1971 | 5970575
|1981 | 8243405
|1991 | 9925891
|2001 | 11914398
|2011 | 12478447
}}
[[File:Shree Siddhivinayak Temple Mumbai.jpg|thumb|[[Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai|Shri Siddhivinayak Temple]] is one of the most popular [[Hindu temple]]s in the city.]]
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the population of Mumbai city was 12,479,608. The population density is estimated to be about 20,482 persons per square kilometre. The living space is 4.5 square metres per person.<ref name=mmmumbaiproperty>{{cite news |title=The minimum city |url=https://www.economist.com/node/21556584 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=7 July 2012 |date=9 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717223955/http://www.economist.com/node/21556584 |archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] was home to 20,748,395 people by 2011.<ref name="extended UA 2011" /> Greater Mumbai, the area under the administration of the [[MCGM]], has a literacy rate of 94.7%, higher than the national average of 86.7%. The number of slum-dwellers in the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] is estimated to be 90 lakh (9 million), up from 60 lakh (6 million) in 2001 which constitutes approximately 38.5% of the region.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2020 |title=41.8% of Mumbai lives in slums |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mapping-mumbai-s-slum-challenge-in-coronavirus-battle-11586334352966.html |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=With 42% living in slums virus casts long shadow across Mumbai |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 May 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/with-42-living-in-slums-virus-casts-long-shadow-across-mumbai/articleshow/75798141.cms |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>
The [[sex ratio]] in 2011 was 838 females per 1,000 males in the island city, 857 in the suburbs, and 848 as a whole in Greater Mumbai, all numbers lower than the national average of 914 females per 1,000 males. The low sex ratio is partly because of the large number of male migrants who come to the city to work.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Parsis-top-literacy-sex-ratio-charts-in-city/articleshow/843036.cms?referral=PM |title=Parsis top literacy, sex-ratio charts in city |date=8 September 2004 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804042745/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Parsis-top-literacy-sex-ratio-charts-in-city/articleshow/843036.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref>
Residents of Mumbai call themselves ''[[Mumbaikar]]'',<ref name="Mumbaikar">{{harvnb|Hansen|2001|p=}}</ref> ''Mumbaiite'',<ref name="Mumbaiite">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/mumbai-s-monsoon-readiness-not-pothole-free-but-better-roads/article1-1357589.aspx |title=Mumbaiites prepare for a bumpy ride this year |work=Hindustan Times |date=11 June 2015 |access-date=12 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612024817/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/mumbai-s-monsoon-readiness-not-pothole-free-but-better-roads/article1-1357589.aspx |archive-date=12 June 2015}}</ref> ''Bombayite'' or ''Bombaiite''.
Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanization problems seen in many fast growing cities in [[developing countries]]: poverty and unemployment. With available land at a premium, Mumbai residents often reside in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces, and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit, or clogged roadways. Many of them live close to bus or train stations, although suburban residents spend significant time travelling southward to the main commercial district.<ref>{{harvnb|Datta|Jones|1999|loc=Low-Income Households and the Housing Problem in Mumbai, pp. 158–159}}</ref> [[Dharavi]], Asia's second largest [[slum]] (if [[Karachi]]'s [[Orangi|Orangi Town]] is counted as a single slum)<ref>{{cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Marc |title=Dharavi: Mumbai's Shadow City |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/05/dharavi-mumbai-slum/jacobson-text |website=[[National Geographic Magazine]] |date=May 2007 |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318083827/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/05/dharavi-mumbai-slum/jacobson-text |archive-date=18 March 2009}}</ref> is located in central Mumbai and houses between 800,000 and 10 lakh (one million) people<ref>{{harvnb|Davis|2006|p=31}}</ref> in {{cvt|2.39|km2|2|abbr=out}}, making it one of the most densely populated areas on Earth<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.newschool.edu/epsm/2012/05/24/dharavi-mumbai/ |title=Dharavi, Mumbai | Sustainable Milano |publisher=Blogs.newschool.edu |date=24 May 2012 |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111004143/http://blogs.newschool.edu/epsm/2012/05/24/dharavi-mumbai/ |archive-date=11 January 2013}}</ref> with a population density of at least 334,728 persons per square kilometre.<ref name="Town">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook -MUMBAI SUBURBAN |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2722_PART_A_DCHB_MUMBAI%20SUBURBAN.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Census Operation Maharashtra |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref>
The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the 1991–2001 decade was 11.2 lakh (1.12 million), which amounted to 54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maccia.org.in/ecoSmaha06.pdf |page=2 |title=Highlights of Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2005–06 |access-date=13 February 2008 |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning Department ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216012618/http://maccia.org.in/ecoSmaha06.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The number of households in Mumbai is forecast to rise from 42 lakh (4.2 million) in 2008 to 66 lakh (6.6 million) in 2020. The number of households with annual incomes of 20 lakh (2 million) rupees will increase from 4% to 10% by 2020, amounting to 660,000 families. The number of households with incomes from 10 to 20 lakh (1–2 million) rupees is also estimated to increase from 4% to 15% by 2020.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/mumbais-newage-builders-want-a-room-at-the-top/10032/0 |title=Mumbai's New-Age Builders want a Room at the Top |magazine=Forbes |date=10 February 2010 |access-date=7 July 2012 |author=T Surendar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117040039/http://forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/mumbais-newage-builders-want-a-room-at-the-top/10032/0 |archive-date=17 January 2013}}</ref> According to the 2016 report of the [[Central Pollution Control Board]], Mumbai is the noisiest city in India, ahead of [[Lucknow]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesofindia.com/india/Mumbai-noisiest-city-Delhi-at-number-4-Central-Pollution-Control-Board/articleshow/51985961.cms |title=Mumbai noisiest city, Delhi at number 4: Central Pollution Control Board |date=26 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
=== Ethnic groups and religions ===
{{Main|Religion in Maharashtra}}
{{pie chart
|caption=Religion in Mumbai City (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Religion - Maharashtra|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |format=xls|website=census.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230449/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>
|label1=[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|color1=darkorange|value1=65.99
|label2=[[Marathi Muslims|Islam]]|color2=green|value2=20.65
|label3=[[Jainism]]|color3=brown|value3=4.10
|label4=[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|color4=gold|value4=4.85
|label5=[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|color5=blue|value5=3.27
|label6=[[Sikhism]]|color6=DarkKhaki|value6=0.49
|label7=Other|color7=grey|value7=0.65
}}
The religious groups represented in Greater Mumbai as of 2011 include [[Hindu]]s (65.99%), [[Muslims]] (20.65%), [[Buddhist]]s (4.85%), [[Jain]]s (4.10%), [[Christians]] (3.27%) and [[Sikh]]s (0.49%).<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=11 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015}} On this page, select "Maharashtra" from the download menu. ''"Greater Mumbai (M.Corp.)" is at line 11 of the excel file, "Mumbai Suburban District" at line 1065 and "Mumbai District" at line 1072.''</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html |title=Mumbai (Greater Mumbai) City Census 2011 data |publisher=Census2011 |access-date=3 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604104700/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html |archive-date=4 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.30-days.net/muslims/muslims-in/asia-south-central/india/india-mumbai |title=Muslims of Mumbai (Bombay), major city of India |website=The 30-Days Prayer Network |access-date=1 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823123240/http://www.30-days.net/muslims/muslims-in/asia-south-central/india/india-mumbai/ |archive-date=23 August 2010}}</ref> The linguistic/ethnic demographics in the Greater Mumbai Area are: [[Maharashtrians]] (32%), [[Gujaratis]] (20%), with the rest hailing from other parts of India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mehta|2004|p=99}}</ref>
Native Christians include [[Bombay East Indians|East Indian Catholics]], who were converted by the Portuguese during the 16th century,<ref>{{harvnb|Baptista|1967|p=5}}</ref> while [[Goan Catholics|Goan]] and [[Mangalorean Catholics]] also constitute a significant portion of the Christian community of the city.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} [[History of the Jews in Mumbai|Jews settled in Mumbai]] during the 18th century. The [[Bene Israel]]i Jewish community of Mumbai, who migrated from the [[Konkan]] villages, south of Mumbai, are believed to be the descendants of the Jews of Israel who were shipwrecked off the Konkan coast, probably in the year 175 BCE, during the reign of the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] ruler, [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Shalva |last=Weil |title=Background: A rich history now stained with blood |date=30 November 2008 |url=http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Background-A-rich-history-now-stained-with-blood |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |access-date=1 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060915/http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Background-A-rich-history-now-stained-with-blood |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Mumbai is also home to the largest population of [[Parsi]] [[Zoroastrian]]s in the world,<ref>{{Cite web |title=More than Half of the World's Zoroastrians Call Mumbai, India Home |url=https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/more-half-world-s-zoroastrians-call-mumbai-india-home/1032251/ |website=Smart Cities Dive |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> numbering about 60,000, however their population is declining rapidly.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karkaria |first1=Bachi |title=Why is India's wealthy Parsi community vanishing? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35219331 |access-date=6 December 2016 |publisher=BBC News |date=9 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120095149/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35219331 |archive-date=20 November 2016}}</ref> Parsis migrated to India from [[Greater Iran]] following the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]] in the seventh century.<ref>[http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/648273/ "The world's successful diasporas"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/648273/ |date=15 January 2013 }}. Managementtoday.co.uk.</ref> The oldest Muslim communities in Mumbai include the [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s, Ismaili [[Khojas]], and [[Konkani Muslims]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bates|2003|p=266}}</ref>
{{clear}}
=== Language ===
{{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Languages in Mumbai (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai's growing Hindi heartland |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbais-growing-hindi-heartland-demographic-changes-5577879/ |website=Indian Express |date=11 February 2019 |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>
|label1=[[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1=35.30|color1=red
|label2=[[Hindi]] |value2=25.90|color2=orange
|label3=[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value3=20.40|color3=yellow
|label4=[[Urdu]] |value4=11.69|color4=green
|label5=Others |value5=11.64|color5=grey
}}
[[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the official and working language of the bureaucracy along with [[English language|English]]. Mumbai has a large polyglot population like all other [[Status of Indian cities|metropolitan cities]] of India. Sixteen major [[languages of India]] are spoken in Mumbai, with the most common being [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and its dialect [[East Indian language|East Indian]]. Marathi, and its dialect, as a single language is spoken by 35.30% of the population around 4,396,870 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=51st Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 |page=152 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025959/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2018}}</ref> Hindi is spoken by 25.90% of the population around 3,582,719 people, making it the second largest dominant language in Mumbai. Many Hindi speakers are workers from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar who migrate seasonally to Mumbai to work as labourers. Gujarati with 2,640,990 speakers is spoken by 20.4% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |title=51st Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 |page=152 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025959/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2018}}</ref>
Other languages spoken include [[Urdu]] by 11.69% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=C-16 – Population by Mother Tongue (Town level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Pai|2005|p=1804}}</ref> English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city's [[White-collar worker|white collar]] workforce. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as ''[[Bombay Hindi|Bambaiya]]'' – a blend of Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Urdu]], [[Indian English]] and some invented words – is spoken on the streets.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Brien|2003|p=141}}</ref>
[[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri]] are other minority languages spoken in Mumbai.
In the Suburbs, Marathi is spoken by 36.78% of the population and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] by 31.21%.<ref>{{cite web |title=51st Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 |page=152 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025959/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2018}}</ref>
== Education ==
{{See also|List of educational institutions in Mumbai#Schools|List of colleges in Mumbai}}
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 39 University.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Rajabai Clock Tower]] at the [[University of Mumbai]] is part of [[The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai|The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].]]
=== Schools ===
Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by the [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|MCGM]]) or private schools (run by trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive financial aid from the government.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2006/sep/144108.htm |date=24 September 2006 |title=City has 43 one-teacher schools |newspaper=[[MiD DAY]] |access-date=9 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109004316/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2006/sep/144108.htm |archive-date=9 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The schools are affiliated with either of the following boards:
* [[Maharashtra State Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board|Maharashtra State Board]] (MSBSHSE)
* The All-India [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE)
* The [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS)
* The [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board for Secondary Education]] (CBSE)
* The [[International Baccalaureate]] (IB)
* The [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (IGCSE).<ref>{{cite news |last=Mukherji |first=Anahita |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Education-board-tells-schools-to-get-state-recognition/articleshow/4346890.cms?referral=PM |date=2 April 2009 |title=Education board tells schools to get state recognition |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807060426/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Education-board-tells-schools-to-get-state-recognition/articleshow/4346890.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> Marathi or English is the usual language of instruction.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Now-schools-can-teach-in-2-languages/articleshow/1516877.cms?referral=PM |date=5 May 2006 |title=Now, schools can teach in 2 languages |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807060715/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Now-schools-can-teach-in-2-languages/articleshow/1516877.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=7 August 2014}}</ref>
The primary education system of the MCGM is the largest urban primary education system in Asia. The MCGM operates 1,188 primary schools imparting primary education to 485,531 students in eight languages ([[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Kannada language|Kannada]]). The MCGM also imparts secondary education to 55,576 students through its 49 secondary schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Education.pdf |title=City Development (Education) |access-date=25 August 2013 |author=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005074234/http://mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Education.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2012}}</ref>
=== Higher education ===
[[File:University Mumbai convoc hall.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.9|[[University of Mumbai]] is one of the largest universities in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=mumbai university: Latest News, Videos and mumbai university Photos {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/mumbai-university |website=The Times of India |access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref>]]
Under the [[10+2+3 plan|10+2+3/4 plan]], students complete ten years of schooling and then enrol for two years in [[junior college]], where they select one of three streams: arts, commerce, or science.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2008/jun/19trans.htm |date=19 June 2008 |title=Are you cut out for Arts, Science or Commerce? |work=Rediff News |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614091337/http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2008/jun/19trans.htm |archive-date=14 June 2009}}</ref> This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering and medicine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Archana |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/When-it-comes-to-courses-MU-dishes-up-a-big-buffet/articleshow/718303.cms?referral=PM |date=4 June 2004 |title=When it comes to courses, MU dishes up a big buffet |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804034139/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/When-it-comes-to-courses-MU-dishes-up-a-big-buffet/articleshow/718303.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> Most colleges in the city are affiliated with the [[University of Mumbai]], one of the largest universities in the world in terms of the number of graduates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mu.ac.in/History.html |title=History |publisher=University of Mumbai |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425232831/http://www.mu.ac.in/History.html |archive-date=25 April 2009}}</ref>
The [[University of Mumbai]] is one of the premier<ref name="intoday1">[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/best-universities-in-india-2013-mumbai-university/1/9412.html "Best Universities 2013: University of Mumbai"]. ''India Today''. (15 March 1978). Retrieved 16 July 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426000809/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/best-universities-in-india-2013-mumbai-university/1/9412.html |date=26 April 2015 }}</ref> universities in India. It was ranked 41 among the Top 50 Engineering Schools of the world by America's news broadcasting firm ''[[Business Insider]]'' in 2012 and was the only university in the list from the five emerging BRICS nations viz Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.<ref name="Business Insider">{{cite web |title=The World's Best Engineering Schools |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-worlds-best-engineering-schools-2012-6?op=1 |website=Business Insider |access-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605050037/http://www.businessinsider.com/the-worlds-best-engineering-schools-2012-6?op=1 |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> Moreover, the University of Mumbai was ranked 5th in the list of best universities in India by ''[[India Today]]'' in 2013<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/education/story/20130603-india-best-universities-ranking-private-sector-survey-763646-1999-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710021738/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-best-universities-ranking-private-sector-survey/1/272876.html |url-status=dead |title=India Today ranks India's Best Universities for 2013 |first=Dhiraj |last=Nayyar |date=30 November 1999 |archive-date=10 July 2015 |work=India Today}}</ref> and ranked at 62 in the QS BRICS University rankings for 2013, a ranking of leading universities in the five BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa).<ref name="topuniversities.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/brics-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+country=+stars=false+search= |title=QS University Rankings: BRICS 2013 |website=Top Universities |access-date=28 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217061019/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/brics-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+country=+stars=false+search= |archive-date=17 December 2013 |date=12 December 2013}}</ref>
Its strongest scores in the QS University Rankings: BRICS are for papers per faculty (8th), employer reputation (20th) and citations per paper (28th).<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/brics-rankings/top-universities-india |title=Top Universities in India |website=Top Universities |access-date=28 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704075931/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/brics-rankings/top-universities-india |archive-date=4 July 2015 |date=16 December 2013}}</ref>
It was ranked 10th among the top Universities of India by QS in 2013.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> With 7 of the top ten Indian Universities being purely science and technology universities, it was India's 3rd best [[Interdisciplinarity|Multi Disciplinary]] University in the QS University ranking.<ref name="ReferenceA" />
[[File:IITBMainBuildingCROP.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] is a premier engineering institute in the country.]]
The [[IIT Bombay|Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] (IIT Bombay), Mumbai,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/speak-up/report-iit-flights-return-home-1070723 |date=22 December 2006 |title=IIT flights return home |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109005035/http://www.dnaindia.com/speak-up/report-iit-flights-return-home-1070723 |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> [[Institute of Chemical Technology]] (formerly UDCT / UICT),<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/admission-process-for-autonomous-engg-colleges-to-start-today/321286/ |title=Admission process for autonomous engg colleges to start today |date=11 June 2008 |access-date=9 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219174721/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/admission-process-for-autonomous-engg-colleges-to-start-today/321286/ |archive-date=19 December 2011 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]]}}</ref> [[VJTI|Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]] (VJTI),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vjti.ac.in/home_about.asp |title=About the Institute |publisher=[[Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]] |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518121006/http://www.vjti.ac.in/home_about.asp |archive-date=18 May 2009}}</ref> which are India's premier engineering and technology schools, along with [[SNDT Women's University]] are the autonomous universities located in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sndt.digitaluniversity.ac/Content.aspx?ID=7&ParentMenuID=7 |title=About University |publisher=[[SNDT Women's University]] |access-date=9 June 2009 |archive-date=13 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013235515/http://sndt.digitaluniversity.ac/Content.aspx?ID=7&ParentMenuID=7 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 2015, [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]] launched the first U.S.-India joint EMBA program alongside [[Washington University in St. Louis]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://global.wustl.edu/first-u-s-india-joint-emba-program-begins/ |title=First U.S.-India joint EMBA program begins |last=Source |first={{!}} The |date=23 April 2015 |website=Global |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125105908/https://global.wustl.edu/first-u-s-india-joint-emba-program-begins/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Thadomal Shahani Engineering College]] is the first and the oldest private engineering college affiliated to the federal [[University of Mumbai]] and is also pioneered to be the first institute in the city's university to offer undergraduate level courses in [[Computer Engineering]], [[Information Technology]], [[Biomedical Engineering]] and [[Biotechnology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=3182 |title=..:: Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra State, Mumbai ::. |access-date=28 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901014638/http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=3182 |archive-date=1 September 2015}}</ref> [[Grant Medical College]] established in 1845 and [[Seth G.S. Medical College]] are the leading medical institutes affiliated with [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals]] and [[KEM Hospital]] respectively. Mumbai is also home to [[National Institute of Industrial Engineering]] (NITIE), [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]] (JBIMS), [[Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies]] (NMIMS), [[S P Jain Institute of Management and Research]], [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] (TISS) and several other management schools.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bansal |first=Rashmi |url=http://in.rediff.com/getahead/2004/nov/08rash.htm |date=8 November 2004 |title=Is the 'IIM' brand invincible? |work=Rediff News |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718194025/http://in.rediff.com/getahead/2004/nov/08rash.htm |archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref> [[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College]] and [[Sydenham College]], respectively the oldest law and commerce colleges in India, are based in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sydenham.edu/our_profile.html |title=Sydenham College: Our Profile |publisher=[[Sydenham College]] |access-date=26 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625015836/http://www.sydenham.edu/our_profile.html |archive-date=25 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glc.edu/incept.asp |title=About The Government Law College |publisher=[[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College]] |access-date=26 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622081119/http://www.glc.edu/incept.asp |archive-date=22 June 2009}}</ref> The [[Sir J. J. School of Art]] is Mumbai's oldest art institution.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/JJ-School-seeks-help-from-new-friends/articleshow/24305727.cms?referral=PM |title=JJ School seeks help from new friends |date=6 October 2002 |first=Nina |last=Martyris |work=The Times of India |access-date=13 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522012912/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/JJ-School-seeks-help-from-new-friends/articleshow/24305727.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=22 May 2015}}</ref>
It also has one of the best law schools or universities of the country which is [[Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai|National Law Universities]] (NLU).
Mumbai is home to two prominent research institutions: the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR), and the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-university-ties-up-with-renowned-institutes-1065998 |date=24 November 2006 |title=University ties up with renowned institutes |newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106112417/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-university-ties-up-with-renowned-institutes-1065998 |archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> The BARC operates [[CIRUS]], a 40 MW nuclear research reactor at their facility in [[Trombay]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barc.ernet.in/webpages/reactors/cirus.html |title=CIRUS reactor |publisher=[[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) |access-date=12 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709060317/http://www.barc.ernet.in/webpages/reactors/cirus.html |archive-date= 9 July 2007}}</ref>
Mumbai Veterinary College is the oldest and premier Veterinary College of India and Asia. Its foundation stone is laid in the year of 1886.
The '''ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education''' ('''CIFE''') is a [[Deemed to be University]] and institution of higher learning for [[fisheries science]] in Mumbai, [[India]]. CIFE has over four decades of leadership in human resource development with its alumni aiding in the development of fisheries and [[aquaculture]] worldwide, producing notable contributions to research and technological advancements to its credit. The institute is one of four deemed to be universities operating under the [[Indian Council for Agricultural Research]] (ICAR); the other three being the [[Indian Veterinary Research Institute]] (IVRI), the National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) and the [[Indian Agriculture Research Institute]] (IARI)
== Culture ==
{{Main|Mumbai culture}}
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 70 Asiatic Society Library.jpg|thumb|[[The Asiatic Society of Mumbai]] is one of the oldest [[public library|public libraries]] in the city.|alt=A white building with a triangular façade and wide stairs]]
Mumbai's culture offers a blend of traditional and cosmopolitan festivals, food, entertainment, and night life. The city's cosmopolitan and urban-centric modern cultural offerings are comparable to other world capitals. Mumbai bears the distinction of being the most cosmopolitan city of India. Its history as a major trading centre and the expansion of an education middle class has led to a diverse range of cultures, religions, and cuisines coexisting in the city. The variety and abundance of restaurants, cinemas, theatres, sports events and museums are a product of Mumbai's unique cosmopolitan culture.<ref>{{cite book |last=Breckenridge |first=Carol Appadurai |title=Consuming Modernity: Public Culture in a South Asian World |year=1995 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |pages=90–91 |isbn=978-0-8166-2306-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LN4MN35b-r4C}}</ref>
Mumbai is the birthplace of [[Indian cinema]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/arts/beginners-bollywood/2005/09/27/1127804471297.html |title=Beginners' Bollywood |date=28 September 2005 |work=The Age |location=Sydney |access-date=11 September 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906120745/http://www.theage.com.au/news/arts/beginners-bollywood/2005/09/27/1127804471297.html |archive-date=6 September 2008}}</ref>—[[Dadasaheb Phalke]] laid the foundations with silent movies followed by [[Marathi cinema|Marathi talkies]]—and the oldest film broadcast took place in the early 20th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Vilanilam|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kvQtoquTT6kC 130]}}</ref> Mumbai also has a large number of cinema halls that feature Bollywood, Marathi and Hollywood movies. The [[Mumbai International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/article3232563.ece |title=Matchbox journeys |first=Saraswathy |last=Nagarajan |date=10 September 2006 |work=The Hindu |access-date=11 June 2009 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> and the award ceremony of the [[Filmfare Awards]], the oldest and prominent film awards given for Hindi film industry in India, are held in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment?frommovies=1 |title=Filmfare Awards gets new sponsor |date=11 January 2006 |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 September 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122053815/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/?frommovies=1 |archive-date=22 November 2012}}</ref> Despite most of the professional theatre groups that formed during the [[British Raj]] having disbanded by the 1950s, Mumbai has developed a thriving "theatre movement" tradition in Marathi, Hindi, English, and other regional languages.<ref name=multitheater>{{Harvnb|Chaudhuri|2005|pp=4–6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilder |first=Rosamond |title=The New Theatre in India: An Impression |journal=[[Theatre Journal|Educational Theatre Journal]] |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=201–204 |date=October 1957 |issn=0192-2882 |doi=10.2307/3203529 |jstor=3203529}}</ref>
Contemporary art is featured in both government-funded art spaces and private commercial galleries. The government-funded institutions include the [[Jehangir Art Gallery]] and the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]. Built in 1833, the [[Asiatic Society of Bombay|Asiatic Society of Mumbai]] is one of the oldest [[public library|public libraries]] in the city.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=232}}</ref> The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]] (formerly The Prince of Wales Museum) is a renowned museum in [[South Mumbai]] which houses rare ancient exhibits of Indian history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bombaymuseum.org/ |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya |access-date=30 January 2007 |publisher=Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Mumbai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070201210616/http://bombaymuseum.org/ |archive-date=1 February 2007}}</ref>
Mumbai has a zoo named [[Jijamata Udyaan]] (formerly Victoria Gardens), which also harbor's a garden. The rich literary traditions of the city have been highlighted internationally by [[Booker Prize]] winners [[Salman Rushdie]], [[Aravind Adiga]]. [[Marathi literature]] has been modernized in the works of Mumbai-based authors such as Mohan Apte, [[Anant Kanekar]], and [[Gangadhar Gadgil]], and is promoted through an annual [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], a literary honor bestowed by India's [[Sahitya Akademi|National Academy of Letters]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa1.htm |title=Sahitya Akademi: awards and fellowships |year=1999 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520022941/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa1.htm |archive-date=20 May 2008}}</ref>
[[File:Chowpatti Beach (Girgaum Chowpatty).jpg|thumb|left|[[Girgaum Chowpatty]] beach. Beaches are a popular tourist attraction in the city.]]
Mumbai residents celebrate both Western and [[Indian festivals]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] is the biggest and most important festival of Mumbai, There are almost 5000 [[Ganpati]] Pandals set up in Mumbai city for the celebrations. Other festivals like [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Navratri]], [[Christmas]], [[Rakshabandhan]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Navrati|Dussera]], [[Muslim holidays|Eid]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Ram Navami]], [[Shiv Jayanti]] and [[Maha Shivratri]] are some of the popular festivals in the city. The [[Kala Ghoda Arts Festival]] is an exhibition of a world of arts that encapsulates works of artists in the fields of music, dance, theatre, and films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kalaghodaassociation.com/ |title=Kala Ghoda Arts Festival |publisher=Kala Ghoda Association |access-date=6 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417023334/http://www.kalaghodaassociation.com/ |archive-date=17 April 2008}}</ref>
The Banganga Festival is a two-day music festival, held annually in the month of January, which is organised by the [[Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation]] (MTDC) at the historic [[Banganga Tank]] in Mumbai.<ref name="MTDCpullout">{{cite news |title=MTDC will not pull out of Elephanta, Banganga fests |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mtdc-will-not-pull-out-of-elephanta-banganga-fests-1204562 |first=Ahustosh |last=Shukla |date=8 November 2008 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=1 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901064217/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mtdc-will-not-pull-out-of-elephanta-banganga-fests-1204562 |archive-date=1 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="MTDCBanganga">{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Banganga_Festival.html |title=The Banganga Festival |access-date=7 February 2008 |publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805052147/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Banganga_Festival.html |archive-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> The Elephanta Festival—celebrated every February on the [[Elephanta Island]]s—is dedicated to classical Indian dance and music and attracts performers from across the country.<ref name="MTDCpullout" /><ref name="MTDCElephanta">{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Elephanta_Festival.html |title=The Elephanta Festival |access-date=7 February 2008 |publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220194302/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=..%2FMaharashtraTourism%2FMTDC_Festival%2FElephanta_Festival.html |archive-date=20 February 2007}}</ref> Public holidays specific to the city and the state include [[Maharashtra Day]] on 1 May, to celebrate the formation of Maharashtra state on 1 May 1960,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-celebrates-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4471265.cms?referral=PM |title=Mumbai celebrates Maharashtra Day |date=1 May 2009 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=6 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228044157/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-celebrates-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4471265.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/24/stories/2009032450711300.htm |last=Krishnan |first=Ananth |title='Vote at Eight' campaign |date=24 March 2009 |access-date=6 July 2009 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714002936/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/24/stories/2009032450711300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=14 July 2011}}</ref> and [[Gudi Padwa]] which is the New Year's Day for [[Marathi people]].
[[List of Mumbai beaches|Beaches]] are a major tourist attraction in the city. The major beaches in Mumbai are [[Girgaum Chowpatty]], [[Juhu Beach]], Dadar Chowpatty, Gorai Beach, [[Marve Beach]], Versova Beach, Madh Beach, [[Aksa Beach]] and [[Manori]] Beach.<ref>{{cite news |title=BMC to transfer beach cleaning works |date=24 August 2013 |url=http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/bmc-transfer-beach-cleaning-works-516 |work=[[The Asian Age]] |access-date=27 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053256/http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/bmc-transfer-beach-cleaning-works-516 |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Most of the beaches are unfit for swimming, except Girgaum Chowpatty and Juhu Beach.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bhavika |last=Jain |title=8 out of city's 10 beaches unsafe |date=10 May 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/8-out-of-city-s-10-beaches-unsafe/Article1-695594.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=27 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055224/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/8-out-of-city-s-10-beaches-unsafe/Article1-695594.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Essel World is a theme park and amusement centre situated close to Gorai Beach,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esselworld.com/ |title=About Essel World |publisher=[[Essel World]] |access-date=29 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130164441/http://www.esselworld.com/ |archive-date=30 January 2008}}</ref> and includes Asia's largest theme water park, Water Kingdom.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Brien|2003|p=143}}</ref> [[Adlabs Imagica]] opened in April 2013 is located near the city of Khopoli off the [[Mumbai-Pune Expressway]].<ref name="founderimagica">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Samidha |title=Adlabs founder bets big on theme parks |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Adlabs-founder-bets-big-on-theme-parks/articleshow/17379493.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010803/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Adlabs-founder-bets-big-on-theme-parks/articleshow/17379493.cms |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>
== Cityscape ==
{{Wide image|File:F7xZ48abwAAgNst.jpg |800px|An aerial view of the skyline of [[South Mumbai]].}}
Mumbai's cityscape consists of a variety of tall buildings and structures, most of which have been built in the last two decades. There was a significant lull in construction projects since the mid-1990s after which construction projects began taking the skyline upwards, with a major acceleration in the pace of development since 2000, when the [[Parel|Lower Parel]] area began developing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai|url=https://www.emporis.com/city/102037/mumbai-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615005107/http://www.emporis.com/city/102037/mumbai-india|archive-date=15 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
Mumbai with a commanding 77% share of tall buildings in India, is poised to maintain its position as the frontrunner in tall building construction due to its ability to command premium prices compared to other cities, thereby ensuring the economic viability of such developments within the city.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai stands tall among Indian cities |work=The economic times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/high-rises-mumbai-stands-tall-among-indian-cities/articleshow/101348550.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>
Mumbai has more residential tall buildings rather than commercial, unlike the trend globally. Limited land resources and an exponential increase in urban population were the primary reasons for Mumbai's vertical growth compared to other Tier 1 Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai has 77% tall buildings in India |work=The Hindustan times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mumbai-dominates-indian-skyline-with-77-share-of-tall-buildings-ranks-17th-worldwide-report-101687979905261.html |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>
=== Architecture ===
{{See also|Architecture of Mumbai|Heritage structures in Mumbai}}
[[File:Chatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus_(Victoria_Terminus_Station).jpg|thumb|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]]]]
The architecture of the city is a blend of [[Gothic Revival]], [[Indo-Saracenic]], [[Art Deco]], and other contemporary styles. Most of the buildings during the British period, such as the [[Victoria Terminus]] and [[University of Mumbai]], were built in Gothic Revival style.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/mag/2004/07/25/stories/2004072500330200.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103114347/http://www.thehindu.com/mag/2004/07/25/stories/2004072500330200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2015 |title=Rainswept glory |date=24 July 2004 |access-date=7 July 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Their architectural features include a variety of European influences such as German gables, Dutch roofs, Swiss timbering, Romance arches, Tudor casements, and traditional Indian features.<ref name="Profile">{{harvnb|Morris|Winchester|2005|p=212}}</ref> There are also a few Indo-Saracenic styled buildings such as the [[Gateway of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200703041014.htm |title=Mumbai's entrance -the 'Gateway' to be more tourist-friendly |date=4 March 2007 |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306090243/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200703041014.htm |archive-date=6 March 2007 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Art Deco styled landmarks can be found along [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]] and west of the [[Oval Maidan]]. Mumbai has the second highest number of Art Deco buildings in the world after [[Miami]]. In the newer suburbs, modern buildings dominate the landscape. Mumbai has by far the highest number of [[skyscrapers]] in India, with 956 existing [[skyscrapers]] and 272 under construction {{As of|2009|lc=y}}.
The Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee (MHCC), established in 1995, formulates special regulations and by-laws to assist in the conservation of the city's heritage structures. Mumbai has three [[World Heritage Sites|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]], the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the [[Elephanta Caves]] and the [[The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai|Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/in |title=India: World heritage sites centre |access-date=9 August 2007 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502200152/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/in/ |archive-date=2 May 2012}}</ref> In the south of Mumbai, there are colonial-era buildings and Soviet-style offices.<ref name="economist">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/node/21556584 |title=Is the world's weirdest property market strangling the city that hosts it? |newspaper=The Economist |date=9 June 2012 |access-date=6 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717223955/http://www.economist.com/node/21556584 |archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> In the east are factories and some slums. On the West coast are former-textile mills being demolished and skyscrapers built on top. There are 237 buildings taller than 100 m, compared with 327 in Shanghai and 855 in New York.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120109061808/http://www.emporis.com/statistics/most-skyscraper-cities-worldwide "Cities with the most skyscrapers | Statistics"]. EMPORIS.</ref><ref name="economist" />
== Food ==
{{excerpt|Street food of Mumbai}}
== Media ==
{{See also|List of Mumbai radio stations}}
[[File:Film City.jpg|thumb|Plaque at [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] entrance]]
[[Bollywood]], the Hindi film industry based in Mumbai, produces around 150–200 films every year.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ganti|2004|p=3}}</ref> The name Bollywood is a blend of Bombay and [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6JQLLVfORXM&refer=europe |title=Bollywood Trawls London for Talent as Students Balk at Banking |access-date=26 May 2009 |date=26 November 2008 |last=Lundgren |first=Kari |publisher=Bloomberg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025044110/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6JQLLVfORXM&refer=europe |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> The 2000s saw a growth in Bollywood's popularity overseas. This led filmmaking to new heights in terms of quality, cinematography and innovative story lines as well as technical advances such as special effects and animation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-08-17/news/28418701_1_bollywood-filmmakers-bollywood-releases-hyderabad-blues |title=Bollywood filmmakers experimenting with new genre of films |date=17 July 2008 |access-date=10 June 2009 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Studios in Goregaon, including [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], are the location for most movie sets.<ref>{{cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Haima |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/ |title=Mumbai's Film City may be home to world cinema |date=5 March 2001 |access-date=14 May 2009 |newspaper=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116132018/http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/ |archive-date=16 January 2014}}</ref> The city also hosts the [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film industry]] which has seen increased popularity in recent years, and TV production companies. Mumbai is a hub of Indian film making. Several other Indian language films such as [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]] are also occasionally shot in Mumbai. [[Slumdog Millionaire]], an [[English language]] British film, was shot entirely in Mumbai and has garnered 8 Oscar awards.
[[File:Times of India Building.jpg|thumb|''[[The Times of India]]'''s first office is opposite the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] where it was founded.<ref name="televisionpoint2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2006/newsfullstory.php?id=1146042260 |title=The Times of India turns the Times of Colour |publisher=Televisionpoint.com |date=26 April 2006 |access-date=16 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012225524/http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2006/newsfullstory.php?id=1146042260 |archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref>]]
Mumbai has numerous [[Indian newspapers|newspaper]] publications, television and radio stations. Marathi dailies enjoy the maximum readership share in the city and the top [[Marathi-language newspapers|Marathi language newspapers]] are ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'', ''[[Nava Kaal|Navakaal]]'', ''[[Lokmat]]'', ''[[Loksatta (newspaper)|Loksatta]]'', ''Mumbai Chaufer'', ''[[Saamana]]'' and ''[[Sakaal]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=28137_IRS+Q2+2010:+Negligible+decline+of+daily+readers+in+Greater+Mumbai |title=IRS Q2, 2010: Negligible decline of daily readers in Greater Mumbai |publisher=Afaqs.com |date=1 September 2010 |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815164813/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=28137_IRS+Q2+2010:+Negligible+decline+of+daily+readers+in+Greater+Mumbai |archive-date=15 August 2011}}</ref> Popular Marathi language magazines are ''Saptahik Sakaal'', ''Grihashobhika'', ''Lokrajya'', ''Lokprabha'' & ''Chitralekha''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=5&News_id=39218 |title=IRS Q2 2010: Publications in Maharashtra see some light |publisher=Exchange4media.com |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117050215/http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=5&News_id=39218 |archive-date=17 January 2013}}</ref> Popular English language newspapers published and sold in Mumbai include ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[MiD DAY|Mid-day]]'', ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', ''[[DNA India]]'', and ''[[The Indian Express]]''. Newspapers are also printed in other Indian languages.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Shuchi |last1=Bansal |last2=Mathai |first2=Palakunnathu G. |url=http://www.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=//money/2005/apr/06spec1.htm |title=Mumbai's media Mahabharat |date=6 April 2005 |access-date=14 May 2009 |publisher=Rediff |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806032345/http://www.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=%2F%2Fmoney%2F2005%2Fapr%2F06spec1.htm |archive-date= 6 August 2011}}</ref> Mumbai is home to Asia's oldest newspaper, ''[[Bombay Samachar]]'', which has been published in Gujarati since 1822.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/yw/2004/10/16/stories/2004101600260300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://www.thehindu.com/yw/2004/10/16/stories/2004101600260300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2015 |title=Learn with newspapers |date=16 October 2004 |access-date=14 May 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> ''Bombay Durpan'', the first Marathi newspaper, was started by [[Balshastri Jambhekar]] in 1832.<ref name="PubliclifeMSG">{{cite web |title=Public life and voluntary social service organisations |url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/publiclife.html |publisher=Maharashtra State Gazetteers |access-date=1 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228045933/https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/publiclife.html |archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref>
Numerous [[Television in India|Indian]] and international television channels can be watched in Mumbai through one of the [[pay-tv|Pay TV]] companies or the local cable television provider. The metropolis is also the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications having a major presence. The national television broadcaster, [[Doordarshan]], provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990826/ige26046.html |title=IN-fighting among cable operators |date=26 July 1999 |access-date=10 June 2009 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}{{dead link|date=April 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
The wide range of cable channels available includes [[Zee Marathi]], [[Zee Talkies]], [[ETV Marathi]], [[Star Pravah]], [[Mi Marathi]], DD Sahyadri ([[Marathi language television|All Marathi channels]]), news channels such as [[ABP Majha]], [[IBN-Lokmat]], [[Zee 24 Taas]], sports channels like [[ESPN]], [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]], National entertainment channels like [[Colors TV]], [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony]], [[Zee TV]] and [[Star Plus]], business news channels like [[CNBC Awaaz]], [[Zee Business]], [[ET Now]] and [[Bloomberg UTV]]. News channels entirely dedicated to Mumbai include Sahara Samay Mumbai. [[Zing (TV channel)|Zing]] a popular Bollywood gossip channel is also based out of Mumbai. [[Direct broadcast satellite|Satellite television]] (DTH) has yet to gain mass acceptance, due to high installation costs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/sep/05iycu.htm |title=What is CAS? What is DTH? |date=5 September 2006 |access-date=10 June 2009 |website=Rediff News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616115954/http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/sep/05iycu.htm |archive-date=16 June 2009}}</ref> Prominent DTH entertainment services in Mumbai include [[Dish TV]] and [[Tata Sky]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lyngsat.com/packages/tatasky.html |title=Tata Sky on Insat 4A |access-date=10 August 2008 |website=LyngSat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809014755/http://www.lyngsat.com/packages/tatasky.html |archive-date=9 August 2008}}</ref>
There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the [[Frequency modulation|FM]] band, and three [[All India Radio]] stations broadcasting on the [[Amplitude modulation|AM]] band.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/maharashtra-radio.htm#mumbai-radio |title=Radio stations in Maharashtra, India |access-date=18 January 2008 |publisher=Asiawaves |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227054433/http://www.asiawaves.net/india/maharashtra-radio.htm#mumbai-radio |archive-date=27 February 2007}}</ref> Mumbai also has access to [[Commercial broadcasting|Commercial radio]] providers such as [[Sirius Satellite Radio|Sirius]].<!--Note. There are no sources available that say there are Satellite stations in Mumbai, or for that Matter, India, except 1Worldspace with Airtel. --> The [[Conditional Access System]] (CAS) started by the [[Government of India|Union Government]] in 2006 met a poor response in Mumbai due to competition from its sister technology [[Direct broadcast satellite|Direct-to-Home]] (DTH) transmission service.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Few-takers-for-CAS-in-Mumbai/articleshow/856609.cms?referral=PM |title=Few takers for CAS in Mumbai |access-date=22 January 2008 |date=20 December 2006 |newspaper=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Few-takers-for-CAS-in-Mumbai/articleshow/856609.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref>
== Sports ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Wankhede ICC WCF.jpg
| width1 = 220
| alt1 = Wankhede_Stadium_Feb2011.jpg
| caption1 = 33,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2430/indian-premier-league-2016/venues/81/wankhede-stadium |title=Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai details, matches, stats |website=Cricbuzz}}</ref> people can be accommodated in the [[Wankhede Stadium]].
| image2 = Wug0reym7cv91.jpg
| width2 = 220
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Mumbai Football Arena]]
| total_width =
}}
[[Cricket]] is more popular than any other sport in Mumbai. It is home to the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI)<ref>{{cite web |title=About BCCI |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) |url=http://bcci.tv/bcci/bccitv/ |access-date=16 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004002106/http://www.bcci.tv/bcci/bccitv/ |archive-date=4 October 2010}}</ref> and [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investmentkit.com/latestnews/2010/04/15/i-t-raids-at-ipl-headquarter-at-bcci-in-mumbai-reports-ndtv-2/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208175436/http://www.investmentkit.com/latestnews/2010/04/15/i-t-raids-at-ipl-headquarter-at-bcci-in-mumbai-reports-ndtv-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2012 |title=IT Raids at IPL Headquarter at BCCI in Mumbai, reports NDTV | InvestmentKit.com Articles |publisher=Investmentkit.com |date=15 April 2010 |access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref> Mumbai's [[first-class cricket|first-class]] team [[Mumbai cricket team]] has won 41 [[Ranji Trophy]] titles, the most by any team.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Makarand |first=Waingankar |title=Attacking pattern of play has delivered |date=18 January 2009 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/article376845.ece |access-date=8 June 2009 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The city based [[Mumbai Indians]] compete in the Indian Premier League. Mumbai has two international cricket stadiums, the [[Wankhede Stadium]] and the [[Brabourne Stadium]]. The first cricket test match in India was played in Mumbai at the [[Bombay Gymkhana]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Seth |first=Ramesh |title=Brabourne – the stadium with a difference |date=1 December 2006 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article3027508.ece |access-date=8 June 2009 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The biggest cricketing event to be staged in the city so far is the [[2011 Cricket World Cup Final|final]] of the [[2011 ICC Cricket World Cup]] which was played at the Wankhede Stadium. Mumbai and [[London]] are the only two cities to have hosted both a World Cup final and the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy Final|final]] of an [[ICC Champions Trophy]] which was played at the [[Brabourne Stadium]] in [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy|2006]].<ref name="TSMH">{{Cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/cricket/aussies-claim-elusive-trophy/2006/11/06/1162661575823.html |title=Aussies claim elusive trophy |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=18 June 2009 |date=6 November 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315085415/http://www.smh.com.au/news/cricket/aussies-claim-elusive-trophy/2006/11/06/1162661575823.html |archive-date=15 March 2011}}</ref>
[[Association football|Football]] is another popular sport in the city, with the [[FIFA World Cup]] and the English [[Premier League]] being followed widely.<ref>{{Cite news |last=g=Bubna |first=Shriya |title=Forget cricket, soccer's new media favourite |date=7 July 2006 |work=Rediff News |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/jul/07fifa.htm |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806032327/http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/jul/07fifa.htm |archive-date=6 August 2011}}</ref> The [[Mumbai City FC]] of [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) play their home matches at the [[Mumbai Football Arena]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/mumbai-city-on-course-to-become-isl-invincibles/articleshow/97192372.cms|title=Mumbai City on course to become ISL 'Invincibles'|accessdate=21 January 2023|work=timesofindia.com|date=21 January 2023 }}</ref> While the [[I-League]] club [[Kenkre FC]] uses the [[Cooperage Ground]] as home ground.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/football/kenkre-fcs-i-league-dreams-21-years-in-the-making |title=Kenkre FC's I-League dreams: 21 years in the making |website=freepressjournal.in |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref> When the [[Elite Football League of India]] was introduced in August 2011, Mumbai was noted as one of eight cities to be awarded a team for the inaugural season.
Mumbai's first professional [[American football]] [[Franchise (sports)|franchise]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/08/04/they-need-tv-product-why-american-football-is-coming-to-india/ |title='They Need TV Product': Why American Football Is Coming To India – TIME NewsFeed |magazine=Time |date=4 August 2011 |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125025255/http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/08/04/they-need-tv-product-why-american-football-is-coming-to-india/ |archive-date=25 November 2011}}</ref> the [[Mumbai Gladiators]], played its first season, in [[Pune]], in late 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gridiron league launched in India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Gridiron-league-launched-in-India/articleshow/9495133.cms?referral=PM |access-date=17 July 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803195529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Gridiron-league-launched-in-India/articleshow/9495133.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>
In [[Field hockey|Hockey]], Mumbai is home to the [[Mumbai Marines]] and [[Mumbai Magicians]] in the [[World Series Hockey]] and [[Hockey India League]] respectively. Matches in the city are played at the [[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]].<ref name="marines">{{cite news |title=Mumbai Marines down Chennai Cheetahs |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/187788-mumbai-marines-down-chennai-cheetahs |date=31 March 2012 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603014947/http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/187788-mumbai-marines-down-chennai-cheetahs |archive-date=3 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="magicians">{{cite news |title=HIL: Police assure tight security for matches in Mumbai |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-hil-police-assure-tight-security-for-matches-in-mumbai-1789087 |date=15 January 2013 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602205544/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-hil-police-assure-tight-security-for-matches-in-mumbai-1789087 |archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref>
The Indian Badminton League (IBL), now known as the [[Premier Badminton League]] is also visiting Mumbai since its inaugural edition in 2013 when the final was held in Mumbai's [[National Sports Club of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.realtimecommunicationsworld.com/indian-badminton-league/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505015857/http://www.iblschedule.com/2013/05/indian-badminton-league-2013-from-14.html |url-status=dead |title=Indian Badminton League |archive-date=5 May 2014}}</ref> In the second season, the final of the [[2016 Premier Badminton League]] was held between home-squad [[Mumbai Rockets]] and the [[Delhi Dashers]] (formerly Delhi Acers), the visitors eventually claiming the title. The opening ceremony was also held in Mumbai while the finals in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Badminton Association of India announces the 2nd Edition of the Indian Badminton League |url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/badminton/badminton-association-of-india-announces-the-2nd-edition-of-the-indian-badminton-league |publisher=sportskeeda.com |access-date=29 October 2015 |date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
In the [[2017 Premier Badminton League]] (also known as Vodafone PBL 2017 for sponsorship reasons) the [[Mumbai Rockets]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pbl-india.com/teams/292-mumbai-rockets-teamprofile |title=Team Overview |website=Premier Badminton League}}</ref> beat the [[Hyderabad Hunters (Badminton team)|Hyderabad Hunters]] 3–1 to proceed to the final. In the final they lost 3–4 to the [[Chennai Smashers]].
[[U Mumba]] is the team representing Mumbai in the country's professional [[Kabaddi]] league, [[Pro Kabaddi]]. The Mumbai Leg of [[Pro Kabaddi League|Pro Kabaddi]] is held at the NSCI, Worli.
[[Rugby union|Rugby]] is another growing sport in Mumbai with league matches being held at the [[Bombay Gymkhana]] from June to November.<ref name="rugbyhost">{{cite news |title=Mumbai to host Asian men's rugby |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-mumbai-to-host-asian-men-s-rugby-1751235 |date=10 October 2012 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=29 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005082118/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-mumbai-to-host-asian-men-s-rugby-1751235 |archive-date=5 October 2015}}</ref>
Every February, Mumbai holds [[derby (horse race)|derby]] races at the [[Mahalaxmi Racecourse]]. [[United Breweries Group|Mcdowell's]] Derby is also held in February at the [[Royal Western India Turf Club|Turf Club]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pal |first=Abir |title=Mallya, Diageo fight for McDowell Derby |date=17 January 2007 |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/mallya-diageo-fight-for-mcdowell-derby/articleshow/1233374.cms |access-date=8 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024032334/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Mallya-Diageo-fight-for-McDowell-Derby/articleshow/1233374.cms |archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> In March 2004, the Mumbai Grand Prix was part of the [[F1 Powerboat Racing|F1 powerboat world championship]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai to host F-1 powerboat race |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/formula-1/news/17340-mumbai-to-host-f-1-powerboat-race- |access-date=22 June 2015 |publisher=NDTV |date=17 December 2003 |location=Mumbai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002055/http://sports.ndtv.com/formula-1/news/17340-mumbai-to-host-f-1-powerboat-race- |archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> and the [[Force India]] F1 team car was unveiled in the city, in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/motor-racing-forceindia-idUKL2521523620080125 |title=Motor racing-Force India F1 team to launch 2008 car in Mumbai |date=25 January 2008 |access-date=27 January 2008 |publisher=Reuters UK |first=Alan |last=Baldwin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624051820/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/01/25/motor-racing-forceindia-idUKL2521523620080125 |archive-date=24 June 2011}}</ref> In 2004, the annual [[Mumbai Marathon]] was established as a part of "[[The Greatest Race on Earth]]". Mumbai had also played host to the [[Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open]], an [[International Series Tournaments|International Series]] tournament of the [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP World Tour]], in 2006 and 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |work=CBS Sports |title=Bangalore replaces Mumbai on ATP Tour circuit |url=http://www.cbssports.com/writers/columns |date=20 May 2008 |access-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002120515/http://www.cbssports.com/writers/columns |archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref>
Mumbai will host the [[140th IOC Session]] in 2023.
'''Regional and Professional Sports Teams from Mumbai'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Team/Club
!Tournament/League
!Sport
!Venue
!Established
|-
|[[Mumbai cricket team]]
|[[Ranji Trophy]]
[[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
[[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|Syed Musthaq Ali Trophy]]
|[[Cricket]]
|[[Wankhede Stadium]]
[[Brabourne Stadium]]
|1930
|-
|[[Maharashtra football team]]
|[[Santosh Trophy]]
|[[Association football|Football]]
| –
|1941
|-
|[[Kenkre FC]]
|[[I-League]]
|[[Association football|Football]]
|[[Cooperage Ground]]
|2000
|-
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
|[[Indian Premier League]]
|[[Cricket]]
|[[Wankhede Stadium]]
[[Brabourne Stadium]]
|2008
|-
| [[Mumbai Marines]]
|[[World Series Hockey]]
|[[Field hockey]]
|[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]]
|2011
|-
|[[Mumbai Gladiators]]
|[[Elite Football League of India]]
|[[American football]]
| –
|2012
|-
| [[Mumbai Magicians]]
|[[Hockey India League]]
|[[Field hockey]]
|[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]]
|2012
|-
|[[Mumbai Rockets]]
|[[Premier Badminton League]]
|[[Badminton]]
|[[National Sports Club of India]]
|2013
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|[[Association football|Football]]
|[[Mumbai Football Arena]]
|2014
|-
| [[U Mumba]]
|[[Pro Kabaddi League]]
|[[Kabaddi]]
|[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium]]
|2014
|-
|[[Mumbai Tennis Masters]]
|[[Champions Tennis League]]
|[[Tennis]]
|[[Kalina Stadium]]
|2014
|-
|[[Mumbai Challengers]]
|[[UBA Pro Basketball League]]
|[[Basketball]]
| –
|2015
|}
'''Former Regional and Professional Sports Teams from Mumbai'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Team/Club
!Tournament/League
!Sport
!Venue
!Established
!Ceased
|-
|[[Mumbai Champs]]
|[[Indian Cricket League]]
|[[Cricket]]
|N/A
|2007
|2009
|-
|[[Mumbai Masters]]
|[[Premier Badminton League]]
|[[Badminton]]
|[[National Sports Club of India]]
|2013
|2016
|}
{{clear}}
==International relations==
===Twin towns and sister cities===
Source: ''Hindustan Times''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bmc-plans-sister-city-square-to-celebrate-mumbai-s-bond-with-its-15-sister-cities-101646579820018.html |title=BMC plans 'sister city square' to celebrate Mumbai's bond with its 15 sister cities |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=6 March 2022 |access-date=2 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* {{flagdeco|Madagascar}} [[Antananarivo]], Madagascar
* {{flagdeco|Spain}} [[Barcelona]], Spain
* {{flagdeco|South Korea}} [[Busan]], South Korea
* {{flagdeco|United States}} [[Honolulu]], U.S.
* {{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia
* {{flagdeco|United States}} [[Los Angeles]], U.S.
* {{flagdeco|Fiji}} [[Nadi]], Fiji
* {{flagdeco|United States}} [[New York City]], U.S.
* {{flagdeco|Ukraine}} [[Odesa]], Ukraine
* {{flagdeco|China}} [[Shanghai]], China
* {{flagdeco|Russia}} [[St. Petersburg]], Russia
* {{flagdeco|Germany}} [[Stuttgart]], Germany
* {{flagdeco|Japan}} [[Yokohama]], Japan
* {{flagdeco|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]], Croatia
}}
== See also ==
* [[Geology of Mumbai]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai]]
* [[List of people from Mumbai]]
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in India]]
== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Huda |first=Anwar |year=2004 |title=The Art and Science of Cinema |isbn=978-81-269-0348-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIwxhDGO-mUC |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |access-date=11 June 2008}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |title=The Essential Guide to Bollywood |year=2005 |publisher=Roli Books |isbn=978-81-7436-378-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00jhas}}
* {{Cite book |title=Marketing in the 21st Century: New world marketing |last=Keillor |first=Bruce David |publisher=Praeger |volume=1 |isbn=978-0-275-99276-7 |year=2007}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kelsey |first=Jane |title=Serving Whose Interests?: The Political Economy of Trade in Services Agreements |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-415-44821-5 |publisher=Taylor & Francis}}
* {{Cite book |title=Muslims in the Deccan: a historical survey |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |publisher=Global Media Publications |isbn=978-81-88869-13-8 |year=2006}}
* {{Cite book |title=Politics in India |last=Kothari |first=Rajni |author-link=Rajni Kothari |year=1970 |publisher=Orient Longman}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Krishnamoorthy |first1=Bala |title=Environmental Management: Text And Cases |isbn=978-81-203-3329-1 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |year=2008}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kumari |first=Asha |title=Hinduism and Buddhism |year=1990 |publisher=Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7124-060-9}}
* {{Cite book |title=Lok Sabha debates |year=1998 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |location=New Delhi |ref=lsd}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Machado |first1=José Pedro |title=Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa |language=pt |chapter=Bombaim |work=Editorial Confluência |volume=I |year=1984}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Suketu |title=Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found |year=2004 |publisher=Alfred A Knopf |isbn=978-0-375-40372-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/maximumcitybomba00meht}}
* {{Cite book |title=Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world: spatial decentralization policy in Bombay and Cairo |publisher=United Nations Centre for Human Settlements |year=1993 |isbn=978-92-1-131233-1 |ref=UNB}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat: A History of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442 |last=Misra |first=Satish Chandra |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=1982 |ref=misra}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Jan |last2=Winchester |first2=Simon |title=Stones of empire: the buildings of the Raj |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2005|orig-year=1983 |edition=reissue, illustrated |isbn=978-0-19-280596-6}}
* {{cite web |url=http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php |title=Mumbai Plan |publisher=Department of Relief and Rehabilitation ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |ref=plan |access-date=29 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310212824/http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php |archive-date=10 March 2009}}
* {{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M. S. |year=2007 |title=Battles of the honourable East India Company: making of the Raj |isbn=978-81-313-0034-3 |publisher=APH Publishing}}
* {{Cite book |last=O'Brien |first=Derek |title=The Mumbai Factfile |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-302947-2 |year=2003}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaipolice.org/right_of_information/Right_of_Information.pdf |format=PDF, 1.18 [[Megabyte|MB]] |title=Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai |publisher=[[Mumbai Police]] |access-date=15 June 2009 |ref=mp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711160718/http://www.mumbaipolice.org/right_of_information/Right_of_Information.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2009}}
* {{Cite book|editor1-last=Patel|editor1-first=Sujata|editor2-last=Masselos|editor2-first=Jim |title=Bombay and Mumbai. The City in Transition |chapter=Bombay and Mumbai: Identities, Politics and Populism |year=2003 |publisher=The Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |isbn=978-0-19-567711-9}}
* {{Cite book |year=2005|chapter-url=http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/141ISB4.PDF |last=Pai |first=Pushpa |editor=Cohen, James |editor2=McAlister, Kara T. |editor3=Rolstad, Kellie |editor4=MacSwan, Jeff |title=Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism |chapter=Multilingualism, Multiculturalism and Education: Case Study of Mumbai City |publisher=Cascadilla Press |pages=1794–1806}}
* {{Cite book |title=The mangroves in Salsette Island near Bombay |last1=Patil |first1=R.P. |publisher=Proceedings of the Symposium on Mangrove Forest |year=1957 |location=Calcutta}}
* {{Cite book |last=Phadnis |first=Aditi |title=Business Standard Political Profiles: Of Cabals and Kings |work=[[Business Standard]] |author-link=Aditi Phadnis}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/Population%20and%20Employment%20profile%20of%20MMR.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711113422/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/Population%20and%20Employment%20profile%20of%20MMR.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2009 |title=Population and Employment profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) |access-date=4 June 2010 |ref=pemmr |url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book |title=Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy |publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]] |year=1999 |volume=65 |ref=proc}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rana |first=Mahendra Singh |year=2006 |title=India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha elections 2001–2005 |isbn=978-81-7625-647-6 |publisher=Sarup & Sons}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rohli |first1=Robert V. |last2=Vega |first2=Anthony J. |title=Climatology |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |year=2007 |edition=illustrated |isbn=978-0-7637-3828-0}}
* {{Cite book |title=History of Medieval India |last1=Saini |first1=A.K. |last2=Chand |last3=Hukam |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-261-2313-1 |ref=maratha}}
* {{Cite book |title=Maharashtra |last=Singh |first=K.S. |author2=B.V. Bhanu |author3=B.R. Bhatnagar |author4=Anthropological Survey of India |author5=D. K. Bose |author6=V.S. Kulkarni |author7=J. Sreenath |publisher=Popular Prakashan |volume=XXX |isbn=978-81-7991-102-0 |year=2004 |ref=prabhu}}
* {{Cite book |title=Researches in Indo-Portuguese history |volume=2 |publisher=Publication Scheme |year=1998 |last=Shirodkar |first=Prakashchandra P. |isbn=978-81-86782-15-6}}
* {{Cite book |title=Mumbai vision 2015: agenda for urban renewal |last1=Swaminathan |first1=R. |first2=Jaya |last2=Goyal |publisher=Macmillan India in association with Observer Research Foundation |year=2006}}
* {{Cite book |title=The children of Israel: the Bene Israel of Bombay |last=Strizower |first=Schifra |publisher=B. Blackwell |year=1971}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island |series=Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency |publisher=Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |volume=2 |year=1978 |ref=bi}}
* {{cite web |url=http://stateelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/THE%20MUMBAI%20MUNICIPAL%20CORPORATION%20ACT_1888.pdf |title=The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888 |publisher=State Election Commissioner ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |access-date=3 May 2009 |ref=mumact |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705222724/http://stateelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/THE%20MUMBAI%20MUNICIPAL%20CORPORATION%20ACT_1888.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2007}}
* {{cite book |first1=Mathew |last1=Kurian |first2=Patricia |last2=McCarney |title=Peri-urban water and sanitation services policy, planning and method |year=2010 |publisher=Springer |ref={{sfnref|Peri-urban water and sanitation services policy, planning and method|2010}}|location=Dordrecht|isbn=978-90-481-9425-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Vilanilam |first=John V. |edition=illustrated |year=2005 |title=Mass communication in India: a sociological perspective |isbn=978-0-7619-3372-4 |publisher=SAGE}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Wasko |first1=Janet |title=How Hollywood works |year=2003 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-6814-6}}
* {{Cite book |title=WMO bulletin |publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]] |year=2000 |volume=49 |ref=wmo}}
* {{Cite book |title=An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change |last=Yimene |first=Ababu Minda |publisher=Cuvillier Verlag |year=2004 |isbn=978-3-86537-206-2 |ref=yakg}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Yule |first1=Henry |last2=Burnell |first2=A. C. |year=1996|orig-year=1939 |title=A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases: Hobson-Jobson |isbn=978-0-7007-0321-0 |publisher=Routledge |edition=2}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Zakakria |first1=Rafiq |last2=Indian National Congress |title=100 glorious years: Indian National Congress, 1885–1985 |publisher=Reception Committee, Congress Centenary Session |year=1985 |ref=cng |author-link2=Indian National Congress}}
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
* {{official website}}
* {{GovPubs|Mumbai}}
* {{Britannica|72526}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Bombay City}}
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Maharashtra/Localities/Mumbai/}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|7888990}}
{{Subject bar |book=Mumbai |portal1=Geography |portal2=Cities |portal3=India |commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Mumbai |n=yes |n-search=Category:Mumbai |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes |d-search=Q1156}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Mumbai
|North = [[Gujarat]]<br />[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|East = [[Telangana]]<br />[[Chhattisgarh]]
|South = [[Karnataka]]<br />[[Goa]]
|West = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''
}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Articles related to Mumbai
|list =
{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}
{{Million-plus agglomerations in India}}
{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}
{{World's most populated urban areas}}
{{Megacities}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Mumbai| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Mumbai City district]]
[[Category:Cities in Maharashtra]]
<!--state capital city-->
[[Category:Indian capital cities]]<!--present day capital of Maharashtra state-->
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in India]]
[[Category:Port cities in India]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the Arabian Sea]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1507]]
[[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]]
[[Category:1507 establishments in India]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Capital of Maharashtra, India}}
{{Redirect|Bombay|other uses|Bombay (disambiguation)|and|Mumbai (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mumbai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = mr
| other_name = Bombay
| settlement_type = [[Megacity]]
| image_shield = SealofMumbai.jpg
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/3/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = BackBay skyline.jpg
| caption1 = [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai|Skyline of Mumbai]] across [[Back Bay (Mumbai)|Back Bay]]
| image2 = Mumbai 03-2016 30 Gateway of India.jpg
| caption2 = [[Gateway of India]]
| image3 = The World Towers Mumbai.jpg
| caption3 = [[World One|The World Towers]]
| image4 = Marine_Drive_Skyline.jpg
| caption4 = [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]]
| image5 = Taj Mahal Palace Hotel.jpg
| caption5 = [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]]
| image6 = Chhatrapati shivaji terminus, esterno 01.jpg
| caption6 = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]]
| image7 = Bandra Worli Sea-Link (cropped).jpg
| caption7 = [[Bandra–Worli Sea Link]]
}}
| flag_size = 120px
| nickname = ''[[City of Dreams (disambiguation)|City of Dreams]]'', ''[[Seven Islands of Bombay|City of Seven Islands]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 1995 |title=The Seven Islands |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/7islands.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026175045/http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/7islands.html |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=27 October 2012 |publisher=The Mumbai Pages}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood|Hollywood of India]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2015 |title=Indian Cities and Their Nicknames – Complete List |url=https://www.daytodaygk.com/indian-cities-and-their-nicknames-complete-list/}}</ref> ''[[Gateway of India]]'', ''[[Maximum City]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai is truly maximum city |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mumbai-is-truly-maximum-city/articleshow/64440610.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref>
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=280|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=Q1156|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining Mumbai}}
| map_alt = Mumbai is on the west coast of India, about one third of the way down to the southern tip. It is in the west side of the Maharashtra province, which covers roughly the second quarter of the west coast (counting from the north), and heads inland roughly twice as far as its coastline.
| pushpin_map = Mumbai#India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mumbai##Location in Maharashtra##Location in India
| pushpin_mapsize = 280
| coordinates = {{coord|19|04|34|N|72|52|39|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Maharashtra|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konkan division|Konkan]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]<br />[[Mumbai Suburban District|Mumbai Suburban]]
| established_title = First settled
| established_date = 1507<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai Settlement|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mumbai/History|website=Britannia}}</ref>
| named_for = [[Mumbadevi]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor of Mumbai|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Vacant<ref>{{Cite web |title=Administrator to run BMC, first time in 40 years |url=https://www.timesofindia.com/city/mumbai/administrator-assumes-charge-in-bmc-today-as-term-of-house-ends/amp_articleshow/90063515.cms |website=The Times of India }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BMC to be Run by Administrator Sans Mayor After 4 Decades |publisher=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/amp/news/india/bmc-to-be-run-by-administrator-sans-mayor-after-4-decades-what-it-means-for-public-explained-4848242.html |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = Administrator
| leader_name2 = [[I. S. Chahal]], [[Indian Administrative Services|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iqbal Chahal appointed as BMC administrator as elections delayed |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/mumbai/mumbai-iqbal-chahal-appointed-as-bmc-administrator-as-elections-delayed |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=The Free Press Journal}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 603.4
| area_rank =
| area_metro_km2 = 6328
| area_metro_sq_mi = 1681.5
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 14
| population_total = 12,478,447
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006153720/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 18,414,288 <br />20,748,395 (Extended UA)
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="extended UA 2011">{{Cite web |title=INDIA STATS : Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011 |url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630112755/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |access-date=20 August 2015 |website=Press Information Bureau, Mumbai |publisher=National Informatics Centre}}</ref>
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|1st]]
| population_demonym = Mumbaikar, Bombayite, Mumbaiite<ref name="MumbaiitesinMH">{{Cite book |author1=Neela Dabir |author2=Naina Athale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNmGAwAAQBAJ&q=mumbaiites&pg=PA75 |title=From Street to Hope |date=7 June 2011 |publisher=Sage Publications Private Limited, Mathura Road, [[New Delhi]] |isbn=9788132107651 |page=76}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]
| postal_code = 400 001 to 400 107
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-22]]
| registration_plate = {{plainlist|
*MH-01 Mumbai(S/C)
*MH-02 Mumbai(W)
*MH-03 Mumbai(E)
*MH-47 Borivali<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Government-Know Your RTO |url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/report/pdf/Know%20Your%20RTO.pdf |access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref><!--RTO offices in Mumbai as per Maharashtra Government RTO list. Do not make changes-->
}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Purchasing Power Parity|GDP (PPP)]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = $606.625 billion<ref name="Mumbai_info2">
*{{cite web|title=Global Wealth PPP Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? - Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html|access-date=17 November 2022|website=visualcapitalist.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013080238/http://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html|archive-date=13 October 2021}}
*{{Cite web |date=3 June 2017 |title=Mumbai 17th in global GDP list, says survey |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-17th-in-global-gdp-list-says-survey-4686508/ |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}
*{{Cite web |date=14 October 2019 |title=Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=gdp />
| blank3_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank3_info = {{Increase}} 0.841<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mahasdb.maharashtra.gov.in/docs/pdf/mhdr_2012.pdf|title=Maharashtra Human Development Report, 2012}}</ref> – <span style=color:#090>very high</span>
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[International airport]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Rapid Transit]]
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Mumbai Metro]] and [[Mumbai Monorail]]
| blank_name_sec2 = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<!-- Do not add Hindi, Gujarati, Kannada, or English here --><ref name="NCLMreport">[http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf National Commissioner Linguistic Minorities 50th report, page 131] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |date= 8 July 2016 }}. Government of India. Retrieved 15 July 2015.</ref><ref name="MCGMhistmilestone">{{Cite web |title=Evolution of the Corporation, Historical Milestones |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlhismilestone?guest_user=english |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715172504/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlhismilestone?guest_user=english |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 July 2015 |publisher=[[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|mumbaicity.gov.in/}}
| footnotes = {{designation list | embed = yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = [[Elephanta Caves]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]], and [[The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai]]
| designation1_date = 1987, 2004, 2018 (11th, 28th 42nd [[World Heritage Committee|sessions]])
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_criteria = i, ii, iii, iv
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/244]; [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945]
[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1480]
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Southern Asia|Southern Asia]]
}}
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="projectsecoa1">{{Cite web |title=Mumbai metropolitan area |url=http://www.projectsecoa.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=73 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513105912/http://www.projectsecoa.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=73 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=14 March 2013 |publisher=Projectsecoa.eu |language=it}}</ref>
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| blank1_name_sec2 =
}}
<!--============================================================================================
PLEASE DO ''NOT'' ADD NAMES IN MARATHI, HINDI, GUJARATI, AND OTHER LANGUAGES HERE. THIS IS A DECISION TO AVOID EDIT WARS. ==================================================================================-->
'''Mumbai''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Mumbai Pronunciation.ogg|m|ʊ|m|ˈ|b|aɪ}}, {{IPA-mr|ˈmumbəi|lang}}; also known as<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS WORDING TO WAS OR FORMERLY, PLEASE SEE THE PREVIOUS DISCUSSION WHERE IT WAS DECIDED. SUCH EDITS WILL BE REVERTED. START A DISCUSSION ON THE TALK PAGE FIRST.--> '''Bombay''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɒ|m|ˈ|b|eɪ}}) — [[List of renamed Indian cities and states#Maharashtra|the official name until 1995]]) is the [[capital city]] of the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Mumbai is the ''[[de facto]]'' financial centre and the [[list of cities in India by population|most populous city]] of [[India]] with an estimated [[city proper]] population of 12.5 million (1.25 crore).<ref name="Cities1Lakhandabove">{{Cite web |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2012 |access-date=26 March 2012 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> Mumbai is the centre of the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]], the [[List of largest cities|sixth most populous metropolitan area in the world]] with a population of over 23 million (2.3 crore) living under the [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=World Urban Areas |url=http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |access-date=21 October 2019 |publisher=Demographia}}</ref> Mumbai lies on the [[Konkan]] coast on the west coast of India and has a deep [[natural harbour]]. In 2008, Mumbai was named an [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Alpha|alpha]] [[world city]].<ref name="lboro2008" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai | ISAC |url=http://indiastudyabroad.org/locations/mumbai/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512013615/http://indiastudyabroad.org/locations/mumbai/ |archive-date=12 May 2015 |access-date=29 May 2015 |publisher=Indiastudyabroad.org}}</ref>
The seven islands that constitute Mumbai were earlier home to communities of [[Marathi language]]-speaking [[Koli people]].<ref name="james customs">{{cite journal|last1=James |first1=V. |date=1977 |title=Marriage Customs of Christian Son Kolis |url=https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1064 |format=PDF |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=131–148 |doi=10.2307/1177821 |jstor=1177821 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231210/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1064 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="munshi">{{Cite book |last=Munshi |first=Kanaiyalal M. |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.97812/2015.97812.Gujarat-And-Its-Literature-1852#page/n31/mode/2up/search/Kolis |title=Gujarāt and its literature, from early times to 1852 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Educational Trust|Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] |year=1954 |page=xix |quote=The next immigrants into the islands of Bombay were the Kolis, who on all authorities continued to be their original inhabitants till Aungier founded the city of Bombay. Kathiawad and Central Gujarāt was the home of the Kolis in pre-historic times.}}</ref><ref name="rnmehta">{{Cite journal |last=Mehta |first=R. N. |year=1983 |title=Bombay – An analysis of the toponym |journal=Journal of the Oriental Institute |pages=138–140 |quote=The kolis who succeeded the stone-age men on the island brought with them from Gujarat their patron goddess Mummai whom their descendants still worship in Kathiawar. The name of Bombay is derived from this koli goddess.}}</ref> For centuries, the [[seven islands of Bombay]] were under the control of successive [[History of Mumbai under indigenous empires|indigenous rulers]] before being [[cession|ceded]] to the [[Portuguese Empire in the East|Portuguese Empire]], and subsequently to the [[East India Company]] in 1661, through the [[dowry of Catherine Braganza]] when she was married off to [[Charles II of England]].<ref>{{Cite ODNB |first=S. M. |last=Wynne |title=Catherine (1638–1705) |volume=1 |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4894?docPos=1 |access-date=21 February 2015 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/4894 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010804/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4894?docPos=1 |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Beginning in 1782, Mumbai was reshaped by the [[Hornby Vellard]] project,<ref name="Dwivedi 2001 28">{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=28}}</ref> which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea.<ref name="fp-onceuponatime">{{Cite magazine |date=24 June 2011 |title=Once Upon a Time in Bombay |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/slideshow/once-upon-a-time-in-bombay/ |url-status=live |magazine=Foreign Policy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109020758/http://foreignpolicy.com/slideshow/once-upon-a-time-in-bombay/ |archive-date=9 January 2015 |access-date=22 February 2012}}</ref> Along with construction of major [[Roads in India|roads]] and [[Rail transport in India|railways]], the reclamation project, completed in 1845, transformed Mumbai into a major seaport on the [[Arabian Sea]]. Mumbai in the 19th century was characterized by economic and educational development. During the early 20th century it became a strong base for the [[Indian independence movement]]. Upon India's independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into [[Bombay State]]. In 1960, following the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Movement]], a new state of Maharashtra was created with Mumbai as the capital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bombay: History of a City |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous?NavigationTarget=navurl://d20cb3d618ee8cb6c3a780df7c58030c |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213041900/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous?NavigationTarget=navurl%3A%2F%2Fd20cb3d618ee8cb6c3a780df7c58030c |archive-date=13 February 2009 |access-date=8 November 2008 |publisher=[[British Library]]}}</ref>
Mumbai is the [[financial centre|financial]], commercial,<ref name="millionaireRoleModel">{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=Rama |date=14 April 2011 |title=New millionaires hope to serve as role models for India's lower castes |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |location=Mumbai |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/new-millionaires-emerge-as-role-models-for-indias-lower-castes/2011/04/03/AFesUMfD_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623215214/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/new-millionaires-emerge-as-role-models-for-indias-lower-castes/2011/04/03/AFesUMfD_story.html |archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> and the entertainment capital of India. It is also one of the world's top ten centres of commerce in terms of global financial flow,<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2011 |title=Mumbai, a land of opportunities |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-a-land-of-opportunities/articleshow/9292526.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804070300/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-a-land-of-opportunities/articleshow/9292526.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> generating 6.16% of India's GDP,<ref name="mmrda muip gdp">{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226031015/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm |archive-date=26 February 2009 |title=Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] |access-date=18 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and accounting for 25% of industrial output, 70% of maritime trade in India ([[Mumbai Port Trust]], [[Dharamtar|Dharamtar Port]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port|JNPT]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/11/slide-show-1-worst-oil-spills-in-the-world.htm |title=10 worst oil spills that cost trillions in losses : Rediff.com Business |work=Rediff.com |access-date=16 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814232747/http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/11/slide-show-1-worst-oil-spills-in-the-world.htm |archive-date=14 August 2010}}</ref> and 70% of capital transactions to [[Economy of India|India's economy]].<ref name="NMIAtender">{{cite web |title=Development of Mumbai International Airport (NMIA) |url=http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/PIM_NMIA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808061543/http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/PIM_NMIA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 August 2014 |publisher=[[CIDCO]] |year=2013 |access-date=8 July 2015 |page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahajan |first1=Poonam |title=Poonam Mahajan explains why Mumbai is at the very heart of India story |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/column-poonam-mahajan-explains-why-mumbai-is-at-the-very-heart-of-india-story-2005310 |access-date=21 June 2015 |work=DNA India |date=26 July 2014 |location=Mumbai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621131904/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/column-poonam-mahajan-explains-why-mumbai-is-at-the-very-heart-of-india-story-2005310 |archive-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> The city houses important financial institutions and the corporate [[List of Indian companies headquartered in Mumbai|headquarters]] of numerous [[List of Indian companies|Indian companies]] and [[multinational corporations]]. It is also home to some of India's premier scientific and nuclear institutes. The city is also home to [[Bollywood]] and [[Marathi cinema]] industries. Mumbai's business opportunities attract migrants from all over India.
== Etymology ==
The name ''Mumbai'' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: {{lang|mr|मुंबई}}) is derived from ''Mumbā'' or ''Mahā-Ambā''—the name of the patron Hindu goddess ([[kuladevata]]) [[Mumbadevi]] of the native [[Koli people|Koli]] community<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2010 |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-6709481,prtpage-1.cms |last=Mukund Kule |title=मुंबईचं श्रद्धास्थान |location=Maharashtra |trans-title=Mumba'īcaṁ Shrad'dhāsthān |language=mr |access-date=16 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617083828/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-6709481,prtpage-1.cms |archive-date=17 June 2015}}</ref>—and from ''ā'ī'', meaning "mother" in the [[Marathi language]], which is the mother tongue of the Koli people and the official language of Maharashtra.<ref name="james customs" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bapat |first=Jyotsna |year=2005 |title=Development projects and critical theory of environment |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentproje00bapa |url-access=limited |isbn=978-0-7619-3357-1 |publisher=Sage |page=[https://archive.org/details/developmentproje00bapa/page/n6 6]}}</ref> According to certain accounts, the Koli community, which hails from [[Kathiawar]] and [[Central Gujarat]], is believed to have introduced their deity Mumba from Kathiawar ([[Gujarat]]), where her worship continues to this day.<ref name="munshi" /><ref name="rnmehta" /> However, other sources disagree that Mumbai's name was derived from the goddess Mumba.<ref name="rnmehta" />
[[File:Mumbadevi temple.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Mumba Devi Temple]], from whom the city of Mumbai may derive its name.]]
The oldest known names for the city are ''Kakamuchee'' and ''Galajunkja''; these are sometimes still used.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patel|Masselos|2003|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Mehta|2004|p=130}}</ref> Portuguese writer [[Gaspar Correia]] recorded the name "Bombaim" after 1512 in his ''Lendas da Índia'' (''Legends of India'').<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="et6yh">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA102 102]}}</ref> While some anglophone authors have suggested this name possibly originated as an allegued [[Galician-Portuguese]] phrase ''bom baim'', meaning "good little bay",<ref name="Shirodkar 1998 7">{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=7}}</ref> such suggestions lack any scientific basis.<ref name="jpm2">Machado, José Pedro, "Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa", Livros Horizonte, 2003, verbete "Bombaim", volume I, pp. 265/266.</ref> Portuguese linguist [[José Pedro Machado]] attrributes that interpretation to a deficient knowledge of the Portuguese language of these authors, mixing up the Portuguese word "bom" with the English "bay", from the English version of the name.<ref name="jpm2" /> In 1516, Portuguese explorer [[Duarte Barbosa]] used the name ''Tana-Maiambu'': ''Tana'' appears to refer to the adjoining town of [[Thane]] and ''Maiambu'' to ''Mumbadevi''.<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=2}}</ref> The form ''Bombaim'' is still commonly used in Portuguese.<ref name="ety" />
Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include: ''Mombayn'' (1525), ''Bombay'' (1538), ''Bombain'' (1552), ''Bombaym'' (1552), ''Monbaym'' (1554), ''Mombaim'' (1563), ''Mombaym'' (1644), ''Bambaye'' (1666), ''Bombaiim'' (1666), ''Bombeye'' (1676), ''Boon Bay'' (1690),<ref name="ety">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA103 103]}}</ref><ref name="etyh">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA104 104]}}</ref> and ''Bon Bahia''.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Keay |author-link= John Keay |year=2000 |title=India, a History |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |location=New York, United States |isbn=978-0-00-638784-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC |page=348 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC |archive-date= 1 January 2016}}</ref> After the [[English overseas possessions|English]] gained possession of the city in the 17th century, the Portuguese name was [[anglicise]]d as ''Bombay''.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=6|Ref=bom}}</ref> Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial [[dewan]] or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the ''Mirat-i Ahmedi'' (1762) referred to the city as ''Manbai''.<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=3}}</ref>
The French traveller [[Louis Rousselet]], who visited in 1863 and 1868, states in his book ''L'Inde des Rajahs'', which was first published in 1877: "Etymologists have wrongly derived this name from the Portuguese Bôa Bahia, or (French: "bonne bai", English: "good bay"), not knowing that the tutelar goddess of this island has been, from remote antiquity, Bomba, or [[Mumba Devi Temple|Mumba Devi]], and that she still ... possesses a temple".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rousselet |first1=Louis |title=L'Inde des Rajahs |date=1877 |publisher=Librairie Hachette et cie, Paris |page=[https://archive.org/details/lindedesrajahsvo00rous/page/7 7] |url=https://archive.org/details/lindedesrajahsvo00rous |access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>
By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as ''Mumbai'' or ''Mambai'' in Marathi, [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], and as ''Bambai'' in [[Hindi]].<ref name="Christopher Beam">{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html |title=Why Did Bombay Become Mumbai? How the city got renamed |author=Christopher Beam |date=1 December 2008 |access-date=16 June 2015 |website=Slate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615105241/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> The Government of India officially changed the English name to ''Mumbai'' in November 1995.<ref>{{harvnb|Hansen|2001|p=1}}</ref> This came at the insistence of the Marathi nationalist [[Shiv Sena]] party, which had just won the Maharashtra state elections, and mirrored [[renaming of cities in India|similar name changes across the country]] and particularly in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20091218/4692758299134963929.htm |author=Nitin Chavan |work=[[Sakal]] |title=शिवसेना आमदाराची नामांतर एक्स्प्रेस |trans-title=Shivsēnā Âmadārācī Nāmāntar Express |language=mr |date=18 December 2009 |access-date=16 June 2015 |location=Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002023/http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20091218/4692758299134963929.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> According to ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' magazine, "they argued that 'Bombay' was a corrupted English version of 'Mumbai' and an unwanted legacy of British colonial rule."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html |work=Slate |date=1 December 2008 |first=Christopher |last=Beam |title=Why did Bombay become Mumbai? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615105241/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> ''Slate'' also said "The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region."<ref>{{cite news |work=Slate |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2006/07/mumbai_what_about_bombay.html |title=Mumbai? What about Bombay? |first=Christopher |last=Beam |date=12 May 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420043035/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2006/07/mumbai_what_about_bombay.html |archive-date=20 April 2013}}</ref> While Mumbai is still referred to as Bombay by some of its residents and by some Indians from other regions,<ref name="24change">{{cite news |title=From Bombay to Mumbai: 24 ways the city has changed |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-from-bombay-to-mumbai-24-ways-the-city-has-changed-1909096 |first=Ruchi |last=Kumar |date=28 October 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602205513/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-from-bombay-to-mumbai-24-ways-the-city-has-changed-1909096 |archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="mummaharashtra1">{{cite web |url=http://www.fodors.com/world/asia/india/mumbai-bombay-and-maharashtra/more.html |title=Mumbai (Bombay) and Maharashtra |publisher=[[Fodor's]] |access-date=24 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119201349/http://www.fodors.com/world/asia/india/mumbai-bombay-and-maharashtra/more.html |archive-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> mention of the city by a name other than ''Mumbai'' has been controversial.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-vs-bombay/527660/0 |title=Mumbai vs Bombay |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=11 October 2009 |access-date=15 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-vs-bombay/527660/0 |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Fruit+And+Nut:+Another+'Bombay'+controversy+brewing/1/65447.html |title=Fruit And Nut: Another 'Bombay' controversy brewing? |work=India Today |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005120437/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Fruit+And+Nut%3A+Another+%27Bombay%27+controversy+brewing/1/65447.html |archive-date=5 October 2012}}</ref>
=== People from Mumbai ===
A resident of Mumbai is called ''Mumbaikar'' (pronounced [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[mumbəikəɾ]]]) in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], in which the suffix ''-kar'' means a ''resident of''. The term had been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai.<ref name="Mumbaikar" /> Older terms such as ''Bombayite'' are also in use.<ref>{{cite news |author=Vir Sanghvi |title=The Angry Bombay-ite |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-angry-bombay-ite/story-0bQZZ6gJQxGeVyotqUVGIO.html |access-date=15 April 2019 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 April 2006 |author-link=Vir Sanghvi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=3 Mumbaikars Who Are Changing The City All By Themselves |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/the-better-india/3-mumbaikars-who-are-changing-the-city-all-by-themselves_a_21477899/ |website=[[HuffPost]] |access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref>
== History ==
{{Main|History of Mumbai|Timeline of Mumbai}}
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=== Early history ===
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 94 Kanheri Caves.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Kanheri Caves]] contain Buddhist sculptures and paintings dating from the 1st century CE to the 10th century CE.|alt=A white Buddhist stupa.]]
Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of [[seven islands of Bombay|seven islands]]: [[Isle of Bombay]], [[Parel]], [[Mazagaon]], [[Mahim]], [[Colaba]], [[Worli]], and [[Old Woman's Island]] (also known as ''Little Colaba'').<ref>{{harvnb|Farooqui|2006|p=1}}</ref> It is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited. [[Pleistocene]] sediments found along the coastal areas around [[Kandivali]] in northern Mumbai suggest that the islands were inhabited since the [[South Asian Stone Age]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Ghosh|1990|p=25}}</ref> Perhaps at the beginning of the [[Common Era]], or possibly earlier, they came to be occupied by the Koli fishing community.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=5|Ref=bom}}</ref><ref name=city-profile>{{cite web |title=2. Mumbai City Profile |url=http://dm.mcgm.gov.in:9080/gmdma/wp-content/uploads/2015/pdf/city_profile.pdf |website=GMDMA Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Authority |publisher=Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai |access-date=19 July 2015 |page=7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721202935/http://dm.mcgm.gov.in:9080/gmdma/wp-content/uploads/2015/pdf/city_profile.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>
In the 3rd century BCE, the islands formed part of the [[Maurya Empire]], during its expansion in the south, ruled by the Buddhist emperor [[Ashoka]] of [[Magadha]].<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=5}}</ref> The [[Kanheri Caves]] in [[Borivali]] were excavated from basalt rock in the first century CE,<ref name="Ray">{{cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Himanshu Prabha |title=Kanheri: The archaeology of an early Buddhist pilgrimage centre in western India |journal=World Archaeology |date=June 1994 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=35–46 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1994.9980259}}</ref> and served as an important centre of Buddhism in Western India during ancient Times.<ref>{{harvnb|Kumari|1990|p=37}}</ref> The city then was known as ''Heptanesia'' ([[Ancient Greek]]: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographer [[Ptolemy]] in 150 CE.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=8}}</ref> The [[Mahakali Caves]] in [[Andheri]] were cut out between the 1st century BCE and the 6th century CE.<ref name="battleneglect">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ancient-caves-battle-neglect/articleshow/4770451.cms |title=Ancient caves battle neglect |last=Jaisinghani |first=Bella |date=13 July 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ancient-caves-battle-neglect/articleshow/4770451.cms |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="threattocaves">{{cite news |title=Threat to caves of Bombay |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060402/spectrum/main2.htm |first=Vinaya |last=Kumar |date=2 April 2006 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193451/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060402/spectrum/main2.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
Between the 2nd century BCE and 9th century CE, the islands came under the control of successive [[History of Mumbai under indigenous empires|indigenous dynasties]]: [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]], [[Western Satraps]], [[Abhira Kingdom|Abhira]], [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakataka]], [[Kalachuri dynasty|Kalachuris]], Konkan Mauryas, [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] and [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]],<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|pp=127–150|Ref=bom}}</ref> before being ruled by the [[Shilahara]]s from 810 to 1260.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=79}}</ref> Some of the oldest edifices in the city built during this period are the [[Jogeshwari Caves]] (between 520 and 525),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/eesj/gradpubs/GeneralMags/Patel_Archaeology_SlumandSacredCave_0607.pdf |title=The Slum and the Sacred Cave |page=5 |access-date=12 October 2008 |publisher=Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory ([[Columbia University]]) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123104753/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/eesj/gradpubs/GeneralMags/Patel_Archaeology_SlumandSacredCave_0607.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2008}}</ref> [[Elephanta Caves]] (between the sixth to seventh century),<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_elephanta.asp |title=World Heritage Sites – Elephanta Caves |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=22 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021063323/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_elephanta.asp |archive-date=21 October 2008}}</ref> [[Walkeshwar Temple]] (10th century),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=101117 |title=The Legends of Walkeshwar |last=Dwivedi |first=Sharada |date=26 September 2007 |website=Mumbai Newsline |publisher=[[Express Group]] |access-date=31 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101938/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=101117 |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Walkeshwar">{{cite book |author=Maharashtra (India) |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWtDAAAAYAAJ |edition=1 |volume=24 |year=1986 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |page=596 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=IWtDAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> and [[Banganga Tank]] (12th century).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=239318 |title=What about Gateway of India, Banganga Tank? |last=Agarwal |first=Lekha |date=2 June 2007 |website=Mumbai Newsline |publisher=Express Group |access-date=31 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113202153/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=239318 |archive-date=13 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="Banganga">{{cite book |last=Parry |first=Eric |title=Context: Architecture and the Genius of Place|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kiDWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |access-date=21 June 2015 |year=2015 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-94673-2 |page=44 |chapter=1: Pavement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=kiDWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Hajiali.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Haji Ali Dargah]] was built in 1431, when Mumbai was under the rule of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]].]]
[[Bhima of Mahikavati|King Bhimdev]] founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century and established his capital in ''Mahikawati'' (present day [[Mahim]]).<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=51}}</ref> The [[Pathare Prabhu]]s, among the earliest known settlers of the city, were brought to ''Mahikawati'' from [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev.<ref name="prabhu">{{harvnb|Maharashtra|2004|p=1703|Ref=prabhu}}</ref> The [[Delhi Sultanate]] annexed the islands in 1347–48 and controlled it until 1407. During this time, the islands were administered by the Muslim Governors of [[Gujarat]], who were appointed by the Delhi Sultanate.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=14}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=12}}</ref>
The islands were later governed by the independent [[Gujarat Sultanate]], which was established in 1407. As a result of the Sultanate's support, numerous mosques were built, with one notable example being the [[Haji Ali Dargah]] in [[Worli]]. Erected in 1431, this magnificent structure pays homage to the revered Muslim saint, Haji Ali.<ref>{{harvnb|Khalidi|2006|p=24}}</ref> From 1429 to 1431, the islands were a source of contention between the Gujarat Sultanate and the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] of Deccan.<ref>{{harvnb|Misra|1982|p=193|Ref=misra}}</ref><ref name="mis">{{harvnb|Misra|1982|p=222|Ref=misra}}</ref> In 1493, [[Bahadur Khan Gilani]] of the Bahmani Sultanate attempted to conquer the islands but was defeated.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=16}}</ref>
=== Portuguese and British rule ===
{{Main|History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)|History of Bombay under British rule}}
[[File:Madh-fort3.jpg|thumb|The [[Madh Island|Madh Fort]], built by the Portuguese, was one of the most important forts in [[Salsette Island|Salsette]].]]
The [[Mughal Empire]], founded in 1526, was the dominant power in the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the mid-16th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Mughals/mughals.html |title=Mughal Empire |publisher=Department of Social Sciences ([[University of California]]) |access-date=22 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718061048/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Mughals/mughals.html |archive-date=18 July 2009}}</ref> Growing apprehensive of the power of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Humayun]], Sultan [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]] was obliged to sign the [[Treaty of Bassein (1534)|Treaty of Bassein]] with the [[Portuguese Empire]] on 23 December 1534. According to the treaty, the Seven Islands of Bombay, the nearby strategic town of [[Vasai|Bassein]] and its dependencies were offered to the Portuguese. The territories were later surrendered on 25 October 1535.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=166|Ref=bom}}</ref>
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 72 Flora Fountain.jpg|thumb|right|[[Flora Fountain]], built in Neo Classical and Gothic Revival style in 1864, depicts the Roman goddess [[Flora (mythology)|Flora]].]]
The Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their [[Roman Catholic]] religious orders in Bombay.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=169|Ref=bom}}</ref> They called the islands by various names, which finally took the written form ''Bombaim''. The islands were leased to several Portuguese officers during their regime. The Portuguese [[Franciscans]] and [[Jesuits]] built several churches in the city, prominent being the [[St. Michael's Church (Mumbai)|St. Michael's Church]] at [[Mahim]] (1534),<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=19}}</ref> [[St. John the Baptist Church, Mumbai|St. John the Baptist Church]] at [[Andheri]] (1579),<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_relishing-a-sunday-feast-but-only-once-in-a-year_1163869 |title=Relishing a Sunday feast, but only once in a year |date=12 May 2008 |last=Shukla |first=Ashutosh |access-date=2 September 2009 |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728070104/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_relishing-a-sunday-feast-but-only-once-in-a-year_1163869 |archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref> [[St. Andrew's Church (Mumbai)|St. Andrew's Church]] at [[Bandra]] (1580),<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/New-life-for-old-church-records/articleshow/3112498.cms?referral=PM |title=New life for old church records |date=9 June 2008 |last=D'Mello |first=Ashley |access-date=2 September 2009 |work=The Times of India |location=India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804093347/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/New-life-for-old-church-records/articleshow/3112498.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> and [[Gloria Church]] at [[Byculla]] (1632).<ref name="gc">{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/glorious-past/233152/ |title=Glorious past |newspaper=Express India |date=28 October 2008 |access-date=17 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205151403/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Glorious-past/233152/ |archive-date=5 February 2008}}</ref> The Portuguese also built several fortifications around the city like the [[Bombay Castle]], ''[[Castella de Aguada]]'' (Castelo da Aguada or Bandra Fort), and [[Madh Fort]]. The [[English Empire|English]] were in constant struggle with the Portuguese vying for hegemony over Mumbai, as they recognised its strategic natural harbour and its natural isolation from land attacks. By the middle of the 17th century the growing power of the [[Dutch Empire]] forced the [[English Empire|English]] to acquire a station in western India. On 11 May 1661, the marriage treaty of [[Charles II of England]] and [[Catherine of Braganza]], daughter of [[John IV of Portugal|King John IV of Portugal]], placed the islands in possession of the [[English Empire]], as part of Catherine's [[dowry]] to Charles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A2998461 |title=Catherine of Bragança (1638–1705) |date=12 October 2004 |publisher=BBC |access-date=5 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102065741/http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A2998461 |archive-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> However, [[Salsette Island|Salsette]], [[Vasai|Bassein]], [[Mazagaon]], [[Parel]], [[Worli]], [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]], [[Dharavi]], and [[Wadala Road|Wadala]] still remained under Portuguese possession. From 1665 to 1666, the English managed to acquire Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala.<ref>{{harvnb|The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island|1978|p=54|Ref=bi}}</ref>
[[File:AMH-6748-NA Two views of the English fort in Bombay.jpg|thumb|Two views of the English fort in Bombay, {{Circa|1665}}]]
In accordance with the [[Royal Charter of 27 March 1668]], England leased these islands to the [[English East India Company]] in 1668 for a sum of [[Pound sterling|£]]10 per annum.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=20}}</ref> The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=410}}</ref> The islands were subsequently attacked by [[Yakut Khan]], the [[Muslim]] [[Koli people|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&q=Yakut+Khan+koli&pg=PA174 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times |last=Ali |first=Shanti Sadiq |date=1996 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UU1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Koli |title=Bajirao I: an outstanding cavalry general |last1=Palsokar |first1=R. D. |last2=Reddy |first2=T. Rabi |date=1995 |publisher=Reliance Pub. House |isbn=978-81-85972-94-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924070623685 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924070623685/page/n458 443] |quote=Yakub Khan koli. |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kolába and Janjira |last=Campbell |first=Sir James MacNabb |date=1883 |publisher=Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fVBAQAAMAAJ&q=Gohagad+koli |title=A History of the Maratha People |last1=Kincaid |first1=Charles Augustus |last2=Pārasanīsa |first2=Dattātraya Baḷavanta |date=1922 |publisher=H. Milford, Oxford University Press |language=en}}</ref> admiral of the [[Mughal Empire]], in October 1672,<ref name="y72">{{harvnb|Yimene|2004|p=94|Ref=yakg}}</ref> [[Rickloffe van Goen]], the Governor-General of [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch India]] on 20 February 1673,<ref>{{Cite conference|url=http://www.isnie.org/assets/files/papers2007/ganley.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726175635/http://www.isnie.org/assets/files/papers2007/ganley.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 July 2008 |title=Security, the central component of an early modern institutional matrix; 17th century Bombay's Economic Growth |last=Ganley |first=Colin C. |year=2007 |page=13 |publisher=International Society for New Institutional Economics |access-date=6 November 2008}}</ref> and [[Siddi]] admiral [[Siddi Sambal|Sambal]] on 10 October 1673.<ref name="y72" />
In 1687, the English East India Company transferred its headquarters from [[Surat]] to Mumbai. The city eventually became the headquarters of the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Carsten|1961|p=427}}</ref> Following the transfer, Mumbai was placed at the head of all the company's establishments in India.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=179}}</ref> Towards the end of the 17th century, the islands again suffered incursions from Yakut Khan in 1689–90.<ref name="iexpress">{{Cite news |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=47106 |title=Mazgaon fort was blown to pieces – 313 years ago |last=Nandgaonkar |first=Satish |date=22 March 2003 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=20 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030412025617/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=47106 |archive-date=12 April 2003}}</ref> The Portuguese presence ended in Mumbai when the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] under ''[[Peshwa]]'' [[Baji Rao I]] captured [[Salsette Island|Salsette]] in 1737, and [[Vasai|Bassein]] in 1739.<ref>{{harvnb|History of Medieval India|p=126|Ref=maratha}}</ref>
By the middle of the 18th century, Mumbai began to grow into a major trading town, and received a huge influx of migrants from across India.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=32}}</ref> Later, the British occupied Salsette on 28 December 1774. With the [[Treaty of Surat]] (1775), the British formally gained control of [[Salsette]] and Bassein, resulting in the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref>{{harvnb|Fortescue|2008|p=145}}</ref> The British were able to secure Salsette from the Marathas without violence through the [[Treaty of Purandar (1776)]],<ref>{{harvnb|Naravane|2007|p=56}}</ref> and later through the [[Treaty of Salbai]] (1782), signed to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War.<ref>{{harvnb|Naravane|2007|p=63}}</ref>
[[File:Ships in Bombay Harbour, 1731.jpg|thumb|Ships in [[Bombay Harbour|Mumbai Harbour]] (c. 1731). Mumbai emerged as a significant trading town during the mid-18th century.]]
From 1782 onwards, the city was reshaped with large-scale civil engineering projects aimed at merging all the [[seven islands of Bombay]] into a single amalgamated mass by way of a [[causeway]] called the [[Hornby Vellard]], which was completed by 1784.<ref name="Dwivedi 2001 28" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Perur |first=Srinath |date=30 March 2016 |title=Story of cities #11: the reclamation of Mumbai – from the sea, and its people? |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/mar/30/story-cities-11-reclamation-mumbai-bombay-megacity-population-density-flood-risk |access-date=28 March 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In 1817, the British East India Company under [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]] defeated [[Baji Rao II]], the last of the Maratha ''Peshwa'' in the [[Battle of Khadki]].<ref>{{harvnb|Naravane|2007|pp=80–82}}</ref> Following his defeat, almost the whole of the [[Deccan Plateau]] came under British suzerainty, and was incorporated into the Bombay Presidency. The success of the British campaign in the Deccan marked the end of all attacks by native powers.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=233|Ref=bom}}</ref>
By 1845, the seven islands coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard project via large scale [[land reclamation]].<ref name="fp-onceuponatime" /><ref name="mumfact">{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/Trivia.html |title=Maharashtra – trivia |publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation |access-date=7 December 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016224555/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=..%2FMaharashtraTourism%2FTrivia.html |archive-date=16 October 2007}}</ref> On 16 April 1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Mumbai to the neighbouring town of [[Thane|Thana]] (now Thane).<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=127}}</ref> During the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865), the city became the world's chief cotton-trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy that subsequently enhanced the city's stature.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=343}}</ref>
The opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869 transformed Mumbai into one of the largest seaports on the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=88}}</ref> In September 1896, Mumbai was hit by a [[Mumbai plague epidemic|bubonic plague epidemic]] where the death toll was estimated at 1,900 people per week.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=74}}</ref> About 850,000 people fled Mumbai and the textile industry was adversely affected.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=45 |title=Rat Trap |issue=6 |journal=[[Time Out Mumbai]] |date=14 November 2008 |access-date=19 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129020135/http://timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=45 |archive-date=29 November 2010}}</ref> While the city was the capital of the [[Bombay Presidency]], the [[Indian independence movement]] fostered the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942 and the [[Royal Indian Navy mutiny]] in 1946.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=345}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=293}}</ref>
=== Independent India ===
{{Main|History of Bombay in Independent India}}
[[File:Victoria Terminus, Bombay in 1950.jpg|thumb|[[Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai]] in 1950 (Victoria Terminus partly visible on far right)]]
After India's independence in 1947, the territory of the [[Bombay Presidency]] retained by India was restructured into [[Bombay State]]. The area of [[Bombay State]] increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into the state. Subsequently, the city became the capital of [[Bombay State]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Census of India|1961|p=23|Ref=cent}}</ref> In April 1950, Municipal limits of Mumbai were expanded by merging the [[Mumbai suburban district|Mumbai Suburban District]] and [[Mumbai city district|Mumbai City]] to form the Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/administrative_setup.htm |title=Administration |access-date=6 November 2008 |publisher=[[Mumbai Suburban District]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121000427/http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/administrative_setup.htm |archive-date=21 November 2008}}</ref>
The [[Samyukta Maharashtra movement]] to create a separate Maharashtra state including Mumbai was at its height in the 1950s. In the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'' discussions in 1955, the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] demanded that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state.<ref>{{cite web |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050514003803/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm |archive-date=14 May 2005 |title=The battle for Bombay |date=13 April 2003 |access-date= 12 November 2008 |website=The Hindu |location=India |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[States Reorganisation Act|States Reorganisation]] Committee recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra–[[Gujarat]] with Mumbai as its capital in its 1955 report. [[Bombay Citizens' Committee]], an advocacy group of leading [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] industrialists lobbied for Mumbai's independent status.<ref>{{Harvnb|Guha|2007|pp=197–8}}</ref>
Following protests during the movement in which 105 people died in clashes with the police, [[Bombay State]] was reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sons-of-soil-born-reborn/269628/ |title=Sons of soil: born, reborn |date=6 February 2008 |work=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514103258/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sons-of-soil-born-reborn/269628/ |archive-date=14 May 2014}} Retrieved on 12 November 2008.</ref> [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-speaking areas of [[Bombay State]] were partitioned into the state of Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_gujurat.php |title=Gujarat |access-date=16 January 2008 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115083238/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_gujurat.php |archive-date=15 January 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Maharashtra State with Mumbai as its capital was formed with the merger of [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking areas of [[Bombay State]], eight districts from [[Central Provinces and Berar]], five districts from [[Hyderabad State]], and numerous princely states enclosed between them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_maharashtra.php |title=Maharashtra |access-date=16 January 2008 |publisher=Government of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105100324/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_maharashtra.php |archive-date=5 January 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> As a memorial to the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, Flora Fountain was renamed as ''[[Hutatma Chowk]]'' (Martyr's Square) and a memorial was erected.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |title=BMC will give jobs to kin of Samyukta Maharashtra martyrs |first=Geeta |last=Desai |access-date=16 November 2008 |date=13 May 2008 |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816124148/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |archive-date=16 August 2011}}</ref> [[File:Hutatma Chowk.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Hutatma Chowk]] memorial, built to honour the martyrs of the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti|Samyukta Maharashtra movement]] ([[Flora Fountain]] on its left in the background)|alt=A stone statue of torch-bearers as seen at night. A fountain with a white base is in the background|left]]The following decades saw massive expansion of the city and its suburbs. In the late 1960s, [[Nariman Point]] and [[Cuffe Parade]] were reclaimed and developed.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=306}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (BMRDA) was established on 26 January 1975 by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the [[Mumbai metropolitan area|Mumbai metropolitan region]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307224202/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm |archive-date=7 March 2009 |title=About Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) |access-date=13 November 2008 |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> In August 1979, a sister township of [[New Bombay|New Mumbai]] was founded by the [[City and Industrial Development Corporation]] (CIDCO) across the [[Thane district|Thane]] and [[Raigad district]]s to help the dispersal and control of Mumbai's population. The textile industry in Mumbai largely disappeared after the widespread 1982 [[Great Bombay Textile Strike]], in which nearly 250,000 workers in more than 50 textile mills went on strike.<ref name="a">{{Cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/18sld2.htm |title=The Great Mumbai Textile Strike... 25 Years On |date=18 January 2007 |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] India Limited |access-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531192635/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/18sld2.htm |archive-date=31 May 2010}}</ref> Mumbai's defunct cotton mills have since become the focus of [[Redevelopment of Mumbai mills|intense redevelopment]].<ref name="skylimit">{{cite news |title=From mills to malls, the sky is the limit |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/From-mills-to-malls-the-sky-is-the-limit/articleshow/298196.cms |first=Nazer |last=Bharucha |date=24 November 2003 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709080439/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/From-mills-to-malls-the-sky-is-the-limit/articleshow/298196.cms |archive-date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="revisitmills">{{cite news |title=Maharashtra may revisit redevelopment of textile mill land |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/maharashtra-may-revisit-redevelopment-of-textile-mill-land-112081100041_1.html |first=Sanjay |last=Jog |date=11 August 2012 |work=The Economic Times |location=Mumbai |access-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706134722/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/maharashtra-may-revisit-redevelopment-of-textile-mill-land-112081100041_1.html |archive-date=6 July 2015}}</ref> Industrial development began in Mumbai when its economy started focusing on the petrochemical, electronic, and automotive sectors. In 1954 [[Hindustan Petroleum]] comissoned [[Mumbai Refinery (HPCL)|Mumbai Refinery]] at [[Trombay]] and [[Mumbai Refinery (BPCL)|BPCL Refinery]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Map of Refineries in India |url=https://www.ppac.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/Refineries_Map_01_04_2020.pdf}}</ref>
The [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]], which handles 55–60% of India's containerized cargo, was commissioned on 26 May 1989 across the creek at [[Nhava Sheva]] with a view to de-congest [[Mumbai Harbour]] and to serve as a hub port for the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jawaharcustoms.gov.in/jnch/others/profile.htm |title=Profile of Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House (Nhava Sheva) |access-date=13 November 2008 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226073604/http://www.jawaharcustoms.gov.in/jnch/others/profile.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008}}</ref> The geographical limits of Greater Mumbai were coextensive with municipal limits of Greater Mumbai. On 1 October 1990, the Greater Mumbai district was bifurcated to form two revenue districts namely, [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]] and [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]], though they continued to be administered by same Municipal Administration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/profile.htm |title=Profile |publisher=[[Mumbai Suburban District]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202060333/http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/profile.htm |archive-date=2 December 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014}}</ref>
The years from 1990 to 2010 saw an increase in violence and terrorism activities. Following the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]] in [[Ayodhya]], the city was rocked by the [[Bombay riots|Hindu-Muslim riots of 1992–93]] in which more than 1,000 people were killed. In March 1993, [[1993 Bombay bombings|a series of 13 coordinated bombings]] at several city landmarks by [[Islamic extremism|Islamic extremists]] and the [[Mumbai underworld#Mumbai underworld|Mumbai underworld]] resulted in 257 deaths and over 700 injuries.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm |title=1993: Bombay hit by devastating bombs |access-date=12 November 2008 |date=12 March 1993 |publisher=BBC News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211202614/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm |archive-date=11 December 2008}}</ref> In 2006, 209 people were killed and over 700 injured when [[2006 Mumbai train bombings|seven bombs exploded]] on the city's [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|commuter trains]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/south_asia/2006/mumbai_train_attacks/default.stm |title=Special Report: Mumbai Train Attacks |date=30 September 2006 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=13 August 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810041902/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/south_asia/2006/mumbai_train_attacks/default.stm |archive-date=10 August 2008}}</ref> In 2008, a series of [[2008 Mumbai attacks|ten coordinated attacks]] by armed terrorists for three days resulted in 173 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to several heritage landmarks and prestigious hotels.<ref name="Casualties">{{cite press release |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=45446 |publisher=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |date=11 December 2008 |title=HM announces measures to enhance security |access-date=14 December 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221205459/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=45446 |archive-date=21 February 2011}}</ref> The three coordinated [[2011 Mumbai bombings|bomb explosions in July 2011]] that occurred at the [[Opera house]], [[Zaveri Bazaar]] and [[Dadar]] were the latest in the series of terrorist attacks in Mumbai which resulted in 26 deaths and 130 injuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai blasts: Death toll rises to 26 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai-blasts-Death-toll-rises-to-26/Article1-727292.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905103034/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai-blasts-Death-toll-rises-to-26/Article1-727292.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 September 2012 |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="13 July Mumbai bombings">{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-bomb-blasts-in-mumbai-18-dead-over-130-injured-119083?curl=1420282309 |title=Three bomb blasts in Mumbai, 18 dead, over 130 injured |access-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109003829/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-bomb-blasts-in-mumbai-18-dead-over-130-injured-119083?curl=1420282309 |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref>
Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and has evolved into a global financial hub.<ref name="Mumbai global" /> For several decades it has been the home of India's main financial services companies, and a focus for both infrastructure development and private investment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shaw |first=Annapurna |title=Emerging Patterns of Urban Growth in India |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=34 |issue=16/17 |pages=969–978 |year=1999 |jstor=4407880}}</ref> From being an ancient fishing community and a colonial centre of trade, Mumbai has become South Asia's largest city and home of the world's most prolific film industry.<ref>{{harvnb|Brunn|Williams|Zeigler|2003|pages=353–354|Ref=bru}}</ref>
== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Mumbai}}
{{See also|South Mumbai|Western Suburbs (Mumbai)|Eastern Suburbs (Mumbai)|List of neighbourhoods in Mumbai}}
[[File:Mumbai_432_pan_crop_375_(27105063465).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Satellite image]] of Mumbai]]
[[File:Mumbaicitydistricts.png|thumb|upright|Mumbai consists of two revenue districts.]]
Mumbai is on a narrow peninsula on the southwest of [[Salsette Island]], which lies between the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west, [[Thane Creek]] to the east and [[Vasai Creek]] to the north. Mumbai's suburban district occupies most of the island. [[Navi Mumbai]] is east of Thane Creek and [[Thane]] is north of [[Vasai Creek]]. Mumbai consists of two distinct regions: [[Mumbai City district]] and [[Mumbai Suburban district]], which form two separate revenue districts of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Suburban |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] (Mahrashtra State Centre) |url=http://www.maharashtra.nic.in/htmldocs/Activity/mumbai_sub.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513120309/http://www.maharashtra.nic.in/htmldocs/Activity/mumbai_sub.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref> The city district region is also commonly referred to as the ''Island City'' or [[South Mumbai]].<ref name="mmrda muip gdp" /> The total area of Mumbai is 603.4 km<sup>2</sup> (233 sq mi).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dm.mcgm.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/city_profile.pdf |title=City Profile of Greater Mumbai |publisher=Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425114633/http://dm.mcgm.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/city_profile.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Of this, the island city spans 67.79 km<sup>2</sup> (26 sq mi), while the suburban district spans 370 km<sup>2</sup> (143 sq mi), together accounting for 437.71 km<sup>2</sup> (169 sq mi) under the administration of [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] (MCGM). The remaining areas belong to various Defence establishments, the [[Mumbai Port Trust]], the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] and the Borivali National Park, which are out of the jurisdiction of the MCGM.<ref name="trf">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.2 Area and Divisions|Ref=plan}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] which includes portions of [[Thane district|Thane]], [[Palghar district|Palghar]] and [[Raigad district|Raigad]] districts in addition to Greater Mumbai, covers an area of 4,355 km<sup>2</sup> (1681.5 sq mi).<ref name="projectsecoa1" />
Mumbai lies at the mouth of the [[Ulhas River]] on the western coast of India,<!-- DO NOT change this to Maharashtra as Konkan extends to Goa --> in the coastal region known as the [[Konkan]]. It sits on [[Salsette Island]] (Sashti Island), which it partially shares with the [[Thane district]].<ref name="geo">{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=2|Ref=bom}}</ref> Mumbai is bounded by the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west.<ref name="mloc">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.1 Location|Ref=plan}}</ref> Many parts of the city lie just above sea level, with elevations ranging from 10 m (33 ft) to 15 m (49 ft);<ref>{{Harvnb|Krishnamoorthy|2008|p=218}}</ref> the city has an average elevation of 14 m (46 ft).<ref name="Wbase">{{cite web |publisher=Weatherbase |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=030034&refer= |title=Mumbai, India |access-date=19 March 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316121943/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=030034&refer= |archive-date=16 March 2006}}</ref> Northern Mumbai (Salsette) is hilly,<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.2.2 Salsette Island|Ref=plan}}</ref> and the highest point in the city is 450 m (1,476 ft) at Salsette in the [[Powai]]–[[Kanheri]] ranges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in/floristic%20survey.html |title=Floristic Survey of Institute of Science, Mumbai, Maharashtra State |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |last1=Srinivasu |first1=T. |last2=Pardeshi |first2=Satish |access-date=26 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717023146/http://iscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in/floristic%20survey.html |archive-date=17 July 2009}}</ref> The [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]] (Borivali National Park) is located partly in the [[Mumbai suburban district]], and partly in the Thane district, and it extends over an area of 103.09 km<sup>2</sup> (39.80 sq mi).<ref>{{Harvnb|Bapat|2005|pp=111–112}}</ref>
Apart from the [[Bhatsa Dam]], there are six major lakes that supply water to the city: [[Vihar Lake|Vihar]], [[Middle Vaitarna Dam|Lower Vaitarna]], [[Upper Vaitarna Dam|Upper Vaitarna]], [[Tulsi Lake|Tulsi]], [[Tansa Dam|Tansa]] and [[Powai]]. Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located in [[Borivili National Park]], within the city's limits. The supply from Powai lake, also within the city limits, is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt |format=PPT |title=Salient Features of Powai Lake |publisher=Department of Environment ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |pages=1–3 |access-date=29 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715195652/https://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt |archive-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> Three small rivers, the [[Dahisar River]], [[Poisar River|Poinsar (or Poisar)]] and [[Oshiwara River|Ohiwara (or Oshiwara)]] originate within the park, while the polluted [[Mithi River]] originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai Lakes.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.7 Water Supply and Sanitation|Ref=plan}}</ref> The coastline of the city is indented with numerous [[creek (tidal)|creeks]] and bays, stretching from the [[Thane creek]] on the
eastern to Madh Marve on the western front.<ref>{{cite news |title=Security web for city coastline |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Security-web-for-city-coastline/articleshow/3830390.cms?referral=PM |date=13 December 2008 |last=Sen |first=Somit |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=30 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803214157/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Security-web-for-city-coastline/articleshow/3830390.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=3 August 2014}}</ref> The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large [[mangrove]] [[swamp]]s, rich in biodiversity, while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patil|1957|pp=45–49}}</ref>
Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.1 Soil|Ref=plan}}</ref> The underlying rock of the region is composed of black [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] basalt flows, and their acidic and [[basic (chemistry)|basic]] variants dating back to the late [[Cretaceous]] and early [[Eocene]] eras.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.2 Geology and Geomorphology|Ref=plan}}</ref> Mumbai sits on a [[Seismicity|seismically active]] zone owing to the presence of 23 [[fault line]]s in the vicinity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kanth |first1=S. T. G. Raghu |last2=Iyenagar |first2=R. N. |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/10026629/Earthquake-Hazard-Computation-for-Mumbai-Bombay-City |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=91 |title=Seismic Hazard estimation for Mumbai City |date=10 December 2006 |issue=11 |page=1486 |access-date=3 September 2009 |quote=This is used to compute the probability of ground motion that can be induced by each of the '''twenty-three''' known faults that exist around the city. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202112243/http://www.scribd.com/doc/10026629/Earthquake-Hazard-Computation-for-Mumbai-Bombay-City |archive-date=2 February 2009}}</ref> The area is classified as a [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|Seismic Zone III region]],<ref>{{cite map |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm |title=Seismic Zoning Map |access-date=20 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915154543/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm |archive-date=15 September 2008}}</ref> which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter magnitude scale may be expected.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/fault.html |title=The Seismic Environment of Mumbai |publisher=Department of Theoretical Physics ([[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]) |access-date=6 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213094722/http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/fault.html |archive-date=13 December 2007}}</ref>
=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Mumbai}}
{{See also|Mumbai Climate Action Plan}}
[[File:India mumbai temperature precipitation averages chart.svg|thumb|Average temperature and precipitation in Mumbai|alt=The average temperature ranges between {{cvt|23|°C|0}} in January to {{cvt|30|°C|0}} in May. Rainfall is at or near zero from November through May, then quickly rises to a peak of about {{cvt|600|mm|2}} in July, falling back more gradually.|left]]
[[File:Mumbai Skyline during monsoon (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai|Skyline of Mumbai]] during a [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]]]]
Mumbai has an extreme [[tropical savanna climate|tropical wet and dry climate]] (''Aw'') under the [[Köppen climate classification]], although the central and southern suburbs have a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am'') with even heavier wet season rainfall. Mumbai has a virtually rainless period extending from October to May and an extremely wet period peaking in July.<ref>{{harvnb|Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy|1999|p=210|Ref=proc}}</ref> A cooler season from December to February is followed by a hotter season from March to May. The period from June to about the end of September constitutes the [[Monsoon of Indian subcontinent|south west monsoon]] season, and October and November form the post-monsoon season.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=84|Ref=bom}}</ref>
Between June and September, the [[South-west monsoon]] rains occur in Mumbai. Pre-monsoon showers are received in May. Occasionally, north-east monsoon showers occur in October and November. The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was {{cvt|3452|mm|0}} for 1954.<ref name="clra">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.4 Climate and Rainfall|Ref=plan}}</ref> The [[2005 Mumbai floods|highest rainfall]] recorded in a single day was {{cvt|944|mm|0}} on [[Maharashtra floods of 2005|26 July 2005]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kishwar |first=Madhu Purnima |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-three-drown-as-heavy-rain-lashes-mumbai-for-the-3rd-day-1039257 |title=Three drown as heavy rain lashes Mumbai for the 3rd day |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |location=Mumbai |date=3 July 2006 |access-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106115301/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-three-drown-as-heavy-rain-lashes-mumbai-for-the-3rd-day-1039257 |archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> The average total annual rainfall is {{cvt|2213.4|mm|0}} for the Island City, and {{cvt|2502.3|mm|0}} for the suburbs.<ref name="clra" />
The average annual temperature is {{cvt|27|°C|0}}, and the average annual [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] is {{cvt|2213|mm|0}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Rohli|Vega|2007|p=267}}</ref> In the Island City, the average maximum temperature is {{cvt|31|°C|0}}, while the average minimum temperature is {{cvt|24|°C|0}}. In the suburbs, the daily mean maximum temperature range from {{cvt|29|°C|0}} to {{cvt|33|°C|0}}, while the daily mean minimum temperature ranges from {{cvt|16|°C|0}} to {{cvt|26|°C|0}}.<ref name="clra" /> The record high is {{cvt|42.2|°C|0}} set on 14 April 1952,<ref name=IMDextremes>{{cite web |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date= 5 February 2020 |url=http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M146 |access-date= 1 March 2020}}</ref> and the record low is {{cvt|7.4|°C|0}} set on 27 January 1962.<ref name=IMDextremes /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-still-cold-at-86-degree-C/articleshow/2770007.cms?referral=PM |title=Mumbai still cold at 8.6 °C |newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 February 2008 |access-date=26 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-still-cold-at-86-degree-C/articleshow/2770007.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref>
Tropical cyclones are rare in the city. The worst cyclone to ever impact Mumbai was the one in 1948 where gusts reached {{cvt|151|km/h}} in Juhu. The storm left 38 people dead and 47 missing. The storm reportedly impacted Mumbai for 20 hours and left the city devastated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 1948 |title=Cyclone hits Bombay; isolates city |pages=1 |work=Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848–1957) |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22707765 |access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyclone Nisarga: When 1948 November storm left 38 dead and 47 missing in Bombay |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/cyclone-nisarga-when-1948-november-storm-left-38-dead-and-47-missing-in-bombay |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |agency=Press Trust of India |date=3 June 2020 |title=When 20-hour storm paralysed Bombay: Old-timers recall fury of cyclone which hit Mumbai in 1948 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/when-20-hour-storm-paralysed-bombay-old-timers-recall-fury-of-cyclone-which-hit-mumbai-in-1948-1685017-2020-06-03 |access-date=14 September 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
Mumbai is prone to [[monsoon]] floods,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai-floods-why-india-s-cities-are-struggling-with-extreme-rainfall/story-wsWPNy2MXh4b9JYTqtA0QJ.html |title=Mumbai floods: Why India's cities are struggling with extreme rainfall |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/will-mumbai-flood-this-year-too-bmc-starts-to-find-solutions/story-jWxMNBb5M37hj5MvC3kqQI.html |title=Will Mumbai flood this year too? BMC starts to find solution |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref> caused due to [[climate change]] that is affected by heavy rains and [[high tide]] in the sea, according to the [[World Bank]], unplanned drainage system and [[Informal housing|informal settlement]] is a key factor of frequent floods in Mumbai.<ref name="WEF">{{cite web|title= How Twitter is helping one Indian city map monsoon floods|url= https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/07/twitter-indian-city-map-monsoon-floods/|last= Srivastava|first= Roli|work=[[World Economic Forum]]|date=8 July 2022|access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> Among other causes of flooding in Mumbai is its [[Geographical feature|geographic location]], Mumbai urban is peninsular in form, (a land-filled area that connects seven islands) a low laying area, compared to its suburbs that sit on an elevated location. Over the past few decades, new informal settlements were formed in the suburbs, causing a rapid increase in population, improper waste management, and drainage congestion. The rainwater from these areas heavily flows towards low-lying urban areas consisting of some slums and high-rise buildings. As a result, slums are either [[swamp]]ed, washed away, or collapse causing heavy casualties, and post-flood water logging lasts for a long time that causing blockage of railway lines-(most frequently used public transport in Mumbai), traffic snarl, inundated roads, and sub-merged bylanes. Over the past few decades, the frequency of floods in Mumbai is enormous, the [[2005 Mumbai floods]] are characterized by 500-1000 deaths, household displacements, damaged infrastructure-(including heritage sites), and a financial loss of {{USD}} 1.2 billion.<ref name="WEF" /><ref name="david,david&Janel">{{cite book|title= Adapting Cities to Climate Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HX_i-QdqD0wC|pages=134–140|last3= Satterthwaite|first3= David|last2=Bicknell|first2=Jane|last1=Dodman|first1=David|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=9781136572548|access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> In the process of reducing floods in Mumbai, the [[Maharashtra government]] adopted a flood mitigation plan; according to which the drainage system will be restructured, restoration of [[Mithi River]], and re-establishment of informal settlements. Local civic body [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) authorities are assigned to forecast and issue eviction notices while BMC along with NGO's prepare for the evacuation of the residents of those areas to temporary safe camps.<ref name="WEF" /><ref name="david,david&Janel" /><ref name="LSC">{{cite journal|title=An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on flood risk in Mumbai|url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33459/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Ranger,%20N_Assessment%20of%20potential%20impact_Ranger_Assessment%20potential%20impact_2014.pdf|pages=142–157|last13=Ranger|first13=Nicola|last12=Hallegatte|first12=Stéphane|last11=Bhattacharya|first11=Sumana|last10=Bachu|first10=Murthy|last9=Priya|first9=Satya|last8=Dhore|first8=K.|last7=Rafique|first7=Farhat|last6=Mathur|first6=P.|last5=Naville|first5=Nicolas|last4=Henriet|first4=Fanny|last3=Herweijer|first3=Celine|last2=Pohit|first2=Sanjib |last1=Corfee|first1=Morlot|publisher=[[London School of Economics]]|date=31 December 2010|issn=0165-0009|access-date=3 October 2022|journal=Climatic Change}}</ref>{{center|
{{Clear}}
{{Mumbai weatherbox}}
{{Weather box
| location = Mumbai ([[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]], located in [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1951–2012)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 37.4
| Feb record high C = 39.6
| Mar record high C = 41.7
| Apr record high C = 42.2
| May record high C = 41.0
| Jun record high C = 39.8
| Jul record high C = 36.2
| Aug record high C = 33.5
| Sep record high C = 37.0
| Oct record high C = 38.6
| Nov record high C = 37.6
| Dec record high C = 39.8
| year record high C = 42.2
| Jan high C = 31.2
| Feb high C = 31.7
| Mar high C = 33.1
| Apr high C = 33.4
| May high C = 33.7
| Jun high C = 32.5
| Jul high C = 30.4
| Aug high C = 30.2
| Sep high C = 30.9
| Oct high C = 33.6
| Nov high C = 34.1
| Dec high C = 32.6
| year high C = 32.3
| Jan low C = 16.9
| Feb low C = 18.1
| Mar low C = 21.1
| Apr low C = 24.2
| May low C = 27.0
| Jun low C = 26.6
| Jul low C = 25.5
| Aug low C = 25.2
| Sep low C = 24.9
| Oct low C = 23.9
| Nov low C = 21.4
| Dec low C = 18.4
| year low C = 22.8
| Jan record low C = 7.4
| Feb record low C = 8.5
| Mar record low C = 12.7
| Apr record low C = 16.9
| May record low C = 20.2
| Jun record low C = 19.8
| Jul record low C = 21.2
| Aug record low C = 19.4
| Sep record low C = 20.7
| Oct record low C = 16.7
| Nov record low C = 13.3
| Dec record low C = 10.6
| year record low C = 7.4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 0.2
| Feb rain mm = 0.2
| Mar rain mm = 0.1
| Apr rain mm = 0.1
| May rain mm = 7.3
| Jun rain mm = 526.3
| Jul rain mm = 919.9
| Aug rain mm = 560.8
| Sep rain mm = 383.5
| Oct rain mm = 91.3
| Nov rain mm = 11.0
| Dec rain mm = 1.6
| year rain mm = 2502.3
| Jan rain days = 0.0
| Feb rain days = 0.0
| Mar rain days = 0.1
| Apr rain days = 0.0
| May rain days = 0.7
| Jun rain days = 14.0
| Jul rain days = 23.3
| Aug rain days = 21.4
| Sep rain days = 14.4
| Oct rain days = 3.9
| Nov rain days = 0.6
| Dec rain days = 0.2
| year rain days = 78.6
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 49
| Feb humidity = 47
| Mar humidity = 51
| Apr humidity = 59
| May humidity = 65
| Jun humidity = 74
| Jul humidity = 81
| Aug humidity = 81
| Sep humidity = 76
| Oct humidity = 63
| Nov humidity = 54
| Dec humidity = 51
| year humidity = 63
| source = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>{{cite web|url=https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=43003 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |title=Climatological Information - Mumbai (Santacruz) (43003)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M146 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
}}<!-- end of "center" -->
=== Air pollution ===
[[Air pollution]] is a major issue in Mumbai.<ref>Borwankari, Vinamrata. [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/air-pollution-killed-81000-in-delhi-mumbai-cost-rs-70000-crore-in-2015/articleshow/56656252.cms "Air pollution killed 81,000 in Delhi & Mumbai, cost Rs 70,000 crore in 2015."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610043814/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/air-pollution-killed-81000-in-delhi-mumbai-cost-rs-70000-crore-in-2015/articleshow/56656252.cms |date=10 June 2017 }} ''Times of India''. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>Chatterjee, Badri. [http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-breathes-2017-s-cleanest-air-good-aqi-after-6-months/story-4YoZQvrZSFBNOOcf6tmKBK.html "Mumbai breathes 2017's cleanest air; 'good' AQI after 6 months."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506153636/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-breathes-2017-s-cleanest-air-good-aqi-after-6-months/story-4YoZQvrZSFBNOOcf6tmKBK.html |date=6 May 2017 }} ''Hindustan Times''. 11 March 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>Express News Service. [http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/air-quality-in-mumbai-3-times-worse-than-delhi-4568124/ "Air quality in Mumbai three times worse than Delhi."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318200948/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/air-quality-in-mumbai-3-times-worse-than-delhi-4568124/ |date=18 March 2017 }} ''Indian Express''. 14 March 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref> According to the 2016 [[World Health Organization]] Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database,<ref>[https://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301221905/http://who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |date=1 March 2017 }} ''World Health Organization''. May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2017.</ref> the annual average [[PM2.5]] concentration in 2013 was 63 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, which is 6.3 times higher than that recommended by the WHO Air Quality Guidelines<ref name="guidelines">[https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ WHO Air Quality Guidelines.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104165807/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ |date=4 January 2016 }} ''World Health Organization''. September 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2017.</ref> for the annual mean PM2.5. The [[Central Pollution Control Board]] for the [[Government of India]] and the [[Consulate General of the United States, Mumbai]] monitor and publicly share real-time air quality data.<ref>[https://data.gov.in/ "Central Pollution Control Board Air Quality Information."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619153514/https://data.gov.in/ |date=19 June 2016 }} ''Open Government Data Platform India.'' Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>[https://in.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/mumbai/air-quality-data/ "U.S. Embassy Air Quality Data."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116102725/https://in.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/mumbai/air-quality-data/ |date=16 January 2018 }} ''U.S. Department of State, Mission Air Quality.'' Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref> In December 2019, [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]], in partnership with the [[McKelvey School of Engineering]] of [[Washington University in St. Louis]], launched the Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility to study air pollution in Mumbai, among other Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://source.wustl.edu/2019/12/new-partnership-brings-together-mckelvey-iit-bombay-to-study-air-pollution/ |title=McKelvey Engineering, IIT Bombay partner to study air pollution |work=The Source |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis|date=4 December 2019 |access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref>
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Mumbai}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = ওরলির গগনরৈখিক দৃশ্য.jpg
| caption1 = Some of the [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai|tallest skyscrapers of Mumbai]], like [[World One]] and [[The Park (residential project)|Lodha Park]] complexes, can be found in [[Parel|Lower Parel]].
| image2 = Lodha_Altamount_-_An_epitome_of_luxury.jpg
| caption2 = [[Antilia (building)|Antilia]] and [[Lodha Altamount]] skyscrapers on [[Altamount Road]], also known as India's [[Billionaires' Row]].
}}
Mumbai is India's second largest city (by population) and is the financial and commercial capital of the country as it generates 6.16% of the total GDP.<ref name="mmrda muip gdp" /><ref name="Mumbai global">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/apr/27mumbai.htm |title=Mumbai a global financial centre? Of course! |last=Thomas |first=T. |publisher=Rediff |date=27 April 2007 |access-date=31 May 2009 |location=New Delhi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118221806/http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/apr/27mumbai.htm |archive-date=18 November 2008}}</ref><ref name="The Financial Express">{{cite news |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/266636 |title=GDP growth: Surat fastest, Mumbai largest |access-date=5 September 2009 |date=29 January 2008 |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20090906034022/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/266636 |archive-date=6 September 2009}}</ref> It serves as an economic hub of India; as of 2006, Mumbai contributed 10% of the nation's factory employment, 25% of industrial output, 33% of [[income tax]] collections, 60% of [[customs (tax)|customs duty]] collections, 20% of central [[excise tax]] collections, 40% of [[foreign trade]], and {{INRConvert|40|b|lk=b|year=2006}} in [[corporate tax]]es.<ref>{{harvnb|Swaminathan|Goyal|2006|p=51}}</ref>
Along with the rest of India, Mumbai has witnessed an economic boom since the [[Economic liberalisation in India|liberalisation of 1991]], the finance boom in the mid-nineties and the IT, export, services and outsourcing boom in the 2000s.<ref>{{harvnb|Kelsey|2008|p=208}}</ref> Although Mumbai had prominently figured as the hub of economic activity of India in the 1990s, the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]]'s contribution to India's GDP is currently declining.<ref name="ecoprofile">{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Economic%20profile.pdf |title=City Development Plan (Economic Profile) |access-date=25 August 2013 |author=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) |quote=Mumbai, at present, is in reverse gear, as regards the economic growth and quality of life. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125052153/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Economic%20profile.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2013}}</ref>
Recent estimates of the economy of the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] is estimated to be $606.625 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] [[Gross metropolitan product|metro GDP]]) ranking it either the [[List of cities by GDP|most or second-most productive metro area]] of India.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Global Wealth PPP Distribution;Who are the leaders og the global economy|work=Visualcapitalist.com|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-17th-in-global-gdp-list-says-survey-4686508/ |title=Mumbai 17th in global GDP list, says survey |date=7 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="gqindia.com">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2019 |title=Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=gdp>* {{cite web |title=Global city GDP 2014 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |date=22 January 2015 |access-date=4 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525113815/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |archive-date=25 May 2017}}
* {{cite web |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |publisher=[[Pricewaterhouse Coopers|PwC]] |access-date=16 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |archive-date=4 May 2011}}
* {{cite web |title=India's top 15 cities with the highest GDP Photos Yahoo! India Finance |url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807049.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009131024/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807049.html |archive-date=9 October 2014 |publisher=[[Yahoo! Finance]] |date=28 September 2012 |access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> Many of India's numerous conglomerates (including [[Larsen & Toubro]], [[State Bank of India]] (SBI), [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] (LIC), [[Tata Group]], [[Godrej Group|Godrej]] and [[Reliance Industries|Reliance]]),<ref name="Mumbai global" /> and five of the [[Fortune Global 500]] companies are based in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fortune Global 500 |url=http://fortune.com/global500/ |publisher=CNN |date=21 July 2008 |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509014825/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/full_list/index.html |archive-date=9 May 2012}}</ref> This is facilitated by the presence of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI), the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE), the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] (NSE), and financial sector regulators such as the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI).<ref name="ecoprofile" />
Until the 1970s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport, but the local economy has since then diversified to include [[finance]], [[engineering]], diamond-polishing, [[healthcare]] and information technology.<ref>{{harvnb|Swaminathan|Goyal|2006|p=52}}</ref>
The key sectors contributing to the city's economy are: finance, gems & jewellery, leather processing, IT and [[Business process outsourcing|ITES]], textiles, petrochemical, electronics manufacturing, automobiles, and entertainment. [[Nariman Point]] and [[Bandra Kurla Complex]] (BKC) are Mumbai's major financial centres.<ref name="ecoprofile" />
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 190
| width2 = 140
| image1 = Three Sixty West,Mumbai.jpg
| caption1 = [[Three Sixty West]] Tower B, occupied by [[The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company|The Ritz-Carlton]], is one of the [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai|tallest commercial skyscrapers]] in the city.
| image2 = Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers Bombay Stock Exchange.jpg
| caption2 = The [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] is the oldest stock exchange in Asia.
}}
Despite competition from [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Pune]], Mumbai has carved a niche for itself in the information technology industry. The [[SEEPZ|Santacruz Electronic Export Processing Zone]] (SEEPZ) and the International Infotech Park ([[Navi Mumbai]]) offer excellent facilities to IT companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://drnarendrajadhav.info/drnjadhav_web_files/Published%20papers/Role%20of%20Mumbai%20City%20in%20Indian%20Economy.pdf |title=Role of Mumbai in Indian Economy |access-date=25 August 2013 |last=Jadhav |first=Narendra |author-link=Narendra Jadhav |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522221937/http://drnarendrajadhav.info/drnjadhav_web_files/Published%20papers/Role%20of%20Mumbai%20City%20in%20Indian%20Economy.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2012}}</ref>
State and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics, and other such [[blue collar]] professions. The port and shipping industry is well established, with [[Mumbai Port]] being one of the oldest and most significant ports in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipa.nic.in/oper.htm |title=Indian Ports Association, Operational Details |access-date=16 April 2009 |publisher=Indian Ports Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410022515/http://ipa.nic.in/oper.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref> [[Dharavi]], in central Mumbai, has an increasingly large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of the city; the district has an estimated 15,000 single-room factories.<ref name="gua">{{Cite news |first=Dan |last=McDougall |title=Waste not, want not in the £700m slum |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=4 March 2007 |access-date=29 April 2009 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/mar/04/india.recycling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831032146/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/mar/04/india.recycling |archive-date=31 August 2013}}</ref>
As of 2023, Mumbai is home to the [[List of cities by number of billionaires|seventh-highest number of billionaires]] of any city.<ref name="Mumbai_data">
* {{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-sixth-among-top-10-global-cities-on-billionaire-count/articleshow/19978005.cms?referral=PM |title=Mumbai sixth among top 10 global cities on billionaire count |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 May 2013 |access-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804042725/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-sixth-among-top-10-global-cities-on-billionaire-count/articleshow/19978005.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}
* {{Cite news |last=Bharucha |first=Nauzer |date=9 March 2015 |title=Thirty of India's 68 billionaires live in Mumbai |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Thirty-of-Indias-68-billionaires-live-in-Mumbai/articleshow/46503633.cms |url-status=live |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310040742/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Thirty-of-Indias-68-billionaires-live-in-Mumbai/articleshow/46503633.cms |archive-date=10 March 2015}}
* {{Cite news |date=10 March 2015 |title=With 68 billionaires, India ranks 7th globally; Mumbai leads in India with 30 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=New Delhi |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-by-2024-number-of-billionaires-in-india-expected-to-swell-to-3371-2067378 |url-status=live |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312102008/http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-by-2024-number-of-billionaires-in-india-expected-to-swell-to-3371-2067378 |archive-date=12 March 2015}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities_slide_5.html?thisSpeed=15000 |work=Forbes |title=In Pictures: The Top 10 Cities For Billionaires |access-date=28 April 2009 |first=Chaniga |last=Vorasarun |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422212819/http://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities_slide_5.html?thisSpeed=15000 |archive-date=22 April 2009}}
* {{Cite web |title=Richest Cities In The World: The Top 10 Cities With The Most Billionaires |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/cartercoudriet/2019/03/07/richest-cities-in-the-world-the-top-10-cities-with-the-most-billionaires/ |last=Coudriet |first=Carter |website=Forbes |language=en |access-date=14 May 2020}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities.html |title=Cities of the Billionaires |last=Vorasarun |first=Chaniga |work=Forbes |date=30 April 2008 |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417171221/http://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities.html |archive-date=17 April 2009}}</ref> With a total wealth of around $960 billion,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world |title=Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind |date=14 October 2019 |website=GQ India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-billion-delhi-comes-second-report-4544685/ |title=Mumbai richest Indian city with total wealth of $820 billion, Delhi comes second: Report |date=26 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227063903/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-billion-delhi-comes-second-report-4544685/ |archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> it is the richest Indian city and one of the richest cities in the world.<ref name="Mumbai_info">
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/mumbai-12th-richest-city-in-the-world-nyc-on-top-with-65-billionaires-119101001520_1.html |title=Mumbai 12th richest city in the world, NYC on top with 65 billionaires |first=Sudipto |last=Dey |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=10 October 2019 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |title=Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008 |publisher=[[MasterCard]] |page=21 |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504014257/http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2012}}
* {{cite web |author=Giacomo Tognini |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/04/07/worlds-richest-cities-the-top-10-cities-where-most-billionaires-call-home-2020/ |title=World's Richest Cities: The Top 10 Cities Billionaires Call Home |work=Forbes |access-date=19 June 2020}}
</ref> {{As of|2008}}, the Globalization and World Cities Study Group (GaWC) has ranked Mumbai as an "Alpha world city", third in its categories of [[Global city|Global cities]].<ref name="lboro2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html |title=The World According to GaWC 2008 |website=Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) |publisher=[[Loughborough University]] |access-date=7 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110223235243/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html |archive-date=23 February 2011}}</ref> Mumbai is the third most expensive office market in the world, and was ranked among the fastest cities in the country for business startup in 2009.<ref name="World Bank and International Financial Corporation">{{cite web |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/subnational-reports/india |title=Doing Business in India 2009 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=8 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018092951/http://www.doingbusiness.org/Reports/Subnational-Reports/India |archive-date=18 October 2010}}</ref>
== Government and politics ==
=== Civic administration ===
[[File:Municipal_Corporation_of_Greater_Mumbai_01.jpg|thumb|upright|Headquarters of the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC), the largest civic organisation in the country.]]
Greater Mumbai (or Brihanmumbai), an area of {{cvt|603|km2|mi2}},<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2004-05 |url=http://mpcb.gov.in/ereports/pdf/AnnualReport2004-05.pdf |publisher=Maharashtra Pollution Control Board |access-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317135825/http://mpcb.gov.in/ereports/pdf/AnnualReport2004-05.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2015 |page=185}}</ref> consisting of the [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]] and [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]] districts, extends from [[Colaba]] in the south, to [[Mulund]] and [[Dahisar]] in the north, and [[Mankhurd]] in the east. Its population as per the 2011 census was 12,442,373.<ref name=census2011-gtmumcity>{{cite web |title=Mumbai (Greater Mumbai) City Census 2011 data |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html |website=Census 2011 India |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=11 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629002612/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html |archive-date=29 June 2015}}</ref>
It is administered by the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) (sometimes referred to as the [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]]), formerly known as the ''Bombay Municipal Corporation'' (BMC).<ref name="mloc" /> The [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|BMC]] is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis.<ref name="mcmmm">{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/ |title=Official Website of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai |publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=18 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607124049/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/ |archive-date=7 June 2008}}</ref> The mayor, who serves for a term of two and a half years, is chosen through an [[indirect election]] by the councillors from among themselves.<ref name="mayorterm">{{cite news |title=Shiv Sena's Snehal Ambekar elected new Mumbai mayor |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-09/news/53730851_1_deputy-mayor-sunil-prabhu-public-toilets |date=9 September 2014 |work=The Economic Times |location=Mumbai |access-date=5 July 2015 |quote=... as Sena's Sunil Prabhu completed his two-and-half-years term as the city mayor today. Ambekar, who secured 121 votes in the 226 member House,...}}</ref>
The municipal commissioner is the chief executive officer and head of the executive arm of the municipal corporation. All executive powers are vested in the [[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai|municipal commissioner]] who is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer appointed by the [[Government of Maharashtra|state government]]. Although the municipal corporation is the legislative body that lays down policies for the governance of the city, it is the commissioner who is responsible for the execution of the policies. The commissioner is appointed for a fixed term as defined by state statute. The powers of the commissioner are those provided by statute and those delegated by the corporation or the standing committee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/government/india_government.html |title=Commissioner System |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102043915/http://citymayors.com/government/india_government.html |archive-date=2 January 2010}}</ref>
The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation was ranked 9th out of 21 cities for best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.5 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nair |first1=Ajesh |title=Annual Survey of India's City-Systems |url=http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf |publisher=Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy |access-date=7 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003215/http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 41 Bombay High Court.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Bombay High Court]] exercises jurisdiction over Maharashtra, [[Goa]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].|alt=A brown building with a central tower and sloping roofs surrounded by trees. A grassy ground and a coconut tree are in front of it.]]
The two revenue districts of Mumbai come under the jurisdiction of a [[District Collector]]. The collectors are in charge of property records and revenue collection for the [[Government of India|central government]], and oversee the national elections held in the city.
The [[Mumbai Police]] is headed by a [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai|police commissioner]], who is an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer. The Mumbai Police is a division of the [[Maharashtra Police]], under the state Home Ministry.<ref>{{harvnb|Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai|p=2|Ref=mp}}</ref> The city is divided into seven police zones and seventeen [[Mumbai traffic police|traffic police]] zones,<ref name="trf" /> each headed by a deputy commissioner of police.<ref>{{harvnb|Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai|pp=7–8|Ref=mp}}</ref> The Mumbai Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police. The [[Mumbai Fire Brigade]], which is under the jurisdiction of the municipal corporation, is headed by the chief fire officer, who is assisted by four deputy chief fire officers and six divisional officers.<ref name="trf" /> The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) is responsible for infrastructure development and planning of [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm |title=MMRDA – Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority |publisher=Mmrdamumbai.org |date=26 January 1975 |access-date=30 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307224202/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm |archive-date=7 March 2009}}</ref>
Mumbai is the seat of the [[Bombay High Court]], which exercises jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra and [[Goa]], and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/ |title=About Bombay High Court |access-date=27 January 2008 |publisher=[[Bombay High Court]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130075145/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/ |archive-date=30 January 2008}}</ref> Mumbai also has two lower courts, the [[Small Causes Court]] for civil matters, and the [[Sessions Court]] for criminal cases. Mumbai also has a special Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (TADA) court for people accused of conspiring and abetting acts of terrorism in the city.<ref>{{harvnb|Fuller|Bénéï|2001|p=47}}</ref>
=== National politics ===
[[File:1st INC1885.jpg|thumb|First session of the [[Indian National Congress]] in Mumbai (28–31 December 1885)|alt=Men in traditional Indian dresses posing for a photograph]]
Mumbai had been a traditional stronghold and birthplace of the [[Indian National Congress]], also known as the Congress Party.<ref>{{harvnb|100 glorious years: Indian National Congress, 1885–1985|loc=p. 4, "The centenary of the Indian National Congress, which is being celebrated at its birthplace Bombay, is a unique event."|Ref=cng}}</ref> The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Mumbai from 28 to 31 December 1885.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article3040262.ece |title=Congress foundation day celebrated |date=29 December 2006 |access-date=12 November 2008 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article3040262.ece |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> The city played host to the Indian National Congress six times during its first 50 years, and became a strong base for the [[Indian independence movement]] during the 20th century.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=215}}</ref>
The 1960s saw the rise of regionalist politics in Mumbai, with the formation of the [[Shiv Sena]] on 19 June 1966, under the leadership of [[Bal Thackeray|Balasaheb Thackeray]] out of a feeling of resentment about the relative marginalisation of the native [[Marathi people]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gogate |first1=Sudha |title=The Emergence of Regionalism in Mumbai |year=2014 |publisher=Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7991-823-4|chapter-url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/shiv-senas-prehistory/article6370416.ece |access-date=22 June 2015 |chapter=History of the Shiv Sena |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010804/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/shiv-senas-prehistory/article6370416.ece |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Shiv Sena switched from 'Marathi Cause' to larger 'Hindutva Cause' in 1985 and joined hands with [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in the same year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bal-thackeray-turned-to-hindutva-in-1985-to-win-elections-ex-shiv-sena-mp-2000407 |title=Bal Thackeray turned to Hindutva in 1985 to win elections: ex-Shiv Sena MP |website=dna |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107052854/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bal-thackeray-turned-to-hindutva-in-1985-to-win-elections-ex-shiv-sena-mp-2000407 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |date=7 July 2014}}</ref> The Congress had dominated the politics of Mumbai from independence until the early 1980s, when the Shiv Sena won the 1985 Mumbai Municipal Corporation elections.<ref>{{harvnb|Phadnis|pp=86–87}}</ref>
In 1989, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), a major national political party, forged an electoral alliance with the Shiv Sena to dislodge the Congress in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elections. In 1999, several members left the Congress to form the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) but later allied with the Congress as part of an alliance known as the [[Democratic Front (India)|Democratic Front]].<ref>{{harvnb|Rana|2006|pp=315–316}}</ref> Other parties such as [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS), [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP), [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP), [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM)]] and several independent candidates also contest elections in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Stage-Set-for-Third-Phase-Polls-in-Maharashtra/659150 |date=29 April 2009 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |title=Stage Set for Third Phase Polls in Maharashtra |access-date=6 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109010731/http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Stage-Set-for-Third-Phase-Polls-in-Maharashtra/659150 |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref>
In the [[Elections in India|Indian national elections]] held every five years, Mumbai is represented by six parliamentary constituencies: [[Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|North]], [[Mumbai North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|North West]], [[Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|North East]], [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Central]], [[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Central]], and [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|South]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/miscellaneous_statistics/ListofPC.pdf |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=7 |access-date=4 September 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009113307/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/miscellaneous_statistics/ListofPC.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2010}}</ref> A [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament]] (MP) to the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'', the lower house of the [[Indian Parliament]], is elected from each of the parliamentary constituencies. In the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 national election]], all six parliamentary constituencies were won by the BJP and Shiv Sena in alliance, with both parties winning three seats each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Lok Sabha Election Result 2019, Maharashtra Assembly and General Poll Result 2019 – IndiaToday {{!}} IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/maharashtra |website=India Today |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522203229/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/maharashtra |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Vidhan_Bhavan_aerial_view.jpg|thumb|[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]]]
In the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra state assembly]] elections held every five years, Mumbai is represented by 36 assembly constituencies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=List of ACs and PCs |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |access-date=4 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=25 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/results.pdf |title=Maharashtra Assembly Election 2009 |access-date=18 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122084331/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/results.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2009}}</ref> A [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member of the legislative assembly]] (MLA) to the Maharashtra ''[[Vidhan Sabha]]'' (legislative assembly) is elected from each of the assembly constituencies. In the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019 state assembly election]], out of the 36 assembly constituencies, 16 were won by the BJP, 11 by the Shiv Sena, 6 by the Congress, 2 by the NCP and one by independent candidate.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Mumbai election results Live updates: Aditya Thackeray registers landslide victory from Worli |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/maharashtra-assembly-elections-mumbai-constituencies-results-2019-vote-counting-live-updates-1612344-2019-10-24 |date=24 October 2019 |magazine=India Today |language=en |access-date=27 May 2020 }}</ref>
Elections are also held every five years to elect corporators to power in the MCGM.<ref>{{harvnb|The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|p=6|Ref=mumact}}</ref> The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the [[Administrative divisions of Mumbai|24 municipal wards]], five nominated Councillors having special knowledge or experience in municipal administration, and a [[Mayor of Mumbai|mayor]] whose role is mostly ceremonial.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlcorporation |publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) |title=Corporation |access-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501232803/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlcorporation |archive-date=1 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlmayoffice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314202555/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlmayoffice |archive-date=14 March 2008 |publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) |title=Mayor – the First Citizen of Mumbai |access-date=12 May 2009 |quote=As the presiding authority at the Corporation Meetings, his/her role is confined to the four corners of the Corporation Hall. The decorative role, however, extends far beyond the city and the country to other parts of world}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|p=3|Ref=mumact}}</ref> In the [[2012 Brihanmumbai Mahanagar Palika election|2012 municipal corporation elections]], out of the 227 seats, the Shiv Sena-BJP alliance secured 107 seats, holding power with the support of independent candidates in the MCGM, while the Congress-NCP alliance bagged 64 seats.<ref name="civic20102">{{cite news |title=BMC results: Saffron alliance wins BMC with 75 seats |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bmc-results-saffron-alliance-wins-bmc-with-75-seats-1651270 |date=17 February 2012 |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615005738/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bmc-results-saffron-alliance-wins-bmc-with-75-seats-1651270 |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> The tenure of the [[Mayor of Mumbai|mayor]], deputy mayor, and [[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai|municipal commissioner]] is two and a half years.<ref>{{harvnb|The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|p=27|Ref=mumact}}</ref>
== Transport ==
{{Main|Transport in Mumbai}}
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220px
| image1 = Rapid transit map of Mumbai.jpg
| caption1 = Rapid transit map of Mumbai
| image2 = AC-EMU-Mumbai.jpg
| caption2 = The [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] system carries more than 69.9 lakh (6.99 million) commuters on a daily basis. It has the highest passenger density of any urban railway system in the world.
| image3 = Mumbaimetro.jpg
| caption3 = [[Mumbai Metro]] provides connectivity with eastern and western part of the city.
| image4 = Mumbai Monorail train.jpg
| caption4 = The [[Mumbai Monorail]], opened in February 2014, is the [[Urban rail transit in India|only operational monorail system]] in India and also is the [[List of monorail systems|seventh largest Monorail system]] in the world.
| image5 = Mumbai-BEST-Kinglong-Bus.jpg
| caption5 = [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]] buses carry a total of 2.8 million passengers daily.
| alt = A BEST bus on Route 56
| image6 = PremierPadminiTaxis gobeirne.jpg
| caption6 = The black and yellow Premier Padmini Taxis are iconic of Mumbai.
| image7 = Mumbai 03-2016 81 Dadar Beach view of the SeaLink.jpg
| caption7 = The [[Bandra-Worli Sea Link]] is a 5.6 kilometers long [[cable-stayed bridge]] that connects central Mumbai with its western suburbs.
| image8 = Mumbai 03-2016 114 Airport international terminal interior.jpg
| caption8 = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport]], Mumbai, India
| image9 = Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg
| caption9 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] is the busiest port in India.
| total_width =
| alt1 =
}}
=== Public transport ===
Public transport systems in Mumbai include the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]], [[Mumbai Monorail|Monorail]], [[Mumbai Metro|Metro]], [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] (BEST) buses, black-and-yellow meter [[taxicabs|taxis]], [[auto rickshaw]]s and [[ferries]]. Suburban railway and BEST bus services together accounted for about 88% of the passenger traffic in 2008.<ref name="bus44">{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/BRTS%20Note%20for%20web%20Page.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927192943/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/BRTS%20Note%20for%20web%20Page.doc |archive-date=27 September 2013 |format=DOC |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) |title=Development of Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) in Mumbai |access-date=28 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Auto rickshaws are allowed to operate only in the suburban areas of Mumbai, while taxis are allowed to operate throughout Mumbai, but generally operate in [[South Mumbai]].<ref name="autaxi">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/speakup/report_what-s-mumbai-without-the-black-beetles_422 |title=What's Mumbai without the black beetles? |date=24 August 2005 |newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |last=Ghose |first=Anindita |access-date=29 August 2009 |quote=In Mumbai autos run only in the suburbs up to Mahim creek. This is probably the perfect arrangement because it is not economically viable for autos and taxis to solicit the same passengers. So autos monopolise the suburbs while taxis rule South Mumbai. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728070112/http://www.dnaindia.com/speakup/report_what-s-mumbai-without-the-black-beetles_422 |archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref> Taxis and Auto rickshaws in Mumbai are required by law to run on [[compressed natural gas]] (CNG),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Taxi-auto-fares-may-dip-due-to-CNG-usage/articleshow/631726.cms?referral=PM |title=Taxi, auto fares may dip due to CNG usage |date=22 April 2004 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=29 August 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804041631/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Taxi-auto-fares-may-dip-due-to-CNG-usage/articleshow/631726.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> and are a convenient, economical, and easily available means of transport.<ref name="autaxi" />
==== Railway ====
The [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]], popularly referred to as Locals forms the backbone of the city's transport system.<ref name="Outlook">{{cite book |title=Outlook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zhWAAAAYAAJ |access-date=8 July 2012 |date=July 2008 |publisher=Hathway Investments Pvt Ltd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527054807/http://books.google.com/books?id=5zhWAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=27 May 2013}}</ref> It is operated by the Central Railway and Western Railway zones of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fsep2001/f240920011.html |publisher=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |title=Making Rail Commuting Easier in Mumbai |last=Kumar |first=Akshey |access-date=29 August 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805142529/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fsep2001/f240920011.html |archive-date=5 August 2011}}</ref> Mumbai's suburban rail systems carried a total of 63 [[lakh]] (6.3 million) passengers every day in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/overview.htm |title=Overview of existing Mumbai suburban railway |access-date=7 July 2008 |publisher=Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620033027/http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/overview.htm |archive-date=20 June 2008}}</ref> Trains are overcrowded during peak hours, with nine-car trains of rated capacity 1,700 passengers, actually carrying around 4,500 passengers at peak hours.<ref>{{harvnb|Environment and urbanization|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0DBhYWmqpDoC&pg=PA160 160]|Ref=n450}}</ref> The Mumbai rail network is spread at an expanse of 319 route kilometres. 191 rakes (train-sets) of 9 car and 12 car composition are utilised to run a total of 2,226 train services in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://203.176.113.182/MRVC/intr.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306161840/http://203.176.113.182/MRVC/intr.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2010 |title=Welcome to Official Website of Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation Ltd. |date=6 March 2010}}</ref>
The [[Mumbai Monorail]] and [[Mumbai Metro]] have been built and are being extended in phases to relieve the overcrowding on the existing network. The Monorail opened in early February 2014.<ref name="startMono">{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbai-monorail-to-be-inaugurated-on-saturday-477248 |title=Mumbai monorail to be inaugurated on Saturday |date=30 January 2014 |access-date=30 January 2014 |last=Gupta |first=Saurabh |publisher=[[NDTV]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131061547/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbai-monorail-to-be-inaugurated-on-saturday-477248 |archive-date=31 January 2014}}</ref> The [[Line 1 (Mumbai Metro)|first line]] of the Mumbai Metro opened in early June 2014.<ref name="startMetro">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-CM-Prithivraj-Chavan-flags-off-Mumbai-Metro/articleshow/36238569.cms |title=Maharashtra CM Prithivraj Chavan flags off Mumbai Metro |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213001656/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-CM-Prithivraj-Chavan-flags-off-Mumbai-Metro/articleshow/36238569.cms |archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref>
Mumbai is the headquarters of two zones of the [[Indian Railways]]: the [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway (CR)]] headquartered at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] (formerly Victoria Terminus), and the [[Western Railway (India)|Western Railway (WR)]] headquartered at [[Churchgate]].<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|pp=2–14|Ref=exe}}</ref> Mumbai is also well connected to most parts of India by the [[Indian Railways]]. Long-distance trains originate from [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]], [[Dadar railway station|Dadar]], [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]], [[Mumbai Central]], [[Bandra Terminus]], [[Andheri railway station|Andheri]] and [[Borivali railway station|Borivali]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/Railways/21streport.pdf |title=Terminal Facilities in Metropolitanc Cities |publisher=[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] |page=14 |access-date=28 August 2009 |quote=The port city of Mumbai is served by 5 passenger terminals namely Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminal (CST), Mumbai Central, Dadar, Bandra and Lokmanya Tilak Terminal. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529070718/http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/Railways/21streport.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2011}}</ref>
==== Bus ====
Mumbai's bus services carried over 55 lakh (5.5 million) passengers per day in 2008,<ref name="bus44" /> which dropped to 28 lakh (2.8 million) in 2015.<ref name="BESTdip">{{cite news |title=Mumbai: BEST ridership falls further |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-best-ridership-falls-further-2129038 |first=Ateeq |last=Shaikh |date=27 September 2015 |agency=DNA |location=Mumbai |access-date=6 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003232953/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-best-ridership-falls-further-2129038 |archive-date=3 October 2015}}</ref> Public buses run by BEST cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Mira-Bhayandar]] and Thane.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bestundertaking.com/trans_func.asp |title=Organisational Setup |publisher=Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) |access-date=14 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604204123/http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_func.asp |archive-date=4 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The BEST operates a total of 4,608 buses<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=16-05-2011&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00403&format=&publabel=TOI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406013750/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=16 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 April 2012 |title=Times of India Publications |publisher=Lite.epaper.timesofindia.com |date=16 May 2011 |access-date=22 July 2011 }}</ref> with CCTV cameras installed, ferrying 45 lakh (4.5 million) passengers daily<ref name="bus44" /> over 390 routes. Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor, disabled-friendly, air-conditioned and [[Euro III]] compliant diesel and [[compressed natural gas]] powered buses.<ref name="bestfleet">{{cite web |url=http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_engg.asp |title=Composition of Bus Fleet |access-date=12 October 2006 |publisher=BEST |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718003152/http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_engg.asp |archive-date=18 July 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> BEST introduced air-conditioned buses in 1998.<ref name="timelineBEST">{{cite news |title=A timeline of BEST buses in Mumbai |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-a-timeline-of-best-buses-in-mumbai-1854866 |date=29 June 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=11 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111419/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-a-timeline-of-best-buses-in-mumbai-1854866 |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> BEST buses are red in colour, based originally on the [[AEC Routemaster|Routemaster]] buses of London.<ref name="newkiller">{{cite news |title=BEST buses, the new killer on the prowl? |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-best-buses-the-new-killer-on-the-prowl-1697804 |date=4 June 2012 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=8 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709175844/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-best-buses-the-new-killer-on-the-prowl-1697804 |archive-date=9 July 2015}}</ref>
[[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] (MSRTC, also known as ST)<ref name="training">{{cite news |title=Soon, computer-aided training for MSRTC drivers |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-soon-computer-aided-training-for-msrtc-drivers-2047712 |first=Mewati |last=Sitaram |date=29 December 2014 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531164905/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-soon-computer-aided-training-for-msrtc-drivers-2047712 |archive-date=31 May 2015}}</ref> buses provide intercity transport connecting Mumbai with other towns and cities of Maharashtra and nearby states.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/MSRTC-to-make-long-distance-travel-easier/articleshow/3322572.cms?referral=PM |last=Tembhekar |first=Chittaranjan |title=MSRTC to make long distance travel easier |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 August 2008 |access-date=14 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804104904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/MSRTC-to-make-long-distance-travel-easier/articleshow/3322572.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/MSRTC-adds-Volvo-luxury-to-Mumbai-trip/articleshow/32792301.cms?referral=PM |title=MSRTC adds Volvo luxury to Mumbai trip |newspaper=The Times of India |date=29 December 2002 |access-date=14 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514185925/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/MSRTC-adds-Volvo-luxury-to-Mumbai-trip/articleshow/32792301.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> The [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport]] (NMMT) and [[Thane Municipal Transport]] (TMT) also operate their buses in Mumbai, connecting various nodes of Navi Mumbai and Thane to parts of Mumbai.<ref name="NMMTgain">{{cite news |title=NNMT gains from BEST's plan to discontinue AC bus services |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-nnmt-gains-from-best-s-plan-to-discontinue-ac-bus-services-2057399 |first=Mewati |last=Sitaram |date=2 February 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=13 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430053240/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-nnmt-gains-from-best-s-plan-to-discontinue-ac-bus-services-2057399 |archive-date=30 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="TMTmoolah">{{cite news |title=TMT rakes in moolah on new AC bus routes |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/TMT-rakes-in-moolah-on-new-AC-bus-routes/articleshow/45015246.cms |first=Manoj |last=Badgeri |date=3 November 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Thane |access-date=13 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103160736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/TMT-rakes-in-moolah-on-new-AC-bus-routes/articleshow/45015246.cms |archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref>
Buses are generally favoured for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for longer distance commutes.<ref>{{harvnb|Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SD4I3CEtDz0C&pg=PA49 49]|Ref=UNB}}</ref>
The ''Mumbai Darshan'' is a tourist bus service which explores numerous [[List of tourist attractions in Mumbai|tourist attractions in Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2009/mar/310309-Mumbai-News-Mumbai-Darshan-popular-tourist-spots-traffic-congestion-Tourist.htm |title=Traffic claims Mumbai darshan hot spots |last=Seth |first=Urvashi |newspaper=[[MiD DAY]] |date=31 March 2009 |access-date=14 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929062537/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2009/mar/310309-Mumbai-News-Mumbai-Darshan-popular-tourist-spots-traffic-congestion-Tourist.htm |archive-date=29 September 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) lanes have been planned throughout Mumbai.<ref name="routetalpdf">{{cite web |url=http://www.bestundertaking.com/TravelAsYouLike-Ticket.pdf |title=Bus Routes Under Bus Rapid Transit System |publisher=BEST |page=5 |access-date=23 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126235306/http://bestundertaking.com/TravelAsYouLike-Ticket.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2009}}</ref> Though 88% of the city's commuters travel by public transport, Mumbai still continues to struggle with [[traffic congestion]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/7-Questions-You-Wanted-to-Ask.html |last=Khanna |first=Gaurav |access-date=28 August 2009 |title=7 Questions You Wanted to Ask About the Mumbai Metro |publisher=[[Businessworld]] |quote=Road congestion has worsened, though 88 per cent of journeys are made by public transport. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625151715/http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/7-Questions-You-Wanted-to-Ask.html |archive-date=25 June 2009}}</ref> Mumbai's transport system has been categorised as one of the most congested in the world.<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|loc=p. 2-1: "The 137% increase in cars, a 306% increase in two wheelers, the 420% increase in autos and 128% increase in taxis during 1991–2005 has created a lethal dose of traffic congestion which has categorised Mumbai as one of the congested cities in the world."|Ref=exe}}</ref>
==== Water ====
[[Water transport in Mumbai]] consists of ferries, hovercraft and catamarans. Services are provided by both government agencies as well as private partners.<ref name="alibauglaunch">{{cite web |title=Transportation from Alibaug |url=http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/transportation.htm |publisher=Raigad District Authority |access-date=3 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009122502/http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/transportation.htm |archive-date=9 October 2014}}</ref> [[Hovercraft]] services plied briefly in the late 1990s between the [[Gateway of India]] and [[CBD Belapur]] in Navi Mumbai. They were subsequently scrapped due to lack of adequate [[water transport infrastructure|infrastructure]].<ref name="nmhovercraft">{{cite news |title=Navi Mumbai mulls hovercraft services |url=http://www.sify.com/news/navi-mumbai-mulls-hovercraft-services-news-national-llcwkhfijcisi.html |date=3 November 2011 |work=Sify |location=Navi Mumbai |access-date=3 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924215722/http://www.sify.com/news/navi-mumbai-mulls-hovercraft-services-news-national-llcwkhfijcisi.html |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
=== Road ===
Mumbai is served by National Highway 48, National Highway 66, National Highway 160 and National Highway 61.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf |title=NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI |access-date=4 July 2008 |publisher=[[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142615/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009}}</ref> The Mumbai–[[Chennai]] and Mumbai–Delhi prongs of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] system of National Highways start from the city. The [[Mumbai-Pune Expressway]] was the first [[Expressways of India|expressway]] built in India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dalal |first=Sucheta |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/ |title=India's first international-class expressway is just a month away |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=1 April 2000 |access-date=14 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116132018/http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/ |archive-date=16 January 2014}}</ref> The [[Eastern Freeway (Mumbai)|Eastern Freeway]] was opened in 2013. The [[Bandra-Worli Sea Link]] bridge, along with [[Mahim Causeway]], links the island city to the western suburbs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msrdc.org/projects/bandra_worli.aspx |title=MSRDC – Project – Bandra Worli Sea Link |publisher=[[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation]] (MSRDC) |access-date=2 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415171242/http://www.msrdc.org/Projects/Bandra_worli.aspx |archive-date=15 April 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The three major road arteries of the city are the [[Eastern Express Highway]] from [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]] to Thane, the [[Sion Panvel Expressway]] from [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]] to [[Panvel]] and the [[Western Express Highway]] from [[Bandra]] to [[Bhayander]].<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.10 Transport and Communication Network|Ref=plan}}</ref> The under-construction [[Mumbai Trans Harbour Link]] will connect Mumbai with Navi Mumbai and when completed, will be the longest sea bridge in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2023 |title=India's longest sea bridge in Mumbai will be open for traffic in November |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/indias-longest-sea-bridge-in-mumbai-will-be-open-for-traffic-in-november/article66369834.ece/amp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128013009/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/indias-longest-sea-bridge-in-mumbai-will-be-open-for-traffic-in-november/article66369834.ece/amp/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Mumbai has approximately {{cvt|1900|km|0}} of roads.<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027 |title=28,000 more autos to run riot on MMR streets – Mumbai – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415045359/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027 |archive-date=15 April 2014 |date=3 May 2013}}</ref> There are five [[toll plaza|tolled]] entry points to the city by road.<ref name="gatewaytollfree">{{cite news |title=Mumbai's five gateways may become toll-free |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-s-five-gateways-may-become-toll-free-2090781 |first=Dhaval |last=Kulkarni |date=31 May 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=1 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602000054/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-s-five-gateways-may-become-toll-free-2090781 |archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref>
Mumbai had about 721,000 private vehicles as of March 2014,<ref name=TOI1>{{cite news |title=Only 10 public transport services for every 90 private vehicles in Mumbai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Only-10-public-transport-services-for-every-90-private-vehicles-in-Mumbai/articleshow/33624790.cms |access-date=12 April 2014 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 April 2014 |author=Somit Sen |author2=Manthan K Mehta |agency=TNN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412125904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Only-10-public-transport-services-for-every-90-private-vehicles-in-Mumbai/articleshow/33624790.cms |archive-date=12 April 2014}}</ref> 56,459 black and yellow taxis {{As of|2005|lc=y}},<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|pp=2–9|Ref=exe}}</ref> and 106,000 auto rickshaws, as of May 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027 |title=28,000 more autos to run riot on MMR streets |website=dna |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415045359/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027 |archive-date=15 April 2014 |date=3 May 2013}}</ref>
Mumbai currently has one operational expressway–the Mumbai–Pune Expressway, which directly connects Mumbai with [[Pune]]. In the coming years, the great metropolis will be connected with more expressways. They are as follows:
*[[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]]: Under construction since March 2019,<ref>{{Cite news |title=NHAI starts work on Rs 6,672 cr expressway |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/NxqWRhBOMqO8P6x3Hra5eO/NHAI-starts-work-on-Rs6672-cr-expressway.html |last1=Kumar |first1=K.P. Narayana |last2=Chandran |first2=Rahul |date=6 March 2008 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=14 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117111028/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/NxqWRhBOMqO8P6x3Hra5eO/NHAI-starts-work-on-Rs6672-cr-expressway.html |archive-date=17 January 2013}}</ref> to be completed by December 2023.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news|author1=Mishra, Saumya|title=Delhi-Mumbai Expressway to cut travel time by half; Rs 98,000 crore project likely to be completed by 2023 end|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/delhi-mumbai-expressway-to-cut-travel-time-by-half-rs-98000-crore-project-likely-to-start-by-2023-end-article-96880738/amp|work=Times Now|date=10 January 2023|access-date=12 February 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite news|title=Breaking News Live: PM Modi inaugurates 246-km first phase of Delhi-Mumbai Expressway|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/breaking-news-live-february-12/amp_liveblog/97832803.cms|work=The Times of India|date=12 February 2023|access-date=12 February 2023|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway]]: Under construction since January 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/work-on-nag-mum-eway-begins-in-full-swing/articleshow/67631967.cms|title=Work on Nagpur-Mumbai expressway begins in full swing {{pipe}} Nagpur News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=22 January 2019|access-date=13 March 2023|language=en}}</ref> to be completed by December 2023.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Phadke, Manasi|title=Shinde govt targets Dec 2023 finish for Nagpur-Mumbai Expressway, just ahead of state & LS polls|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/shinde-govt-targets-dec-2023-finish-for-nagpur-mumbai-expressway-just-ahead-of-state-ls-polls/ar-AA18cVqh?PC=EMMX01|work=The Print|date=4 March 2023|access-date=11 March 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Kukreja, Sahil|title=PM Modi inaugurates 'Samruddhi Mahamarg' Mumbai-Nagpur expressway: How it'll benefit car owners|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/auto/news/pm-modi-inaugurates-samruddhi-mahamarg-mumbai-nagpur-expressway-how-itll-benefit-car-owners/amp_articleshow/96146928.cms|work=The Times of India|date=11 December 2022|access-date=11 December 2022|language=en}}</ref>
*Konkan Expressway: Proposed.<ref>{{cite news|title=CM now aims for Konkan expressway|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/cm-now-aims-for-konkan-expressway-101671218411627.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=17 December 2022|access-date=13 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>
=== Air ===
The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] (formerly Sahar International Airport) is the main aviation hub in the city and the second busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/nov2k10annex3.pdf |title=AAI traffic figures |access-date=14 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116110757/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/nov2k10annex3.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> It handled 36.6 million (3.66 crore) passengers and 694,300 tonnes of cargo during FY 2014–2015.<ref name="APA">{{cite web |url=http://www.apaoindia.com/?page_id=923 |title=Statistics: Mumbai International Airport Limited |publisher=Association of Private Airport Operators |access-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172617/http://www.apaoindia.com/?page_id=923 |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> An upgrade plan was initiated in 2006, targeted at increasing the capacity of the airport to handle up to 40 million (4 crore) passengers annually<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csia.in/knowyourairport/aboutcsia.aspx |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (CSIA)- Masterplan |publisher=Csia.in |access-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221021450/http://www.csia.in/knowyourairport/aboutcsia.aspx |archive-date=21 December 2011}}</ref> and the new terminal T2 was opened in February 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-with-maiden-air-india-flight-t2-opens-to-public-1961614 |title=With maiden Air India flight, T2 opens to public |newspaper=[[Daily News & Analysis]] |date=13 February 2014 |access-date= 28 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115312/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-with-maiden-air-india-flight-t2-opens-to-public-1961614 |archive-date= 6 October 2014}}</ref>
The proposed [[Navi Mumbai International airport]] to be built in the Kopra-[[Panvel]] area has been sanctioned by the Indian Government and will help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article1755254.ece |title=Work on Navi Mumbai airport may start next year |work=The Hindu |date=19 December 2006 |access-date=16 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103114405/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article1755254.ece |archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref>
The [[Juhu Aerodrome]] was India's first airport, and now hosts the [[Bombay Flying Club]] and a heliport operated by state-owned [[Pawan Hans]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2007/jun/194964.htm |title=MIAL eyes Juhu airport |newspaper=MiD DAY |date=7 June 2007 |access-date=14 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802194057/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2007/jun/194964.htm |archive-date=2 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Sea ===
Mumbai is served by two major ports, [[Mumbai Port Trust]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust]], which lies just across the creek in [[Navi Mumbai]].<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|pp=2–12|Ref=exe}}</ref> Mumbai Port has one of the best natural harbours in the world, and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation facilities.<ref>{{harvnb|Chittar|1973|loc=p. 65: "The Port is endowed with one of the best natural harbours in the world and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation to meet the normal needs of the city."}}</ref> Jawaharlal Nehru Port, commissioned on 26 May 1989, is the busiest and most modern major port in India.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjan2003/07012003/r070120037.html |publisher=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |title=Laudable Achievement of JNPT |date=7 January 2003 |access-date=29 August 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005230020/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjan2003/07012003/r070120037.html |archive-date=5 October 2009}}</ref> It handles 55–60% of the country's total containerised cargo.<ref name="pt">{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=site:jnport.com+55-60%25 |title=Our Mission |publisher=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] Trust |access-date=27 August 2009}}</ref> Ferries from [[Ferry Wharf]] in [[Mazagaon]] allow access to islands near the city.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=236291 |title=Cruise terminal plan gets MoU push |last=Sonawane |first=Rakshit |date=13 May 2007 |access-date=27 August 2009 |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] |quote=While Arthur Bunder is used by small boats and Hay Bunder caters to declining traffic of barges, Ferry Wharf offers services to Mora, Mandva, Rewas and Uran ports. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101920/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=236291 |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref>
The city is also the headquarters of the [[Western Naval Command]], and also an important base for the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="mloc" />
== Utility services ==
{{See also|Mumbai's water sources}}
Under colonial rule, tanks were the only source of water in Mumbai, with many localities having been named after them. The [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|MCGM]] supplies potable water to the city from six lakes,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980521/14150784.html |title=BMC Inc. will now sell bottled water |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=21 May 1998 |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/33467/ |archive-date=3 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_it-will-be-years-before-mumbai-surmounts-its-water-crisis_1086577 |title=It will be years before Mumbai surmounts its water crisis |last=Sawant |first=Sanjay |newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |date=23 March 2007 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108035059/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_it-will-be-years-before-mumbai-surmounts-its-water-crisis_1086577 |archive-date=8 November 2009}}</ref> most of which comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes. The Tansa lake supplies water to the western suburbs and parts of the island city along the Western Railway.<ref name="tansa">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Tansa-water-mains-to-be-replaced/articleshow/2247432.cms?referral=PM |title=Tansa water mains to be replaced |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 August 2007 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804005809/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Tansa-water-mains-to-be-replaced/articleshow/2247432.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> The water is filtered at [[Bhandup]],<ref name="tansa" /> which is Asia's largest water filtration plant.<ref name="RTIBhandup">{{cite web |title=Right to Information Act-2005 Information Booklet |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/Wards/Assistant%20Commissioner%20%28T%20Ward%29/RTI%20Manuals/T_RTI_E01.pdf |publisher=[[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] |year=2013 |orig-year=2012 |access-date=15 June 2015 |location=Mumbai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122755/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/Wards/Assistant%20Commissioner%20(T%20Ward)/RTI%20Manuals/T_RTI_E01.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="contamination">{{cite news |title=Water contamination complaints double, Bhandup hit hard |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Water-contamination-complaints-double-Bhandup-hit-hard/articleshow/3197203.cms |date=4 July 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=16 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624081154/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Water-contamination-complaints-double-Bhandup-hit-hard/articleshow/3197203.cms |archive-date=24 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wajihuddin |first=Mohammed |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=50939 |title=Make way for Mulund, Mumbai's newest hotspot |work=Mumbai Newsline |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]] |date=4 May 2003 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101949/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=50939 |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> India's first underground water tunnel was completed in Mumbai to supply water to the Bhandup filtration plant.<ref name="firstwatertunnel">{{cite news |date=20 February 2008 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-countrys-first-water-tunnel-to-come-up-in-mumbai-1151960 |title=Country's first water tunnel to come up in Mumbai |access-date=21 February 2008 |newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002824/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-countrys-first-water-tunnel-to-come-up-in-mumbai-1151960 |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="tunnelcomplete">{{cite news |title=BMC completes water tunnel project |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/BMC-completes-water-tunnel-project/articleshow/29418851.cms |first=Linah |last=Baliga |date=26 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=1 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010803/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/BMC-completes-water-tunnel-project/articleshow/29418851.cms |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Eastern Express Highway Mumbai May 2023.jpg|[[Deonar dumping ground]] seen behind the [[Eastern Express Highway]]|thumb]]
About 700 million (70 crore) litres of water, out of a daily supply of 3.5 billion (350 crore) litres, is lost by way of water thefts, illegal connections and leakages, per day in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |last=Express News Service |title=Now, a toll-free helpline to check water leakage, theft |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=22 October 2009 |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/now-a-tollfree-helpline-to-check-water-lea/531630/ |access-date =22 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/now-a-tollfree-helpline-to-check-water-lea/531630/ |archive-date =4 September 2015}}</ref> Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800 metric tonnes, of which 40 metric tonnes is [[plastic pollution|plastic waste]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nevin |first=John |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/aug/27plastic.htm |title=Plastic ban: 1 lakh to be jobless |publisher=Rediff |date=27 August 2005 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806032332/http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/aug/27plastic.htm |archive-date=6 August 2011}}</ref> is transported to dumping grounds in [[Gorai]] in the northwest, [[Mulund]] in the northeast, and to the [[Deonar dumping ground]] in the east.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2002/aug/29797.htm |title=How BMC cleans up the city |newspaper=MiD DAY |date=26 August 2002 |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109004042/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2002/aug/29797.htm |archive-date=9 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sewage treatment is carried out at [[Worli]] and [[Bandra]], and disposed of by two independent marine outfalls of {{cvt|3.4|km|1}} and {{cvt|3.7|km|1}} at Bandra and Worli respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india |title=Bombay Sewage Disposal |publisher=The World Bank Group |access-date=12 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629050630/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india |archive-date=29 June 2012}}</ref>
Electricity is distributed by the [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] (BEST) undertaking in the island city, and by [[Adani Transmission]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2018 |title=Adani to buy Reliance Energy for ₹18,800 cr. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/adani-to-buy-reliance-energy-for-18800-cr/article24556753.ece/amp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320100201/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/adani-to-buy-reliance-energy-for-18800-cr/article24556753.ece/amp/ |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Tata Power]] and the Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd ([[Mahavitaran]]) in the suburbs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Stay-in-island-city-do-biz/articleshow/1956009.cms |last=Dasgupta |first=Devraj |title=Stay in island city, do biz |newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 April 2007 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Stay-in-island-city-do-biz/articleshow/1956009.cms |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> Power supply cables are [[Undergrounding|underground]], which reduces pilferage, thefts and other losses.<ref name="curbtheft">{{cite news |title=Reliance Energy curbs power theft |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-reliance-energy-curbs-power-theft-1322058 |first=Ashwin |last=Aghor |date=10 December 2009 |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925050410/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-reliance-energy-curbs-power-theft-1322058 |archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="explorecurbtheft">{{cite news |title=To curb power theft, Maharashtra explores underground supply network across state |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-to-curb-power-theft-maharashtra-explores-underground-supply-network-across-state-2084774 |first=Dhaval |last=Kulkarni |date=11 March 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=India |access-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925005358/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-to-curb-power-theft-maharashtra-explores-underground-supply-network-across-state-2084774 |archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref>
Cooking gas is supplied in the form of [[Liquefied petroleum gas|liquefied petroleum gas cylinders]] sold by state-owned oil companies,<ref name="cylinderatpump">{{cite news |title=Cooking gas cylinders to be sold at petrol pumps |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cooking-gas-cylinders-to-be-sold-at-petrol-pumps-1865090 |date=24 July 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615204630/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cooking-gas-cylinders-to-be-sold-at-petrol-pumps-1865090 |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> as well as through [[Liquefied natural gas|piped natural gas]] supplied by Mahanagar Gas Limited.<ref name="pipedattractive">{{cite news |title=Piped gas becomes more attractive for the kitchen |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-piped-gas-becomes-more-attractive-for-the-kitchen-1740662 |first=Promit |last=Mukherjee |date=14 September 2014 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615203513/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-piped-gas-becomes-more-attractive-for-the-kitchen-1740662 |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref>
The largest telephone service provider is the state-owned [[MTNL]], which held a monopoly over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as well as mobile [[Wireless local loop|WLL]] services.<ref>{{harvnb|Campbell|2008|p=143|Ref=in08}}</ref> Mobile phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers are [[Vodafone Essar]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], MTNL, [[Loop Mobile]], [[Reliance Communications]], [[Idea Cellular]] and [[Tata Indicom]]. Both [[GSM]] and [[CDMA]] services are available in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Somayaji |first1=Chitra |last2=Bhatnagar |first2=Shailendra |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a_3Aeo82P.Kg&refer=canada |title=Reliance Offers BlackBerry in India, Vies With Bharti |publisher=Bloomberg |date=13 June 2009 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025044056/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a_3Aeo82P.Kg&refer=canada |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> Mumbai, along with the area served by [[telephone exchange]]s in [[Navi Mumbai]] and [[Kalyan]] is classified as a ''Metro'' telecom circle.<ref name="unifiedLicence">{{cite web |title=DETAILS OF SERVICE AREA |url=http://www.dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/list%20of%20unifiedaccess%20licensees_0.doc |publisher=Department of Telecommunications, Government of India |access-date=12 June 2015 |format=Word Document |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319104536/http://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/list%20of%20unifiedaccess%20licensees_0.doc |archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> Many of the above service providers also provide broadband internet and wireless internet access in Mumbai. {{As of|2014}}, Mumbai had the highest number of internet users in India with 16.4 million (1.64 crore) users.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-04/news/55757553_1_internet-and-mobile-association-iamai-user-base |title=Internet surfers: Mumbai scores, Bangalore falls |work=The Economic Times |date=7 November 2014 |access-date=7 November 2014}}</ref>
== Demographics ==
{{See also|Growth of Mumbai}}
{{Historical population
| source = [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority|MMRDA]]<ref>{{harvnb|Population and Employment profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region|p=6|Ref=pemmr}}</ref>
| footnote = Data is based on [[Government of India]] Census.
|1971 | 5970575
|1981 | 8243405
|1991 | 9925891
|2001 | 11914398
|2011 | 12478447
}}
[[File:Shree Siddhivinayak Temple Mumbai.jpg|thumb|[[Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai|Shri Siddhivinayak Temple]] is one of the most popular [[Hindu temple|Hindu temples]] in the city.]]
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the population of Mumbai city was 12,479,608. The population density is estimated to be about 20,482 persons per square kilometre. The living space is 4.5 square metres per person.<ref name=mmmumbaiproperty>{{cite news |title=The minimum city |url=https://www.economist.com/node/21556584 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=7 July 2012 |date=9 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717223955/http://www.economist.com/node/21556584 |archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] was home to 20,748,395 people by 2011.<ref name="extended UA 2011" /> Greater Mumbai, the area under the administration of the [[MCGM]], has a literacy rate of 94.7%, higher than the national average of 86.7%. The number of slum-dwellers in the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] is estimated to be 90 lakh (9 million), up from 60 lakh (6 million) in 2001 which constitutes approximately 41.8% of the region.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2020 |title=41.8% of Mumbai lives in slums |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mapping-mumbai-s-slum-challenge-in-coronavirus-battle-11586334352966.html |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=With 42% living in slums virus casts long shadow across Mumbai |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 May 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/with-42-living-in-slums-virus-casts-long-shadow-across-mumbai/articleshow/75798141.cms |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>
The [[sex ratio]] in 2011 was 838 females per 1,000 males in the island city, 857 in the suburbs, and 848 as a whole in Greater Mumbai, all numbers lower than the national average of 914 females per 1,000 males. The low sex ratio is partly because of the large number of male migrants who come to the city to work.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Parsis-top-literacy-sex-ratio-charts-in-city/articleshow/843036.cms?referral=PM |title=Parsis top literacy, sex-ratio charts in city |date=8 September 2004 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804042745/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Parsis-top-literacy-sex-ratio-charts-in-city/articleshow/843036.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref>
Residents of Mumbai call themselves ''[[Mumbaikar]]'',<ref name="Mumbaikar">{{harvnb|Hansen|2001|p=}}</ref> ''Mumbaiite'',<ref name="Mumbaiite">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/mumbai-s-monsoon-readiness-not-pothole-free-but-better-roads/article1-1357589.aspx |title=Mumbaiites prepare for a bumpy ride this year |work=Hindustan Times |date=11 June 2015 |access-date=12 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612024817/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/mumbai-s-monsoon-readiness-not-pothole-free-but-better-roads/article1-1357589.aspx |archive-date=12 June 2015}}</ref> ''Bombayite'' or ''Bombaiite''.
Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanization problems seen in many fast growing cities in [[developing countries]]: poverty and unemployment. With available land at a premium, Mumbai residents often reside in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces, and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit, or clogged roadways. Many of them live close to bus or train stations, although suburban residents spend significant time travelling southward to the main commercial district.<ref>{{harvnb|Datta|Jones|1999|loc=Low-Income Households and the Housing Problem in Mumbai, pp. 158–159}}</ref> [[Dharavi]], Asia's second largest [[slum]] (if [[Karachi]]'s [[Orangi|Orangi Town]] is counted as a single slum)<ref>{{cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Marc |title=Dharavi: Mumbai's Shadow City |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/05/dharavi-mumbai-slum/jacobson-text |website=[[National Geographic Magazine]] |date=May 2007 |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318083827/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/05/dharavi-mumbai-slum/jacobson-text |archive-date=18 March 2009}}</ref> is located in central Mumbai and houses between 800,000 and 10 lakh (one million) people<ref>{{harvnb|Davis|2006|p=31}}</ref> in {{cvt|2.39|km2|2|abbr=out}}, making it one of the most densely populated areas on Earth<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.newschool.edu/epsm/2012/05/24/dharavi-mumbai/ |title=Dharavi, Mumbai | Sustainable Milano |publisher=Blogs.newschool.edu |date=24 May 2012 |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111004143/http://blogs.newschool.edu/epsm/2012/05/24/dharavi-mumbai/ |archive-date=11 January 2013}}</ref> with a population density of at least 334,728 persons per square kilometre.<ref name="Town">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook -MUMBAI SUBURBAN |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2722_PART_A_DCHB_MUMBAI%20SUBURBAN.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Census Operation Maharashtra |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref>
The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the 1991–2001 decade was 11.2 lakh (1.12 million), which amounted to 54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maccia.org.in/ecoSmaha06.pdf |page=2 |title=Highlights of Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2005–06 |access-date=13 February 2008 |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning Department ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216012618/http://maccia.org.in/ecoSmaha06.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The number of households in Mumbai is forecast to rise from 42 lakh (4.2 million) in 2008 to 66 lakh (6.6 million) in 2020. The number of households with annual incomes of 20 lakh (2 million) rupees will increase from 4% to 10% by 2020, amounting to 660,000 families. The number of households with incomes from 10 to 20 lakh (1–2 million) rupees is also estimated to increase from 4% to 15% by 2020.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/mumbais-newage-builders-want-a-room-at-the-top/10032/0 |title=Mumbai's New-Age Builders want a Room at the Top |magazine=Forbes |date=10 February 2010 |access-date=7 July 2012 |author=T Surendar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117040039/http://forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/mumbais-newage-builders-want-a-room-at-the-top/10032/0 |archive-date=17 January 2013}}</ref> According to the 2016 report of the [[Central Pollution Control Board]], Mumbai is the noisiest city in India, ahead of [[Lucknow]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesofindia.com/india/Mumbai-noisiest-city-Delhi-at-number-4-Central-Pollution-Control-Board/articleshow/51985961.cms |title=Mumbai noisiest city, Delhi at number 4: Central Pollution Control Board |date=26 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
=== Ethnic groups and religions ===
{{Main|Religion in Maharashtra}}
{{pie chart
|caption=Religion in Mumbai City (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Religion - Maharashtra|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in}}</ref>
|label1=[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|color1=darkorange|value1=65.99
|label2=[[Marathi Muslims|Islam]]|color2=green|value2=20.65
|label3=[[Jainism]]|color3=brown|value3=4.10
|label4=[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|color4=gold|value4=4.85
|label5=[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|color5=blue|value5=3.27
|label6=[[Sikhism]]|color6=DarkKhaki|value6=0.49
|label7=Other|color7=grey|value7=0.65
}}
The religious groups represented in Greater Mumbai as of 2011 include [[Hindu]]s (65.99%), [[Muslims]] (20.65%), [[Buddhist]]s (4.85%), [[Jain]]s (4.10%), [[Christians]] (3.27%) and [[Sikh]]s (0.49%).<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=11 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015}} On this page, select "Maharashtra" from the download menu. ''"Greater Mumbai (M.Corp.)" is at line 11 of the excel file, "Mumbai Suburban District" at line 1065 and "Mumbai District" at line 1072.''</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html |title=Mumbai (Greater Mumbai) City Census 2011 data |publisher=Census2011 |access-date=3 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604104700/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html |archive-date=4 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.30-days.net/muslims/muslims-in/asia-south-central/india/india-mumbai |title=Muslims of Mumbai (Bombay), major city of India |website=The 30-Days Prayer Network |access-date=1 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823123240/http://www.30-days.net/muslims/muslims-in/asia-south-central/india/india-mumbai/ |archive-date=23 August 2010}}</ref> The linguistic/ethnic demographics in the Greater Mumbai Area are: [[Maharashtrians]] (32%), [[Gujaratis]] (20%), with the rest hailing from other parts of India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mehta|2004|p=99}}</ref>
Native Christians include [[East Indians|East Indian Catholics]], who were converted by the Portuguese during the 16th century,<ref>{{harvnb|Baptista|1967|p=5}}</ref> while [[Goan Catholics|Goan]] and [[Mangalorean Catholics]] also constitute a significant portion of the Christian community of the city.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} [[History of the Jews in Mumbai|Jews settled in Mumbai]] during the 18th century. The [[Bene Israel]]i Jewish community of Mumbai, who migrated from the [[Konkan]] villages, south of Mumbai, are believed to be the descendants of the Jews of Israel who were shipwrecked off the Konkan coast, probably in the year 175 BCE, during the reign of the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] ruler, [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Shalva |last=Weil |title=Background: A rich history now stained with blood |date=30 November 2008 |url=http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Background-A-rich-history-now-stained-with-blood |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |access-date=1 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060915/http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Background-A-rich-history-now-stained-with-blood |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Mumbai is also home to the largest population of [[Parsi]] [[Zoroastrian]]s in the world,<ref>{{Cite web |title=More than Half of the World's Zoroastrians Call Mumbai, India Home |url=https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/more-half-world-s-zoroastrians-call-mumbai-india-home/1032251/ |website=Smart Cities Dive |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> numbering about 60,000, however their population is declining rapidly.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karkaria |first1=Bachi |title=Why is India's wealthy Parsi community vanishing? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35219331 |access-date=6 December 2016 |publisher=BBC News |date=9 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120095149/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35219331 |archive-date=20 November 2016}}</ref> Parsis migrated to India from [[Greater Iran]] following the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]] in the seventh century.<ref>[http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/648273/ "The world's successful diasporas"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/648273/ |date=15 January 2013 }}. Managementtoday.co.uk.</ref> The oldest Muslim communities in Mumbai include the [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s, Ismaili [[Khojas]], and [[Konkani Muslims]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bates|2003|p=266}}</ref>
{{clear}}
=== Language ===
{{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Languages in Mumbai (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai's growing Hindi heartland |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbais-growing-hindi-heartland-demographic-changes-5577879/ |website=Indian Express |date=11 February 2019 |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>
|label1=[[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1=35.30|color1=red
|label2=[[Hindi]] |value2=25.90|color2=orange
|label3=[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value3=20.40|color3=yellow
|label4=[[Urdu]] |value4=11.69|color4=green
|label5=Others |value5=11.64|color5=grey
}}
[[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the official and working language of the bureaucracy along with [[English language|English]]. Mumbai has a large polyglot population like all other [[Status of Indian cities|metropolitan cities]] of India. Sixteen major [[languages of India]] are spoken in Mumbai, with the most common being [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and its dialect [[East Indian language|East Indian]]. Marathi, and its dialect, as a single language is spoken by 35.30% of the population around 4,396,870 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=51st Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 |page=152 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025959/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2018}}</ref> Hindi is spoken by 25.90% of the population around 3,582,719 people, making it the second largest dominant language in Mumbai. Many Hindi speakers are workers from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar who migrate seasonally to Mumbai to work as labourers. Gujarati with 2,640,990 speakers is spoken by 20.4% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |title=51st Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 |page=152 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025959/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2018}}</ref>
Other languages spoken include [[Urdu]] by 11.69% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=C-16 – Population by Mother Tongue (Town level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Pai|2005|p=1804}}</ref> English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city's [[White-collar worker|white collar]] workforce. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as ''[[Bombay Hindi|Bambaiya]]'' – a blend of Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Urdu]], [[Indian English]] and some invented words – is spoken on the streets.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Brien|2003|p=141}}</ref>
[[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri]] are other minority languages spoken in Mumbai.
In the Suburbs, Marathi is spoken by 36.78% of the population and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] by 31.21%.<ref>{{cite web |title=51st Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 |page=152 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025959/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2018}}</ref>
== Education ==
{{See also|List of educational institutions in Mumbai#Schools|List of colleges in Mumbai}}
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 39 University.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Rajabai Clock Tower]] at the [[University of Mumbai]] is part of [[The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai|The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].]]
=== Schools ===
Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by the [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|MCGM]]) or private schools (run by trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive financial aid from the government.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2006/sep/144108.htm |date=24 September 2006 |title=City has 43 one-teacher schools |newspaper=[[MiD DAY]] |access-date=9 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109004316/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2006/sep/144108.htm |archive-date=9 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The schools are affiliated with either of the following boards:
* [[Maharashtra State Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board|Maharashtra State Board]] (MSBSHSE)
* The All-India [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE)
* The [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS)
* The [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board for Secondary Education]] (CBSE)
* The [[International Baccalaureate]] (IB)
* The [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (IGCSE).<ref>{{cite news |last=Mukherji |first=Anahita |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Education-board-tells-schools-to-get-state-recognition/articleshow/4346890.cms?referral=PM |date=2 April 2009 |title=Education board tells schools to get state recognition |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807060426/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Education-board-tells-schools-to-get-state-recognition/articleshow/4346890.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> Marathi or English is the usual language of instruction.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Now-schools-can-teach-in-2-languages/articleshow/1516877.cms?referral=PM |date=5 May 2006 |title=Now, schools can teach in 2 languages |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807060715/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Now-schools-can-teach-in-2-languages/articleshow/1516877.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=7 August 2014}}</ref>
The primary education system of the MCGM is the largest urban primary education system in Asia. The MCGM operates 1,188 primary schools imparting primary education to 485,531 students in eight languages ([[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Kannada language|Kannada]]). The MCGM also imparts secondary education to 55,576 students through its 49 secondary schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Education.pdf |title=City Development (Education) |access-date=25 August 2013 |author=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005074234/http://mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Education.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2012}}</ref>
=== Higher education ===
[[File:University Mumbai convoc hall.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.9|[[University of Mumbai]] is one of the largest universities in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=mumbai university: Latest News, Videos and mumbai university Photos {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/mumbai-university |website=The Times of India |access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref>]]
Under the [[10+2+3 plan|10+2+3/4 plan]], students complete ten years of schooling and then enrol for two years in [[junior college]], where they select one of three streams: arts, commerce, or science.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2008/jun/19trans.htm |date=19 June 2008 |title=Are you cut out for Arts, Science or Commerce? |work=Rediff News |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614091337/http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2008/jun/19trans.htm |archive-date=14 June 2009}}</ref> This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering and medicine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Archana |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/When-it-comes-to-courses-MU-dishes-up-a-big-buffet/articleshow/718303.cms?referral=PM |date=4 June 2004 |title=When it comes to courses, MU dishes up a big buffet |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804034139/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/When-it-comes-to-courses-MU-dishes-up-a-big-buffet/articleshow/718303.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> Most colleges in the city are affiliated with the [[University of Mumbai]], one of the largest universities in the world in terms of the number of graduates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mu.ac.in/History.html |title=History |publisher=University of Mumbai |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425232831/http://www.mu.ac.in/History.html |archive-date=25 April 2009}}</ref>
The [[University of Mumbai]] is one of the premier<ref name="intoday1">[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/best-universities-in-india-2013-mumbai-university/1/9412.html "Best Universities 2013: University of Mumbai"]. ''India Today''. (15 March 1978). Retrieved 16 July 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426000809/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/best-universities-in-india-2013-mumbai-university/1/9412.html |date=26 April 2015 }}</ref> universities in India. It was ranked 41 among the Top 50 Engineering Schools of the world by America's news broadcasting firm ''[[Business Insider]]'' in 2012 and was the only university in the list from the five emerging BRICS nations viz Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.<ref name="Business Insider">{{cite web |title=The World's Best Engineering Schools |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-worlds-best-engineering-schools-2012-6?op=1 |website=Business Insider |access-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605050037/http://www.businessinsider.com/the-worlds-best-engineering-schools-2012-6?op=1 |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> Moreover, the University of Mumbai was ranked 5th in the list of best universities in India by ''[[India Today]]'' in 2013<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/education/story/20130603-india-best-universities-ranking-private-sector-survey-763646-1999-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710021738/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-best-universities-ranking-private-sector-survey/1/272876.html |url-status=dead |title=India Today ranks India's Best Universities for 2013 |first=Dhiraj |last=Nayyar |date=30 November 1999 |archive-date=10 July 2015 |work=India Today}}</ref> and ranked at 62 in the QS BRICS University rankings for 2013, a ranking of leading universities in the five BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa).<ref name="topuniversities.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/brics-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+country=+stars=false+search= |title=QS University Rankings: BRICS 2013 |website=Top Universities |access-date=28 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217061019/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/brics-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+country=+stars=false+search= |archive-date=17 December 2013 |date=12 December 2013}}</ref>
Its strongest scores in the QS University Rankings: BRICS are for papers per faculty (8th), employer reputation (20th) and citations per paper (28th).<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/brics-rankings/top-universities-india |title=Top Universities in India |website=Top Universities |access-date=28 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704075931/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/brics-rankings/top-universities-india |archive-date=4 July 2015 |date=16 December 2013}}</ref>
It was ranked 10th among the top Universities of India by QS in 2013.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> With 7 of the top ten Indian Universities being purely science and technology universities, it was India's 3rd best [[Interdisciplinarity|Multi Disciplinary]] University in the QS University ranking.<ref name="ReferenceA" />
[[File:IITBMainBuildingCROP.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] is a premier engineering institute in the country.]]
The [[IIT Bombay|Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] (IIT Bombay), Mumbai,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/speak-up/report-iit-flights-return-home-1070723 |date=22 December 2006 |title=IIT flights return home |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109005035/http://www.dnaindia.com/speak-up/report-iit-flights-return-home-1070723 |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> [[Institute of Chemical Technology]] (formerly UDCT / UICT),<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/admission-process-for-autonomous-engg-colleges-to-start-today/321286/ |title=Admission process for autonomous engg colleges to start today |date=11 June 2008 |access-date=9 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219174721/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/admission-process-for-autonomous-engg-colleges-to-start-today/321286/ |archive-date=19 December 2011 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]]}}</ref> [[VJTI|Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]] (VJTI),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vjti.ac.in/home_about.asp |title=About the Institute |publisher=[[Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]] |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518121006/http://www.vjti.ac.in/home_about.asp |archive-date=18 May 2009}}</ref> which are India's premier engineering and technology schools, along with [[SNDT Women's University]] are the autonomous universities located in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sndt.digitaluniversity.ac/Content.aspx?ID=7&ParentMenuID=7 |title=About University |publisher=[[SNDT Women's University]] |access-date=9 June 2009 |archive-date=13 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013235515/http://sndt.digitaluniversity.ac/Content.aspx?ID=7&ParentMenuID=7 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 2015, [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]] launched the first U.S.-India joint EMBA program alongside [[Washington University in St. Louis]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://global.wustl.edu/first-u-s-india-joint-emba-program-begins/ |title=First U.S.-India joint EMBA program begins |last=Source |first={{!}} The |date=23 April 2015 |website=Global |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125105908/https://global.wustl.edu/first-u-s-india-joint-emba-program-begins/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Thadomal Shahani Engineering College]] is the first and the oldest private engineering college affiliated to the federal [[University of Mumbai]] and is also pioneered to be the first institute in the city's university to offer undergraduate level courses in [[Computer Engineering]], [[Information Technology]], [[Biomedical Engineering]] and [[Biotechnology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=3182 |title=..:: Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra State, Mumbai ::. |access-date=28 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901014638/http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=3182 |archive-date=1 September 2015}}</ref> [[Grant Medical College]] established in 1845 and [[Seth G.S. Medical College]] are the leading medical institutes affiliated with [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals]] and [[KEM Hospital]] respectively. Mumbai is also home to [[National Institute of Industrial Engineering]] (NITIE), [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]] (JBIMS), [[Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies]] (NMIMS), [[S P Jain Institute of Management and Research]], [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] (TISS) and several other management schools.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bansal |first=Rashmi |url=http://in.rediff.com/getahead/2004/nov/08rash.htm |date=8 November 2004 |title=Is the 'IIM' brand invincible? |work=Rediff News |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718194025/http://in.rediff.com/getahead/2004/nov/08rash.htm |archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref> [[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College]] and [[Sydenham College]], respectively the oldest law and commerce colleges in India, are based in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sydenham.edu/our_profile.html |title=Sydenham College: Our Profile |publisher=[[Sydenham College]] |access-date=26 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625015836/http://www.sydenham.edu/our_profile.html |archive-date=25 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glc.edu/incept.asp |title=About The Government Law College |publisher=[[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College]] |access-date=26 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622081119/http://www.glc.edu/incept.asp |archive-date=22 June 2009}}</ref> The [[Sir J. J. School of Art]] is Mumbai's oldest art institution.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/JJ-School-seeks-help-from-new-friends/articleshow/24305727.cms?referral=PM |title=JJ School seeks help from new friends |date=6 October 2002 |first=Nina |last=Martyris |work=The Times of India |access-date=13 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522012912/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/JJ-School-seeks-help-from-new-friends/articleshow/24305727.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=22 May 2015}}</ref>
It also has one of the best law schools or universities of the country which is [[Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai|National Law Universities]] (NLU).
Mumbai is home to two prominent research institutions: the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR), and the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-university-ties-up-with-renowned-institutes-1065998 |date=24 November 2006 |title=University ties up with renowned institutes |newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106112417/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-university-ties-up-with-renowned-institutes-1065998 |archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> The BARC operates [[CIRUS]], a 40 MW nuclear research reactor at their facility in [[Trombay]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barc.ernet.in/webpages/reactors/cirus.html |title=CIRUS reactor |publisher=[[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) |access-date=12 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709060317/http://www.barc.ernet.in/webpages/reactors/cirus.html |archive-date= 9 July 2007}}</ref>
Mumbai Veterinary College is the oldest and premier Veterinary College of India and Asia. Its foundation stone is laid in the year of 1886.
The '''ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education''' ('''CIFE''') is a [[Deemed to be University]] and institution of higher learning for [[fisheries science]] in Mumbai, [[India]]. CIFE has over four decades of leadership in human resource development with its alumni aiding in the development of fisheries and [[aquaculture]] worldwide, producing notable contributions to research and technological advancements to its credit. The institute is one of four deemed to be universities operating under the [[Indian Council for Agricultural Research]] (ICAR); the other three being the [[Indian Veterinary Research Institute]] (IVRI), the National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) and the [[Indian Agriculture Research Institute]] (IARI)
== Culture/Cityscape ==
{{Main|Mumbai culture}}
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 70 Asiatic Society Library.jpg|thumb|[[The Asiatic Society of Mumbai]] is one of the oldest [[public library|public libraries]] in the city.|alt=A white building with a triangular façade and wide stairs]]
Mumbai's culture offers a blend of traditional and cosmopolitan festivals, food, entertainment, and night life. The city's cosmopolitan and urban-centric modern cultural offerings are comparable to other world capitals. Mumbai bears the distinction of being the most cosmopolitan city of India. Its history as a major trading centre and the expansion of an education middle class has led to a diverse range of cultures, religions, and cuisines coexisting in the city. The variety and abundance of restaurants, cinemas, theatres, sports events and museums are a product of Mumbai's unique cosmopolitan culture.<ref>{{cite book |last=Breckenridge |first=Carol Appadurai |title=Consuming Modernity: Public Culture in a South Asian World |year=1995 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |pages=90–91 |isbn=978-0-8166-2306-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LN4MN35b-r4C}}</ref>
Mumbai is the birthplace of [[Indian cinema]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/arts/beginners-bollywood/2005/09/27/1127804471297.html |title=Beginners' Bollywood |date=28 September 2005 |work=The Age |location=Sydney |access-date=11 September 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906120745/http://www.theage.com.au/news/arts/beginners-bollywood/2005/09/27/1127804471297.html |archive-date=6 September 2008}}</ref>—[[Dadasaheb Phalke]] laid the foundations with silent movies followed by [[Marathi cinema|Marathi talkies]]—and the oldest film broadcast took place in the early 20th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Vilanilam|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kvQtoquTT6kC 130]}}</ref> Mumbai also has a large number of cinema halls that feature Bollywood, Marathi and Hollywood movies. The [[Mumbai International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/article3232563.ece |title=Matchbox journeys |first=Saraswathy |last=Nagarajan |date=10 September 2006 |work=The Hindu |access-date=11 June 2009 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> and the award ceremony of the [[Filmfare Awards]], the oldest and prominent film awards given for Hindi film industry in India, are held in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment?frommovies=1 |title=Filmfare Awards gets new sponsor |date=11 January 2006 |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 September 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122053815/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/?frommovies=1 |archive-date=22 November 2012}}</ref> Despite most of the professional theatre groups that formed during the [[British Raj]] having disbanded by the 1950s, Mumbai has developed a thriving "theatre movement" tradition in Marathi, Hindi, English, and other regional languages.<ref name=multitheater>{{Harvnb|Chaudhuri|2005|pp=4–6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilder |first=Rosamond |title=The New Theatre in India: An Impression |journal=[[Theatre Journal|Educational Theatre Journal]] |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=201–204 |date=October 1957 |issn=0192-2882 |doi=10.2307/3203529 |jstor=3203529}}</ref>
Contemporary art is featured in both government-funded art spaces and private commercial galleries. The government-funded institutions include the [[Jehangir Art Gallery]] and the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]. Built in 1833, the [[Asiatic Society of Bombay|Asiatic Society of Mumbai]] is one of the oldest [[public library|public libraries]] in the city.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=232}}</ref> The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]] (formerly The Prince of Wales Museum) is a renowned museum in [[South Mumbai]] which houses rare ancient exhibits of Indian history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bombaymuseum.org/ |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya |access-date=30 January 2007 |publisher=Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Mumbai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070201210616/http://bombaymuseum.org/ |archive-date=1 February 2007}}</ref>
Mumbai has a zoo named [[Jijamata Udyaan]] (formerly Victoria Gardens), which also harbor's a garden. The rich literary traditions of the city have been highlighted internationally by [[Booker Prize]] winners [[Salman Rushdie]], [[Aravind Adiga]]. [[Marathi literature]] has been modernized in the works of Mumbai-based authors such as Mohan Apte, [[Anant Kanekar]], and [[Gangadhar Gadgil]], and is promoted through an annual [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], a literary honor bestowed by India's [[Sahitya Akademi|National Academy of Letters]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa1.htm |title=Sahitya Akademi: awards and fellowships |year=1999 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520022941/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa1.htm |archive-date=20 May 2008}}</ref>
[[File:Chowpatti Beach (Girgaum Chowpatty).jpg|thumb|left|[[Girgaum Chowpatty]] beach. Beaches are a popular tourist attraction in the city.]]
Mumbai residents celebrate both Western and [[Indian festivals]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] is the biggest and most important festival of Mumbai, There are almost 5000 [[Ganpati]] Pandals set up in Mumbai city for the celebrations. Other festivals like [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Navratri]], [[Christmas]], [[Rakshabandhan]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Navrati|Dussera]], [[Muslim holidays|Eid]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Ram Navami]], [[Shiv Jayanti]] and [[Maha Shivratri]] are some of the popular festivals in the city. The [[Kala Ghoda Arts Festival]] is an exhibition of a world of arts that encapsulates works of artists in the fields of music, dance, theatre, and films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kalaghodaassociation.com/ |title=Kala Ghoda Arts Festival |publisher=Kala Ghoda Association |access-date=6 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417023334/http://www.kalaghodaassociation.com/ |archive-date=17 April 2008}}</ref>
The Banganga Festival is a two-day music festival, held annually in the month of January, which is organised by the [[Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation]] (MTDC) at the historic [[Banganga Tank]] in Mumbai.<ref name="MTDCpullout">{{cite news |title=MTDC will not pull out of Elephanta, Banganga fests |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mtdc-will-not-pull-out-of-elephanta-banganga-fests-1204562 |first=Ahustosh |last=Shukla |date=8 November 2008 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=1 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901064217/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mtdc-will-not-pull-out-of-elephanta-banganga-fests-1204562 |archive-date=1 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="MTDCBanganga">{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Banganga_Festival.html |title=The Banganga Festival |access-date=7 February 2008 |publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805052147/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Banganga_Festival.html |archive-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> The Elephanta Festival—celebrated every February on the [[Elephanta Island]]s—is dedicated to classical Indian dance and music and attracts performers from across the country.<ref name="MTDCpullout" /><ref name="MTDCElephanta">{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Elephanta_Festival.html |title=The Elephanta Festival |access-date=7 February 2008 |publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220194302/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=..%2FMaharashtraTourism%2FMTDC_Festival%2FElephanta_Festival.html |archive-date=20 February 2007}}</ref> Public holidays specific to the city and the state include [[Maharashtra Day]] on 1 May, to celebrate the formation of Maharashtra state on 1 May 1960,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-celebrates-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4471265.cms?referral=PM |title=Mumbai celebrates Maharashtra Day |date=1 May 2009 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=6 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228044157/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-celebrates-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4471265.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/24/stories/2009032450711300.htm |last=Krishnan |first=Ananth |title='Vote at Eight' campaign |date=24 March 2009 |access-date=6 July 2009 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714002936/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/24/stories/2009032450711300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=14 July 2011}}</ref> and [[Gudi Padwa]] which is the New Year's Day for [[Marathi people]].
[[List of Mumbai beaches|Beaches]] are a major tourist attraction in the city. The major beaches in Mumbai are [[Girgaum Chowpatty]], [[Juhu Beach]], Dadar Chowpatty, Gorai Beach, [[Marve Beach]], Versova Beach, Madh Beach, [[Aksa Beach]] and [[Manori]] Beach.<ref>{{cite news |title=BMC to transfer beach cleaning works |date=24 August 2013 |url=http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/bmc-transfer-beach-cleaning-works-516 |work=[[The Asian Age]] |access-date=27 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053256/http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/bmc-transfer-beach-cleaning-works-516 |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Most of the beaches are unfit for swimming, except Girgaum Chowpatty and Juhu Beach.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bhavika |last=Jain |title=8 out of city's 10 beaches unsafe |date=10 May 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/8-out-of-city-s-10-beaches-unsafe/Article1-695594.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=27 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055224/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/8-out-of-city-s-10-beaches-unsafe/Article1-695594.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Essel World is a theme park and amusement centre situated close to Gorai Beach,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esselworld.com/ |title=About Essel World |publisher=[[Essel World]] |access-date=29 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130164441/http://www.esselworld.com/ |archive-date=30 January 2008}}</ref> and includes Asia's largest theme water park, Water Kingdom.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Brien|2003|p=143}}</ref> [[Adlabs Imagica]] opened in April 2013 is located near the city of Khopoli off the [[Mumbai-Pune Expressway]].<ref name="founderimagica">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Samidha |title=Adlabs founder bets big on theme parks |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Adlabs-founder-bets-big-on-theme-parks/articleshow/17379493.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010803/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Adlabs-founder-bets-big-on-theme-parks/articleshow/17379493.cms |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>
=== Cityscape ===
{{Wide image|File:Mumbai - The Financial Capital of South Asia.jpg |800px|An aerial view of the skyline of [[South Mumbai]].}}
Mumbai's cityscape consists of a variety of tall buildings and structures, most of which have been built in the last two decades. There was a significant lull in construction projects since the mid-1990s after which construction projects began taking the skyline upwards, with a major acceleration in the pace of development since 2000, when the [[Parel|Lower Parel]] area began developing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai|url=https://www.emporis.com/city/102037/mumbai-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615005107/http://www.emporis.com/city/102037/mumbai-india|archive-date=15 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
Mumbai with a commanding 77% share of tall buildings in India, is poised to maintain its position as the frontrunner in tall building construction due to its ability to command premium prices compared to other cities, thereby ensuring the economic viability of such developments within the city.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai stands tall among Indian cities |work=The economic times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/high-rises-mumbai-stands-tall-among-indian-cities/articleshow/101348550.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>
Mumbai has more residential tall buildings rather than commercial, unlike the trend globally. Limited land resources and an exponential increase in urban population were the primary reasons for Mumbai’s vertical growth compared to other Tier 1 Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai has 77% tall buildings in India |work=The Hindustan times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mumbai-dominates-indian-skyline-with-77-share-of-tall-buildings-ranks-17th-worldwide-report-101687979905261.html |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>
=== Architecture ===
{{See also|Architecture of Mumbai|Heritage structures in Mumbai}}
[[File:Chatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus_(Victoria_Terminus_Station).jpg|thumb|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]]]]
The architecture of the city is a blend of [[Gothic Revival]], [[Indo-Saracenic]], [[Art Deco]], and other contemporary styles. Most of the buildings during the British period, such as the [[Victoria Terminus]] and [[University of Mumbai]], were built in Gothic Revival style.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/mag/2004/07/25/stories/2004072500330200.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103114347/http://www.thehindu.com/mag/2004/07/25/stories/2004072500330200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2015 |title=Rainswept glory |date=24 July 2004 |access-date=7 July 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Their architectural features include a variety of European influences such as German gables, Dutch roofs, Swiss timbering, Romance arches, Tudor casements, and traditional Indian features.<ref name="Profile">{{harvnb|Morris|Winchester|2005|p=212}}</ref> There are also a few Indo-Saracenic styled buildings such as the [[Gateway of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200703041014.htm |title=Mumbai's entrance -the 'Gateway' to be more tourist-friendly |date=4 March 2007 |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306090243/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200703041014.htm |archive-date=6 March 2007 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Art Deco styled landmarks can be found along [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]] and west of the [[Oval Maidan]]. Mumbai has the second highest number of Art Deco buildings in the world after [[Miami]]. In the newer suburbs, modern buildings dominate the landscape. Mumbai has by far the highest number of [[skyscrapers]] in India, with 956 existing [[skyscrapers]] and 272 under construction {{As of|2009|lc=y}}.
The Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee (MHCC), established in 1995, formulates special regulations and by-laws to assist in the conservation of the city's heritage structures. Mumbai has three [[World Heritage Sites|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]], the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the [[Elephanta Caves]] and the [[The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai|Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/in |title=India: World heritage sites centre |access-date=9 August 2007 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502200152/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/in/ |archive-date=2 May 2012}}</ref> In the south of Mumbai, there are colonial-era buildings and Soviet-style offices.<ref name="economist">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/node/21556584 |title=Is the world's weirdest property market strangling the city that hosts it? |newspaper=The Economist |date=9 June 2012 |access-date=6 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717223955/http://www.economist.com/node/21556584 |archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> In the east are factories and some slums. On the West coast are former-textile mills being demolished and skyscrapers built on top. There are 237 buildings taller than 100 m, compared with 327 in Shanghai and 855 in New York.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120109061808/http://www.emporis.com/statistics/most-skyscraper-cities-worldwide "Cities with the most skyscrapers | Statistics"]. EMPORIS.</ref><ref name="economist" />
== Food ==
{{excerpt|Street food of Mumbai}}
== Media ==
{{See also|List of Mumbai radio stations}}
[[File:Film City.jpg|thumb|Plaque at [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] entrance]]
[[Bollywood]], the Hindi film industry based in Mumbai, produces around 150–200 films every year.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ganti|2004|p=3}}</ref> The name Bollywood is a blend of Bombay and [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6JQLLVfORXM&refer=europe |title=Bollywood Trawls London for Talent as Students Balk at Banking |access-date=26 May 2009 |date=26 November 2008 |last=Lundgren |first=Kari |publisher=Bloomberg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025044110/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6JQLLVfORXM&refer=europe |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> The 2000s saw a growth in Bollywood's popularity overseas. This led filmmaking to new heights in terms of quality, cinematography and innovative story lines as well as technical advances such as special effects and animation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-08-17/news/28418701_1_bollywood-filmmakers-bollywood-releases-hyderabad-blues |title=Bollywood filmmakers experimenting with new genre of films |date=17 July 2008 |access-date=10 June 2009 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Studios in Goregaon, including [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], are the location for most movie sets.<ref>{{cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Haima |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/ |title=Mumbai's Film City may be home to world cinema |date=5 March 2001 |access-date=14 May 2009 |newspaper=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116132018/http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/ |archive-date=16 January 2014}}</ref> The city also hosts the [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film industry]] which has seen increased popularity in recent years, and TV production companies. Mumbai is a hub of Indian film making. Several other Indian language films such as [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]] are also occasionally shot in Mumbai. [[Slumdog Millionaire]], an [[English language]] British film, was shot entirely in Mumbai and has garnered 8 Oscar awards.
[[File:Times of India Building.jpg|thumb|''[[The Times of India]]'''s first office is opposite the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] where it was founded.<ref name="televisionpoint2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2006/newsfullstory.php?id=1146042260 |title=The Times of India turns the Times of Colour |publisher=Televisionpoint.com |date=26 April 2006 |access-date=16 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012225524/http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2006/newsfullstory.php?id=1146042260 |archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref>]]
Mumbai has numerous [[Indian newspapers|newspaper]] publications, television and radio stations. Marathi dailies enjoy the maximum readership share in the city and the top [[Marathi-language newspapers|Marathi language newspapers]] are ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'', ''[[Nava Kaal|Navakaal]]'', ''[[Lokmat]]'', ''[[Loksatta (newspaper)|Loksatta]]'', ''Mumbai Chaufer'', ''[[Saamana]]'' and ''[[Sakaal]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=28137_IRS+Q2+2010:+Negligible+decline+of+daily+readers+in+Greater+Mumbai |title=IRS Q2, 2010: Negligible decline of daily readers in Greater Mumbai |publisher=Afaqs.com |date=1 September 2010 |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815164813/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=28137_IRS+Q2+2010:+Negligible+decline+of+daily+readers+in+Greater+Mumbai |archive-date=15 August 2011}}</ref> Popular Marathi language magazines are ''Saptahik Sakaal'', ''Grihashobhika'', ''Lokrajya'', ''Lokprabha'' & ''Chitralekha''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=5&News_id=39218 |title=IRS Q2 2010: Publications in Maharashtra see some light |publisher=Exchange4media.com |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117050215/http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=5&News_id=39218 |archive-date=17 January 2013}}</ref> Popular English language newspapers published and sold in Mumbai include ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[MiD DAY|Mid-day]]'', ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', ''[[DNA India]]'', and ''[[The Indian Express]]''. Newspapers are also printed in other Indian languages.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Shuchi |last1=Bansal |last2=Mathai |first2=Palakunnathu G. |url=http://www.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=//money/2005/apr/06spec1.htm |title=Mumbai's media Mahabharat |date=6 April 2005 |access-date=14 May 2009 |publisher=Rediff |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806032345/http://www.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=%2F%2Fmoney%2F2005%2Fapr%2F06spec1.htm |archive-date= 6 August 2011}}</ref> Mumbai is home to Asia's oldest newspaper, ''[[Bombay Samachar]]'', which has been published in Gujarati since 1822.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/yw/2004/10/16/stories/2004101600260300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://www.thehindu.com/yw/2004/10/16/stories/2004101600260300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2015 |title=Learn with newspapers |date=16 October 2004 |access-date=14 May 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> ''Bombay Durpan'', the first Marathi newspaper, was started by [[Balshastri Jambhekar]] in 1832.<ref name="PubliclifeMSG">{{cite web |title=Public life and voluntary social service organisations |url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/publiclife.html |publisher=Maharashtra State Gazetteers |access-date=1 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228045933/https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/publiclife.html |archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref>
Numerous [[Television in India|Indian]] and international television channels can be watched in Mumbai through one of the [[pay-tv|Pay TV]] companies or the local cable television provider. The metropolis is also the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications having a major presence. The national television broadcaster, [[Doordarshan]], provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990826/ige26046.html |title=IN-fighting among cable operators |date=26 July 1999 |access-date=10 June 2009 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}{{dead link|date=April 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
The wide range of cable channels available includes [[Zee Marathi]], [[Zee Talkies]], [[ETV Marathi]], [[Star Pravah]], [[Mi Marathi]], DD Sahyadri ([[Marathi language television|All Marathi channels]]), news channels such as [[ABP Majha]], [[IBN-Lokmat]], [[Zee 24 Taas]], sports channels like [[ESPN]], [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]], National entertainment channels like [[Colors TV]], [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony]], [[Zee TV]] and [[Star Plus]], business news channels like [[CNBC Awaaz]], [[Zee Business]], [[ET Now]] and [[Bloomberg UTV]]. News channels entirely dedicated to Mumbai include Sahara Samay Mumbai. [[Zing (TV channel)|Zing]] a popular Bollywood gossip channel is also based out of Mumbai. [[Direct broadcast satellite|Satellite television]] (DTH) has yet to gain mass acceptance, due to high installation costs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/sep/05iycu.htm |title=What is CAS? What is DTH? |date=5 September 2006 |access-date=10 June 2009 |website=Rediff News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616115954/http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/sep/05iycu.htm |archive-date=16 June 2009}}</ref> Prominent DTH entertainment services in Mumbai include [[Dish TV]] and [[Tata Sky]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lyngsat.com/packages/tatasky.html |title=Tata Sky on Insat 4A |access-date=10 August 2008 |website=LyngSat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809014755/http://www.lyngsat.com/packages/tatasky.html |archive-date=9 August 2008}}</ref>
There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the [[Frequency modulation|FM]] band, and three [[All India Radio]] stations broadcasting on the [[Amplitude modulation|AM]] band.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/maharashtra-radio.htm#mumbai-radio |title=Radio stations in Maharashtra, India |access-date=18 January 2008 |publisher=Asiawaves |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227054433/http://www.asiawaves.net/india/maharashtra-radio.htm#mumbai-radio |archive-date=27 February 2007}}</ref> Mumbai also has access to [[Commercial broadcasting|Commercial radio]] providers such as [[Sirius Satellite Radio|Sirius]].<!--Note. There are no sources available that say there are Satellite stations in Mumbai, or for that Matter, India, except 1Worldspace with Airtel. --> The [[Conditional Access System]] (CAS) started by the [[Government of India|Union Government]] in 2006 met a poor response in Mumbai due to competition from its sister technology [[Direct broadcast satellite|Direct-to-Home]] (DTH) transmission service.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Few-takers-for-CAS-in-Mumbai/articleshow/856609.cms?referral=PM |title=Few takers for CAS in Mumbai |access-date=22 January 2008 |date=20 December 2006 |newspaper=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Few-takers-for-CAS-in-Mumbai/articleshow/856609.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref>
== Sports ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Wankhede ICC WCF.jpg
| width1 = 220
| alt1 = Wankhede_Stadium_Feb2011.jpg
| caption1 = 33,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2430/indian-premier-league-2016/venues/81/wankhede-stadium |title=Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai details, matches, stats |website=Cricbuzz}}</ref> people can be accommodated in the [[Wankhede Stadium]].
| image2 = Wug0reym7cv91.jpg
| width2 = 220
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Mumbai Football Arena]]
| total_width =
}}
[[Cricket]] is more popular than any other sport in Mumbai. It is home to the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI)<ref>{{cite web |title=About BCCI |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) |url=http://bcci.tv/bcci/bccitv/ |access-date=16 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004002106/http://www.bcci.tv/bcci/bccitv/ |archive-date=4 October 2010}}</ref> and [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investmentkit.com/latestnews/2010/04/15/i-t-raids-at-ipl-headquarter-at-bcci-in-mumbai-reports-ndtv-2/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208175436/http://www.investmentkit.com/latestnews/2010/04/15/i-t-raids-at-ipl-headquarter-at-bcci-in-mumbai-reports-ndtv-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2012 |title=IT Raids at IPL Headquarter at BCCI in Mumbai, reports NDTV | InvestmentKit.com Articles |publisher=Investmentkit.com |date=15 April 2010 |access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref> Mumbai's [[first-class cricket|first-class]] team [[Mumbai cricket team]] has won 41 [[Ranji Trophy]] titles, the most by any team.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Makarand |first=Waingankar |title=Attacking pattern of play has delivered |date=18 January 2009 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/article376845.ece |access-date=8 June 2009 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The city based [[Mumbai Indians]] compete in the Indian Premier League. Mumbai has two international cricket stadiums, the [[Wankhede Stadium]] and the [[Brabourne Stadium]]. The first cricket test match in India was played in Mumbai at the [[Bombay Gymkhana]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Seth |first=Ramesh |title=Brabourne – the stadium with a difference |date=1 December 2006 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article3027508.ece |access-date=8 June 2009 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The biggest cricketing event to be staged in the city so far is the [[2011 Cricket World Cup Final|final]] of the [[2011 ICC Cricket World Cup]] which was played at the Wankhede Stadium. Mumbai and [[London]] are the only two cities to have hosted both a World Cup final and the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy Final|final]] of an [[ICC Champions Trophy]] which was played at the [[Brabourne Stadium]] in [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy|2006]].<ref name="TSMH">{{Cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/cricket/aussies-claim-elusive-trophy/2006/11/06/1162661575823.html |title=Aussies claim elusive trophy |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=18 June 2009 |date=6 November 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315085415/http://www.smh.com.au/news/cricket/aussies-claim-elusive-trophy/2006/11/06/1162661575823.html |archive-date=15 March 2011}}</ref>
[[Association football|Football]] is another popular sport in the city, with the [[FIFA World Cup]] and the English [[Premier League]] being followed widely.<ref>{{Cite news |last=g=Bubna |first=Shriya |title=Forget cricket, soccer's new media favourite |date=7 July 2006 |work=Rediff News |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/jul/07fifa.htm |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806032327/http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/jul/07fifa.htm |archive-date=6 August 2011}}</ref> The [[Mumbai City FC]] of [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) play their home matches at the [[Mumbai Football Arena]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/mumbai-city-on-course-to-become-isl-invincibles/articleshow/97192372.cms|title=Mumbai City on course to become ISL 'Invincibles'|accessdate=21 January 2023|work=timesofindia.com|date=21 January 2023 }}</ref> While the [[I-League]] club [[Kenkre FC]] uses the [[Cooperage Ground]] as home ground.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/football/kenkre-fcs-i-league-dreams-21-years-in-the-making |title=Kenkre FC's I-League dreams: 21 years in the making |website=freepressjournal.in |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref> When the [[Elite Football League of India]] was introduced in August 2011, Mumbai was noted as one of eight cities to be awarded a team for the inaugural season.
Mumbai's first professional [[American football]] [[Franchise (sports)|franchise]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/08/04/they-need-tv-product-why-american-football-is-coming-to-india/ |title='They Need TV Product': Why American Football Is Coming To India – TIME NewsFeed |magazine=Time |date=4 August 2011 |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125025255/http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/08/04/they-need-tv-product-why-american-football-is-coming-to-india/ |archive-date=25 November 2011}}</ref> the [[Mumbai Gladiators]], played its first season, in [[Pune]], in late 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gridiron league launched in India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Gridiron-league-launched-in-India/articleshow/9495133.cms?referral=PM |access-date=17 July 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803195529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Gridiron-league-launched-in-India/articleshow/9495133.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>
In [[Field hockey|Hockey]], Mumbai is home to the [[Mumbai Marines]] and [[Mumbai Magicians]] in the [[World Series Hockey]] and [[Hockey India League]] respectively. Matches in the city are played at the [[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]].<ref name="marines">{{cite news |title=Mumbai Marines down Chennai Cheetahs |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/187788-mumbai-marines-down-chennai-cheetahs |date=31 March 2012 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603014947/http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/187788-mumbai-marines-down-chennai-cheetahs |archive-date=3 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="magicians">{{cite news |title=HIL: Police assure tight security for matches in Mumbai |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-hil-police-assure-tight-security-for-matches-in-mumbai-1789087 |date=15 January 2013 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602205544/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-hil-police-assure-tight-security-for-matches-in-mumbai-1789087 |archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref>
The Indian Badminton League (IBL), now known as the [[Premier Badminton League]] is also visiting Mumbai since its inaugural edition in 2013 when the final was held in Mumbai's [[National Sports Club of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.realtimecommunicationsworld.com/indian-badminton-league/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505015857/http://www.iblschedule.com/2013/05/indian-badminton-league-2013-from-14.html |url-status=dead |title=Indian Badminton League |archive-date=5 May 2014}}</ref> In the second season, the final of the [[2016 Premier Badminton League]] was held between home-squad [[Mumbai Rockets]] and the [[Delhi Dashers]] (formerly Delhi Acers), the visitors eventually claiming the title. The opening ceremony was also held in Mumbai while the finals in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Badminton Association of India announces the 2nd Edition of the Indian Badminton League |url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/badminton/badminton-association-of-india-announces-the-2nd-edition-of-the-indian-badminton-league |publisher=sportskeeda.com |access-date=29 October 2015 |date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
In the [[2017 Premier Badminton League]] (also known as Vodafone PBL 2017 for sponsorship reasons) the [[Mumbai Rockets]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pbl-india.com/teams/292-mumbai-rockets-teamprofile |title=Team Overview |website=Premier Badminton League}}</ref> beat the [[Hyderabad Hunters (Badminton team)|Hyderabad Hunters]] 3–1 to proceed to the final. In the final they lost 3–4 to the [[Chennai Smashers]].
[[U Mumba]] is the team representing Mumbai in the country's professional [[Kabaddi]] league, [[Pro Kabaddi]]. The Mumbai Leg of [[Pro Kabaddi League|Pro Kabaddi]] is held at the NSCI, Worli.
[[Rugby union|Rugby]] is another growing sport in Mumbai with league matches being held at the [[Bombay Gymkhana]] from June to November.<ref name="rugbyhost">{{cite news |title=Mumbai to host Asian men's rugby |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-mumbai-to-host-asian-men-s-rugby-1751235 |date=10 October 2012 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=29 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005082118/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-mumbai-to-host-asian-men-s-rugby-1751235 |archive-date=5 October 2015}}</ref>
Every February, Mumbai holds [[derby (horse race)|derby]] races at the [[Mahalaxmi Racecourse]]. [[United Breweries Group|Mcdowell's]] Derby is also held in February at the [[Royal Western India Turf Club|Turf Club]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pal |first=Abir |title=Mallya, Diageo fight for McDowell Derby |date=17 January 2007 |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/mallya-diageo-fight-for-mcdowell-derby/articleshow/1233374.cms |access-date=8 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024032334/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Mallya-Diageo-fight-for-McDowell-Derby/articleshow/1233374.cms |archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> In March 2004, the Mumbai Grand Prix was part of the [[F1 Powerboat Racing|F1 powerboat world championship]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai to host F-1 powerboat race |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/formula-1/news/17340-mumbai-to-host-f-1-powerboat-race- |access-date=22 June 2015 |publisher=NDTV |date=17 December 2003 |location=Mumbai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002055/http://sports.ndtv.com/formula-1/news/17340-mumbai-to-host-f-1-powerboat-race- |archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> and the [[Force India]] F1 team car was unveiled in the city, in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/motor-racing-forceindia-idUKL2521523620080125 |title=Motor racing-Force India F1 team to launch 2008 car in Mumbai |date=25 January 2008 |access-date=27 January 2008 |publisher=Reuters UK |first=Alan |last=Baldwin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624051820/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/01/25/motor-racing-forceindia-idUKL2521523620080125 |archive-date=24 June 2011}}</ref> In 2004, the annual [[Mumbai Marathon]] was established as a part of "[[The Greatest Race on Earth]]". Mumbai had also played host to the [[Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open]], an [[International Series Tournaments|International Series]] tournament of the [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP World Tour]], in 2006 and 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |work=CBS Sports |title=Bangalore replaces Mumbai on ATP Tour circuit |url=http://www.cbssports.com/writers/columns |date=20 May 2008 |access-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002120515/http://www.cbssports.com/writers/columns |archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref>
Mumbai will host the [[140th IOC Session]] in 2023.
'''Regional and Professional Sports Teams from Mumbai'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Team/Club
!Tournament/League
!Sport
!Venue
!Established
|-
|[[Mumbai cricket team]]
|[[Ranji Trophy]]
[[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
[[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|Syed Musthaq Ali Trophy]]
|[[Cricket]]
|[[Wankhede Stadium]]
[[Brabourne Stadium]]
|1930
|-
|[[Maharashtra football team]]
|[[Santosh Trophy]]
|[[Association football|Football]]
| –
|1941
|-
|[[Kenkre FC]]
|[[I-League]]
|[[Association football|Football]]
|[[Cooperage Ground]]
|2000
|-
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
|[[Indian Premier League]]
|[[Cricket]]
|[[Wankhede Stadium]]
[[Brabourne Stadium]]
|2008
|-
| [[Mumbai Marines]]
|[[World Series Hockey]]
|[[Field hockey]]
|[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]]
|2011
|-
|[[Mumbai Gladiators]]
|[[Elite Football League of India]]
|[[American football]]
| –
|2012
|-
| [[Mumbai Magicians]]
|[[Hockey India League]]
|[[Field hockey]]
|[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]]
|2012
|-
|[[Mumbai Rockets]]
|[[Premier Badminton League]]
|[[Badminton]]
|[[National Sports Club of India]]
|2013
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|[[Association football|Football]]
|[[Mumbai Football Arena]]
|2014
|-
| [[U Mumba]]
|[[Pro Kabaddi League]]
|[[Kabaddi]]
|[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium]]
|2014
|-
|[[Mumbai Tennis Masters]]
|[[Champions Tennis League]]
|[[Tennis]]
|[[Kalina Stadium]]
|2014
|-
|[[Mumbai Challengers]]
|[[UBA Pro Basketball League]]
|[[Basketball]]
| –
|2015
|}
'''Former Regional and Professional Sports Teams from Mumbai'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Team/Club
!Tournament/League
!Sport
!Venue
!Established
!Ceased
|-
|[[Mumbai Champs]]
|[[Indian Cricket League]]
|[[Cricket]]
|N/A
|2007
|2009
|-
|[[Mumbai Masters]]
|[[Premier Badminton League]]
|[[Badminton]]
|[[National Sports Club of India]]
|2013
|2016
|}
{{clear}}
==International relations==
===Twin towns and sister cities===
Source: ''Hindustan Times''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bmc-plans-sister-city-square-to-celebrate-mumbai-s-bond-with-its-15-sister-cities-101646579820018.html |title=BMC plans 'sister city square' to celebrate Mumbai's bond with its 15 sister cities |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=6 March 2022 |access-date=2 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* {{flagdeco|Madagascar}} [[Antananarivo]], Madagascar
* {{flagdeco|Spain}} [[Barcelona]], Spain
* {{flagdeco|South Korea}} [[Busan]], South Korea
* {{flagdeco|United States}} [[Honolulu]], U.S.
* {{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia
* {{flagdeco|United States}} [[Los Angeles]], U.S.
* {{flagdeco|Fiji}} [[Nadi]], Fiji
* {{flagdeco|United States}} [[New York City]], U.S.
* {{flagdeco|Ukraine}} [[Odesa]], Ukraine
* {{flagdeco|China}} [[Shanghai]], China
* {{flagdeco|Russia}} [[St. Petersburg]], Russia
* {{flagdeco|Germany}} [[Stuttgart]], Germany
* {{flagdeco|Japan}} [[Yokohama]], Japan
* {{flagdeco|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]], Croatia
}}
== See also ==
* [[Geology of Mumbai]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai]]
* [[List of people from Mumbai]]
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in India]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== Sources ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
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* {{Cite book|editor1-last=Patel|editor1-first=Sujata|editor2-last=Masselos|editor2-first=Jim |title=Bombay and Mumbai. The City in Transition |chapter=Bombay and Mumbai: Identities, Politics and Populism |year=2003 |publisher=The Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |isbn=978-0-19-567711-9}}
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{{Refend}}
== External links ==
* {{official}}
* {{GovPubs|Mumbai}}
* {{Britannica|72526}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Bombay City}}
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Maharashtra/Localities/Mumbai/}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|7888990}}
{{Subject bar |book=Mumbai |portal1=Geography |portal2=Cities |portal3=India |commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Mumbai |n=yes |n-search=Category:Mumbai |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes |d-search=Q1156}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Mumbai
|North = [[Gujarat]]<br />[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|East = [[Telangana]]<br />[[Chhattisgarh]]
|South = [[Karnataka]]<br />[[Goa]]
|West = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''
}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Articles related to Mumbai
|list =
{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}
{{Million-plus agglomerations in India}}
{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}
{{World's most populated urban areas}}
{{Megacities}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Mumbai| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Mumbai City district]]
[[Category:Cities in Maharashtra]]
<!--state capital city-->
[[Category:Indian capital cities]]<!--present day capital of Maharashtra state-->
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in India]]
[[Category:Port cities in India]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the Arabian Sea]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1507]]
[[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]]
[[Category:1507 establishments in India]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@
{{Redirect|Bombay|other uses|Bombay (disambiguation)|and|Mumbai (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
-{{pp-move}}
+{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
-| name = Mumbai
-| native_name = ''Muṃbaī''
-| native_name_lang = mr
-| other_name = Bombay
-| settlement_type = [[Megacity]]
-| image_shield = SealofMumbai.jpg
-| image_skyline = {{multiple image
+| name = Mumbai
+| native_name =
+| native_name_lang = mr
+| other_name = Bombay
+| settlement_type = [[Megacity]]
+| image_shield = SealofMumbai.jpg
+| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
@@ -34,53 +34,53 @@
| caption7 = [[Bandra–Worli Sea Link]]
}}
-| flag_size = 120px
-| nickname = ''[[City of Dreams (disambiguation)|City of Dreams]]'', ''[[Seven Islands of Bombay|City of Seven Islands]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 1995 |title=The Seven Islands |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/7islands.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026175045/http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/7islands.html |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=27 October 2012 |publisher=The Mumbai Pages}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood|Hollywood of India]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2015 |title=Indian Cities and Their Nicknames – Complete List |url=https://www.daytodaygk.com/indian-cities-and-their-nicknames-complete-list/}}</ref> ''[[Gateway of India]]'', ''[[Maximum City]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai is truly maximum city |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mumbai-is-truly-maximum-city/articleshow/64440610.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref>
-| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=280|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=Q1156|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining Mumbai}}
-| map_alt = Mumbai is on the west coast of India, about one third of the way down to the southern tip. It is in the west side of the Maharashtra province, which covers roughly the second quarter of the west coast (counting from the north), and heads inland roughly twice as far as its coastline.
-| pushpin_map = Mumbai#India Maharashtra#India
-| pushpin_label_position = right
-| pushpin_map_alt =
-| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mumbai##Location in Maharashtra##Location in India
-| pushpin_mapsize = 280
-| coordinates = {{coord|19|04|34|N|72|52|39|E|display=inline,title}}
-| subdivision_type = Country
-| subdivision_name = [[India]]
-| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
-| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Maharashtra|Division]]
-| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District]]
-| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
-| subdivision_name2 = [[Konkan division|Konkan]]
-| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]<br />[[Mumbai Suburban District|Mumbai Suburban]]
-| established_title = First settled
-| established_date = 1507<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai Settlement|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mumbai/History|website=Britannia}}</ref>
-| named_for = [[Mumbadevi]]
-| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
-| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
-| leader_title = [[Mayor of Mumbai|Mayor]]
-| leader_name = Vacant<ref>{{Cite web |title=Administrator to run BMC, first time in 40 years |url=https://www.timesofindia.com/city/mumbai/administrator-assumes-charge-in-bmc-today-as-term-of-house-ends/amp_articleshow/90063515.cms |website=The Times of India }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BMC to be Run by Administrator Sans Mayor After 4 Decades |publisher=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/amp/news/india/bmc-to-be-run-by-administrator-sans-mayor-after-4-decades-what-it-means-for-public-explained-4848242.html |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>
-| leader_title2 = Administrator
-| leader_name2 = [[I. S. Chahal]], [[Indian Administrative Services|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iqbal Chahal appointed as BMC administrator as elections delayed |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/mumbai/mumbai-iqbal-chahal-appointed-as-bmc-administrator-as-elections-delayed |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=The Free Press Journal}}</ref>
-| unit_pref = Metric
-| area_footnotes =
-| area_total_km2 = 603.4
-| area_rank =
-| area_metro_km2 = 6328
-| area_metro_sq_mi = 1681.5
-| elevation_footnotes =
-| elevation_m = 14
-| population_total = 12,478,447
-| population_as_of = 2011
-| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006153720/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
-| population_density_km2 = auto
-| population_metro = 18,414,288 <br />20,748,395 (Extended UA)
+| flag_size = 120px
+| nickname = ''[[City of Dreams (disambiguation)|City of Dreams]]'', ''[[Seven Islands of Bombay|City of Seven Islands]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 1995 |title=The Seven Islands |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/7islands.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026175045/http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/7islands.html |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=27 October 2012 |publisher=The Mumbai Pages}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood|Hollywood of India]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2015 |title=Indian Cities and Their Nicknames – Complete List |url=https://www.daytodaygk.com/indian-cities-and-their-nicknames-complete-list/}}</ref> ''[[Gateway of India]]'', ''[[Maximum City]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai is truly maximum city |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mumbai-is-truly-maximum-city/articleshow/64440610.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref>
+| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=280|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=Q1156|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining Mumbai}}
+| map_alt = Mumbai is on the west coast of India, about one third of the way down to the southern tip. It is in the west side of the Maharashtra province, which covers roughly the second quarter of the west coast (counting from the north), and heads inland roughly twice as far as its coastline.
+| pushpin_map = Mumbai#India Maharashtra#India
+| pushpin_label_position = right
+| pushpin_map_alt =
+| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mumbai##Location in Maharashtra##Location in India
+| pushpin_mapsize = 280
+| coordinates = {{coord|19|04|34|N|72|52|39|E|display=inline,title}}
+| subdivision_type = Country
+| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
+| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
+| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Maharashtra|Division]]
+| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District]]
+| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
+| subdivision_name2 = [[Konkan division|Konkan]]
+| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]<br />[[Mumbai Suburban District|Mumbai Suburban]]
+| established_title = First settled
+| established_date = 1507<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai Settlement|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mumbai/History|website=Britannia}}</ref>
+| named_for = [[Mumbadevi]]
+| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
+| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
+| leader_title = [[Mayor of Mumbai|Mayor]]
+| leader_name = Vacant<ref>{{Cite web |title=Administrator to run BMC, first time in 40 years |url=https://www.timesofindia.com/city/mumbai/administrator-assumes-charge-in-bmc-today-as-term-of-house-ends/amp_articleshow/90063515.cms |website=The Times of India }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BMC to be Run by Administrator Sans Mayor After 4 Decades |publisher=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/amp/news/india/bmc-to-be-run-by-administrator-sans-mayor-after-4-decades-what-it-means-for-public-explained-4848242.html |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>
+| leader_title2 = Administrator
+| leader_name2 = [[I. S. Chahal]], [[Indian Administrative Services|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iqbal Chahal appointed as BMC administrator as elections delayed |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/mumbai/mumbai-iqbal-chahal-appointed-as-bmc-administrator-as-elections-delayed |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=The Free Press Journal}}</ref>
+| unit_pref = Metric
+| area_footnotes =
+| area_total_km2 = 603.4
+| area_rank =
+| area_metro_km2 = 6328
+| area_metro_sq_mi = 1681.5
+| elevation_footnotes =
+| elevation_m = 14
+| population_total = 12,478,447
+| population_as_of = 2011
+| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006153720/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
+| population_density_km2 = auto
+| population_metro = 18,414,288 <br />20,748,395 (Extended UA)
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="extended UA 2011">{{Cite web |title=INDIA STATS : Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011 |url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630112755/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |access-date=20 August 2015 |website=Press Information Bureau, Mumbai |publisher=National Informatics Centre}}</ref>
-| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|1st]]
-| population_demonym = Mumbaikar, Bombayite, Mumbaiite<ref name="MumbaiitesinMH">{{Cite book |author1=Neela Dabir |author2=Naina Athale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNmGAwAAQBAJ&q=mumbaiites&pg=PA75 |title=From Street to Hope |date=7 June 2011 |publisher=Sage Publications Private Limited, Mathura Road, [[New Delhi]] |isbn=9788132107651 |page=76}}</ref>
-| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
-| utc_offset1 = +5:30
-| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]
-| postal_code = 400 001 to 400 107
-| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-22]]
-| registration_plate = {{plainlist|
+| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|1st]]
+| population_demonym = Mumbaikar, Bombayite, Mumbaiite<ref name="MumbaiitesinMH">{{Cite book |author1=Neela Dabir |author2=Naina Athale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNmGAwAAQBAJ&q=mumbaiites&pg=PA75 |title=From Street to Hope |date=7 June 2011 |publisher=Sage Publications Private Limited, Mathura Road, [[New Delhi]] |isbn=9788132107651 |page=76}}</ref>
+| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
+| utc_offset1 = +5:30
+| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]
+| postal_code = 400 001 to 400 107
+| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-22]]
+| registration_plate = {{plainlist|
*MH-01 Mumbai(S/C)
*MH-02 Mumbai(W)
@@ -88,19 +88,19 @@
*MH-47 Borivali<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Government-Know Your RTO |url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/report/pdf/Know%20Your%20RTO.pdf |access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref><!--RTO offices in Mumbai as per Maharashtra Government RTO list. Do not make changes-->
}}
-| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Purchasing Power Parity|GDP (PPP)]]
-| blank2_info_sec1 = $400 billion<ref name="Mumbai_info2">
+| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Purchasing Power Parity|GDP (PPP)]]
+| blank2_info_sec1 = $606.625 billion<ref name="Mumbai_info2">
+*{{cite web|title=Global Wealth PPP Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? - Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html|access-date=17 November 2022|website=visualcapitalist.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013080238/http://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html|archive-date=13 October 2021}}
*{{Cite web |date=3 June 2017 |title=Mumbai 17th in global GDP list, says survey |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-17th-in-global-gdp-list-says-survey-4686508/ |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}
-*{{cite web|title=Global Wealth PPP Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? - Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html|access-date=17 November 2022|website=visualcapitalist.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013080238/http://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html|archive-date=13 October 2021}}
-*{{Cite web |date=14 October 2019 |title=Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Mumbai_GDP">{{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Clara|url=https://www.timesofindia.com/city/mumbai/delhi-not-mumbai-indias-economic-capital/amp_articleshow/55655582.cms|title=Delhi, not Mumbai, India's economic capital|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 November 2016|access-date=11 September 2023}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=gdp />
-| blank3_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
+*{{Cite web |date=14 October 2019 |title=Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=gdp />
+| blank3_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank3_info = {{Increase}} 0.841<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mahasdb.maharashtra.gov.in/docs/pdf/mhdr_2012.pdf|title=Maharashtra Human Development Report, 2012}}</ref> – <span style=color:#090>very high</span>
-| blank4_name_sec1 = [[International airport]]
-| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]]
-| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Rapid Transit]]
-| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Mumbai Metro]] and [[Mumbai Monorail]]
-| blank_name_sec2 = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
-| blank_info_sec2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<!-- Do not add Hindi, Gujarati, Kannada, or English here --><ref name="NCLMreport">[http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf National Commissioner Linguistic Minorities 50th report, page 131] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |date= 8 July 2016 }}. Government of India. Retrieved 15 July 2015.</ref><ref name="MCGMhistmilestone">{{Cite web |title=Evolution of the Corporation, Historical Milestones |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlhismilestone?guest_user=english |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715172504/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlhismilestone?guest_user=english |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 July 2015 |publisher=[[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref>
-| website = {{URL|mumbaicity.gov.in/}}
-| footnotes = {{designation list | embed = yes
+| blank4_name_sec1 = [[International airport]]
+| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]]
+| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Rapid Transit]]
+| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Mumbai Metro]] and [[Mumbai Monorail]]
+| blank_name_sec2 = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
+| blank_info_sec2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<!-- Do not add Hindi, Gujarati, Kannada, or English here --><ref name="NCLMreport">[http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf National Commissioner Linguistic Minorities 50th report, page 131] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |date= 8 July 2016 }}. Government of India. Retrieved 15 July 2015.</ref><ref name="MCGMhistmilestone">{{Cite web |title=Evolution of the Corporation, Historical Milestones |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlhismilestone?guest_user=english |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715172504/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlhismilestone?guest_user=english |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 July 2015 |publisher=[[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref>
+| website = {{URL|mumbaicity.gov.in/}}
+| footnotes = {{designation list | embed = yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = [[Elephanta Caves]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]], and [[The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai]]
@@ -113,12 +113,12 @@
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Southern Asia|Southern Asia]]
}}
-| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="projectsecoa1">{{Cite web |title=Mumbai metropolitan area |url=http://www.projectsecoa.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=73 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513105912/http://www.projectsecoa.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=73 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=14 March 2013 |publisher=Projectsecoa.eu |language=it}}</ref>
-| blank1_info_sec2 =
-| blank1_name_sec2 =
+| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="projectsecoa1">{{Cite web |title=Mumbai metropolitan area |url=http://www.projectsecoa.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=73 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513105912/http://www.projectsecoa.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=73 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=14 March 2013 |publisher=Projectsecoa.eu |language=it}}</ref>
+| blank1_info_sec2 =
+| blank1_name_sec2 =
}}
<!--============================================================================================
PLEASE DO ''NOT'' ADD NAMES IN MARATHI, HINDI, GUJARATI, AND OTHER LANGUAGES HERE. THIS IS A DECISION TO AVOID EDIT WARS. ==================================================================================-->
-'''Mumbai''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Mumbai Pronunciation.ogg|m|ʊ|m|ˈ|b|aɪ}}, {{IPA-mr|ˈmumbəi|lang}}, [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Muṃbaī}}; also known as<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS WORDING TO WAS OR FORMERLY, PLEASE SEE THE PREVIOUS DISCUSSION WHERE IT WAS DECIDED. SUCH EDITS WILL BE REVERTED. START A DISCUSSION ON THE TALK PAGE FIRST.--> '''Bombay'''{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|b|ɒ|m|ˈ|b|eɪ}} }} — [[List of renamed Indian cities and states#Maharashtra|the official name until 1995]]) is the [[capital city]] of the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Mumbai is the ''[[de facto]]'' financial centre and the [[list of cities in India by population|most populous city]] of [[India]] with an estimated [[city proper]] population of 12.5 million (1.25 crore).<ref name="Cities1Lakhandabove">{{Cite web |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2012 |access-date=26 March 2012 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> Mumbai is the centre of the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]], the [[List of largest cities|sixth most populous metropolitan area in the world]] with a population of over 23 million (2.3 crore) living within the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=World Urban Areas |url=http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |access-date=21 October 2019 |publisher=Demographia}}</ref> Mumbai lies on the [[Konkan]] coast on the west coast of India and has a deep [[natural harbour]]. In 2008, Mumbai was named an [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Alpha|alpha]] [[world city]].<ref name="lboro2008" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai | ISAC |url=http://indiastudyabroad.org/locations/mumbai/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512013615/http://indiastudyabroad.org/locations/mumbai/ |archive-date=12 May 2015 |access-date=29 May 2015 |publisher=Indiastudyabroad.org}}</ref>
+'''Mumbai''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Mumbai Pronunciation.ogg|m|ʊ|m|ˈ|b|aɪ}}, {{IPA-mr|ˈmumbəi|lang}}; also known as<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS WORDING TO WAS OR FORMERLY, PLEASE SEE THE PREVIOUS DISCUSSION WHERE IT WAS DECIDED. SUCH EDITS WILL BE REVERTED. START A DISCUSSION ON THE TALK PAGE FIRST.--> '''Bombay''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɒ|m|ˈ|b|eɪ}}) — [[List of renamed Indian cities and states#Maharashtra|the official name until 1995]]) is the [[capital city]] of the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Mumbai is the ''[[de facto]]'' financial centre and the [[list of cities in India by population|most populous city]] of [[India]] with an estimated [[city proper]] population of 12.5 million (1.25 crore).<ref name="Cities1Lakhandabove">{{Cite web |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2012 |access-date=26 March 2012 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> Mumbai is the centre of the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]], the [[List of largest cities|sixth most populous metropolitan area in the world]] with a population of over 23 million (2.3 crore) living under the [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=World Urban Areas |url=http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |access-date=21 October 2019 |publisher=Demographia}}</ref> Mumbai lies on the [[Konkan]] coast on the west coast of India and has a deep [[natural harbour]]. In 2008, Mumbai was named an [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Alpha|alpha]] [[world city]].<ref name="lboro2008" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai | ISAC |url=http://indiastudyabroad.org/locations/mumbai/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512013615/http://indiastudyabroad.org/locations/mumbai/ |archive-date=12 May 2015 |access-date=29 May 2015 |publisher=Indiastudyabroad.org}}</ref>
The seven islands that constitute Mumbai were earlier home to communities of [[Marathi language]]-speaking [[Koli people]].<ref name="james customs">{{cite journal|last1=James |first1=V. |date=1977 |title=Marriage Customs of Christian Son Kolis |url=https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1064 |format=PDF |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=131–148 |doi=10.2307/1177821 |jstor=1177821 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231210/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1064 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="munshi">{{Cite book |last=Munshi |first=Kanaiyalal M. |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.97812/2015.97812.Gujarat-And-Its-Literature-1852#page/n31/mode/2up/search/Kolis |title=Gujarāt and its literature, from early times to 1852 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Educational Trust|Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] |year=1954 |page=xix |quote=The next immigrants into the islands of Bombay were the Kolis, who on all authorities continued to be their original inhabitants till Aungier founded the city of Bombay. Kathiawad and Central Gujarāt was the home of the Kolis in pre-historic times.}}</ref><ref name="rnmehta">{{Cite journal |last=Mehta |first=R. N. |year=1983 |title=Bombay – An analysis of the toponym |journal=Journal of the Oriental Institute |pages=138–140 |quote=The kolis who succeeded the stone-age men on the island brought with them from Gujarat their patron goddess Mummai whom their descendants still worship in Kathiawar. The name of Bombay is derived from this koli goddess.}}</ref> For centuries, the [[seven islands of Bombay]] were under the control of successive [[History of Mumbai under indigenous empires|indigenous rulers]] before being [[cession|ceded]] to the [[Portuguese Empire in the East|Portuguese Empire]], and subsequently to the [[East India Company]] in 1661, through the [[dowry of Catherine Braganza]] when she was married off to [[Charles II of England]].<ref>{{Cite ODNB |first=S. M. |last=Wynne |title=Catherine (1638–1705) |volume=1 |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4894?docPos=1 |access-date=21 February 2015 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/4894 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010804/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4894?docPos=1 |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Beginning in 1782, Mumbai was reshaped by the [[Hornby Vellard]] project,<ref name="Dwivedi 2001 28">{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=28}}</ref> which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea.<ref name="fp-onceuponatime">{{Cite magazine |date=24 June 2011 |title=Once Upon a Time in Bombay |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/slideshow/once-upon-a-time-in-bombay/ |url-status=live |magazine=Foreign Policy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109020758/http://foreignpolicy.com/slideshow/once-upon-a-time-in-bombay/ |archive-date=9 January 2015 |access-date=22 February 2012}}</ref> Along with construction of major [[Roads in India|roads]] and [[Rail transport in India|railways]], the reclamation project, completed in 1845, transformed Mumbai into a major seaport on the [[Arabian Sea]]. Mumbai in the 19th century was characterized by economic and educational development. During the early 20th century it became a strong base for the [[Indian independence movement]]. Upon India's independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into [[Bombay State]]. In 1960, following the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Movement]], a new state of Maharashtra was created with Mumbai as the capital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bombay: History of a City |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous?NavigationTarget=navurl://d20cb3d618ee8cb6c3a780df7c58030c |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213041900/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous?NavigationTarget=navurl%3A%2F%2Fd20cb3d618ee8cb6c3a780df7c58030c |archive-date=13 February 2009 |access-date=8 November 2008 |publisher=[[British Library]]}}</ref>
@@ -127,10 +127,10 @@
== Etymology ==
-The name ''Mumbai'' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: {{lang|mr|मुंबई}}, [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: {{lang|gu|મુંબઈ}}) is derived from ''Mumbā'' or ''Mahā-Ambā''—the name of the patron Hindu goddess ([[kuladevata]]) [[Mumbadevi]] of the native [[Koli people|Koli]] community<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2010 |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-6709481,prtpage-1.cms |last=Mukund Kule |title=मुंबईचं श्रद्धास्थान |location=Maharashtra |trans-title=Mumba'īcaṁ Shrad'dhāsthān |language=mr |access-date=16 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617083828/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-6709481,prtpage-1.cms |archive-date=17 June 2015}}</ref>—and from ''ā'ī'', meaning "mother" in the [[Marathi language]], which is the mother tongue of the Koli people and the official language of Maharashtra.<ref name="james customs" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bapat |first=Jyotsna |year=2005 |title=Development projects and critical theory of environment |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentproje00bapa |url-access=limited |isbn=978-0-7619-3357-1 |publisher=Sage |page=[https://archive.org/details/developmentproje00bapa/page/n6 6]}}</ref> According to certain accounts, the Koli community, which hails from [[Kathiawar]] and [[Central Gujarat]], is believed to have introduced their deity Mumba from Kathiawar ([[Gujarat]]), where her worship continues to this day.<ref name="munshi" /><ref name="rnmehta" /> However, other sources disagree that Mumbai's name was derived from the goddess Mumba.<ref name="rnmehta" />
+The name ''Mumbai'' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: {{lang|mr|मुंबई}}) is derived from ''Mumbā'' or ''Mahā-Ambā''—the name of the patron Hindu goddess ([[kuladevata]]) [[Mumbadevi]] of the native [[Koli people|Koli]] community<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2010 |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-6709481,prtpage-1.cms |last=Mukund Kule |title=मुंबईचं श्रद्धास्थान |location=Maharashtra |trans-title=Mumba'īcaṁ Shrad'dhāsthān |language=mr |access-date=16 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617083828/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-6709481,prtpage-1.cms |archive-date=17 June 2015}}</ref>—and from ''ā'ī'', meaning "mother" in the [[Marathi language]], which is the mother tongue of the Koli people and the official language of Maharashtra.<ref name="james customs" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bapat |first=Jyotsna |year=2005 |title=Development projects and critical theory of environment |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentproje00bapa |url-access=limited |isbn=978-0-7619-3357-1 |publisher=Sage |page=[https://archive.org/details/developmentproje00bapa/page/n6 6]}}</ref> According to certain accounts, the Koli community, which hails from [[Kathiawar]] and [[Central Gujarat]], is believed to have introduced their deity Mumba from Kathiawar ([[Gujarat]]), where her worship continues to this day.<ref name="munshi" /><ref name="rnmehta" /> However, other sources disagree that Mumbai's name was derived from the goddess Mumba.<ref name="rnmehta" />
[[File:Mumbadevi temple.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Mumba Devi Temple]], from whom the city of Mumbai may derive its name.]]
-The oldest known names for the city are ''Kakamuchee'' and ''Galajunkja''; these are sometimes still used.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patel|Masselos|2003|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Mehta|2004|p=130}}</ref> Portuguese writer [[Gaspar Correia]] recorded the name "Bombaim" after 1512 in his ''Lendas da Índia'' (''Legends of India'').<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="et6yh">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA102 102]}}</ref> While some anglophone authors have suggested this name possibly originated as an allegued [[Galician-Portuguese]] phrase ''bom baim'', meaning "good little bay",<ref name="Shirodkar 1998 7">{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=7}}</ref> such suggestions lack any scientific basis.<ref name="jpm2">Machado, José Pedro, "Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa", Livros Horizonte, 2003, verbete "Bombaim", volume I, pp. 265/266.</ref> Portuguese linguist [[:pt:José Pedro Machado|José Pedro Machado]] attrributes that interpretation to a deficient knowledge of the Portuguese language of these authors, mixing up the Portuguese word "bom" with the English "bay", from the English version of the name.<ref name="jpm2" /> In 1516, Portuguese explorer [[Duarte Barbosa]] used the name ''Tana-Maiambu'': ''Tana'' appears to refer to the adjoining town of [[Thane]] and ''Maiambu'' to ''Mumbadevi''.<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=2}}</ref> The form ''Bombaim'' is still commonly used in Portuguese.<ref name="ety" />
+The oldest known names for the city are ''Kakamuchee'' and ''Galajunkja''; these are sometimes still used.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patel|Masselos|2003|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Mehta|2004|p=130}}</ref> Portuguese writer [[Gaspar Correia]] recorded the name "Bombaim" after 1512 in his ''Lendas da Índia'' (''Legends of India'').<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="et6yh">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA102 102]}}</ref> While some anglophone authors have suggested this name possibly originated as an allegued [[Galician-Portuguese]] phrase ''bom baim'', meaning "good little bay",<ref name="Shirodkar 1998 7">{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=7}}</ref> such suggestions lack any scientific basis.<ref name="jpm2">Machado, José Pedro, "Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa", Livros Horizonte, 2003, verbete "Bombaim", volume I, pp. 265/266.</ref> Portuguese linguist [[José Pedro Machado]] attrributes that interpretation to a deficient knowledge of the Portuguese language of these authors, mixing up the Portuguese word "bom" with the English "bay", from the English version of the name.<ref name="jpm2" /> In 1516, Portuguese explorer [[Duarte Barbosa]] used the name ''Tana-Maiambu'': ''Tana'' appears to refer to the adjoining town of [[Thane]] and ''Maiambu'' to ''Mumbadevi''.<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=2}}</ref> The form ''Bombaim'' is still commonly used in Portuguese.<ref name="ety" />
-Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include: ''Mombayn'' (1525), ''Bombay'' (1538), ''Bombain'' (1552), ''Bombaym'' (1552), ''Monbaym'' (1554), ''Mombaim'' (1563), ''Mombaym'' (1644), ''Bambaye'' (1666), ''Bombaiim'' (1666), ''Bombeye'' (1676), ''Boon Bay'' (1690)<ref name="ety">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA103 103]}}</ref><ref name="etyh">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA104 104]}}</ref> and ''Bon Bahia''.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Keay |author-link= John Keay |year=2000 |title=India, a History |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |location=New York, United States |isbn=978-0-00-638784-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC |page=348 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC |archive-date= 1 January 2016}}</ref> After the [[English overseas possessions|English]] gained possession of the city in the 17th century, the Portuguese name was [[anglicise]]d as ''Bombay''.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=6|Ref=bom}}</ref> Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial [[dewan]] or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the ''Mirat-i Ahmedi'' (1762) referred to the city as ''Manbai''.<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=3}}</ref>
+Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include: ''Mombayn'' (1525), ''Bombay'' (1538), ''Bombain'' (1552), ''Bombaym'' (1552), ''Monbaym'' (1554), ''Mombaim'' (1563), ''Mombaym'' (1644), ''Bambaye'' (1666), ''Bombaiim'' (1666), ''Bombeye'' (1676), ''Boon Bay'' (1690),<ref name="ety">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA103 103]}}</ref><ref name="etyh">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA104 104]}}</ref> and ''Bon Bahia''.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Keay |author-link= John Keay |year=2000 |title=India, a History |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |location=New York, United States |isbn=978-0-00-638784-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC |page=348 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC |archive-date= 1 January 2016}}</ref> After the [[English overseas possessions|English]] gained possession of the city in the 17th century, the Portuguese name was [[anglicise]]d as ''Bombay''.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=6|Ref=bom}}</ref> Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial [[dewan]] or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the ''Mirat-i Ahmedi'' (1762) referred to the city as ''Manbai''.<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=3}}</ref>
The French traveller [[Louis Rousselet]], who visited in 1863 and 1868, states in his book ''L'Inde des Rajahs'', which was first published in 1877: "Etymologists have wrongly derived this name from the Portuguese Bôa Bahia, or (French: "bonne bai", English: "good bay"), not knowing that the tutelar goddess of this island has been, from remote antiquity, Bomba, or [[Mumba Devi Temple|Mumba Devi]], and that she still ... possesses a temple".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rousselet |first1=Louis |title=L'Inde des Rajahs |date=1877 |publisher=Librairie Hachette et cie, Paris |page=[https://archive.org/details/lindedesrajahsvo00rous/page/7 7] |url=https://archive.org/details/lindedesrajahsvo00rous |access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>
@@ -139,9 +139,8 @@
=== People from Mumbai ===
-A resident of Mumbai is called ''Mumbaikar'' (pronounced [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[mumbəikəɾ]]]) in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], in which the suffix ''-kar'' means a ''resident of''. The term had been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai.<ref name="Mumbaikar" /> Older terms such as ''Bombayite'' are also used.<ref>{{cite news |author=Vir Sanghvi |title=The Angry Bombay-ite |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-angry-bombay-ite/story-0bQZZ6gJQxGeVyotqUVGIO.html |access-date=15 April 2019 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 April 2006 |author-link=Vir Sanghvi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=3 Mumbaikars Who Are Changing The City All By Themselves |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/the-better-india/3-mumbaikars-who-are-changing-the-city-all-by-themselves_a_21477899/ |website=[[HuffPost]] |access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref>
+A resident of Mumbai is called ''Mumbaikar'' (pronounced [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[mumbəikəɾ]]]) in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], in which the suffix ''-kar'' means a ''resident of''. The term had been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai.<ref name="Mumbaikar" /> Older terms such as ''Bombayite'' are also in use.<ref>{{cite news |author=Vir Sanghvi |title=The Angry Bombay-ite |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-angry-bombay-ite/story-0bQZZ6gJQxGeVyotqUVGIO.html |access-date=15 April 2019 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 April 2006 |author-link=Vir Sanghvi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=3 Mumbaikars Who Are Changing The City All By Themselves |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/the-better-india/3-mumbaikars-who-are-changing-the-city-all-by-themselves_a_21477899/ |website=[[HuffPost]] |access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref>
== History ==
-{{Main|History of Mumbai}}
-{{For timeline|Timeline of Mumbai}}
+{{Main|History of Mumbai|Timeline of Mumbai}}
{{Quote box
| title = Historical affiliations
@@ -191,5 +190,5 @@
{{Main|History of Bombay in Independent India}}
[[File:Victoria Terminus, Bombay in 1950.jpg|thumb|[[Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai]] in 1950 (Victoria Terminus partly visible on far right)]]
-After India's independence in 1947, the territory of the [[Bombay Presidency]] retained by India was restructured into [[Bombay State]]. The area of [[Bombay State]] increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into the state. Subsequently, the city became the capital of Bombay State.<ref>{{Harvnb|Census of India|1961|p=23|Ref=cent}}</ref> In April 1950, Municipal limits of Mumbai were expanded by merging the [[Mumbai suburban district|Mumbai Suburban District]] and [[Mumbai city district|Mumbai City]] to form the Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/administrative_setup.htm |title=Administration |access-date=6 November 2008 |publisher=[[Mumbai Suburban District]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121000427/http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/administrative_setup.htm |archive-date=21 November 2008}}</ref>
+After India's independence in 1947, the territory of the [[Bombay Presidency]] retained by India was restructured into [[Bombay State]]. The area of [[Bombay State]] increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into the state. Subsequently, the city became the capital of [[Bombay State]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Census of India|1961|p=23|Ref=cent}}</ref> In April 1950, Municipal limits of Mumbai were expanded by merging the [[Mumbai suburban district|Mumbai Suburban District]] and [[Mumbai city district|Mumbai City]] to form the Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/administrative_setup.htm |title=Administration |access-date=6 November 2008 |publisher=[[Mumbai Suburban District]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121000427/http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/administrative_setup.htm |archive-date=21 November 2008}}</ref>
The [[Samyukta Maharashtra movement]] to create a separate Maharashtra state including Mumbai was at its height in the 1950s. In the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'' discussions in 1955, the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] demanded that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state.<ref>{{cite web |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050514003803/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm |archive-date=14 May 2005 |title=The battle for Bombay |date=13 April 2003 |access-date= 12 November 2008 |website=The Hindu |location=India |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[States Reorganisation Act|States Reorganisation]] Committee recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra–[[Gujarat]] with Mumbai as its capital in its 1955 report. [[Bombay Citizens' Committee]], an advocacy group of leading [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] industrialists lobbied for Mumbai's independent status.<ref>{{Harvnb|Guha|2007|pp=197–8}}</ref>
@@ -212,5 +211,5 @@
Mumbai lies at the mouth of the [[Ulhas River]] on the western coast of India,<!-- DO NOT change this to Maharashtra as Konkan extends to Goa --> in the coastal region known as the [[Konkan]]. It sits on [[Salsette Island]] (Sashti Island), which it partially shares with the [[Thane district]].<ref name="geo">{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=2|Ref=bom}}</ref> Mumbai is bounded by the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west.<ref name="mloc">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.1 Location|Ref=plan}}</ref> Many parts of the city lie just above sea level, with elevations ranging from 10 m (33 ft) to 15 m (49 ft);<ref>{{Harvnb|Krishnamoorthy|2008|p=218}}</ref> the city has an average elevation of 14 m (46 ft).<ref name="Wbase">{{cite web |publisher=Weatherbase |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=030034&refer= |title=Mumbai, India |access-date=19 March 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316121943/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=030034&refer= |archive-date=16 March 2006}}</ref> Northern Mumbai (Salsette) is hilly,<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.2.2 Salsette Island|Ref=plan}}</ref> and the highest point in the city is 450 m (1,476 ft) at Salsette in the [[Powai]]–[[Kanheri]] ranges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in/floristic%20survey.html |title=Floristic Survey of Institute of Science, Mumbai, Maharashtra State |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |last1=Srinivasu |first1=T. |last2=Pardeshi |first2=Satish |access-date=26 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717023146/http://iscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in/floristic%20survey.html |archive-date=17 July 2009}}</ref> The [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]] (Borivali National Park) is located partly in the [[Mumbai suburban district]], and partly in the Thane district, and it extends over an area of 103.09 km<sup>2</sup> (39.80 sq mi).<ref>{{Harvnb|Bapat|2005|pp=111–112}}</ref>
-Apart from the [[Bhatsa Dam]], there are six major lakes that supply water to the city: [[Vihar Lake|Vihar]], [[Middle Vaitarna Dam|Lower Vaitarna]], [[Upper Vaitarna Dam|Upper Vaitarna]], [[Tulsi Lake|Tulsi]], [[Tansa Dam|Tansa]] and [[Powai]]. Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located in [[Borivili National Park]], within the city's limits. The supply from Powai lake, also within the city limits, is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt |format=PPT |title=Salient Features of Powai Lake |publisher=Department of Environment ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |pages=1–3 |access-date=29 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715195652/https://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt |archive-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> Three small rivers, the [[Dahisar River]], [[Poisar River|Poinsar (or Poisar)]] and [[Oshiwara River|Ohiwara (or Oshiwara)]] originate within the park, while the [[Mithi River]] originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai Lakes.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.7 Water Supply and Sanitation|Ref=plan}}</ref> The coastline of the city is indented with numerous [[creek (tidal)|creeks]] and bays, stretching from the [[Thane creek]] on the
+Apart from the [[Bhatsa Dam]], there are six major lakes that supply water to the city: [[Vihar Lake|Vihar]], [[Middle Vaitarna Dam|Lower Vaitarna]], [[Upper Vaitarna Dam|Upper Vaitarna]], [[Tulsi Lake|Tulsi]], [[Tansa Dam|Tansa]] and [[Powai]]. Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located in [[Borivili National Park]], within the city's limits. The supply from Powai lake, also within the city limits, is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt |format=PPT |title=Salient Features of Powai Lake |publisher=Department of Environment ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |pages=1–3 |access-date=29 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715195652/https://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt |archive-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> Three small rivers, the [[Dahisar River]], [[Poisar River|Poinsar (or Poisar)]] and [[Oshiwara River|Ohiwara (or Oshiwara)]] originate within the park, while the polluted [[Mithi River]] originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai Lakes.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.7 Water Supply and Sanitation|Ref=plan}}</ref> The coastline of the city is indented with numerous [[creek (tidal)|creeks]] and bays, stretching from the [[Thane creek]] on the
eastern to Madh Marve on the western front.<ref>{{cite news |title=Security web for city coastline |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Security-web-for-city-coastline/articleshow/3830390.cms?referral=PM |date=13 December 2008 |last=Sen |first=Somit |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=30 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803214157/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Security-web-for-city-coastline/articleshow/3830390.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=3 August 2014}}</ref> The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large [[mangrove]] [[swamp]]s, rich in biodiversity, while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patil|1957|pp=45–49}}</ref>
@@ -223,5 +222,5 @@
[[File:Mumbai Skyline during monsoon (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai|Skyline of Mumbai]] during a [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]]]]
-Mumbai has an extreme [[tropical savanna climate|tropical wet and dry climate]] (''Aw'') under the [[Köppen climate classification]], although the central and northern suburbs have a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am'') with even heavier wet season rainfall. Mumbai has a virtually rainless period extending from October to May and an extremely wet period peaking in July.<ref>{{harvnb|Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy|1999|p=210|Ref=proc}}</ref> A cooler season from December to February is followed by a hotter season from March to May. The period from June to about the end of September constitutes the [[Monsoon of Indian subcontinent|south west monsoon]] season, and October and November form the post-monsoon season.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=84|Ref=bom}}</ref>
+Mumbai has an extreme [[tropical savanna climate|tropical wet and dry climate]] (''Aw'') under the [[Köppen climate classification]], although the central and southern suburbs have a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am'') with even heavier wet season rainfall. Mumbai has a virtually rainless period extending from October to May and an extremely wet period peaking in July.<ref>{{harvnb|Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy|1999|p=210|Ref=proc}}</ref> A cooler season from December to February is followed by a hotter season from March to May. The period from June to about the end of September constitutes the [[Monsoon of Indian subcontinent|south west monsoon]] season, and October and November form the post-monsoon season.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=84|Ref=bom}}</ref>
Between June and September, the [[South-west monsoon]] rains occur in Mumbai. Pre-monsoon showers are received in May. Occasionally, north-east monsoon showers occur in October and November. The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was {{cvt|3452|mm|0}} for 1954.<ref name="clra">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.4 Climate and Rainfall|Ref=plan}}</ref> The [[2005 Mumbai floods|highest rainfall]] recorded in a single day was {{cvt|944|mm|0}} on [[Maharashtra floods of 2005|26 July 2005]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kishwar |first=Madhu Purnima |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-three-drown-as-heavy-rain-lashes-mumbai-for-the-3rd-day-1039257 |title=Three drown as heavy rain lashes Mumbai for the 3rd day |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |location=Mumbai |date=3 July 2006 |access-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106115301/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-three-drown-as-heavy-rain-lashes-mumbai-for-the-3rd-day-1039257 |archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> The average total annual rainfall is {{cvt|2213.4|mm|0}} for the Island City, and {{cvt|2502.3|mm|0}} for the suburbs.<ref name="clra" />
@@ -336,7 +335,7 @@
=== Air pollution ===
-[[Air pollution]] is a major issue in Mumbai.<ref>Borwankari, Vinamrata. [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/air-pollution-killed-81000-in-delhi-mumbai-cost-rs-70000-crore-in-2015/articleshow/56656252.cms "Air pollution killed 81,000 in Delhi & Mumbai, cost Rs 70,000 crore in 2015."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610043814/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/air-pollution-killed-81000-in-delhi-mumbai-cost-rs-70000-crore-in-2015/articleshow/56656252.cms |date=10 June 2017 }} ''Times of India''. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>Chatterjee, Badri. [http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-breathes-2017-s-cleanest-air-good-aqi-after-6-months/story-4YoZQvrZSFBNOOcf6tmKBK.html "Mumbai breathes 2017's cleanest air; 'good' AQI after 6 months."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506153636/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-breathes-2017-s-cleanest-air-good-aqi-after-6-months/story-4YoZQvrZSFBNOOcf6tmKBK.html |date=6 May 2017 }} ''Hindustan Times''. 11 March 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>Express News Service. [http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/air-quality-in-mumbai-3-times-worse-than-delhi-4568124/ "Air quality in Mumbai three times worse than Delhi."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318200948/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/air-quality-in-mumbai-3-times-worse-than-delhi-4568124/ |date=18 March 2017 }} ''Indian Express''. 14 March 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref> According to the 2016 [[World Health Organization]] Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database,<ref>[https://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301221905/http://who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |date=1 March 2017 }} ''World Health Organization''. May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2017.</ref> the annual average [[PM2.5]] concentration in 2013 was 63 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, which is 6.3 times higher than that recommended by the WHO Air Quality Guidelines<ref name="guidelines">[https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ WHO Air Quality Guidelines.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104165807/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ |date=4 January 2016 }} ''World Health Organization''. September 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2017.</ref> for the annual mean PM2.5. The [[Central Pollution Control Board]] for the [[Government of India]] and the [[Consulate General of the United States, Mumbai]] monitor and publicly share real-time air quality data.<ref>[https://data.gov.in/ "Central Pollution Control Board Air Quality Information."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619153514/https://data.gov.in/ |date=19 June 2016 }} ''Open Government Data Platform India.'' Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>[https://in.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/mumbai/air-quality-data/ "U.S. Embassy Air Quality Data."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116102725/https://in.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/mumbai/air-quality-data/ |date=16 January 2018 }} ''U.S. Department of State, Mission Air Quality.'' Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref> In December 2019, [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]], in partnership with the [[McKelvey School of Engineering]] of [[Washington University in St. Louis]] launched the Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility to study air pollution in Mumbai, among other Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://source.wustl.edu/2019/12/new-partnership-brings-together-mckelvey-iit-bombay-to-study-air-pollution/ |title=McKelvey Engineering, IIT Bombay partner to study air pollution |work=The Source |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis|date=4 December 2019 |access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref>
+[[Air pollution]] is a major issue in Mumbai.<ref>Borwankari, Vinamrata. [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/air-pollution-killed-81000-in-delhi-mumbai-cost-rs-70000-crore-in-2015/articleshow/56656252.cms "Air pollution killed 81,000 in Delhi & Mumbai, cost Rs 70,000 crore in 2015."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610043814/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/air-pollution-killed-81000-in-delhi-mumbai-cost-rs-70000-crore-in-2015/articleshow/56656252.cms |date=10 June 2017 }} ''Times of India''. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>Chatterjee, Badri. [http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-breathes-2017-s-cleanest-air-good-aqi-after-6-months/story-4YoZQvrZSFBNOOcf6tmKBK.html "Mumbai breathes 2017's cleanest air; 'good' AQI after 6 months."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506153636/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-breathes-2017-s-cleanest-air-good-aqi-after-6-months/story-4YoZQvrZSFBNOOcf6tmKBK.html |date=6 May 2017 }} ''Hindustan Times''. 11 March 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>Express News Service. [http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/air-quality-in-mumbai-3-times-worse-than-delhi-4568124/ "Air quality in Mumbai three times worse than Delhi."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318200948/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/air-quality-in-mumbai-3-times-worse-than-delhi-4568124/ |date=18 March 2017 }} ''Indian Express''. 14 March 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref> According to the 2016 [[World Health Organization]] Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database,<ref>[https://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301221905/http://who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |date=1 March 2017 }} ''World Health Organization''. May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2017.</ref> the annual average [[PM2.5]] concentration in 2013 was 63 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, which is 6.3 times higher than that recommended by the WHO Air Quality Guidelines<ref name="guidelines">[https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ WHO Air Quality Guidelines.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104165807/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ |date=4 January 2016 }} ''World Health Organization''. September 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2017.</ref> for the annual mean PM2.5. The [[Central Pollution Control Board]] for the [[Government of India]] and the [[Consulate General of the United States, Mumbai]] monitor and publicly share real-time air quality data.<ref>[https://data.gov.in/ "Central Pollution Control Board Air Quality Information."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619153514/https://data.gov.in/ |date=19 June 2016 }} ''Open Government Data Platform India.'' Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>[https://in.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/mumbai/air-quality-data/ "U.S. Embassy Air Quality Data."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116102725/https://in.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/mumbai/air-quality-data/ |date=16 January 2018 }} ''U.S. Department of State, Mission Air Quality.'' Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref> In December 2019, [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]], in partnership with the [[McKelvey School of Engineering]] of [[Washington University in St. Louis]], launched the Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility to study air pollution in Mumbai, among other Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://source.wustl.edu/2019/12/new-partnership-brings-together-mckelvey-iit-bombay-to-study-air-pollution/ |title=McKelvey Engineering, IIT Bombay partner to study air pollution |work=The Source |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis|date=4 December 2019 |access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref>
-== Economy ==
+== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Mumbai}}
{{multiple image
@@ -346,21 +345,29 @@
| image1 = ওরলির গগনরৈখিক দৃশ্য.jpg
| caption1 = Some of the [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai|tallest skyscrapers of Mumbai]], like [[World One]] and [[The Park (residential project)|Lodha Park]] complexes, can be found in [[Parel|Lower Parel]].
-| image2 = Three Sixty West,Mumbai.jpg
-| caption2 = [[Three Sixty West]] Tower B, occupied by [[The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company|The Ritz-Carlton]], is one of the [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai|tallest commercial skyscrapers]] in the city.
-| image3 = Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers Bombay Stock Exchange.jpg
-| caption3 = The [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] is the oldest stock exchange in Asia.
+| image2 = Lodha_Altamount_-_An_epitome_of_luxury.jpg
+| caption2 = [[Antilia (building)|Antilia]] and [[Lodha Altamount]] skyscrapers on [[Altamount Road]], also known as India's [[Billionaires' Row]].
}}
-Mumbai is India's second largest city (by population) and is the financial and commercial capital of the country as it generates 6.16% of the total GDP.<ref name="mmrda muip gdp" /><ref name="Mumbai global">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/apr/27mumbai.htm |title=Mumbai a global financial centre? Of course! |last=Thomas |first=T. |publisher=Rediff |date=27 April 2007 |access-date=31 May 2009 |location=New Delhi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118221806/http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/apr/27mumbai.htm |archive-date=18 November 2008}}</ref><ref name="The Financial Express">{{cite news |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/266636 |title=GDP growth: Surat fastest, Mumbai largest |access-date=5 September 2009 |date=29 January 2008 |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20090906034022/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/266636 |archive-date=6 September 2009}}</ref> It serves as an economic hub of India; as of 2006, Mumbai contributed 10% of the nation's factory employment, 25% of industrial output, 33% of [[income tax]] collections, 60% of [[customs (tax)|customs duty]] collections, 20% of central [[excise tax]] collections, 40% of [[foreign trade]], and {{INRConvert|40|b|lk=b|year=2006}} in [[corporate tax]]es.<ref>{{harvnb|Swaminathan|Goyal|2006|p=51}}</ref>
+Mumbai is India's second largest city (by population) and is the financial and commercial capital of the country as it generates 6.16% of the total GDP.<ref name="mmrda muip gdp" /><ref name="Mumbai global">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/apr/27mumbai.htm |title=Mumbai a global financial centre? Of course! |last=Thomas |first=T. |publisher=Rediff |date=27 April 2007 |access-date=31 May 2009 |location=New Delhi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118221806/http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/apr/27mumbai.htm |archive-date=18 November 2008}}</ref><ref name="The Financial Express">{{cite news |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/266636 |title=GDP growth: Surat fastest, Mumbai largest |access-date=5 September 2009 |date=29 January 2008 |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20090906034022/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/266636 |archive-date=6 September 2009}}</ref> It serves as an economic hub of India; as of 2006, Mumbai contributed 10% of the nation's factory employment, 25% of industrial output, 33% of [[income tax]] collections, 60% of [[customs (tax)|customs duty]] collections, 20% of central [[excise tax]] collections, 40% of [[foreign trade]], and {{INRConvert|40|b|lk=b|year=2006}} in [[corporate tax]]es.<ref>{{harvnb|Swaminathan|Goyal|2006|p=51}}</ref>
Along with the rest of India, Mumbai has witnessed an economic boom since the [[Economic liberalisation in India|liberalisation of 1991]], the finance boom in the mid-nineties and the IT, export, services and outsourcing boom in the 2000s.<ref>{{harvnb|Kelsey|2008|p=208}}</ref> Although Mumbai had prominently figured as the hub of economic activity of India in the 1990s, the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]]'s contribution to India's GDP is currently declining.<ref name="ecoprofile">{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Economic%20profile.pdf |title=City Development Plan (Economic Profile) |access-date=25 August 2013 |author=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) |quote=Mumbai, at present, is in reverse gear, as regards the economic growth and quality of life. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125052153/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Economic%20profile.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2013}}</ref>
-Recent estimates of the economy of the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] have ranged from $368 billion to $400 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] [[Gross metropolitan product|metro GDP]]) ranking it either the [[List of cities by GDP|most or second-most productive metro area]] of India.<ref name="Mumbai_GDP"/><ref>{{Cite news|title=Global Wealth PPP Distribution;Who are the leaders og the global economy|work=Visualcapitalist.com|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-17th-in-global-gdp-list-says-survey-4686508/ |title=Mumbai 17th in global GDP list, says survey |date=7 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="gqindia.com">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2019 |title=Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=gdp>* {{cite web |title=Global city GDP 2014 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |date=22 January 2015 |access-date=4 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525113815/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |archive-date=25 May 2017}}
+Recent estimates of the economy of the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] is estimated to be $606.625 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] [[Gross metropolitan product|metro GDP]]) ranking it either the [[List of cities by GDP|most or second-most productive metro area]] of India.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Global Wealth PPP Distribution;Who are the leaders og the global economy|work=Visualcapitalist.com|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-17th-in-global-gdp-list-says-survey-4686508/ |title=Mumbai 17th in global GDP list, says survey |date=7 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="gqindia.com">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2019 |title=Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=gdp>* {{cite web |title=Global city GDP 2014 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |date=22 January 2015 |access-date=4 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525113815/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |archive-date=25 May 2017}}
* {{cite web |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |publisher=[[Pricewaterhouse Coopers|PwC]] |access-date=16 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |archive-date=4 May 2011}}
* {{cite web |title=India's top 15 cities with the highest GDP Photos Yahoo! India Finance |url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807049.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009131024/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807049.html |archive-date=9 October 2014 |publisher=[[Yahoo! Finance]] |date=28 September 2012 |access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> Many of India's numerous conglomerates (including [[Larsen & Toubro]], [[State Bank of India]] (SBI), [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] (LIC), [[Tata Group]], [[Godrej Group|Godrej]] and [[Reliance Industries|Reliance]]),<ref name="Mumbai global" /> and five of the [[Fortune Global 500]] companies are based in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fortune Global 500 |url=http://fortune.com/global500/ |publisher=CNN |date=21 July 2008 |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509014825/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/full_list/index.html |archive-date=9 May 2012}}</ref> This is facilitated by the presence of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI), the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE), the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] (NSE), and financial sector regulators such as the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI).<ref name="ecoprofile" />
Until the 1970s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport, but the local economy has since then diversified to include [[finance]], [[engineering]], diamond-polishing, [[healthcare]] and information technology.<ref>{{harvnb|Swaminathan|Goyal|2006|p=52}}</ref>
-The key sectors contributing to the city's economy are: finance, gems & jewellery, leather processing, IT and [[Business process outsourcing|ITES]], textiles, petrochemical, electronics manufacturing, automobiles, and entertainment. [[Nariman Point]] and [[Bandra Kurla Complex]] (BKC) are Mumbai's major financial centres.<ref name="ecoprofile" />
+The key sectors contributing to the city's economy are: finance, gems & jewellery, leather processing, IT and [[Business process outsourcing|ITES]], textiles, petrochemical, electronics manufacturing, automobiles, and entertainment. [[Nariman Point]] and [[Bandra Kurla Complex]] (BKC) are Mumbai's major financial centres.<ref name="ecoprofile" />
+{{multiple image
+ | align = left
+ | direction = horizontal
+ | width1 = 190
+ | width2 = 140
+ | image1 = Three Sixty West,Mumbai.jpg
+ | caption1 = [[Three Sixty West]] Tower B, occupied by [[The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company|The Ritz-Carlton]], is one of the [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai|tallest commercial skyscrapers]] in the city.
+ | image2 = Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers Bombay Stock Exchange.jpg
+ | caption2 = The [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] is the oldest stock exchange in Asia.
+}}
Despite competition from [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Pune]], Mumbai has carved a niche for itself in the information technology industry. The [[SEEPZ|Santacruz Electronic Export Processing Zone]] (SEEPZ) and the International Infotech Park ([[Navi Mumbai]]) offer excellent facilities to IT companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://drnarendrajadhav.info/drnjadhav_web_files/Published%20papers/Role%20of%20Mumbai%20City%20in%20Indian%20Economy.pdf |title=Role of Mumbai in Indian Economy |access-date=25 August 2013 |last=Jadhav |first=Narendra |author-link=Narendra Jadhav |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522221937/http://drnarendrajadhav.info/drnjadhav_web_files/Published%20papers/Role%20of%20Mumbai%20City%20in%20Indian%20Economy.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2012}}</ref>
@@ -373,5 +380,5 @@
* {{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities_slide_5.html?thisSpeed=15000 |work=Forbes |title=In Pictures: The Top 10 Cities For Billionaires |access-date=28 April 2009 |first=Chaniga |last=Vorasarun |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422212819/http://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities_slide_5.html?thisSpeed=15000 |archive-date=22 April 2009}}
* {{Cite web |title=Richest Cities In The World: The Top 10 Cities With The Most Billionaires |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/cartercoudriet/2019/03/07/richest-cities-in-the-world-the-top-10-cities-with-the-most-billionaires/ |last=Coudriet |first=Carter |website=Forbes |language=en |access-date=14 May 2020}}
-* {{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities.html |title=Cities of the Billionaires |last=Vorasarun |first=Chaniga |work=Forbes |date=30 April 2008 |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417171221/http://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities.html |archive-date=17 April 2009}}</ref> With a total wealth of around $960 billion,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world |title=Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind |date=14 October 2019 |website=GQ India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-billion-delhi-comes-second-report-4544685/ |title=Mumbai richest Indian city with total wealth of $820 billion, Delhi comes second: Report |date=26 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227063903/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-billion-delhi-comes-second-report-4544685/ |archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> it is the richest Indian city and one of the richest cities in the world.<ref name="Mumbai_info">
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities.html |title=Cities of the Billionaires |last=Vorasarun |first=Chaniga |work=Forbes |date=30 April 2008 |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417171221/http://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities.html |archive-date=17 April 2009}}</ref> With a total wealth of around $960 billion,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world |title=Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind |date=14 October 2019 |website=GQ India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-billion-delhi-comes-second-report-4544685/ |title=Mumbai richest Indian city with total wealth of $820 billion, Delhi comes second: Report |date=26 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227063903/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-billion-delhi-comes-second-report-4544685/ |archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> it is the richest Indian city and one of the richest cities in the world.<ref name="Mumbai_info">
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/mumbai-12th-richest-city-in-the-world-nyc-on-top-with-65-billionaires-119101001520_1.html |title=Mumbai 12th richest city in the world, NYC on top with 65 billionaires |first=Sudipto |last=Dey |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=10 October 2019 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |title=Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008 |publisher=[[MasterCard]] |page=21 |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504014257/http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2012}}
@@ -511,6 +518,6 @@
|2011 | 12478447
}}
-[[File:Shree Siddhivinayak Temple Mumbai.jpg|thumb|[[Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai|Shri Siddhivinayak Temple]] is one of the most popular [[Hindu temple]]s in the city.]]
-According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the population of Mumbai city was 12,479,608. The population density is estimated to be about 20,482 persons per square kilometre. The living space is 4.5 square metres per person.<ref name=mmmumbaiproperty>{{cite news |title=The minimum city |url=https://www.economist.com/node/21556584 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=7 July 2012 |date=9 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717223955/http://www.economist.com/node/21556584 |archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] was home to 20,748,395 people by 2011.<ref name="extended UA 2011" /> Greater Mumbai, the area under the administration of the [[MCGM]], has a literacy rate of 94.7%, higher than the national average of 86.7%. The number of slum-dwellers in the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] is estimated to be 90 lakh (9 million), up from 60 lakh (6 million) in 2001 which constitutes approximately 38.5% of the region.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2020 |title=41.8% of Mumbai lives in slums |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mapping-mumbai-s-slum-challenge-in-coronavirus-battle-11586334352966.html |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=With 42% living in slums virus casts long shadow across Mumbai |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 May 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/with-42-living-in-slums-virus-casts-long-shadow-across-mumbai/articleshow/75798141.cms |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Shree Siddhivinayak Temple Mumbai.jpg|thumb|[[Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai|Shri Siddhivinayak Temple]] is one of the most popular [[Hindu temple|Hindu temples]] in the city.]]
+According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the population of Mumbai city was 12,479,608. The population density is estimated to be about 20,482 persons per square kilometre. The living space is 4.5 square metres per person.<ref name=mmmumbaiproperty>{{cite news |title=The minimum city |url=https://www.economist.com/node/21556584 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=7 July 2012 |date=9 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717223955/http://www.economist.com/node/21556584 |archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] was home to 20,748,395 people by 2011.<ref name="extended UA 2011" /> Greater Mumbai, the area under the administration of the [[MCGM]], has a literacy rate of 94.7%, higher than the national average of 86.7%. The number of slum-dwellers in the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] is estimated to be 90 lakh (9 million), up from 60 lakh (6 million) in 2001 which constitutes approximately 41.8% of the region.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2020 |title=41.8% of Mumbai lives in slums |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mapping-mumbai-s-slum-challenge-in-coronavirus-battle-11586334352966.html |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=With 42% living in slums virus casts long shadow across Mumbai |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 May 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/with-42-living-in-slums-virus-casts-long-shadow-across-mumbai/articleshow/75798141.cms |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>
The [[sex ratio]] in 2011 was 838 females per 1,000 males in the island city, 857 in the suburbs, and 848 as a whole in Greater Mumbai, all numbers lower than the national average of 914 females per 1,000 males. The low sex ratio is partly because of the large number of male migrants who come to the city to work.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Parsis-top-literacy-sex-ratio-charts-in-city/articleshow/843036.cms?referral=PM |title=Parsis top literacy, sex-ratio charts in city |date=8 September 2004 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804042745/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Parsis-top-literacy-sex-ratio-charts-in-city/articleshow/843036.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref>
@@ -527,5 +534,5 @@
{{Main|Religion in Maharashtra}}
{{pie chart
-|caption=Religion in Mumbai City (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Religion - Maharashtra|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |format=xls|website=census.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230449/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>
+|caption=Religion in Mumbai City (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Religion - Maharashtra|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in}}</ref>
|label1=[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|color1=darkorange|value1=65.99
|label2=[[Marathi Muslims|Islam]]|color2=green|value2=20.65
@@ -539,5 +546,5 @@
The religious groups represented in Greater Mumbai as of 2011 include [[Hindu]]s (65.99%), [[Muslims]] (20.65%), [[Buddhist]]s (4.85%), [[Jain]]s (4.10%), [[Christians]] (3.27%) and [[Sikh]]s (0.49%).<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=11 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015}} On this page, select "Maharashtra" from the download menu. ''"Greater Mumbai (M.Corp.)" is at line 11 of the excel file, "Mumbai Suburban District" at line 1065 and "Mumbai District" at line 1072.''</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html |title=Mumbai (Greater Mumbai) City Census 2011 data |publisher=Census2011 |access-date=3 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604104700/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html |archive-date=4 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.30-days.net/muslims/muslims-in/asia-south-central/india/india-mumbai |title=Muslims of Mumbai (Bombay), major city of India |website=The 30-Days Prayer Network |access-date=1 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823123240/http://www.30-days.net/muslims/muslims-in/asia-south-central/india/india-mumbai/ |archive-date=23 August 2010}}</ref> The linguistic/ethnic demographics in the Greater Mumbai Area are: [[Maharashtrians]] (32%), [[Gujaratis]] (20%), with the rest hailing from other parts of India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mehta|2004|p=99}}</ref>
-Native Christians include [[Bombay East Indians|East Indian Catholics]], who were converted by the Portuguese during the 16th century,<ref>{{harvnb|Baptista|1967|p=5}}</ref> while [[Goan Catholics|Goan]] and [[Mangalorean Catholics]] also constitute a significant portion of the Christian community of the city.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} [[History of the Jews in Mumbai|Jews settled in Mumbai]] during the 18th century. The [[Bene Israel]]i Jewish community of Mumbai, who migrated from the [[Konkan]] villages, south of Mumbai, are believed to be the descendants of the Jews of Israel who were shipwrecked off the Konkan coast, probably in the year 175 BCE, during the reign of the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] ruler, [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Shalva |last=Weil |title=Background: A rich history now stained with blood |date=30 November 2008 |url=http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Background-A-rich-history-now-stained-with-blood |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |access-date=1 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060915/http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Background-A-rich-history-now-stained-with-blood |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Mumbai is also home to the largest population of [[Parsi]] [[Zoroastrian]]s in the world,<ref>{{Cite web |title=More than Half of the World's Zoroastrians Call Mumbai, India Home |url=https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/more-half-world-s-zoroastrians-call-mumbai-india-home/1032251/ |website=Smart Cities Dive |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> numbering about 60,000, however their population is declining rapidly.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karkaria |first1=Bachi |title=Why is India's wealthy Parsi community vanishing? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35219331 |access-date=6 December 2016 |publisher=BBC News |date=9 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120095149/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35219331 |archive-date=20 November 2016}}</ref> Parsis migrated to India from [[Greater Iran]] following the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]] in the seventh century.<ref>[http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/648273/ "The world's successful diasporas"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/648273/ |date=15 January 2013 }}. Managementtoday.co.uk.</ref> The oldest Muslim communities in Mumbai include the [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s, Ismaili [[Khojas]], and [[Konkani Muslims]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bates|2003|p=266}}</ref>
+Native Christians include [[East Indians|East Indian Catholics]], who were converted by the Portuguese during the 16th century,<ref>{{harvnb|Baptista|1967|p=5}}</ref> while [[Goan Catholics|Goan]] and [[Mangalorean Catholics]] also constitute a significant portion of the Christian community of the city.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} [[History of the Jews in Mumbai|Jews settled in Mumbai]] during the 18th century. The [[Bene Israel]]i Jewish community of Mumbai, who migrated from the [[Konkan]] villages, south of Mumbai, are believed to be the descendants of the Jews of Israel who were shipwrecked off the Konkan coast, probably in the year 175 BCE, during the reign of the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] ruler, [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Shalva |last=Weil |title=Background: A rich history now stained with blood |date=30 November 2008 |url=http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Background-A-rich-history-now-stained-with-blood |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |access-date=1 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060915/http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Background-A-rich-history-now-stained-with-blood |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Mumbai is also home to the largest population of [[Parsi]] [[Zoroastrian]]s in the world,<ref>{{Cite web |title=More than Half of the World's Zoroastrians Call Mumbai, India Home |url=https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/more-half-world-s-zoroastrians-call-mumbai-india-home/1032251/ |website=Smart Cities Dive |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> numbering about 60,000, however their population is declining rapidly.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karkaria |first1=Bachi |title=Why is India's wealthy Parsi community vanishing? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35219331 |access-date=6 December 2016 |publisher=BBC News |date=9 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120095149/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35219331 |archive-date=20 November 2016}}</ref> Parsis migrated to India from [[Greater Iran]] following the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]] in the seventh century.<ref>[http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/648273/ "The world's successful diasporas"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/648273/ |date=15 January 2013 }}. Managementtoday.co.uk.</ref> The oldest Muslim communities in Mumbai include the [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s, Ismaili [[Khojas]], and [[Konkani Muslims]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bates|2003|p=266}}</ref>
{{clear}}
@@ -590,5 +597,5 @@
The '''ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education''' ('''CIFE''') is a [[Deemed to be University]] and institution of higher learning for [[fisheries science]] in Mumbai, [[India]]. CIFE has over four decades of leadership in human resource development with its alumni aiding in the development of fisheries and [[aquaculture]] worldwide, producing notable contributions to research and technological advancements to its credit. The institute is one of four deemed to be universities operating under the [[Indian Council for Agricultural Research]] (ICAR); the other three being the [[Indian Veterinary Research Institute]] (IVRI), the National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) and the [[Indian Agriculture Research Institute]] (IARI)
-== Culture ==
+== Culture/Cityscape ==
{{Main|Mumbai culture}}
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 70 Asiatic Society Library.jpg|thumb|[[The Asiatic Society of Mumbai]] is one of the oldest [[public library|public libraries]] in the city.|alt=A white building with a triangular façade and wide stairs]]
@@ -609,9 +616,9 @@
[[List of Mumbai beaches|Beaches]] are a major tourist attraction in the city. The major beaches in Mumbai are [[Girgaum Chowpatty]], [[Juhu Beach]], Dadar Chowpatty, Gorai Beach, [[Marve Beach]], Versova Beach, Madh Beach, [[Aksa Beach]] and [[Manori]] Beach.<ref>{{cite news |title=BMC to transfer beach cleaning works |date=24 August 2013 |url=http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/bmc-transfer-beach-cleaning-works-516 |work=[[The Asian Age]] |access-date=27 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053256/http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/bmc-transfer-beach-cleaning-works-516 |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Most of the beaches are unfit for swimming, except Girgaum Chowpatty and Juhu Beach.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bhavika |last=Jain |title=8 out of city's 10 beaches unsafe |date=10 May 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/8-out-of-city-s-10-beaches-unsafe/Article1-695594.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=27 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055224/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/8-out-of-city-s-10-beaches-unsafe/Article1-695594.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Essel World is a theme park and amusement centre situated close to Gorai Beach,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esselworld.com/ |title=About Essel World |publisher=[[Essel World]] |access-date=29 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130164441/http://www.esselworld.com/ |archive-date=30 January 2008}}</ref> and includes Asia's largest theme water park, Water Kingdom.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Brien|2003|p=143}}</ref> [[Adlabs Imagica]] opened in April 2013 is located near the city of Khopoli off the [[Mumbai-Pune Expressway]].<ref name="founderimagica">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Samidha |title=Adlabs founder bets big on theme parks |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Adlabs-founder-bets-big-on-theme-parks/articleshow/17379493.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010803/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Adlabs-founder-bets-big-on-theme-parks/articleshow/17379493.cms |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>
-== Cityscape ==
-{{Wide image|File:F7xZ48abwAAgNst.jpg |800px|An aerial view of the skyline of [[South Mumbai]].}}
+=== Cityscape ===
+{{Wide image|File:Mumbai - The Financial Capital of South Asia.jpg |800px|An aerial view of the skyline of [[South Mumbai]].}}
Mumbai's cityscape consists of a variety of tall buildings and structures, most of which have been built in the last two decades. There was a significant lull in construction projects since the mid-1990s after which construction projects began taking the skyline upwards, with a major acceleration in the pace of development since 2000, when the [[Parel|Lower Parel]] area began developing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai|url=https://www.emporis.com/city/102037/mumbai-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615005107/http://www.emporis.com/city/102037/mumbai-india|archive-date=15 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
Mumbai with a commanding 77% share of tall buildings in India, is poised to maintain its position as the frontrunner in tall building construction due to its ability to command premium prices compared to other cities, thereby ensuring the economic viability of such developments within the city.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai stands tall among Indian cities |work=The economic times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/high-rises-mumbai-stands-tall-among-indian-cities/articleshow/101348550.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>
-Mumbai has more residential tall buildings rather than commercial, unlike the trend globally. Limited land resources and an exponential increase in urban population were the primary reasons for Mumbai's vertical growth compared to other Tier 1 Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai has 77% tall buildings in India |work=The Hindustan times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mumbai-dominates-indian-skyline-with-77-share-of-tall-buildings-ranks-17th-worldwide-report-101687979905261.html |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>
+Mumbai has more residential tall buildings rather than commercial, unlike the trend globally. Limited land resources and an exponential increase in urban population were the primary reasons for Mumbai’s vertical growth compared to other Tier 1 Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai has 77% tall buildings in India |work=The Hindustan times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mumbai-dominates-indian-skyline-with-77-share-of-tall-buildings-ranks-17th-worldwide-report-101687979905261.html |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>
=== Architecture ===
@@ -623,5 +630,4 @@
== Food ==
{{excerpt|Street food of Mumbai}}
-
== Media ==
{{See also|List of Mumbai radio stations}}
@@ -811,7 +817,4 @@
* [[List of people from Mumbai]]
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in India]]
-
-== Notes ==
-<references group="lower-alpha" />
== References ==
@@ -886,10 +889,10 @@
== External links ==
-* {{official website}}
+* {{official}}
* {{GovPubs|Mumbai}}
* {{Britannica|72526}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Bombay City}}
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Maharashtra/Localities/Mumbai/}}
-* {{osmrelation-inline|7888990}}
+* {{osmrelation-inline|7888990}}
{{Subject bar |book=Mumbai |portal1=Geography |portal2=Cities |portal3=India |commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Mumbai |n=yes |n-search=Category:Mumbai |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes |d-search=Q1156}}
' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital of Maharashtra, India</div>
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<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Megacity in Maharashtra, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Mumbai</div>
<div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Bombay</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style=";height:108px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BackBay_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/BackBay_skyline.jpg/288px-BackBay_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/BackBay_skyline.jpg/432px-BackBay_skyline.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/BackBay_skyline.jpg/576px-BackBay_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="726" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Mumbai" title="List of tallest buildings in Mumbai">Skyline of Mumbai</a> across <a href="/wiki/Back_Bay_(Mumbai)" title="Back Bay (Mumbai)">Back Bay</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:101px;max-width:101px"><div class="thumbimage" style=";height:98px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbai_03-2016_30_Gateway_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mumbai_03-2016_30_Gateway_of_India.jpg/99px-Mumbai_03-2016_30_Gateway_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mumbai_03-2016_30_Gateway_of_India.jpg/149px-Mumbai_03-2016_30_Gateway_of_India.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mumbai_03-2016_30_Gateway_of_India.jpg/198px-Mumbai_03-2016_30_Gateway_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3585" data-file-height="3585" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Gateway_of_India" title="Gateway of India">Gateway of India</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:78px;max-width:78px"><div class="thumbimage" style=";height:98px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_World_Towers_Mumbai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_World_Towers_Mumbai.jpg/76px-The_World_Towers_Mumbai.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_World_Towers_Mumbai.jpg/114px-The_World_Towers_Mumbai.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_World_Towers_Mumbai.jpg/152px-The_World_Towers_Mumbai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/World_One" title="World One">The World Towers</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage" style=";height:98px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marine_Drive_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Marine_Drive_Skyline.jpg/105px-Marine_Drive_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Marine_Drive_Skyline.jpg/158px-Marine_Drive_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Marine_Drive_Skyline.jpg/210px-Marine_Drive_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Marine_Drive,_Mumbai" title="Marine Drive, Mumbai">Marine Drive</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style=";height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal_Palace_Hotel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Taj_Mahal_Palace_Hotel.jpg/139px-Taj_Mahal_Palace_Hotel.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Taj_Mahal_Palace_Hotel.jpg/209px-Taj_Mahal_Palace_Hotel.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Taj_Mahal_Palace_Hotel.jpg/278px-Taj_Mahal_Palace_Hotel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3989" data-file-height="2719" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal_Palace_Hotel" title="Taj Mahal Palace Hotel">Taj Mahal Palace Hotel</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style=";height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chhatrapati_shivaji_terminus,_esterno_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Chhatrapati_shivaji_terminus%2C_esterno_01.jpg/145px-Chhatrapati_shivaji_terminus%2C_esterno_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Chhatrapati_shivaji_terminus%2C_esterno_01.jpg/218px-Chhatrapati_shivaji_terminus%2C_esterno_01.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Chhatrapati_shivaji_terminus%2C_esterno_01.jpg/290px-Chhatrapati_shivaji_terminus%2C_esterno_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3032" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style=";height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandra_Worli_Sea-Link_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bandra_Worli_Sea-Link_%28cropped%29.jpg/288px-Bandra_Worli_Sea-Link_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bandra_Worli_Sea-Link_%28cropped%29.jpg/432px-Bandra_Worli_Sea-Link_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bandra_Worli_Sea-Link_%28cropped%29.jpg/576px-Bandra_Worli_Sea-Link_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1345" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bandra%E2%80%93Worli_Sea_Link" title="Bandra–Worli Sea Link">Bandra–Worli Sea Link</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style>
<div class="ib-settlement-cols">
<div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SealofMumbai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Mumbai"><img alt="Coat of arms of Mumbai" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SealofMumbai.jpg/100px-SealofMumbai.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SealofMumbai.jpg/150px-SealofMumbai.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SealofMumbai.jpg/200px-SealofMumbai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Mumbai">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Dreams_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="City of Dreams (disambiguation)">City of Dreams</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Islands_of_Bombay" title="Seven Islands of Bombay">City of Seven Islands</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Hollywood of India</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Gateway_of_India" title="Gateway of India">Gateway of India</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Maximum_City" title="Maximum City">Maximum City</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 280px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map" style="width: 280px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="300" data-overlays="["_3b50197d09429d2a5c3560b247ddeafe5ed3a6d8"]"><img src="/media/maps_wikimedia_org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,280x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Mumbai&groups=_3b50197d09429d2a5c3560b247ddeafe5ed3a6d8" width="280" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="/media/maps_wikimedia_org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,280x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Mumbai&groups=_3b50197d09429d2a5c3560b247ddeafe5ed3a6d8 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Interactive Map Outlining Mumbai</div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r997900035">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:280px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:280px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:280px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbai_area_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mumbai is located in Mumbai"><img alt="Mumbai is located in Mumbai" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mumbai_area_locator_map.svg/280px-Mumbai_area_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mumbai_area_locator_map.svg/420px-Mumbai_area_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mumbai_area_locator_map.svg/560px-Mumbai_area_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="1823" /></a></span><div class="od" style="top:57.372%;left:31.183%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mumbai"><img alt="Mumbai" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:4px"><div>Mumbai</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Mumbai</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Mumbai</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r997900035"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:280px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:280px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:280px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Maharashtra_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mumbai is located in Maharashtra"><img alt="Mumbai is located in Maharashtra" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/India_Maharashtra_location_map.svg/280px-India_Maharashtra_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/India_Maharashtra_location_map.svg/420px-India_Maharashtra_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/India_Maharashtra_location_map.svg/560px-India_Maharashtra_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="901" /></a></span><div class="od" style="top:46.303%;left:5.872%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mumbai"><img alt="Mumbai" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:4px"><div>Mumbai</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Maharashtra</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Maharashtra</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r997900035"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:280px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:280px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:280px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mumbai is located in India"><img alt="Mumbai is located in India" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/280px-India_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/420px-India_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/560px-India_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span><div class="od" style="top:56.689%;left:18.367%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mumbai"><img alt="Mumbai" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:4px"><div>Mumbai</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in India</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of India</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mumbai&params=19_04_34_N_72_52_39_E_type:city(12478447)_region:IN-MH"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°04′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">72°52′39″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.07611°N 72.87750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">19.07611; 72.87750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of Maharashtra">Division</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Konkan_division" title="Konkan division">Konkan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Maharashtra" title="List of districts of Maharashtra">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_City_district" title="Mumbai City district">Mumbai City</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Suburban_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai Suburban District">Mumbai Suburban</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First settled</th><td class="infobox-data">1507<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mumbadevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbadevi">Mumbadevi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporations in India">Municipal Corporation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation">Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Mumbai">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vacant<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Administrator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/I._S._Chahal" class="mw-redirect" title="I. S. Chahal">I. S. Chahal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Administrative Services">IAS</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">603.4 km<sup>2</sup> (233.0 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-projectsecoa1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-projectsecoa1-8">[8]</a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,328 km<sup>2</sup> (1,681.5 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 m (46 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2011)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,478,447</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_populous_cities_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most populous cities in India">1st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">21,000/km<sup>2</sup> (54,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-extended_UA_2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extended_UA_2011-10">[10]</a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">18,414,288 <br />20,748,395 (Extended UA)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mumbaikar, Bombayite, Mumbaiite<sup id="cite_ref-MumbaiitesinMH_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MumbaiitesinMH-11">[11]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_Index_Number" title="Postal Index Number">PINs</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">400 001 to 400 107</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_India" title="Telephone numbers in India">+91-22</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li>MH-01 Mumbai(S/C)</li>
<li>MH-02 Mumbai(W)</li>
<li>MH-03 Mumbai(E)</li>
<li>MH-47 Borivali<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Purchasing_Power_Parity" class="mw-redirect" title="Purchasing Power Parity">GDP (PPP)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$606.625 billion<sup id="cite_ref-Mumbai_info2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mumbai_info2-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gdp_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gdp-14">[14]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.841<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> – <span style="color:#090">very high</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airport</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_International_Airport" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport">Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid Transit">Rapid Transit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metro" title="Mumbai Metro">Mumbai Metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Monorail" title="Mumbai Monorail">Mumbai Monorail</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official language</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a><sup id="cite_ref-NCLMreport_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCLMreport-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MCGMhistmilestone_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCGMhistmilestone-17">[17]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mumbaicity.gov.in/">mumbaicity<wbr />.gov<wbr />.in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"><div style="border:4px solid #FFE153; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;">
<a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Victorian_and_Art_Deco_Ensemble_of_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai">The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">i, ii, iii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1987, 2004, 2018 (11th, 28th 42nd <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">sessions</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/244">[1]</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945">[2]</a>
<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1480">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Southern_Asia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Southern Asia">Southern Asia</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2">
</th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Mumbai</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/media\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5f\/Mumbai_Pronunciation.ogg\/Mumbai_Pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Mumbai Pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="/media/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Mumbai_Pronunciation.ogg/Mumbai_Pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Tocar áudio" title="Tocar áudio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbai_Pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Mumbai Pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Marathi:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">[ˈmumbəi]</a></span>; also known as <b>Bombay</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>) — <a href="/wiki/List_of_renamed_Indian_cities_and_states#Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="List of renamed Indian cities and states">the official name until 1995</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of the Indian <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>. Mumbai is the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> financial centre and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">most populous city</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> with an estimated <a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">city proper</a> population of 12.5 million (1.25 crore).<sup id="cite_ref-Cities1Lakhandabove_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cities1Lakhandabove-18">[18]</a></sup> Mumbai is the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai Metropolitan Region</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">sixth most populous metropolitan area in the world</a> with a population of over 23 million (2.3 crore) living under the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporation_of_Greater_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai">Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> Mumbai lies on the <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> coast on the west coast of India and has a deep <a href="/wiki/Natural_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural harbour">natural harbour</a>. In 2008, Mumbai was named an <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network#Alpha" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">alpha</a> <a href="/wiki/World_city" class="mw-redirect" title="World city">world city</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lboro2008_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lboro2008-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>The seven islands that constitute Mumbai were earlier home to communities of <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi language</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-james_customs_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-james_customs-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-munshi_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-munshi-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rnmehta_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rnmehta-24">[24]</a></sup> For centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Seven_islands_of_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven islands of Bombay">seven islands of Bombay</a> were under the control of successive <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mumbai_under_indigenous_empires" title="History of Mumbai under indigenous empires">indigenous rulers</a> before being <a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">ceded</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Empire in the East">Portuguese Empire</a>, and subsequently to the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in 1661, through the <a href="/wiki/Dowry_of_Catherine_Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowry of Catherine Braganza">dowry of Catherine Braganza</a> when she was married off to <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> Beginning in 1782, Mumbai was reshaped by the <a href="/wiki/Hornby_Vellard" title="Hornby Vellard">Hornby Vellard</a> project,<sup id="cite_ref-Dwivedi_2001_28_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dwivedi_2001_28-26">[26]</a></sup> which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-fp-onceuponatime_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fp-onceuponatime-27">[27]</a></sup> Along with construction of major <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">roads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">railways</a>, the reclamation project, completed in 1845, transformed Mumbai into a major seaport on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>. Mumbai in the 19th century was characterized by economic and educational development. During the early 20th century it became a strong base for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>. Upon India's independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Bombay_State" title="Bombay State">Bombay State</a>. In 1960, following the <a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Maharashtra_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyukta Maharashtra Movement">Samyukta Maharashtra Movement</a>, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Mumbai as the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>Mumbai is the <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial</a>, commercial,<sup id="cite_ref-millionaireRoleModel_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millionaireRoleModel-29">[29]</a></sup> and the entertainment capital of India. It is also one of the world's top ten centres of commerce in terms of global financial flow,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> generating 6.16% of India's GDP,<sup id="cite_ref-mmrda_muip_gdp_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmrda_muip_gdp-31">[31]</a></sup> and accounting for 25% of industrial output, 70% of maritime trade in India (<a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Port_Trust" title="Mumbai Port Trust">Mumbai Port Trust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharamtar" title="Dharamtar">Dharamtar Port</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Port" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Port">JNPT</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> and 70% of capital transactions to <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">India's economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NMIAtender_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMIAtender-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> The city houses important financial institutions and the corporate <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_companies_headquartered_in_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian companies headquartered in Mumbai">headquarters</a> of numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian companies">Indian companies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinational corporations">multinational corporations</a>. It is also home to some of India's premier scientific and nuclear institutes. The city is also home to <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi cinema</a> industries. Mumbai's business opportunities attract migrants from all over India.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="pt-BR" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Índice</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#People_from_Mumbai"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">People from Mumbai</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Early_history"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early history</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Portuguese_and_British_rule"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Portuguese and British rule</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Independent_India"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Independent India</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Air_pollution"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Air pollution</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Government_and_politics"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Government and politics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Civic_administration"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Civic administration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#National_politics"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">National politics</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Transport"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Transport</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Public_transport"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Public transport</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Railway"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Railway</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Bus"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bus</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Water"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Water</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Road"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Road</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Air"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Air</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Sea"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sea</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Utility_services"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Utility services</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Ethnic_groups_and_religions"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ethnic groups and religions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Language"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Language</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Schools"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Schools</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Higher_education"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Higher education</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Culture/Cityscape"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Culture/Cityscape</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Cityscape"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cityscape</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Architecture"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Architecture</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Food"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Food</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Media"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#International_relations"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">International relations</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"><span class="tocnumber">14.1</span> <span class="toctext">Twin towns and sister cities</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar seção: Etymology">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The name <i>Mumbai</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>: <span title="Marathi-language text"><span lang="mr">मुंबई</span></span>) is derived from <i>Mumbā</i> or <i>Mahā-Ambā</i>—the name of the patron Hindu goddess (<a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">kuladevata</a>) <a href="/wiki/Mumbadevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbadevi">Mumbadevi</a> of the native <a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli</a> community<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup>—and from <i>ā'ī</i>, meaning "mother" in the <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi language</a>, which is the mother tongue of the Koli people and the official language of Maharashtra.<sup id="cite_ref-james_customs_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-james_customs-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> According to certain accounts, the Koli community, which hails from <a href="/wiki/Kathiawar" title="Kathiawar">Kathiawar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Gujarat" title="Central Gujarat">Central Gujarat</a>, is believed to have introduced their deity Mumba from Kathiawar (<a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>), where her worship continues to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-munshi_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-munshi-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rnmehta_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rnmehta-24">[24]</a></sup> However, other sources disagree that Mumbai's name was derived from the goddess Mumba.<sup id="cite_ref-rnmehta_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rnmehta-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbadevi_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mumbadevi_temple.jpg/170px-Mumbadevi_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mumbadevi_temple.jpg/255px-Mumbadevi_temple.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mumbadevi_temple.jpg/340px-Mumbadevi_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mumba_Devi_Temple" title="Mumba Devi Temple">Mumba Devi Temple</a>, from whom the city of Mumbai may derive its name.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The oldest known names for the city are <i>Kakamuchee</i> and <i>Galajunkja</i>; these are sometimes still used.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> Portuguese writer <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Correia" title="Gaspar Correia">Gaspar Correia</a> recorded the name "Bombaim" after 1512 in his <i>Lendas da Índia</i> (<i>Legends of India</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-et6yh_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-et6yh-40">[40]</a></sup> While some anglophone authors have suggested this name possibly originated as an allegued <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese</a> phrase <i>bom baim</i>, meaning "good little bay",<sup id="cite_ref-Shirodkar_1998_7_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirodkar_1998_7-41">[41]</a></sup> such suggestions lack any scientific basis.<sup id="cite_ref-jpm2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpm2-42">[42]</a></sup> Portuguese linguist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Pedro_Machado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Pedro Machado (page does not exist)">José Pedro Machado</a> attrributes that interpretation to a deficient knowledge of the Portuguese language of these authors, mixing up the Portuguese word "bom" with the English "bay", from the English version of the name.<sup id="cite_ref-jpm2_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpm2-42">[42]</a></sup> In 1516, Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa" title="Duarte Barbosa">Duarte Barbosa</a> used the name <i>Tana-Maiambu</i>: <i>Tana</i> appears to refer to the adjoining town of <a href="/wiki/Thane" title="Thane">Thane</a> and <i>Maiambu</i> to <i>Mumbadevi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> The form <i>Bombaim</i> is still commonly used in Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-ety_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ety-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include: <i>Mombayn</i> (1525), <i>Bombay</i> (1538), <i>Bombain</i> (1552), <i>Bombaym</i> (1552), <i>Monbaym</i> (1554), <i>Mombaim</i> (1563), <i>Mombaym</i> (1644), <i>Bambaye</i> (1666), <i>Bombaiim</i> (1666), <i>Bombeye</i> (1676), <i>Boon Bay</i> (1690),<sup id="cite_ref-ety_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ety-44">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-etyh_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etyh-45">[45]</a></sup> and <i>Bon Bahia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a> gained possession of the city in the 17th century, the Portuguese name was <a href="/wiki/Anglicise" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicise">anglicised</a> as <i>Bombay</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial <a href="/wiki/Dewan" title="Dewan">dewan</a> or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the <i>Mirat-i Ahmedi</i> (1762) referred to the city as <i>Manbai</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>The French traveller <a href="/wiki/Louis_Rousselet" title="Louis Rousselet">Louis Rousselet</a>, who visited in 1863 and 1868, states in his book <i>L'Inde des Rajahs</i>, which was first published in 1877: "Etymologists have wrongly derived this name from the Portuguese Bôa Bahia, or (French: "bonne bai", English: "good bay"), not knowing that the tutelar goddess of this island has been, from remote antiquity, Bomba, or <a href="/wiki/Mumba_Devi_Temple" title="Mumba Devi Temple">Mumba Devi</a>, and that she still ... possesses a temple".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p>By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as <i>Mumbai</i> or <i>Mambai</i> in Marathi, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, and as <i>Bambai</i> in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Christopher_Beam_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Beam-50">[50]</a></sup> The Government of India officially changed the English name to <i>Mumbai</i> in November 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> This came at the insistence of the Marathi nationalist <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena" title="Shiv Sena">Shiv Sena</a> party, which had just won the Maharashtra state elections, and mirrored <a href="/wiki/Renaming_of_cities_in_India" title="Renaming of cities in India">similar name changes across the country</a> and particularly in Maharashtra.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i> magazine, "they argued that 'Bombay' was a corrupted English version of 'Mumbai' and an unwanted legacy of British colonial rule."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> <i>Slate</i> also said "The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> While Mumbai is still referred to as Bombay by some of its residents and by some Indians from other regions,<sup id="cite_ref-24change_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24change-55">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mummaharashtra1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mummaharashtra1-56">[56]</a></sup> mention of the city by a name other than <i>Mumbai</i> has been controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="People_from_Mumbai">People from Mumbai</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar seção: People from Mumbai">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>A resident of Mumbai is called <i>Mumbaikar</i> (pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">[mumbəikəɾ]</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, in which the suffix <i>-kar</i> means a <i>resident of</i>. The term had been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai.<sup id="cite_ref-Mumbaikar_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mumbaikar-59">[59]</a></sup> Older terms such as <i>Bombayite</i> are also in use.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar seção: History">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mumbai" title="History of Mumbai">History of Mumbai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mumbai" title="Timeline of Mumbai">Timeline of Mumbai</a></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1062260506">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:22em; ; font-size: 90%; background-color: #B0C4DE;">
<div class="quotebox-title" style="background-color: #B0C4DE;">Historical affiliations</div>
<blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">
<p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a> 1843–1947<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bombay_State" title="Bombay State">Bombay State</a> 1947–1960<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/..Maharashtra_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/23px-..Maharashtra_Flag%28INDIA%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/..Maharashtra_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/35px-..Maharashtra_Flag%28INDIA%29.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/..Maharashtra_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/45px-..Maharashtra_Flag%28INDIA%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> 1960–Present
</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_history">Early history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar seção: Early history">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbai_03-2016_94_Kanheri_Caves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white Buddhist stupa." src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mumbai_03-2016_94_Kanheri_Caves.jpg/170px-Mumbai_03-2016_94_Kanheri_Caves.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mumbai_03-2016_94_Kanheri_Caves.jpg/255px-Mumbai_03-2016_94_Kanheri_Caves.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mumbai_03-2016_94_Kanheri_Caves.jpg/340px-Mumbai_03-2016_94_Kanheri_Caves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2532" data-file-height="4051" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kanheri_Caves" title="Kanheri Caves">Kanheri Caves</a> contain Buddhist sculptures and paintings dating from the 1st century CE to the 10th century CE.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of <a href="/wiki/Seven_islands_of_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven islands of Bombay">seven islands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Bombay" title="Isle of Bombay">Isle of Bombay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parel" title="Parel">Parel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazagaon" title="Mazagaon">Mazagaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahim" title="Mahim">Mahim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colaba" title="Colaba">Colaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worli" title="Worli">Worli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Woman%27s_Island" title="Old Woman's Island">Old Woman's Island</a> (also known as <i>Little Colaba</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> It is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited. <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> sediments found along the coastal areas around <a href="/wiki/Kandivali" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandivali">Kandivali</a> in northern Mumbai suggest that the islands were inhabited since the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Asian Stone Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> Perhaps at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>, or possibly earlier, they came to be occupied by the Koli fishing community.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-city-profile_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-city-profile-65">[65]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the 3rd century BCE, the islands formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>, during its expansion in the south, ruled by the Buddhist emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> of <a href="/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha">Magadha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kanheri_Caves" title="Kanheri Caves">Kanheri Caves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Borivali" title="Borivali">Borivali</a> were excavated from basalt rock in the first century CE,<sup id="cite_ref-Ray_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray-67">[67]</a></sup> and served as an important centre of Buddhism in Western India during ancient Times.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> The city then was known as <i>Heptanesia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> in 150 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mahakali_Caves" title="Mahakali Caves">Mahakali Caves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andheri" title="Andheri">Andheri</a> were cut out between the 1st century BCE and the 6th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-battleneglect_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-battleneglect-70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-threattocaves_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-threattocaves-71">[71]</a></sup>
</p><p>Between the 2nd century BCE and 9th century CE, the islands came under the control of successive <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mumbai_under_indigenous_empires" title="History of Mumbai under indigenous empires">indigenous dynasties</a>: <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abhira_Kingdom" title="Abhira Kingdom">Abhira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalachuri_dynasty" title="Kalachuri dynasty">Kalachuris</a>, Konkan Mauryas, <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukyas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakutas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup> before being ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Shilahara" title="Shilahara">Shilaharas</a> from 810 to 1260.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> Some of the oldest edifices in the city built during this period are the <a href="/wiki/Jogeshwari_Caves" title="Jogeshwari Caves">Jogeshwari Caves</a> (between 520 and 525),<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a> (between the sixth to seventh century),<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walkeshwar_Temple" title="Walkeshwar Temple">Walkeshwar Temple</a> (10th century),<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walkeshwar_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walkeshwar-77">[77]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Banganga_Tank" title="Banganga Tank">Banganga Tank</a> (12th century).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Banganga_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banganga-79">[79]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hajiali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hajiali.jpg/220px-Hajiali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hajiali.jpg/330px-Hajiali.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hajiali.jpg/440px-Hajiali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Haji_Ali_Dargah" title="Haji Ali Dargah">Haji Ali Dargah</a> was built in 1431, when Mumbai was under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Gujarat Sultanate">Gujarat Sultanate</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/wiki/Bhima_of_Mahikavati" title="Bhima of Mahikavati">King Bhimdev</a> founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century and established his capital in <i>Mahikawati</i> (present day <a href="/wiki/Mahim" title="Mahim">Mahim</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pathare_Prabhu" title="Pathare Prabhu">Pathare Prabhus</a>, among the earliest known settlers of the city, were brought to <i>Mahikawati</i> from <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a> in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev.<sup id="cite_ref-prabhu_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prabhu-81">[81]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> annexed the islands in 1347–48 and controlled it until 1407. During this time, the islands were administered by the Muslim Governors of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, who were appointed by the Delhi Sultanate.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup>
</p><p>The islands were later governed by the independent <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Gujarat Sultanate">Gujarat Sultanate</a>, which was established in 1407. As a result of the Sultanate's support, numerous mosques were built, with one notable example being the <a href="/wiki/Haji_Ali_Dargah" title="Haji Ali Dargah">Haji Ali Dargah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Worli" title="Worli">Worli</a>. Erected in 1431, this magnificent structure pays homage to the revered Muslim saint, Haji Ali.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup> From 1429 to 1431, the islands were a source of contention between the Gujarat Sultanate and the <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a> of Deccan.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mis_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mis-86">[86]</a></sup> In 1493, <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Khan_Gilani" title="Bahadur Khan Gilani">Bahadur Khan Gilani</a> of the Bahmani Sultanate attempted to conquer the islands but was defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Portuguese_and_British_rule">Portuguese and British rule</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar seção: Portuguese and British rule">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bombay_under_Portuguese_rule_(1534%E2%80%931661)" title="History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)">History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bombay_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bombay under British rule">History of Bombay under British rule</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madh-fort3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Madh-fort3.jpg/220px-Madh-fort3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Madh-fort3.jpg/330px-Madh-fort3.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Madh-fort3.jpg/440px-Madh-fort3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Madh_Island" title="Madh Island">Madh Fort</a>, built by the Portuguese, was one of the most important forts in <a href="/wiki/Salsette_Island" title="Salsette Island">Salsette</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, founded in 1526, was the dominant power in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> during the mid-16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup> Growing apprehensive of the power of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a>, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_of_Gujarat" title="Bahadur Shah of Gujarat">Bahadur Shah of Gujarat</a> was obliged to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bassein_(1534)" title="Treaty of Bassein (1534)">Treaty of Bassein</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> on 23 December 1534. According to the treaty, the Seven Islands of Bombay, the nearby strategic town of <a href="/wiki/Vasai" title="Vasai">Bassein</a> and its dependencies were offered to the Portuguese. The territories were later surrendered on 25 October 1535.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbai_03-2016_72_Flora_Fountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mumbai_03-2016_72_Flora_Fountain.jpg/220px-Mumbai_03-2016_72_Flora_Fountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mumbai_03-2016_72_Flora_Fountain.jpg/330px-Mumbai_03-2016_72_Flora_Fountain.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mumbai_03-2016_72_Flora_Fountain.jpg/440px-Mumbai_03-2016_72_Flora_Fountain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3353" data-file-height="4191" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flora_Fountain" title="Flora Fountain">Flora Fountain</a>, built in Neo Classical and Gothic Revival style in 1864, depicts the Roman goddess <a href="/wiki/Flora_(mythology)" title="Flora (mythology)">Flora</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> religious orders in Bombay.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup> They called the islands by various names, which finally took the written form <i>Bombaim</i>. The islands were leased to several Portuguese officers during their regime. The Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> built several churches in the city, prominent being the <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church_(Mumbai)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael's Church (Mumbai)">St. Michael's Church</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mahim" title="Mahim">Mahim</a> (1534),<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist_Church,_Mumbai" title="St. John the Baptist Church, Mumbai">St. John the Baptist Church</a> at <a href="/wiki/Andheri" title="Andheri">Andheri</a> (1579),<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Church_(Mumbai)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrew's Church (Mumbai)">St. Andrew's Church</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bandra" title="Bandra">Bandra</a> (1580),<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Church" title="Gloria Church">Gloria Church</a> at <a href="/wiki/Byculla" title="Byculla">Byculla</a> (1632).<sup id="cite_ref-gc_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gc-94">[94]</a></sup> The Portuguese also built several fortifications around the city like the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Castle" title="Bombay Castle">Bombay Castle</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Castella_de_Aguada" title="Castella de Aguada">Castella de Aguada</a></i> (Castelo da Aguada or Bandra Fort), and <a href="/wiki/Madh_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Madh Fort">Madh Fort</a>. The <a href="/wiki/English_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="English Empire">English</a> were in constant struggle with the Portuguese vying for hegemony over Mumbai, as they recognised its strategic natural harbour and its natural isolation from land attacks. By the middle of the 17th century the growing power of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a> forced the <a href="/wiki/English_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="English Empire">English</a> to acquire a station in western India. On 11 May 1661, the marriage treaty of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal" title="John IV of Portugal">King John IV of Portugal</a>, placed the islands in possession of the <a href="/wiki/English_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="English Empire">English Empire</a>, as part of Catherine's <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> to Charles.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Salsette_Island" title="Salsette Island">Salsette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasai" title="Vasai">Bassein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazagaon" title="Mazagaon">Mazagaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parel" title="Parel">Parel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worli" title="Worli">Worli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sion,_Mumbai" title="Sion, Mumbai">Sion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharavi" title="Dharavi">Dharavi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wadala_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadala Road">Wadala</a> still remained under Portuguese possession. From 1665 to 1666, the English managed to acquire Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMH-6748-NA_Two_views_of_the_English_fort_in_Bombay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/AMH-6748-NA_Two_views_of_the_English_fort_in_Bombay.jpg/220px-AMH-6748-NA_Two_views_of_the_English_fort_in_Bombay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/AMH-6748-NA_Two_views_of_the_English_fort_in_Bombay.jpg/330px-AMH-6748-NA_Two_views_of_the_English_fort_in_Bombay.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/AMH-6748-NA_Two_views_of_the_English_fort_in_Bombay.jpg/440px-AMH-6748-NA_Two_views_of_the_English_fort_in_Bombay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2145" /></a><figcaption>Two views of the English fort in Bombay, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1665</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter_of_27_March_1668" title="Royal Charter of 27 March 1668">Royal Charter of 27 March 1668</a>, England leased these islands to the <a href="/wiki/English_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="English East India Company">English East India Company</a> in 1668 for a sum of <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>10 per annum.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup> The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup> The islands were subsequently attacked by <a href="/wiki/Yakut_Khan" title="Yakut Khan">Yakut Khan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli</a><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup> admiral of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, in October 1672,<sup id="cite_ref-y72_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y72-103">[103]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rickloffe_van_Goen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rickloffe van Goen">Rickloffe van Goen</a>, the Governor-General of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch India</a> on 20 February 1673,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a> admiral <a href="/wiki/Siddi_Sambal" title="Siddi Sambal">Sambal</a> on 10 October 1673.<sup id="cite_ref-y72_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y72-103">[103]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1687, the English East India Company transferred its headquarters from <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> to Mumbai. The city eventually became the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup> Following the transfer, Mumbai was placed at the head of all the company's establishments in India.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup> Towards the end of the 17th century, the islands again suffered incursions from Yakut Khan in 1689–90.<sup id="cite_ref-iexpress_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iexpress-107">[107]</a></sup> The Portuguese presence ended in Mumbai when the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a> under <i><a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Baji_Rao_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Baji Rao I">Baji Rao I</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Salsette_Island" title="Salsette Island">Salsette</a> in 1737, and <a href="/wiki/Vasai" title="Vasai">Bassein</a> in 1739.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup>
By the middle of the 18th century, Mumbai began to grow into a major trading town, and received a huge influx of migrants from across India.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup> Later, the British occupied Salsette on 28 December 1774. With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Surat" title="Treaty of Surat">Treaty of Surat</a> (1775), the British formally gained control of <a href="/wiki/Salsette" class="mw-redirect" title="Salsette">Salsette</a> and Bassein, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup> The British were able to secure Salsette from the Marathas without violence through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Purandar_(1776)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Purandar (1776)">Treaty of Purandar (1776)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup> and later through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Salbai" title="Treaty of Salbai">Treaty of Salbai</a> (1782), signed to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ships_in_Bombay_Harbour,_1731.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ships_in_Bombay_Harbour%2C_1731.jpg/220px-Ships_in_Bombay_Harbour%2C_1731.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ships_in_Bombay_Harbour%2C_1731.jpg/330px-Ships_in_Bombay_Harbour%2C_1731.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ships_in_Bombay_Harbour%2C_1731.jpg/440px-Ships_in_Bombay_Harbour%2C_1731.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Ships in <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay Harbour">Mumbai Harbour</a> (c. 1731). Mumbai emerged as a significant trading town during the mid-18th century.</figcaption></figure>
<p>From 1782 onwards, the city was reshaped with large-scale civil engineering projects aimed at merging all the <a href="/wiki/Seven_islands_of_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven islands of Bombay">seven islands of Bombay</a> into a single amalgamated mass by way of a <a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">causeway</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Hornby_Vellard" title="Hornby Vellard">Hornby Vellard</a>, which was completed by 1784.<sup id="cite_ref-Dwivedi_2001_28_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dwivedi_2001_28-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup> In 1817, the British East India Company under <a href="/wiki/Mountstuart_Elphinstone" title="Mountstuart Elphinstone">Mountstuart Elphinstone</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Baji_Rao_II" title="Baji Rao II">Baji Rao II</a>, the last of the Maratha <i>Peshwa</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khadki" title="Battle of Khadki">Battle of Khadki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup> Following his defeat, almost the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> came under British suzerainty, and was incorporated into the Bombay Presidency. The success of the British campaign in the Deccan marked the end of all attacks by native powers.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup>
</p><p>By 1845, the seven islands coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard project via large scale <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fp-onceuponatime_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fp-onceuponatime-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mumfact_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mumfact-116">[116]</a></sup> On 16 April 1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Mumbai to the neighbouring town of <a href="/wiki/Thane" title="Thane">Thana</a> (now Thane).<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865), the city became the world's chief cotton-trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy that subsequently enhanced the city's stature.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup>
</p><p>The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in 1869 transformed Mumbai into one of the largest seaports on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup> In September 1896, Mumbai was hit by a <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_plague_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai plague epidemic">bubonic plague epidemic</a> where the death toll was estimated at 1,900 people per week.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup> About 850,000 people fled Mumbai and the textile industry was adversely affected.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></sup> While the city was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> fostered the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a> in 1942 and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Royal Indian Navy mutiny</a> in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Independent_India">Independent India</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar seção: Independent India">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bombay_in_Independent_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bombay in Independent India">History of Bombay in Independent India</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Terminus,_Bombay_in_1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Victoria_Terminus%2C_Bombay_in_1950.jpg/220px-Victoria_Terminus%2C_Bombay_in_1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Victoria_Terminus%2C_Bombay_in_1950.jpg/330px-Victoria_Terminus%2C_Bombay_in_1950.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Victoria_Terminus%2C_Bombay_in_1950.jpg/440px-Victoria_Terminus%2C_Bombay_in_1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporation_Building,_Mumbai" title="Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai">Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai</a> in 1950 (Victoria Terminus partly visible on far right)</figcaption></figure>
<p>After India's independence in 1947, the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a> retained by India was restructured into <a href="/wiki/Bombay_State" title="Bombay State">Bombay State</a>. The area of <a href="/wiki/Bombay_State" title="Bombay State">Bombay State</a> increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into the state. Subsequently, the city became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Bombay_State" title="Bombay State">Bombay State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup> In April 1950, Municipal limits of Mumbai were expanded by merging the <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_suburban_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai suburban district">Mumbai Suburban District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_city_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai city district">Mumbai City</a> to form the Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Maharashtra_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyukta Maharashtra movement">Samyukta Maharashtra movement</a> to create a separate Maharashtra state including Mumbai was at its height in the 1950s. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></i> discussions in 1955, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress party</a> demanded that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="States Reorganisation Act">States Reorganisation</a> Committee recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra–<a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> with Mumbai as its capital in its 1955 report. <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Citizens%27_Committee" title="Bombay Citizens' Committee">Bombay Citizens' Committee</a>, an advocacy group of leading <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati</a> industrialists lobbied for Mumbai's independent status.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup>
</p><p>
Following protests during the movement in which 105 people died in clashes with the police, <a href="/wiki/Bombay_State" title="Bombay State">Bombay State</a> was reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>-speaking areas of <a href="/wiki/Bombay_State" title="Bombay State">Bombay State</a> were partitioned into the state of Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup> Maharashtra State with Mumbai as its capital was formed with the merger of <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>-speaking areas of <a href="/wiki/Bombay_State" title="Bombay State">Bombay State</a>, eight districts from <a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces_and_Berar" title="Central Provinces and Berar">Central Provinces and Berar</a>, five districts from <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a>, and numerous princely states enclosed between them.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup> As a memorial to the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, Flora Fountain was renamed as <i><a href="/wiki/Hutatma_Chowk" title="Hutatma Chowk">Hutatma Chowk</a></i> (Martyr's Square) and a memorial was erected.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hutatma_Chowk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A stone statue of torch-bearers as seen at night. A fountain with a white base is in the background" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hutatma_Chowk.jpg/170px-Hutatma_Chowk.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hutatma_Chowk.jpg/255px-Hutatma_Chowk.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hutatma_Chowk.jpg/340px-Hutatma_Chowk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hutatma_Chowk" title="Hutatma Chowk">Hutatma Chowk</a> memorial, built to honour the martyrs of the <a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Maharashtra_Samiti" title="Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti">Samyukta Maharashtra movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flora_Fountain" title="Flora Fountain">Flora Fountain</a> on its left in the background)</figcaption></figure><p>The following decades saw massive expansion of the city and its suburbs. In the late 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Nariman_Point" title="Nariman Point">Nariman Point</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuffe_Parade" title="Cuffe Parade">Cuffe Parade</a> were reclaimed and developed.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region_Development_Authority" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority">Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority</a> (BMRDA) was established on 26 January 1975 by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">Government of Maharashtra</a> as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai metropolitan area">Mumbai metropolitan region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup> In August 1979, a sister township of <a href="/wiki/New_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="New Bombay">New Mumbai</a> was founded by the <a href="/wiki/City_and_Industrial_Development_Corporation" title="City and Industrial Development Corporation">City and Industrial Development Corporation</a> (CIDCO) across the <a href="/wiki/Thane_district" title="Thane district">Thane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raigad_district" title="Raigad district">Raigad districts</a> to help the dispersal and control of Mumbai's population. The textile industry in Mumbai largely disappeared after the widespread 1982 <a href="/wiki/Great_Bombay_Textile_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Bombay Textile Strike">Great Bombay Textile Strike</a>, in which nearly 250,000 workers in more than 50 textile mills went on strike.<sup id="cite_ref-a_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-134">[134]</a></sup> Mumbai's defunct cotton mills have since become the focus of <a href="/wiki/Redevelopment_of_Mumbai_mills" title="Redevelopment of Mumbai mills">intense redevelopment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-skylimit_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skylimit-135">[135]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-revisitmills_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revisitmills-136">[136]</a></sup> Industrial development began in Mumbai when its economy started focusing on the petrochemical, electronic, and automotive sectors. In 1954 <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Petroleum" title="Hindustan Petroleum">Hindustan Petroleum</a> comissoned <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Refinery_(HPCL)" title="Mumbai Refinery (HPCL)">Mumbai Refinery</a> at <a href="/wiki/Trombay" title="Trombay">Trombay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Refinery_(BPCL)" title="Mumbai Refinery (BPCL)">BPCL Refinery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Port" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Port">Jawaharlal Nehru Port</a>, which handles 55–60% of India's containerized cargo, was commissioned on 26 May 1989 across the creek at <a href="/wiki/Nhava_Sheva" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhava Sheva">Nhava Sheva</a> with a view to de-congest <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Harbour" title="Mumbai Harbour">Mumbai Harbour</a> and to serve as a hub port for the city.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></sup> The geographical limits of Greater Mumbai were coextensive with municipal limits of Greater Mumbai. On 1 October 1990, the Greater Mumbai district was bifurcated to form two revenue districts namely, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_City_district" title="Mumbai City district">Mumbai City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Suburban_district" title="Mumbai Suburban district">Mumbai Suburban</a>, though they continued to be administered by same Municipal Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup>
</p><p>The years from 1990 to 2010 saw an increase in violence and terrorism activities. Following the <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid" title="Demolition of the Babri Masjid">demolition of the Babri Masjid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, the city was rocked by the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_riots" title="Bombay riots">Hindu-Muslim riots of 1992–93</a> in which more than 1,000 people were killed. In March 1993, <a href="/wiki/1993_Bombay_bombings" title="1993 Bombay bombings">a series of 13 coordinated bombings</a> at several city landmarks by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld#Mumbai_underworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld">Mumbai underworld</a> resulted in 257 deaths and over 700 injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></sup> In 2006, 209 people were killed and over 700 injured when <a href="/wiki/2006_Mumbai_train_bombings" title="2006 Mumbai train bombings">seven bombs exploded</a> on the city's <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Suburban_Railway" title="Mumbai Suburban Railway">commuter trains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup> In 2008, a series of <a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">ten coordinated attacks</a> by armed terrorists for three days resulted in 173 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to several heritage landmarks and prestigious hotels.<sup id="cite_ref-Casualties_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casualties-142">[142]</a></sup> The three coordinated <a href="/wiki/2011_Mumbai_bombings" title="2011 Mumbai bombings">bomb explosions in July 2011</a> that occurred at the <a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">Opera house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaveri_Bazaar" title="Zaveri Bazaar">Zaveri Bazaar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dadar" title="Dadar">Dadar</a> were the latest in the series of terrorist attacks in Mumbai which resulted in 26 deaths and 130 injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13_July_Mumbai_bombings_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13_July_Mumbai_bombings-144">[144]</a></sup>
</p><p>Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and has evolved into a global financial hub.<sup id="cite_ref-Mumbai_global_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mumbai_global-145">[145]</a></sup> For several decades it has been the home of India's main financial services companies, and a focus for both infrastructure development and private investment.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></sup> From being an ancient fishing community and a colonial centre of trade, Mumbai has become South Asia's largest city and home of the world's most prolific film industry.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar seção: Geography">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mumbai" title="Geography of Mumbai">Geography of Mumbai</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_Mumbai" title="South Mumbai">South Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Suburbs_(Mumbai)" title="Western Suburbs (Mumbai)">Western Suburbs (Mumbai)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Suburbs_(Mumbai)" title="Eastern Suburbs (Mumbai)">Eastern Suburbs (Mumbai)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Mumbai" title="List of neighbourhoods in Mumbai">List of neighbourhoods in Mumbai</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbai_432_pan_crop_375_(27105063465).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mumbai_432_pan_crop_375_%2827105063465%29.jpg/170px-Mumbai_432_pan_crop_375_%2827105063465%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mumbai_432_pan_crop_375_%2827105063465%29.jpg/255px-Mumbai_432_pan_crop_375_%2827105063465%29.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mumbai_432_pan_crop_375_%2827105063465%29.jpg/340px-Mumbai_432_pan_crop_375_%2827105063465%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1941" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Satellite_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite image">Satellite image</a> of Mumbai</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbaicitydistricts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mumbaicitydistricts.png/170px-Mumbaicitydistricts.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Mumbaicitydistricts.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Mumbai consists of two revenue districts.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Mumbai is on a narrow peninsula on the southwest of <a href="/wiki/Salsette_Island" title="Salsette Island">Salsette Island</a>, which lies between the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Thane_Creek" title="Thane Creek">Thane Creek</a> to the east and <a href="/wiki/Vasai_Creek" title="Vasai Creek">Vasai Creek</a> to the north. Mumbai's suburban district occupies most of the island. <a href="/wiki/Navi_Mumbai" title="Navi Mumbai">Navi Mumbai</a> is east of Thane Creek and <a href="/wiki/Thane" title="Thane">Thane</a> is north of <a href="/wiki/Vasai_Creek" title="Vasai Creek">Vasai Creek</a>. Mumbai consists of two distinct regions: <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_City_district" title="Mumbai City district">Mumbai City district</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Suburban_district" title="Mumbai Suburban district">Mumbai Suburban district</a>, which form two separate revenue districts of Maharashtra.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></sup> The city district region is also commonly referred to as the <i>Island City</i> or <a href="/wiki/South_Mumbai" title="South Mumbai">South Mumbai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mmrda_muip_gdp_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmrda_muip_gdp-31">[31]</a></sup> The total area of Mumbai is 603.4 km<sup>2</sup> (233 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></sup> Of this, the island city spans 67.79 km<sup>2</sup> (26 sq mi), while the suburban district spans 370 km<sup>2</sup> (143 sq mi), together accounting for 437.71 km<sup>2</sup> (169 sq mi) under the administration of <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporation_of_Greater_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai">Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai</a> (MCGM). The remaining areas belong to various Defence establishments, the <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Port_Trust" title="Mumbai Port Trust">Mumbai Port Trust</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Commission_of_India" title="Atomic Energy Commission of India">Atomic Energy Commission</a> and the Borivali National Park, which are out of the jurisdiction of the MCGM.<sup id="cite_ref-trf_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trf-150">[150]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai Metropolitan Region</a> which includes portions of <a href="/wiki/Thane_district" title="Thane district">Thane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palghar_district" title="Palghar district">Palghar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raigad_district" title="Raigad district">Raigad</a> districts in addition to Greater Mumbai, covers an area of 4,355 km<sup>2</sup> (1681.5 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-projectsecoa1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-projectsecoa1-8">[8]</a></sup>
Mumbai lies at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Ulhas_River" title="Ulhas River">Ulhas River</a> on the western coast of India, in the coastal region known as the <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a>. It sits on <a href="/wiki/Salsette_Island" title="Salsette Island">Salsette Island</a> (Sashti Island), which it partially shares with the <a href="/wiki/Thane_district" title="Thane district">Thane district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-geo_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geo-151">[151]</a></sup> Mumbai is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-mloc_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mloc-152">[152]</a></sup> Many parts of the city lie just above sea level, with elevations ranging from 10 m (33 ft) to 15 m (49 ft);<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></sup> the city has an average elevation of 14 m (46 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Wbase_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wbase-154">[154]</a></sup> Northern Mumbai (Salsette) is hilly,<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></sup> and the highest point in the city is 450 m (1,476 ft) at Salsette in the <a href="/wiki/Powai" title="Powai">Powai</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kanheri" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanheri">Kanheri</a> ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi_National_Park" title="Sanjay Gandhi National Park">Sanjay Gandhi National Park</a> (Borivali National Park) is located partly in the <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_suburban_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai suburban district">Mumbai suburban district</a>, and partly in the Thane district, and it extends over an area of 103.09 km<sup>2</sup> (39.80 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></sup>
</p><p>Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Bhatsa_Dam" title="Bhatsa Dam">Bhatsa Dam</a>, there are six major lakes that supply water to the city: <a href="/wiki/Vihar_Lake" title="Vihar Lake">Vihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Vaitarna_Dam" title="Middle Vaitarna Dam">Lower Vaitarna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Vaitarna_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Vaitarna Dam">Upper Vaitarna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Lake" title="Tulsi Lake">Tulsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tansa_Dam" title="Tansa Dam">Tansa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Powai" title="Powai">Powai</a>. Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located in <a href="/wiki/Borivili_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Borivili National Park">Borivili National Park</a>, within the city's limits. The supply from Powai lake, also within the city limits, is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></sup> Three small rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Dahisar_River" title="Dahisar River">Dahisar River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poisar_River" title="Poisar River">Poinsar (or Poisar)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oshiwara_River" title="Oshiwara River">Ohiwara (or Oshiwara)</a> originate within the park, while the polluted <a href="/wiki/Mithi_River" title="Mithi River">Mithi River</a> originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai Lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></sup> The coastline of the city is indented with numerous <a href="/wiki/Creek_(tidal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek (tidal)">creeks</a> and bays, stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Thane_creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Thane creek">Thane creek</a> on the
eastern to Madh Marve on the western front.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></sup> The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a>, rich in biodiversity, while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></sup>
</p><p>Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></sup> The underlying rock of the region is composed of black <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> basalt flows, and their acidic and <a href="/wiki/Basic_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic (chemistry)">basic</a> variants dating back to the late <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> eras.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></sup> Mumbai sits on a <a href="/wiki/Seismicity" title="Seismicity">seismically active</a> zone owing to the presence of 23 <a href="/wiki/Fault_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault line">fault lines</a> in the vicinity.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></sup> The area is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_hazard_zoning_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquake hazard zoning of India">Seismic Zone III region</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></sup> which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter magnitude scale may be expected.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar seção: Climate">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mumbai" title="Climate of Mumbai">Climate of Mumbai</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Climate_Action_Plan" title="Mumbai Climate Action Plan">Mumbai Climate Action Plan</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_mumbai_temperature_precipitation_averages_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The average temperature ranges between 23 °C (73 °F) in January to 30 °C (86 °F) in May. Rainfall is at or near zero from November through May, then quickly rises to a peak of about 600 mm (23.62 in) in July, falling back more gradually." src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/India_mumbai_temperature_precipitation_averages_chart.svg/220px-India_mumbai_temperature_precipitation_averages_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/India_mumbai_temperature_precipitation_averages_chart.svg/330px-India_mumbai_temperature_precipitation_averages_chart.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/India_mumbai_temperature_precipitation_averages_chart.svg/440px-India_mumbai_temperature_precipitation_averages_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Average temperature and precipitation in Mumbai</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbai_Skyline_during_monsoon_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mumbai_Skyline_during_monsoon_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Mumbai_Skyline_during_monsoon_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mumbai_Skyline_during_monsoon_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Mumbai_Skyline_during_monsoon_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mumbai_Skyline_during_monsoon_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Mumbai_Skyline_during_monsoon_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Mumbai" title="List of tallest buildings in Mumbai">Skyline of Mumbai</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_of_South_Asia" title="Monsoon of South Asia">monsoon</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Mumbai has an extreme <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical wet and dry climate</a> (<i>Aw</i>) under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, although the central and southern suburbs have a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">tropical monsoon climate</a> (<i>Am</i>) with even heavier wet season rainfall. Mumbai has a virtually rainless period extending from October to May and an extremely wet period peaking in July.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></sup> A cooler season from December to February is followed by a hotter season from March to May. The period from June to about the end of September constitutes the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_of_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsoon of Indian subcontinent">south west monsoon</a> season, and October and November form the post-monsoon season.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></sup>
</p><p>Between June and September, the <a href="/wiki/South-west_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="South-west monsoon">South-west monsoon</a> rains occur in Mumbai. Pre-monsoon showers are received in May. Occasionally, north-east monsoon showers occur in October and November. The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was 3,452 mm (136 in) for 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-clra_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clra-169">[169]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2005_Mumbai_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Mumbai floods">highest rainfall</a> recorded in a single day was 944 mm (37 in) on <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_floods_of_2005" title="Maharashtra floods of 2005">26 July 2005</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></sup> The average total annual rainfall is 2,213.4 mm (87 in) for the Island City, and 2,502.3 mm (99 in) for the suburbs.<sup id="cite_ref-clra_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clra-169">[169]</a></sup>
</p><p>The average annual temperature is 27 °C (81 °F), and the average annual <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> is 2,213 mm (87 in).<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></sup> In the Island City, the average maximum temperature is 31 °C (88 °F), while the average minimum temperature is 24 °C (75 °F). In the suburbs, the daily mean maximum temperature range from 29 °C (84 °F) to 33 °C (91 °F), while the daily mean minimum temperature ranges from 16 °C (61 °F) to 26 °C (79 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-clra_169-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clra-169">[169]</a></sup> The record high is 42.2 °C (108 °F) set on 14 April 1952,<sup id="cite_ref-IMDextremes_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMDextremes-172">[172]</a></sup> and the record low is 7.4 °C (45 °F) set on 27 January 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-IMDextremes_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMDextremes-172">[172]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tropical cyclones are rare in the city. The worst cyclone to ever impact Mumbai was the one in 1948 where gusts reached 151 km/h (94 mph) in Juhu. The storm left 38 people dead and 47 missing. The storm reportedly impacted Mumbai for 20 hours and left the city devastated.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></sup>
</p><p>
Mumbai is prone to <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> floods,<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></sup> caused due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> that is affected by heavy rains and <a href="/wiki/High_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="High tide">high tide</a> in the sea, according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, unplanned drainage system and <a href="/wiki/Informal_housing" title="Informal housing">informal settlement</a> is a key factor of frequent floods in Mumbai.<sup id="cite_ref-WEF_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WEF-179">[179]</a></sup> Among other causes of flooding in Mumbai is its <a href="/wiki/Geographical_feature" title="Geographical feature">geographic location</a>, Mumbai urban is peninsular in form, (a land-filled area that connects seven islands) a low laying area, compared to its suburbs that sit on an elevated location. Over the past few decades, new informal settlements were formed in the suburbs, causing a rapid increase in population, improper waste management, and drainage congestion. The rainwater from these areas heavily flows towards low-lying urban areas consisting of some slums and high-rise buildings. As a result, slums are either <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamped</a>, washed away, or collapse causing heavy casualties, and post-flood water logging lasts for a long time that causing blockage of railway lines-(most frequently used public transport in Mumbai), traffic snarl, inundated roads, and sub-merged bylanes. Over the past few decades, the frequency of floods in Mumbai is enormous, the <a href="/wiki/2005_Mumbai_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Mumbai floods">2005 Mumbai floods</a> are characterized by 500-1000 deaths, household displacements, damaged infrastructure-(including heritage sites), and a financial loss of <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span> 1.2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-WEF_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WEF-179">[179]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-david,david&Janel_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david,david&Janel-180">[180]</a></sup> In the process of reducing floods in Mumbai, the <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtra government">Maharashtra government</a> adopted a flood mitigation plan; according to which the drainage system will be restructured, restoration of <a href="/wiki/Mithi_River" title="Mithi River">Mithi River</a>, and re-establishment of informal settlements. Local civic body <a href="/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation">Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation</a> (BMC) authorities are assigned to forecast and issue eviction notices while BMC along with NGO's prepare for the evacuation of the residents of those areas to temporary safe camps.<sup id="cite_ref-WEF_179-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WEF-179">[179]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-david,david&Janel_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david,david&Janel-180">[180]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LSC_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSC-181">[181]</a></sup></p><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">
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<table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height: 1.2em; margin:;">
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<th colspan="14"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mumbai_weatherbox" title="Template:Mumbai weatherbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mumbai_weatherbox" title="Template talk:Mumbai weatherbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mumbai_weatherbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mumbai weatherbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Climate data for Mumbai (<a href="/wiki/Colaba" title="Colaba">Colaba</a>) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1901–present</div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Month
</th>
<th scope="col">Jan
</th>
<th scope="col">Feb
</th>
<th scope="col">Mar
</th>
<th scope="col">Apr
</th>
<th scope="col">May
</th>
<th scope="col">Jun
</th>
<th scope="col">Jul
</th>
<th scope="col">Aug
</th>
<th scope="col">Sep
</th>
<th scope="col">Oct
</th>
<th scope="col">Nov
</th>
<th scope="col">Dec
</th>
<th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0<br />(98.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.3<br />(100.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.6<br />(106.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.6<br />(105.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF0C00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.7<br />(103.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2<br />(99.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(96.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8<br />(92.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(96.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5<br />(103.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.4<br />(101.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(98.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FD0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.6<br />(106.9)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9<br />(94.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8<br />(96.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1<br />(95.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4<br />(95.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1<br />(89.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4<br />(97.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(97.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3<br />(95.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.6<br />(99.7)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average high °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2<br />(86.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3<br />(86.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9<br />(91.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0<br />(93.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9<br />(85.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9<br />(85.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1<br />(91.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8<br />(92.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br />(80.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3<br />(84.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(81.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average low °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3<br />(81.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(77.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24<br />(75)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.1)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches)
</th>
<td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(0.02)
</td>
<td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(0.02)
</td>
<td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(0.03)
</td>
<td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.01)
</td>
<td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(0.63)
</td>
<td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">506.0<br />(19.92)
</td>
<td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">768.5<br />(30.26)
</td>
<td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">471.9<br />(18.58)
</td>
<td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">355.6<br />(14.00)
</td>
<td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.7<br />(3.22)
</td>
<td style="background: #F1FFF1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5<br />(0.33)
</td>
<td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(0.13)
</td>
<td style="background: #00E600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,213.4<br />(87.14)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days
</th>
<td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1
</td>
<td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1
</td>
<td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0
</td>
<td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6
</td>
<td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.1
</td>
<td style="background: #0000ED; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">22.1
</td>
<td style="background: #0505FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">20.2
</td>
<td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.0
</td>
<td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6
</td>
<td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5
</td>
<td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3
</td>
<td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">75.6
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(at 17:30 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</span>
</th>
<td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62
</td>
<td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62
</td>
<td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63
</td>
<td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66
</td>
<td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68
</td>
<td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77
</td>
<td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85
</td>
<td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84
</td>
<td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80
</td>
<td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72
</td>
<td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65
</td>
<td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63
</td>
<td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">71
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15<br />(59)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16<br />(61)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19<br />(66)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22<br />(72)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(75)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25<br />(77)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25<br />(77)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(75)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(75)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22<br />(72)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19<br />(66)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16<br />(61)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21<br />(70)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a>
</th>
<td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.1
</td>
<td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">271.2
</td>
<td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.1
</td>
<td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.0
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">272.8
</td>
<td style="background: #C0C022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">138.0
</td>
<td style="background: #939393; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.6
</td>
<td style="background: #8D8D8D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.5
</td>
<td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">147.0
</td>
<td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">238.7
</td>
<td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">267.0
</td>
<td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">275.9
</td>
<td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,611.9
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a>
</th>
<td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1
</td>
<td style="background: #EEEE0C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6
</td>
<td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1
</td>
<td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3
</td>
<td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8
</td>
<td style="background: #C1C11C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6
</td>
<td style="background: #959595; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.6
</td>
<td style="background: #8F8F8F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.5
</td>
<td style="background: #C5C502; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9
</td>
<td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7
</td>
<td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9
</td>
<td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9
</td>
<td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.2
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a>
</th>
<td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8
</td>
<td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10
</td>
<td style="background: #B567A4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12
</td>
<td style="background: #B567A4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12
</td>
<td style="background: #B567A4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12
</td>
<td style="background: #B567A4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12
</td>
<td style="background: #B567A4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12
</td>
<td style="background: #B567A4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12
</td>
<td style="background: #B567A4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12
</td>
<td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10
</td>
<td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8
</td>
<td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7
</td>
<td style="background: #B567A4; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a> (sun 1971–2000)<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></sup>Time and Date (dewpoints, 1985-2015)<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1981–2010)<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></sup>Weather Atlas<sup id="cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-187">[187]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div>
<div>
<table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height: 1.2em; margin:;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="14">Climate data for Mumbai (<a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_International_Airport" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport">Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Santacruz,_Mumbai" title="Santacruz, Mumbai">Santacruz</a>) 1991–2020, extremes 1951–2012)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Month
</th>
<th scope="col">Jan
</th>
<th scope="col">Feb
</th>
<th scope="col">Mar
</th>
<th scope="col">Apr
</th>
<th scope="col">May
</th>
<th scope="col">Jun
</th>
<th scope="col">Jul
</th>
<th scope="col">Aug
</th>
<th scope="col">Sep
</th>
<th scope="col">Oct
</th>
<th scope="col">Nov
</th>
<th scope="col">Dec
</th>
<th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4<br />(99.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.6<br />(103.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.7<br />(107.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #F50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.2<br />(108.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.0<br />(105.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.8<br />(103.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2<br />(97.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5<br />(92.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0<br />(98.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.6<br />(101.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6<br />(99.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.8<br />(103.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #F50000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.2<br />(108.0)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average high °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1<br />(91.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4<br />(92.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7<br />(92.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br />(90.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2<br />(86.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6<br />(92.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1<br />(93.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(90.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average low °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9<br />(62.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(77.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5<br />(47.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9<br />(62.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches)
</th>
<td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.01)
</td>
<td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.01)
</td>
<td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.00)
</td>
<td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.00)
</td>
<td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(0.29)
</td>
<td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">526.3<br />(20.72)
</td>
<td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">919.9<br />(36.22)
</td>
<td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">560.8<br />(22.08)
</td>
<td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">383.5<br />(15.10)
</td>
<td style="background: #76FF76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.3<br />(3.59)
</td>
<td style="background: #EEFFEE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(0.43)
</td>
<td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(0.06)
</td>
<td style="background: #00C100; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,502.3<br />(98.52)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days
</th>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0
</td>
<td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0
</td>
<td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7
</td>
<td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.0
</td>
<td style="background: #0000DE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">23.3
</td>
<td style="background: #0000F5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">21.4
</td>
<td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.4
</td>
<td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9
</td>
<td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6
</td>
<td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2
</td>
<td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">78.6
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(at 17:30 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</span>
</th>
<td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49
</td>
<td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47
</td>
<td style="background: #3B3BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51
</td>
<td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59
</td>
<td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65
</td>
<td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74
</td>
<td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81
</td>
<td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81
</td>
<td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76
</td>
<td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63
</td>
<td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54
</td>
<td style="background: #3B3BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51
</td>
<td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">63
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a><sup id="cite_ref-IMDnormals_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMDnormals-188">[188]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Air_pollution">Air pollution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar seção: Air pollution">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a> is a major issue in Mumbai.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></sup> According to the 2016 <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database,<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></sup> the annual average <a href="/wiki/PM2.5" class="mw-redirect" title="PM2.5">PM2.5</a> concentration in 2013 was 63 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, which is 6.3 times higher than that recommended by the WHO Air Quality Guidelines<sup id="cite_ref-guidelines_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guidelines-194">[194]</a></sup> for the annual mean PM2.5. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Pollution_Control_Board" title="Central Pollution Control Board">Central Pollution Control Board</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Mumbai" title="Consulate General of the United States, Mumbai">Consulate General of the United States, Mumbai</a> monitor and publicly share real-time air quality data.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></sup> In December 2019, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Bombay">IIT Bombay</a>, in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/McKelvey_School_of_Engineering" title="McKelvey School of Engineering">McKelvey School of Engineering</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>, launched the Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility to study air pollution in Mumbai, among other Indian cities.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar seção: Economy">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mumbai" title="Economy of Mumbai">Economy of Mumbai</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF.jpg/220px-%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF.jpg/330px-%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF.jpg/440px-%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Some of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Mumbai" title="List of tallest buildings in Mumbai">tallest skyscrapers of Mumbai</a>, like <a href="/wiki/World_One" title="World One">World One</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Park_(residential_project)" title="The Park (residential project)">Lodha Park</a> complexes, can be found in <a href="/wiki/Parel" title="Parel">Lower Parel</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lodha_Altamount_-_An_epitome_of_luxury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Lodha_Altamount_-_An_epitome_of_luxury.jpg/220px-Lodha_Altamount_-_An_epitome_of_luxury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Lodha_Altamount_-_An_epitome_of_luxury.jpg/330px-Lodha_Altamount_-_An_epitome_of_luxury.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Lodha_Altamount_-_An_epitome_of_luxury.jpg/440px-Lodha_Altamount_-_An_epitome_of_luxury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Antilia_(building)" title="Antilia (building)">Antilia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lodha_Altamount" title="Lodha Altamount">Lodha Altamount</a> skyscrapers on <a href="/wiki/Altamount_Road" title="Altamount Road">Altamount Road</a>, also known as India's <a href="/wiki/Billionaires%27_Row" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Billionaires' Row">Billionaires' Row</a>.</div></div></div></div></div>
<p>Mumbai is India's second largest city (by population) and is the financial and commercial capital of the country as it generates 6.16% of the total GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-mmrda_muip_gdp_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmrda_muip_gdp-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mumbai_global_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mumbai_global-145">[145]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Financial_Express_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Financial_Express-198">[198]</a></sup> It serves as an economic hub of India; as of 2006, Mumbai contributed 10% of the nation's factory employment, 25% of industrial output, 33% of <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> collections, 60% of <a href="/wiki/Customs_(tax)" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs (tax)">customs duty</a> collections, 20% of central <a href="/wiki/Excise_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Excise tax">excise tax</a> collections, 40% of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade">foreign trade</a>, and <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>40 <a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000" title="1,000,000,000">billion</a></span> (equivalent to <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>130 billion or US$1.6 billion in 2023) in <a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax" title="Corporate tax">corporate taxes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></sup>
</p><p>Along with the rest of India, Mumbai has witnessed an economic boom since the <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">liberalisation of 1991</a>, the finance boom in the mid-nineties and the IT, export, services and outsourcing boom in the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></sup> Although Mumbai had prominently figured as the hub of economic activity of India in the 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai Metropolitan Region</a>'s contribution to India's GDP is currently declining.<sup id="cite_ref-ecoprofile_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecoprofile-201">[201]</a></sup>
</p><p>Recent estimates of the economy of the <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai Metropolitan Region</a> is estimated to be $606.625 billion (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a> <a href="/wiki/Gross_metropolitan_product" title="Gross metropolitan product">metro GDP</a>) ranking it either the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">most or second-most productive metro area</a> of India.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gqindia.com_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gqindia.com-204">[204]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gdp_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gdp-14">[14]</a></sup> Many of India's numerous conglomerates (including <a href="/wiki/Larsen_%26_Toubro" title="Larsen & Toubro">Larsen & Toubro</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_India" title="State Bank of India">State Bank of India</a> (SBI), <a href="/wiki/Life_Insurance_Corporation_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Life Insurance Corporation of India">Life Insurance Corporation of India</a> (LIC), <a href="/wiki/Tata_Group" title="Tata Group">Tata Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godrej_Group" title="Godrej Group">Godrej</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Mumbai_global_145-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mumbai_global-145">[145]</a></sup> and five of the <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a> companies are based in Mumbai.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a></sup> This is facilitated by the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> (RBI), the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay Stock Exchange</a> (BSE), the <a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National Stock Exchange of India</a> (NSE), and financial sector regulators such as the <a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a> (SEBI).<sup id="cite_ref-ecoprofile_201-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecoprofile-201">[201]</a></sup>
</p><p>Until the 1970s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport, but the local economy has since then diversified to include <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, diamond-polishing, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a> and information technology.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></sup>
The key sectors contributing to the city's economy are: finance, gems & jewellery, leather processing, IT and <a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing" title="Business process outsourcing">ITES</a>, textiles, petrochemical, electronics manufacturing, automobiles, and entertainment. <a href="/wiki/Nariman_Point" title="Nariman Point">Nariman Point</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bandra_Kurla_Complex" title="Bandra Kurla Complex">Bandra Kurla Complex</a> (BKC) are Mumbai's major financial centres.<sup id="cite_ref-ecoprofile_201-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecoprofile-201">[201]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:338px;max-width:338px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Sixty_West,Mumbai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Three_Sixty_West%2CMumbai.jpg/190px-Three_Sixty_West%2CMumbai.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Three_Sixty_West%2CMumbai.jpg/285px-Three_Sixty_West%2CMumbai.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Three_Sixty_West%2CMumbai.jpg/380px-Three_Sixty_West%2CMumbai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="1078" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Three_Sixty_West" title="Three Sixty West">Three Sixty West</a> Tower B, occupied by <a href="/wiki/The_Ritz-Carlton_Hotel_Company" title="The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company">The Ritz-Carlton</a>, is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Mumbai" title="List of tallest buildings in Mumbai">tallest commercial skyscrapers</a> in the city.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phiroze_Jeejeebhoy_Towers_Bombay_Stock_Exchange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Phiroze_Jeejeebhoy_Towers_Bombay_Stock_Exchange.jpg/140px-Phiroze_Jeejeebhoy_Towers_Bombay_Stock_Exchange.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Phiroze_Jeejeebhoy_Towers_Bombay_Stock_Exchange.jpg/210px-Phiroze_Jeejeebhoy_Towers_Bombay_Stock_Exchange.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Phiroze_Jeejeebhoy_Towers_Bombay_Stock_Exchange.jpg/280px-Phiroze_Jeejeebhoy_Towers_Bombay_Stock_Exchange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay Stock Exchange</a> is the oldest stock exchange in Asia.</div></div></div></div></div>
<p>Despite competition from <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, Mumbai has carved a niche for itself in the information technology industry. The <a href="/wiki/SEEPZ" title="SEEPZ">Santacruz Electronic Export Processing Zone</a> (SEEPZ) and the International Infotech Park (<a href="/wiki/Navi_Mumbai" title="Navi Mumbai">Navi Mumbai</a>) offer excellent facilities to IT companies.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></sup>
</p><p>State and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics, and other such <a href="/wiki/Blue_collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue collar">blue collar</a> professions. The port and shipping industry is well established, with <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai Port">Mumbai Port</a> being one of the oldest and most significant ports in India.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dharavi" title="Dharavi">Dharavi</a>, in central Mumbai, has an increasingly large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of the city; the district has an estimated 15,000 single-room factories.<sup id="cite_ref-gua_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gua-209">[209]</a></sup>
</p><p>As of 2023, Mumbai is home to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_number_of_billionaires" title="List of cities by number of billionaires">seventh-highest number of billionaires</a> of any city.<sup id="cite_ref-Mumbai_data_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mumbai_data-210">[210]</a></sup> With a total wealth of around $960 billion,<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></sup> it is the richest Indian city and one of the richest cities in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Mumbai_info_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mumbai_info-213">[213]</a></sup> As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Globalization and World Cities Study Group (GaWC) has ranked Mumbai as an "Alpha world city", third in its categories of <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global cities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lboro2008_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lboro2008-20">[20]</a></sup> Mumbai is the third most expensive office market in the world, and was ranked among the fastest cities in the country for business startup in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Bank_and_International_Financial_Corporation_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_and_International_Financial_Corporation-214">[214]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=11" title="Editar seção: Government and politics">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Civic_administration">Civic administration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=12" title="Editar seção: Civic administration">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Municipal_Corporation_of_Greater_Mumbai_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Municipal_Corporation_of_Greater_Mumbai_01.jpg/170px-Municipal_Corporation_of_Greater_Mumbai_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Municipal_Corporation_of_Greater_Mumbai_01.jpg/255px-Municipal_Corporation_of_Greater_Mumbai_01.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Municipal_Corporation_of_Greater_Mumbai_01.jpg/340px-Municipal_Corporation_of_Greater_Mumbai_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4232" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation">Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation</a> (BMC), the largest civic organisation in the country.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Greater Mumbai (or Brihanmumbai), an area of 603 km<sup>2</sup> (233 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></sup> consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_City_district" title="Mumbai City district">Mumbai City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Suburban_district" title="Mumbai Suburban district">Mumbai Suburban</a> districts, extends from <a href="/wiki/Colaba" title="Colaba">Colaba</a> in the south, to <a href="/wiki/Mulund" title="Mulund">Mulund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dahisar" title="Dahisar">Dahisar</a> in the north, and <a href="/wiki/Mankhurd" title="Mankhurd">Mankhurd</a> in the east. Its population as per the 2011 census was 12,442,373.<sup id="cite_ref-census2011-gtmumcity_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-gtmumcity-216">[216]</a></sup>
</p><p>It is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation">Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation</a> (BMC) (sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporation_of_Greater_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai">Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai</a>), formerly known as the <i>Bombay Municipal Corporation</i> (BMC).<sup id="cite_ref-mloc_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mloc-152">[152]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporation_of_Greater_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai">BMC</a> is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis.<sup id="cite_ref-mcmmm_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcmmm-217">[217]</a></sup> The mayor, who serves for a term of two and a half years, is chosen through an <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">indirect election</a> by the councillors from among themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-mayorterm_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayorterm-218">[218]</a></sup>
</p><p>The municipal commissioner is the chief executive officer and head of the executive arm of the municipal corporation. All executive powers are vested in the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Commissioner_of_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai">municipal commissioner</a> who is an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">Indian Administrative Service</a> (IAS) officer appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">state government</a>. Although the municipal corporation is the legislative body that lays down policies for the governance of the city, it is the commissioner who is responsible for the execution of the policies. The commissioner is appointed for a fixed term as defined by state statute. The powers of the commissioner are those provided by statute and those delegated by the corporation or the standing committee.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation was ranked 9th out of 21 cities for best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.5 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbai_03-2016_41_Bombay_High_Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A brown building with a central tower and sloping roofs surrounded by trees. A grassy ground and a coconut tree are in front of it." src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mumbai_03-2016_41_Bombay_High_Court.jpg/220px-Mumbai_03-2016_41_Bombay_High_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mumbai_03-2016_41_Bombay_High_Court.jpg/330px-Mumbai_03-2016_41_Bombay_High_Court.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mumbai_03-2016_41_Bombay_High_Court.jpg/440px-Mumbai_03-2016_41_Bombay_High_Court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5098" data-file-height="2868" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bombay_High_Court" title="Bombay High Court">Bombay High Court</a> exercises jurisdiction over Maharashtra, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The two revenue districts of Mumbai come under the jurisdiction of a <a href="/wiki/District_Collector" class="mw-redirect" title="District Collector">District Collector</a>. The collectors are in charge of property records and revenue collection for the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">central government</a>, and oversee the national elections held in the city.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Police" title="Mumbai Police">Mumbai Police</a> is headed by a <a href="/wiki/Police_Commissioner_of_Mumbai" title="Police Commissioner of Mumbai">police commissioner</a>, who is an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">Indian Police Service</a> (IPS) officer. The Mumbai Police is a division of the <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Police" title="Maharashtra Police">Maharashtra Police</a>, under the state Home Ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a></sup> The city is divided into seven police zones and seventeen <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_traffic_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai traffic police">traffic police</a> zones,<sup id="cite_ref-trf_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trf-150">[150]</a></sup> each headed by a deputy commissioner of police.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a></sup> The Mumbai Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police. The <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Fire_Brigade" title="Mumbai Fire Brigade">Mumbai Fire Brigade</a>, which is under the jurisdiction of the municipal corporation, is headed by the chief fire officer, who is assisted by four deputy chief fire officers and six divisional officers.<sup id="cite_ref-trf_150-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trf-150">[150]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region_Development_Authority" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority">Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority</a> (MMRDA) is responsible for infrastructure development and planning of <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai Metropolitan Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></sup>
</p><p>Mumbai is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_High_Court" title="Bombay High Court">Bombay High Court</a>, which exercises jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra and <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Union_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Territory">Union Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a></sup> Mumbai also has two lower courts, the <a href="/wiki/Small_Causes_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Causes Court">Small Causes Court</a> for civil matters, and the <a href="/wiki/Sessions_Court" title="Sessions Court">Sessions Court</a> for criminal cases. Mumbai also has a special Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (TADA) court for people accused of conspiring and abetting acts of terrorism in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="National_politics">National politics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=13" title="Editar seção: National politics">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_INC1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Men in traditional Indian dresses posing for a photograph" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1st_INC1885.jpg/220px-1st_INC1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1st_INC1885.jpg/330px-1st_INC1885.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1st_INC1885.jpg/440px-1st_INC1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>First session of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in Mumbai (28–31 December 1885)</figcaption></figure>
<p>Mumbai had been a traditional stronghold and birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, also known as the Congress Party.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></sup> The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Mumbai from 28 to 31 December 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a></sup> The city played host to the Indian National Congress six times during its first 50 years, and became a strong base for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> during the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></sup>
</p><p>The 1960s saw the rise of regionalist politics in Mumbai, with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena" title="Shiv Sena">Shiv Sena</a> on 19 June 1966, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Bal_Thackeray" title="Bal Thackeray">Balasaheb Thackeray</a> out of a feeling of resentment about the relative marginalisation of the native <a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi people</a> in Mumbai.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a></sup> Shiv Sena switched from 'Marathi Cause' to larger 'Hindutva Cause' in 1985 and joined hands with <a href="/wiki/Bhartiya_Janata_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhartiya Janata Party">Bhartiya Janata Party</a> (BJP) in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a></sup> The Congress had dominated the politics of Mumbai from independence until the early 1980s, when the Shiv Sena won the 1985 Mumbai Municipal Corporation elections.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP), a major national political party, forged an electoral alliance with the Shiv Sena to dislodge the Congress in the <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Legislative_Assembly" title="Maharashtra Legislative Assembly">Maharashtra Legislative Assembly</a> elections. In 1999, several members left the Congress to form the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party" title="Nationalist Congress Party">Nationalist Congress Party</a> (NCP) but later allied with the Congress as part of an alliance known as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_(India)" title="Democratic Front (India)">Democratic Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a></sup> Other parties such as <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Navnirman_Sena" title="Maharashtra Navnirman Sena">Maharashtra Navnirman Sena</a> (MNS), <a href="/wiki/Samajwadi_Party" title="Samajwadi Party">Samajwadi Party</a> (SP), <a href="/wiki/Bahujan_Samaj_Party" title="Bahujan Samaj Party">Bahujan Samaj Party</a> (BSP), <a href="/wiki/All_India_Majlis-e-Ittehadul_Muslimeen" title="All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen">All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM)</a> and several independent candidates also contest elections in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Indian national elections</a> held every five years, Mumbai is represented by six parliamentary constituencies: <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_North_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)">North</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_North_West_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai North West (Lok Sabha constituency)">North West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_North_East_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)">North East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_North_Central_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)">North Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_South_Central_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)">South Central</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_South_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)">South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament,_Lok_Sabha" title="Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha">member of parliament</a> (MP) to the <i><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></i>, the lower house of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Parliament">Indian Parliament</a>, is elected from each of the parliamentary constituencies. In the <a href="/wiki/2019_Indian_general_election" title="2019 Indian general election">2019 national election</a>, all six parliamentary constituencies were won by the BJP and Shiv Sena in alliance, with both parties winning three seats each.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vidhan_Bhavan_aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vidhan_Bhavan_aerial_view.jpg/220px-Vidhan_Bhavan_aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vidhan_Bhavan_aerial_view.jpg/330px-Vidhan_Bhavan_aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vidhan_Bhavan_aerial_view.jpg/440px-Vidhan_Bhavan_aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Legislative_Assembly" title="Maharashtra Legislative Assembly">Maharashtra Legislative Assembly</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>In the <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Legislative_Assembly" title="Maharashtra Legislative Assembly">Maharashtra state assembly</a> elections held every five years, Mumbai is represented by 36 assembly constituencies.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)">member of the legislative assembly</a> (MLA) to the Maharashtra <i><a href="/wiki/Vidhan_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidhan Sabha">Vidhan Sabha</a></i> (legislative assembly) is elected from each of the assembly constituencies. In the <a href="/wiki/2019_Maharashtra_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election">2019 state assembly election</a>, out of the 36 assembly constituencies, 16 were won by the BJP, 11 by the Shiv Sena, 6 by the Congress, 2 by the NCP and one by independent candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a></sup>
</p><p>Elections are also held every five years to elect corporators to power in the MCGM.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a></sup> The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mumbai" title="Administrative divisions of Mumbai">24 municipal wards</a>, five nominated Councillors having special knowledge or experience in municipal administration, and a <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Mumbai">mayor</a> whose role is mostly ceremonial.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2012_Brihanmumbai_Mahanagar_Palika_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Brihanmumbai Mahanagar Palika election">2012 municipal corporation elections</a>, out of the 227 seats, the Shiv Sena-BJP alliance secured 107 seats, holding power with the support of independent candidates in the MCGM, while the Congress-NCP alliance bagged 64 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-civic20102_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civic20102-243">[243]</a></sup> The tenure of the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Mumbai">mayor</a>, deputy mayor, and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Commissioner_of_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai">municipal commissioner</a> is two and a half years.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Transport">Transport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=14" title="Editar seção: Transport">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Mumbai" title="Transport in Mumbai">Transport in Mumbai</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rapid_transit_map_of_Mumbai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rapid_transit_map_of_Mumbai.jpg/220px-Rapid_transit_map_of_Mumbai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rapid_transit_map_of_Mumbai.jpg/330px-Rapid_transit_map_of_Mumbai.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rapid_transit_map_of_Mumbai.jpg/440px-Rapid_transit_map_of_Mumbai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4150" data-file-height="6363" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Rapid transit map of Mumbai</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AC-EMU-Mumbai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/AC-EMU-Mumbai.jpg/220px-AC-EMU-Mumbai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/AC-EMU-Mumbai.jpg/330px-AC-EMU-Mumbai.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/AC-EMU-Mumbai.jpg/440px-AC-EMU-Mumbai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="404" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Suburban_Railway" title="Mumbai Suburban Railway">Mumbai Suburban Railway</a> system carries more than 69.9 lakh (6.99 million) commuters on a daily basis. It has the highest passenger density of any urban railway system in the world.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbaimetro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mumbaimetro.jpg/220px-Mumbaimetro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mumbaimetro.jpg/330px-Mumbaimetro.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mumbaimetro.jpg/440px-Mumbaimetro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3249" data-file-height="2437" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metro" title="Mumbai Metro">Mumbai Metro</a> provides connectivity with eastern and western part of the city.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbai_Monorail_train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mumbai_Monorail_train.jpg/220px-Mumbai_Monorail_train.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mumbai_Monorail_train.jpg/330px-Mumbai_Monorail_train.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mumbai_Monorail_train.jpg/440px-Mumbai_Monorail_train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Monorail" title="Mumbai Monorail">Mumbai Monorail</a>, opened in February 2014, is the <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit_in_India" title="Urban rail transit in India">only operational monorail system</a> in India and also is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monorail_systems" title="List of monorail systems">seventh largest Monorail system</a> in the world.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbai-BEST-Kinglong-Bus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mumbai-BEST-Kinglong-Bus.jpg/220px-Mumbai-BEST-Kinglong-Bus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mumbai-BEST-Kinglong-Bus.jpg/330px-Mumbai-BEST-Kinglong-Bus.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mumbai-BEST-Kinglong-Bus.jpg/440px-Mumbai-BEST-Kinglong-Bus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Electric_Supply_and_Transport" title="Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport">BEST</a> buses carry a total of 2.8 million passengers daily.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PremierPadminiTaxis_gobeirne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PremierPadminiTaxis_gobeirne.jpg/220px-PremierPadminiTaxis_gobeirne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PremierPadminiTaxis_gobeirne.jpg/330px-PremierPadminiTaxis_gobeirne.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PremierPadminiTaxis_gobeirne.jpg/440px-PremierPadminiTaxis_gobeirne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3520" data-file-height="1596" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The black and yellow Premier Padmini Taxis are iconic of Mumbai.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbai_03-2016_81_Dadar_Beach_view_of_the_SeaLink.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mumbai_03-2016_81_Dadar_Beach_view_of_the_SeaLink.jpg/220px-Mumbai_03-2016_81_Dadar_Beach_view_of_the_SeaLink.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mumbai_03-2016_81_Dadar_Beach_view_of_the_SeaLink.jpg/330px-Mumbai_03-2016_81_Dadar_Beach_view_of_the_SeaLink.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mumbai_03-2016_81_Dadar_Beach_view_of_the_SeaLink.jpg/440px-Mumbai_03-2016_81_Dadar_Beach_view_of_the_SeaLink.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3078" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Bandra-Worli_Sea_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandra-Worli Sea Link">Bandra-Worli Sea Link</a> is a 5.6 kilometers long <a href="/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge" title="Cable-stayed bridge">cable-stayed bridge</a> that connects central Mumbai with its western suburbs.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbai_03-2016_114_Airport_international_terminal_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mumbai_03-2016_114_Airport_international_terminal_interior.jpg/220px-Mumbai_03-2016_114_Airport_international_terminal_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mumbai_03-2016_114_Airport_international_terminal_interior.jpg/330px-Mumbai_03-2016_114_Airport_international_terminal_interior.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mumbai_03-2016_114_Airport_international_terminal_interior.jpg/440px-Mumbai_03-2016_114_Airport_international_terminal_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4867" data-file-height="2738" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport">Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport</a>, Mumbai, India</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Port" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Port">Jawaharlal Nehru Port</a> is the busiest port in India.</div></div></div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_transport">Public transport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=15" title="Editar seção: Public transport">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Public transport systems in Mumbai include the <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Suburban_Railway" title="Mumbai Suburban Railway">Mumbai Suburban Railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Monorail" title="Mumbai Monorail">Monorail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metro" title="Mumbai Metro">Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Electric_Supply_and_Transport" title="Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport">Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport</a> (BEST) buses, black-and-yellow meter <a href="/wiki/Taxicabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicabs">taxis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">auto rickshaws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferries">ferries</a>. Suburban railway and BEST bus services together accounted for about 88% of the passenger traffic in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-bus44_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bus44-245">[245]</a></sup> Auto rickshaws are allowed to operate only in the suburban areas of Mumbai, while taxis are allowed to operate throughout Mumbai, but generally operate in <a href="/wiki/South_Mumbai" title="South Mumbai">South Mumbai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autaxi_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autaxi-246">[246]</a></sup> Taxis and Auto rickshaws in Mumbai are required by law to run on <a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">compressed natural gas</a> (CNG),<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></sup> and are a convenient, economical, and easily available means of transport.<sup id="cite_ref-autaxi_246-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autaxi-246">[246]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Railway">Railway</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=16" title="Editar seção: Railway">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Suburban_Railway" title="Mumbai Suburban Railway">Mumbai Suburban Railway</a>, popularly referred to as Locals forms the backbone of the city's transport system.<sup id="cite_ref-Outlook_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Outlook-248">[248]</a></sup> It is operated by the Central Railway and Western Railway zones of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a></sup> Mumbai's suburban rail systems carried a total of 63 <a href="/wiki/Lakh" title="Lakh">lakh</a> (6.3 million) passengers every day in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a></sup> Trains are overcrowded during peak hours, with nine-car trains of rated capacity 1,700 passengers, actually carrying around 4,500 passengers at peak hours.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a></sup> The Mumbai rail network is spread at an expanse of 319 route kilometres. 191 rakes (train-sets) of 9 car and 12 car composition are utilised to run a total of 2,226 train services in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Monorail" title="Mumbai Monorail">Mumbai Monorail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metro" title="Mumbai Metro">Mumbai Metro</a> have been built and are being extended in phases to relieve the overcrowding on the existing network. The Monorail opened in early February 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-startMono_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-startMono-253">[253]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Line_1_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 1 (Mumbai Metro)">first line</a> of the Mumbai Metro opened in early June 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-startMetro_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-startMetro-254">[254]</a></sup>
</p><p>Mumbai is the headquarters of two zones of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Central_Railway_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Railway (India)">Central Railway (CR)</a> headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus</a> (formerly Victoria Terminus), and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Railway_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Railway (India)">Western Railway (WR)</a> headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Churchgate" title="Churchgate">Churchgate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a></sup> Mumbai is also well connected to most parts of India by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a>. Long-distance trains originate from <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dadar_railway_station" title="Dadar railway station">Dadar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lokmanya_Tilak_Terminus" title="Lokmanya Tilak Terminus">Lokmanya Tilak Terminus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai Central">Mumbai Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandra_Terminus" title="Bandra Terminus">Bandra Terminus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andheri_railway_station" title="Andheri railway station">Andheri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borivali_railway_station" title="Borivali railway station">Borivali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Bus">Bus</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=17" title="Editar seção: Bus">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Mumbai's bus services carried over 55 lakh (5.5 million) passengers per day in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-bus44_245-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bus44-245">[245]</a></sup> which dropped to 28 lakh (2.8 million) in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-BESTdip_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BESTdip-257">[257]</a></sup> Public buses run by BEST cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/Navi_Mumbai" title="Navi Mumbai">Navi Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mira-Bhayandar" title="Mira-Bhayandar">Mira-Bhayandar</a> and Thane.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a></sup> The BEST operates a total of 4,608 buses<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a></sup> with CCTV cameras installed, ferrying 45 lakh (4.5 million) passengers daily<sup id="cite_ref-bus44_245-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bus44-245">[245]</a></sup> over 390 routes. Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor, disabled-friendly, air-conditioned and <a href="/wiki/Euro_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro III">Euro III</a> compliant diesel and <a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">compressed natural gas</a> powered buses.<sup id="cite_ref-bestfleet_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bestfleet-260">[260]</a></sup> BEST introduced air-conditioned buses in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-timelineBEST_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timelineBEST-261">[261]</a></sup> BEST buses are red in colour, based originally on the <a href="/wiki/AEC_Routemaster" title="AEC Routemaster">Routemaster</a> buses of London.<sup id="cite_ref-newkiller_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newkiller-262">[262]</a></sup>
<a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation">Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation</a> (MSRTC, also known as ST)<sup id="cite_ref-training_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-training-263">[263]</a></sup> buses provide intercity transport connecting Mumbai with other towns and cities of Maharashtra and nearby states.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Navi_Mumbai_Municipal_Transport" title="Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport">Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport</a> (NMMT) and <a href="/wiki/Thane_Municipal_Transport" title="Thane Municipal Transport">Thane Municipal Transport</a> (TMT) also operate their buses in Mumbai, connecting various nodes of Navi Mumbai and Thane to parts of Mumbai.<sup id="cite_ref-NMMTgain_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMMTgain-266">[266]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TMTmoolah_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TMTmoolah-267">[267]</a></sup>
</p><p>Buses are generally favoured for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for longer distance commutes.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <i>Mumbai Darshan</i> is a tourist bus service which explores numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Mumbai" title="List of tourist attractions in Mumbai">tourist attractions in Mumbai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a></sup> Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) lanes have been planned throughout Mumbai.<sup id="cite_ref-routetalpdf_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routetalpdf-270">[270]</a></sup> Though 88% of the city's commuters travel by public transport, Mumbai still continues to struggle with <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a></sup> Mumbai's transport system has been categorised as one of the most congested in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Water">Water</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=18" title="Editar seção: Water">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="/wiki/Water_transport_in_Mumbai" title="Water transport in Mumbai">Water transport in Mumbai</a> consists of ferries, hovercraft and catamarans. Services are provided by both government agencies as well as private partners.<sup id="cite_ref-alibauglaunch_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alibauglaunch-273">[273]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a> services plied briefly in the late 1990s between the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_of_India" title="Gateway of India">Gateway of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/CBD_Belapur" title="CBD Belapur">CBD Belapur</a> in Navi Mumbai. They were subsequently scrapped due to lack of adequate <a href="/wiki/Water_transport_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Water transport infrastructure">infrastructure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nmhovercraft_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nmhovercraft-274">[274]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Road">Road</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=19" title="Editar seção: Road">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Mumbai is served by National Highway 48, National Highway 66, National Highway 160 and National Highway 61.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a></sup> The Mumbai–<a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> and Mumbai–Delhi prongs of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Quadrilateral" title="Golden Quadrilateral">Golden Quadrilateral</a> system of National Highways start from the city. The <a href="/wiki/Mumbai-Pune_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai-Pune Expressway">Mumbai-Pune Expressway</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_India" title="Expressways of India">expressway</a> built in India.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Freeway_(Mumbai)" title="Eastern Freeway (Mumbai)">Eastern Freeway</a> was opened in 2013. The <a href="/wiki/Bandra-Worli_Sea_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandra-Worli Sea Link">Bandra-Worli Sea Link</a> bridge, along with <a href="/wiki/Mahim_Causeway" title="Mahim Causeway">Mahim Causeway</a>, links the island city to the western suburbs.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a></sup> The three major road arteries of the city are the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Express_Highway" title="Eastern Express Highway">Eastern Express Highway</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sion,_Mumbai" title="Sion, Mumbai">Sion</a> to Thane, the <a href="/wiki/Sion_Panvel_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sion Panvel Expressway">Sion Panvel Expressway</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sion,_Mumbai" title="Sion, Mumbai">Sion</a> to <a href="/wiki/Panvel" title="Panvel">Panvel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Express_Highway" title="Western Express Highway">Western Express Highway</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bandra" title="Bandra">Bandra</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bhayander" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhayander">Bhayander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a></sup> The under-construction <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Trans_Harbour_Link" title="Mumbai Trans Harbour Link">Mumbai Trans Harbour Link</a> will connect Mumbai with Navi Mumbai and when completed, will be the longest sea bridge in India.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a></sup> Mumbai has approximately 1,900 km (1,181 mi) of roads.<sup id="cite_ref-dnaindia.com_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnaindia.com-280">[280]</a></sup> There are five <a href="/wiki/Toll_plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Toll plaza">tolled</a> entry points to the city by road.<sup id="cite_ref-gatewaytollfree_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gatewaytollfree-281">[281]</a></sup>
</p><p>Mumbai had about 721,000 private vehicles as of March 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-TOI1_282-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI1-282">[282]</a></sup> 56,459 black and yellow taxis as of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a></sup> and 106,000 auto rickshaws, as of May 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a></sup>
</p><p>Mumbai currently has one operational expressway–the Mumbai–Pune Expressway, which directly connects Mumbai with <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>. In the coming years, the great metropolis will be connected with more expressways. They are as follows:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi%E2%80%93Mumbai_Expressway" title="Delhi–Mumbai Expressway">Delhi–Mumbai Expressway</a>: Under construction since March 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a></sup> to be completed by December 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-286">[286]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-287">[287]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai%E2%80%93Nagpur_Expressway" title="Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway">Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway</a>: Under construction since January 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a></sup> to be completed by December 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a></sup></li>
<li>Konkan Expressway: Proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Air">Air</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=20" title="Editar seção: Air">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_International_Airport" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport">Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport</a> (formerly Sahar International Airport) is the main aviation hub in the city and the second busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a></sup> It handled 36.6 million (3.66 crore) passengers and 694,300 tonnes of cargo during FY 2014–2015.<sup id="cite_ref-APA_293-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA-293">[293]</a></sup> An upgrade plan was initiated in 2006, targeted at increasing the capacity of the airport to handle up to 40 million (4 crore) passengers annually<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a></sup> and the new terminal T2 was opened in February 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a></sup>
</p><p>The proposed <a href="/wiki/Navi_Mumbai_International_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Navi Mumbai International airport">Navi Mumbai International airport</a> to be built in the Kopra-<a href="/wiki/Panvel" title="Panvel">Panvel</a> area has been sanctioned by the Indian Government and will help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport.<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Juhu_Aerodrome" title="Juhu Aerodrome">Juhu Aerodrome</a> was India's first airport, and now hosts the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Flying_Club" title="Bombay Flying Club">Bombay Flying Club</a> and a heliport operated by state-owned <a href="/wiki/Pawan_Hans" title="Pawan Hans">Pawan Hans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sea">Sea</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=21" title="Editar seção: Sea">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Mumbai is served by two major ports, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Port_Trust" title="Mumbai Port Trust">Mumbai Port Trust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Port_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust">Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust</a>, which lies just across the creek in <a href="/wiki/Navi_Mumbai" title="Navi Mumbai">Navi Mumbai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a></sup> Mumbai Port has one of the best natural harbours in the world, and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a></sup> Jawaharlal Nehru Port, commissioned on 26 May 1989, is the busiest and most modern major port in India.<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a></sup> It handles 55–60% of the country's total containerised cargo.<sup id="cite_ref-pt_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pt-301">[301]</a></sup> Ferries from <a href="/wiki/Ferry_Wharf" title="Ferry Wharf">Ferry Wharf</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mazagaon" title="Mazagaon">Mazagaon</a> allow access to islands near the city.<sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a></sup>
</p><p>The city is also the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Naval_Command" title="Western Naval Command">Western Naval Command</a>, and also an important base for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mloc_152-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mloc-152">[152]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Utility_services">Utility services</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=22" title="Editar seção: Utility services">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mumbai%27s_water_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai's water sources">Mumbai's water sources</a></div>
<p>Under colonial rule, tanks were the only source of water in Mumbai, with many localities having been named after them. The <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporation_of_Greater_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai">MCGM</a> supplies potable water to the city from six lakes,<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a></sup> most of which comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes. The Tansa lake supplies water to the western suburbs and parts of the island city along the Western Railway.<sup id="cite_ref-tansa_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tansa-305">[305]</a></sup> The water is filtered at <a href="/wiki/Bhandup" title="Bhandup">Bhandup</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-tansa_305-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tansa-305">[305]</a></sup> which is Asia's largest water filtration plant.<sup id="cite_ref-RTIBhandup_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTIBhandup-306">[306]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-contamination_307-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contamination-307">[307]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a></sup> India's first underground water tunnel was completed in Mumbai to supply water to the Bhandup filtration plant.<sup id="cite_ref-firstwatertunnel_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstwatertunnel-309">[309]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tunnelcomplete_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunnelcomplete-310">[310]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Express_Highway_Mumbai_May_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Eastern_Express_Highway_Mumbai_May_2023.jpg/220px-Eastern_Express_Highway_Mumbai_May_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Eastern_Express_Highway_Mumbai_May_2023.jpg/330px-Eastern_Express_Highway_Mumbai_May_2023.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Eastern_Express_Highway_Mumbai_May_2023.jpg/440px-Eastern_Express_Highway_Mumbai_May_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2692" data-file-height="2692" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deonar_dumping_ground" title="Deonar dumping ground">Deonar dumping ground</a> seen behind the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Express_Highway" title="Eastern Express Highway">Eastern Express Highway</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>About 700 million (70 crore) litres of water, out of a daily supply of 3.5 billion (350 crore) litres, is lost by way of water thefts, illegal connections and leakages, per day in Mumbai.<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a></sup> Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800 metric tonnes, of which 40 metric tonnes is <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">plastic waste</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a></sup> is transported to dumping grounds in <a href="/wiki/Gorai" title="Gorai">Gorai</a> in the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Mulund" title="Mulund">Mulund</a> in the northeast, and to the <a href="/wiki/Deonar_dumping_ground" title="Deonar dumping ground">Deonar dumping ground</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a></sup> Sewage treatment is carried out at <a href="/wiki/Worli" title="Worli">Worli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bandra" title="Bandra">Bandra</a>, and disposed of by two independent marine outfalls of 3.4 km (2.1 mi) and 3.7 km (2.3 mi) at Bandra and Worli respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a></sup>
</p><p>Electricity is distributed by the <a href="/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Electric_Supply_and_Transport" title="Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport">Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport</a> (BEST) undertaking in the island city, and by <a href="/wiki/Adani_Transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Adani Transmission">Adani Transmission</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tata_Power" title="Tata Power">Tata Power</a> and the Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd (<a href="/wiki/Mahavitaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavitaran">Mahavitaran</a>) in the suburbs.<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a></sup> Power supply cables are <a href="/wiki/Undergrounding" title="Undergrounding">underground</a>, which reduces pilferage, thefts and other losses.<sup id="cite_ref-curbtheft_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curbtheft-317">[317]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-explorecurbtheft_318-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explorecurbtheft-318">[318]</a></sup>
</p><p>Cooking gas is supplied in the form of <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas cylinders</a> sold by state-owned oil companies,<sup id="cite_ref-cylinderatpump_319-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cylinderatpump-319">[319]</a></sup> as well as through <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">piped natural gas</a> supplied by Mahanagar Gas Limited.<sup id="cite_ref-pipedattractive_320-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pipedattractive-320">[320]</a></sup>
</p><p>The largest telephone service provider is the state-owned <a href="/wiki/MTNL" class="mw-redirect" title="MTNL">MTNL</a>, which held a monopoly over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as well as mobile <a href="/wiki/Wireless_local_loop" title="Wireless local loop">WLL</a> services.<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a></sup> Mobile phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers are <a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Essar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodafone Essar">Vodafone Essar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharti_Airtel" title="Bharti Airtel">Airtel</a>, MTNL, <a href="/wiki/Loop_Mobile" title="Loop Mobile">Loop Mobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Communications" title="Reliance Communications">Reliance Communications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idea_Cellular" title="Idea Cellular">Idea Cellular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tata_Indicom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata Indicom">Tata Indicom</a>. Both <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a> services are available in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a></sup> Mumbai, along with the area served by <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone exchanges</a> in <a href="/wiki/Navi_Mumbai" title="Navi Mumbai">Navi Mumbai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalyan" title="Kalyan">Kalyan</a> is classified as a <i>Metro</i> telecom circle.<sup id="cite_ref-unifiedLicence_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unifiedLicence-323">[323]</a></sup> Many of the above service providers also provide broadband internet and wireless internet access in Mumbai. As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Mumbai had the highest number of internet users in India with 16.4 million (1.64 crore) users.<sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=23" title="Editar seção: Demographics">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_Mumbai" title="Growth of Mumbai">Growth of Mumbai</a></div>
<table class="toccolours" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;border-left:1px #aaa solid;border-right:1px #aaa solid;background-color:lavender;padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,970,575</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,243,405</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+38.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,925,891</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,914,398</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,478,447</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.7%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:left">Data is based on <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> Census.<br />Source: <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region_Development_Authority" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority">MMRDA</a><sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shree_Siddhivinayak_Temple_Mumbai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Shree_Siddhivinayak_Temple_Mumbai.jpg/220px-Shree_Siddhivinayak_Temple_Mumbai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Shree_Siddhivinayak_Temple_Mumbai.jpg/330px-Shree_Siddhivinayak_Temple_Mumbai.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Shree_Siddhivinayak_Temple_Mumbai.jpg/440px-Shree_Siddhivinayak_Temple_Mumbai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2410" data-file-height="3214" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siddhivinayak_Temple,_Mumbai" title="Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai">Shri Siddhivinayak Temple</a> is one of the most popular <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> in the city.</figcaption></figure>
<p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 census of India">2011 census</a>, the population of Mumbai city was 12,479,608. The population density is estimated to be about 20,482 persons per square kilometre. The living space is 4.5 square metres per person.<sup id="cite_ref-mmmumbaiproperty_326-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmmumbaiproperty-326">[326]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai Metropolitan Region</a> was home to 20,748,395 people by 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-extended_UA_2011_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extended_UA_2011-10">[10]</a></sup> Greater Mumbai, the area under the administration of the <a href="/wiki/MCGM" class="mw-redirect" title="MCGM">MCGM</a>, has a literacy rate of 94.7%, higher than the national average of 86.7%. The number of slum-dwellers in the <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai Metropolitan Region</a> is estimated to be 90 lakh (9 million), up from 60 lakh (6 million) in 2001 which constitutes approximately 41.8% of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">sex ratio</a> in 2011 was 838 females per 1,000 males in the island city, 857 in the suburbs, and 848 as a whole in Greater Mumbai, all numbers lower than the national average of 914 females per 1,000 males. The low sex ratio is partly because of the large number of male migrants who come to the city to work.<sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a></sup>
</p><p>Residents of Mumbai call themselves <i><a href="/wiki/Mumbaikar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbaikar">Mumbaikar</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mumbaikar_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mumbaikar-59">[59]</a></sup> <i>Mumbaiite</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mumbaiite_330-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mumbaiite-330">[330]</a></sup> <i>Bombayite</i> or <i>Bombaiite</i>.
</p><p>Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanization problems seen in many fast growing cities in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>: poverty and unemployment. With available land at a premium, Mumbai residents often reside in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces, and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit, or clogged roadways. Many of them live close to bus or train stations, although suburban residents spend significant time travelling southward to the main commercial district.<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dharavi" title="Dharavi">Dharavi</a>, Asia's second largest <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slum</a> (if <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Orangi" title="Orangi">Orangi Town</a> is counted as a single slum)<sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a></sup> is located in central Mumbai and houses between 800,000 and 10 lakh (one million) people<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a></sup> in 2.39 km<sup>2</sup> (0.92 sq mi), making it one of the most densely populated areas on Earth<sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a></sup> with a population density of at least 334,728 persons per square kilometre.<sup id="cite_ref-Town_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Town-335">[335]</a></sup>
</p><p>The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the 1991–2001 decade was 11.2 lakh (1.12 million), which amounted to 54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mumbai.<sup id="cite_ref-336" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a></sup>
</p><p>The number of households in Mumbai is forecast to rise from 42 lakh (4.2 million) in 2008 to 66 lakh (6.6 million) in 2020. The number of households with annual incomes of 20 lakh (2 million) rupees will increase from 4% to 10% by 2020, amounting to 660,000 families. The number of households with incomes from 10 to 20 lakh (1–2 million) rupees is also estimated to increase from 4% to 15% by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-337" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a></sup> According to the 2016 report of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Pollution_Control_Board" title="Central Pollution Control Board">Central Pollution Control Board</a>, Mumbai is the noisiest city in India, ahead of <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ethnic_groups_and_religions">Ethnic groups and religions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=24" title="Editar seção: Ethnic groups and religions">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Maharashtra" title="Religion in Maharashtra">Religion in Maharashtra</a></div>
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<p>Religion in Mumbai City (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-Religion_339-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religion-339">[339]</a></sup>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkorange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Maharashtra" title="Hinduism in Maharashtra">Hinduism</a> (65.99%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Marathi_Muslims" title="Marathi Muslims">Islam</a> (20.65%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:brown; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> (4.10%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Marathi_Buddhists" title="Marathi Buddhists">Buddhism</a> (4.85%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Maharashtra" title="Christianity in Maharashtra">Christianity</a> (3.27%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkKhaki; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (0.49%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> Other (0.65%)</div>
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<p>The religious groups represented in Greater Mumbai as of 2011 include <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a> (65.99%), <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> (20.65%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a> (4.85%), <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jains</a> (4.10%), <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> (3.27%) and <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> (0.49%).<sup id="cite_ref-census2011_340-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-340">[340]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-341" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a></sup> The linguistic/ethnic demographics in the Greater Mumbai Area are: <a href="/wiki/Maharashtrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrians">Maharashtrians</a> (32%), <a href="/wiki/Gujaratis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujaratis">Gujaratis</a> (20%), with the rest hailing from other parts of India.<sup id="cite_ref-343" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a></sup>
</p><p>Native Christians include <a href="/wiki/East_Indians" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="East Indians">East Indian Catholics</a>, who were converted by the Portuguese during the 16th century,<sup id="cite_ref-344" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholics" title="Goan Catholics">Goan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholics" title="Mangalorean Catholics">Mangalorean Catholics</a> also constitute a significant portion of the Christian community of the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mumbai" title="History of the Jews in Mumbai">Jews settled in Mumbai</a> during the 18th century. The <a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israeli</a> Jewish community of Mumbai, who migrated from the <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> villages, south of Mumbai, are believed to be the descendants of the Jews of Israel who were shipwrecked off the Konkan coast, probably in the year 175 BCE, during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> ruler, <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-345" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a></sup> Mumbai is also home to the largest population of <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsi</a> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrians</a> in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a></sup> numbering about 60,000, however their population is declining rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a></sup> Parsis migrated to India from <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a> in the seventh century.<sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a></sup> The oldest Muslim communities in Mumbai include the <a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohras</a>, Ismaili <a href="/wiki/Khojas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojas">Khojas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-349" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Language">Language</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=25" title="Editar seção: Language">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px">
<div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)">
<div style="border:solid transparent;background-color: initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color: initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 222.96788315689px; border-left-color:green"></div>
<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div>
<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color: initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 44.021887101067px; border-left-color:yellow"></div>
<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div>
<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color: initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:64.705596156944px 76.244251101145px 0 0; border-top-color:orange"></div>
<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color: initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 75.57454800484px 100px 0; border-right-color:red"></div>
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<div class="thumbcaption">
<p>Languages in Mumbai (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-census2011-langreport_350-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-langreport-350">[350]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-351" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-352" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> (35.30%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (25.90%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> (20.40%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (11.69%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> Others (11.64%)</div>
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<p><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> is the official and working language of the bureaucracy along with <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Mumbai has a large polyglot population like all other <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Indian_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of Indian cities">metropolitan cities</a> of India. Sixteen major <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">languages of India</a> are spoken in Mumbai, with the most common being <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> and its dialect <a href="/wiki/East_Indian_language" title="East Indian language">East Indian</a>. Marathi, and its dialect, as a single language is spoken by 35.30% of the population around 4,396,870 people.<sup id="cite_ref-353" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a></sup> Hindi is spoken by 25.90% of the population around 3,582,719 people, making it the second largest dominant language in Mumbai. Many Hindi speakers are workers from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar who migrate seasonally to Mumbai to work as labourers. Gujarati with 2,640,990 speakers is spoken by 20.4% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-354" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a></sup>
</p><p>Other languages spoken include <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> by 11.69% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-355" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-356" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a></sup> English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city's <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white collar</a> workforce. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bambaiya</a></i> – a blend of Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a> and some invented words – is spoken on the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-357" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhojpuri">Bhojpuri</a> are other minority languages spoken in Mumbai.
</p><p>In the Suburbs, Marathi is spoken by 36.78% of the population and <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> by 31.21%.<sup id="cite_ref-358" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=26" title="Editar seção: Education">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Mumbai#Schools" title="List of educational institutions in Mumbai">List of educational institutions in Mumbai § Schools</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_Mumbai" title="List of colleges in Mumbai">List of colleges in Mumbai</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbai_03-2016_39_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mumbai_03-2016_39_University.jpg/170px-Mumbai_03-2016_39_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mumbai_03-2016_39_University.jpg/255px-Mumbai_03-2016_39_University.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mumbai_03-2016_39_University.jpg/340px-Mumbai_03-2016_39_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rajabai_Clock_Tower" title="Rajabai Clock Tower">Rajabai Clock Tower</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mumbai" title="University of Mumbai">University of Mumbai</a> is part of <a href="/wiki/The_Victorian_and_Art_Deco_Ensemble_of_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai">The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Schools">Schools</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=27" title="Editar seção: Schools">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporation_of_Greater_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai">MCGM</a>) or private schools (run by trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive financial aid from the government.<sup id="cite_ref-359" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a></sup> The schools are affiliated with either of the following boards:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_State_Secondary_and_Higher_Secondary_Education_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtra State Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board">Maharashtra State Board</a> (MSBSHSE)</li>
<li>The All-India <a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Indian_School_Certificate_Examinations" title="Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations">Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations</a> (CISCE)</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Open_Schooling" title="National Institute of Open Schooling">National Institute of Open Schooling</a> (NIOS)</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">Central Board for Secondary Education</a> (CBSE)</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> (IB)</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/International_General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="International General Certificate of Secondary Education">International General Certificate of Secondary Education</a> (IGCSE).<sup id="cite_ref-360" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a></sup> Marathi or English is the usual language of instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-361" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a></sup></li></ul>
<p>The primary education system of the MCGM is the largest urban primary education system in Asia. The MCGM operates 1,188 primary schools imparting primary education to 485,531 students in eight languages (<a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>). The MCGM also imparts secondary education to 55,576 students through its 49 secondary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-362" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Higher_education">Higher education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=28" title="Editar seção: Higher education">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_Mumbai_convoc_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/University_Mumbai_convoc_hall.jpg/200px-University_Mumbai_convoc_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/University_Mumbai_convoc_hall.jpg/300px-University_Mumbai_convoc_hall.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/University_Mumbai_convoc_hall.jpg/400px-University_Mumbai_convoc_hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Mumbai" title="University of Mumbai">University of Mumbai</a> is one of the largest universities in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-363" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Under the <a href="/wiki/10%2B2%2B3_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="10+2+3 plan">10+2+3/4 plan</a>, students complete ten years of schooling and then enrol for two years in <a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">junior college</a>, where they select one of three streams: arts, commerce, or science.<sup id="cite_ref-364" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a></sup> This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering and medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-365" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a></sup> Most colleges in the city are affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mumbai" title="University of Mumbai">University of Mumbai</a>, one of the largest universities in the world in terms of the number of graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-366" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mumbai" title="University of Mumbai">University of Mumbai</a> is one of the premier<sup id="cite_ref-intoday1_367-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intoday1-367">[367]</a></sup> universities in India. It was ranked 41 among the Top 50 Engineering Schools of the world by America's news broadcasting firm <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i> in 2012 and was the only university in the list from the five emerging BRICS nations viz Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Business_Insider_368-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Business_Insider-368">[368]</a></sup> Moreover, the University of Mumbai was ranked 5th in the list of best universities in India by <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i> in 2013<sup id="cite_ref-369" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a></sup> and ranked at 62 in the QS BRICS University rankings for 2013, a ranking of leading universities in the five BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa).<sup id="cite_ref-topuniversities.com_370-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-topuniversities.com-370">[370]</a></sup>
Its strongest scores in the QS University Rankings: BRICS are for papers per faculty (8th), employer reputation (20th) and citations per paper (28th).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_371-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-371">[371]</a></sup>
It was ranked 10th among the top Universities of India by QS in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_371-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-371">[371]</a></sup> With 7 of the top ten Indian Universities being purely science and technology universities, it was India's 3rd best <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Multi Disciplinary</a> University in the QS University ranking.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_371-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-371">[371]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IITBMainBuildingCROP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/IITBMainBuildingCROP.jpg/220px-IITBMainBuildingCROP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/IITBMainBuildingCROP.jpg/330px-IITBMainBuildingCROP.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/IITBMainBuildingCROP.jpg/440px-IITBMainBuildingCROP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Bombay">Indian Institute of Technology Bombay</a> is a premier engineering institute in the country.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/IIT_Bombay" title="IIT Bombay">Indian Institute of Technology Bombay</a> (IIT Bombay), Mumbai,<sup id="cite_ref-372" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Chemical_Technology" title="Institute of Chemical Technology">Institute of Chemical Technology</a> (formerly UDCT / UICT),<sup id="cite_ref-373" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/VJTI" class="mw-redirect" title="VJTI">Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute</a> (VJTI),<sup id="cite_ref-374" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a></sup> which are India's premier engineering and technology schools, along with <a href="/wiki/SNDT_Women%27s_University" title="SNDT Women's University">SNDT Women's University</a> are the autonomous universities located in Mumbai.<sup id="cite_ref-375" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a></sup> In April 2015, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Bombay">IIT Bombay</a> launched the first U.S.-India joint EMBA program alongside <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-376" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thadomal_Shahani_Engineering_College" title="Thadomal Shahani Engineering College">Thadomal Shahani Engineering College</a> is the first and the oldest private engineering college affiliated to the federal <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mumbai" title="University of Mumbai">University of Mumbai</a> and is also pioneered to be the first institute in the city's university to offer undergraduate level courses in <a href="/wiki/Computer_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Engineering">Computer Engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Technology">Information Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedical Engineering">Biomedical Engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-377" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grant_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant Medical College">Grant Medical College</a> established in 1845 and <a href="/wiki/Seth_G.S._Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Seth G.S. Medical College">Seth G.S. Medical College</a> are the leading medical institutes affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Grant_Medical_College_and_Sir_Jamshedjee_Jeejeebhoy_Group_of_Hospitals" title="Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals">Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals</a> and <a href="/wiki/KEM_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="KEM Hospital">KEM Hospital</a> respectively. Mumbai is also home to <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Industrial_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Industrial Engineering">National Institute of Industrial Engineering</a> (NITIE), <a href="/wiki/Jamnalal_Bajaj_Institute_of_Management_Studies" title="Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies">Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies</a> (JBIMS), <a href="/wiki/Narsee_Monjee_Institute_of_Management_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies">Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies</a> (NMIMS), <a href="/wiki/S_P_Jain_Institute_of_Management_and_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="S P Jain Institute of Management and Research">S P Jain Institute of Management and Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Social_Sciences" title="Tata Institute of Social Sciences">Tata Institute of Social Sciences</a> (TISS) and several other management schools.<sup id="cite_ref-378" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Government_Law_College,_Mumbai" title="Government Law College, Mumbai">Government Law College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sydenham_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydenham College">Sydenham College</a>, respectively the oldest law and commerce colleges in India, are based in Mumbai.<sup id="cite_ref-379" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-380" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sir_J._J._School_of_Art" title="Sir J. J. School of Art">Sir J. J. School of Art</a> is Mumbai's oldest art institution.<sup id="cite_ref-381" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a></sup>
It also has one of the best law schools or universities of the country which is <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_National_Law_University,_Mumbai" title="Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai">National Law Universities</a> (NLU).
</p><p>Mumbai is home to two prominent research institutions: the <a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research" title="Tata Institute of Fundamental Research">Tata Institute of Fundamental Research</a> (TIFR), and the <a href="/wiki/Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre" title="Bhabha Atomic Research Centre">Bhabha Atomic Research Centre</a> (BARC).<sup id="cite_ref-382" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a></sup> The BARC operates <a href="/wiki/CIRUS" class="mw-redirect" title="CIRUS">CIRUS</a>, a 40 MW nuclear research reactor at their facility in <a href="/wiki/Trombay" title="Trombay">Trombay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-383" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-383">[383]</a></sup>
</p><p>Mumbai Veterinary College is the oldest and premier Veterinary College of India and Asia. Its foundation stone is laid in the year of 1886.
</p><p>The <b>ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education</b> (<b>CIFE</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Deemed_to_be_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Deemed to be University">Deemed to be University</a> and institution of higher learning for <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">fisheries science</a> in Mumbai, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. CIFE has over four decades of leadership in human resource development with its alumni aiding in the development of fisheries and <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> worldwide, producing notable contributions to research and technological advancements to its credit. The institute is one of four deemed to be universities operating under the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Council_for_Agricultural_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Council for Agricultural Research">Indian Council for Agricultural Research</a> (ICAR); the other three being the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Veterinary_Research_Institute" title="Indian Veterinary Research Institute">Indian Veterinary Research Institute</a> (IVRI), the National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Agriculture_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Agriculture Research Institute">Indian Agriculture Research Institute</a> (IARI)
</p>
<h2><span id="Culture.2FCityscape"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture/Cityscape">Culture/Cityscape</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=29" title="Editar seção: Culture/Cityscape">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_culture" title="Mumbai culture">Mumbai culture</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbai_03-2016_70_Asiatic_Society_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white building with a triangular façade and wide stairs" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mumbai_03-2016_70_Asiatic_Society_Library.jpg/220px-Mumbai_03-2016_70_Asiatic_Society_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mumbai_03-2016_70_Asiatic_Society_Library.jpg/330px-Mumbai_03-2016_70_Asiatic_Society_Library.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mumbai_03-2016_70_Asiatic_Society_Library.jpg/440px-Mumbai_03-2016_70_Asiatic_Society_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4817" data-file-height="3211" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Asiatic_Society_of_Mumbai" title="The Asiatic Society of Mumbai">The Asiatic Society of Mumbai</a> is one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public libraries</a> in the city.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Mumbai's culture offers a blend of traditional and cosmopolitan festivals, food, entertainment, and night life. The city's cosmopolitan and urban-centric modern cultural offerings are comparable to other world capitals. Mumbai bears the distinction of being the most cosmopolitan city of India. Its history as a major trading centre and the expansion of an education middle class has led to a diverse range of cultures, religions, and cuisines coexisting in the city. The variety and abundance of restaurants, cinemas, theatres, sports events and museums are a product of Mumbai's unique cosmopolitan culture.<sup id="cite_ref-384" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a></sup>
</p><p>Mumbai is the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Indian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian cinema">Indian cinema</a><sup id="cite_ref-385" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a></sup>—<a href="/wiki/Dadasaheb_Phalke" title="Dadasaheb Phalke">Dadasaheb Phalke</a> laid the foundations with silent movies followed by <a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi talkies</a>—and the oldest film broadcast took place in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-386" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a></sup> Mumbai also has a large number of cinema halls that feature Bollywood, Marathi and Hollywood movies. The <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_International_Film_Festival" title="Mumbai International Film Festival">Mumbai International Film Festival</a><sup id="cite_ref-387" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a></sup> and the award ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/Filmfare_Awards" title="Filmfare Awards">Filmfare Awards</a>, the oldest and prominent film awards given for Hindi film industry in India, are held in Mumbai.<sup id="cite_ref-388" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a></sup> Despite most of the professional theatre groups that formed during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> having disbanded by the 1950s, Mumbai has developed a thriving "theatre movement" tradition in Marathi, Hindi, English, and other regional languages.<sup id="cite_ref-multitheater_389-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multitheater-389">[389]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-390" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a></sup>
</p><p>Contemporary art is featured in both government-funded art spaces and private commercial galleries. The government-funded institutions include the <a href="/wiki/Jehangir_Art_Gallery" title="Jehangir Art Gallery">Jehangir Art Gallery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Modern_Art" title="National Gallery of Modern Art">National Gallery of Modern Art</a>. Built in 1833, the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic Society of Bombay">Asiatic Society of Mumbai</a> is one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public libraries</a> in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-391" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_Vastu_Sangrahalaya" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya">Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya</a> (formerly The Prince of Wales Museum) is a renowned museum in <a href="/wiki/South_Mumbai" title="South Mumbai">South Mumbai</a> which houses rare ancient exhibits of Indian history.<sup id="cite_ref-392" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a></sup>
</p><p>Mumbai has a zoo named <a href="/wiki/Jijamata_Udyaan" title="Jijamata Udyaan">Jijamata Udyaan</a> (formerly Victoria Gardens), which also harbor's a garden. The rich literary traditions of the city have been highlighted internationally by <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a> winners <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aravind_Adiga" title="Aravind Adiga">Aravind Adiga</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Marathi literature</a> has been modernized in the works of Mumbai-based authors such as Mohan Apte, <a href="/wiki/Anant_Kanekar" title="Anant Kanekar">Anant Kanekar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gangadhar_Gadgil" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangadhar Gadgil">Gangadhar Gadgil</a>, and is promoted through an annual <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award" title="Sahitya Akademi Award">Sahitya Akademi Award</a>, a literary honor bestowed by India's <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">National Academy of Letters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-393" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-393">[393]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chowpatti_Beach_(Girgaum_Chowpatty).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chowpatti_Beach_%28Girgaum_Chowpatty%29.jpg/220px-Chowpatti_Beach_%28Girgaum_Chowpatty%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chowpatti_Beach_%28Girgaum_Chowpatty%29.jpg/330px-Chowpatti_Beach_%28Girgaum_Chowpatty%29.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chowpatti_Beach_%28Girgaum_Chowpatty%29.jpg/440px-Chowpatti_Beach_%28Girgaum_Chowpatty%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Girgaum_Chowpatty" class="mw-redirect" title="Girgaum Chowpatty">Girgaum Chowpatty</a> beach. Beaches are a popular tourist attraction in the city.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Mumbai residents celebrate both Western and <a href="/wiki/Indian_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian festivals">Indian festivals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a> is the biggest and most important festival of Mumbai, There are almost 5000 <a href="/wiki/Ganpati" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganpati">Ganpati</a> Pandals set up in Mumbai city for the celebrations. Other festivals like <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Navratri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakshabandhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakshabandhan">Rakshabandhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navrati" class="mw-redirect" title="Navrati">Dussera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim holidays">Eid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Navami" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Navami">Ram Navami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Jayanti" title="Shiv Jayanti">Shiv Jayanti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha Shivratri">Maha Shivratri</a> are some of the popular festivals in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Kala_Ghoda_Arts_Festival" title="Kala Ghoda Arts Festival">Kala Ghoda Arts Festival</a> is an exhibition of a world of arts that encapsulates works of artists in the fields of music, dance, theatre, and films.<sup id="cite_ref-394" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Banganga Festival is a two-day music festival, held annually in the month of January, which is organised by the <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Tourism_Development_Corporation" title="Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation">Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation</a> (MTDC) at the historic <a href="/wiki/Banganga_Tank" title="Banganga Tank">Banganga Tank</a> in Mumbai.<sup id="cite_ref-MTDCpullout_395-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MTDCpullout-395">[395]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MTDCBanganga_396-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MTDCBanganga-396">[396]</a></sup> The Elephanta Festival—celebrated every February on the <a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Island" title="Elephanta Island">Elephanta Islands</a>—is dedicated to classical Indian dance and music and attracts performers from across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-MTDCpullout_395-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MTDCpullout-395">[395]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MTDCElephanta_397-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MTDCElephanta-397">[397]</a></sup> Public holidays specific to the city and the state include <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Day" title="Maharashtra Day">Maharashtra Day</a> on 1 May, to celebrate the formation of Maharashtra state on 1 May 1960,<sup id="cite_ref-398" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-398">[398]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-399" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-399">[399]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a> which is the New Year's Day for <a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi people</a>.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mumbai_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mumbai beaches">Beaches</a> are a major tourist attraction in the city. The major beaches in Mumbai are <a href="/wiki/Girgaum_Chowpatty" class="mw-redirect" title="Girgaum Chowpatty">Girgaum Chowpatty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juhu_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Juhu Beach">Juhu Beach</a>, Dadar Chowpatty, Gorai Beach, <a href="/wiki/Marve_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Marve Beach">Marve Beach</a>, Versova Beach, Madh Beach, <a href="/wiki/Aksa_Beach" title="Aksa Beach">Aksa Beach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manori" title="Manori">Manori</a> Beach.<sup id="cite_ref-400" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-400">[400]</a></sup> Most of the beaches are unfit for swimming, except Girgaum Chowpatty and Juhu Beach.<sup id="cite_ref-401" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-401">[401]</a></sup> Essel World is a theme park and amusement centre situated close to Gorai Beach,<sup id="cite_ref-402" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-402">[402]</a></sup> and includes Asia's largest theme water park, Water Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-403" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-403">[403]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adlabs_Imagica" class="mw-redirect" title="Adlabs Imagica">Adlabs Imagica</a> opened in April 2013 is located near the city of Khopoli off the <a href="/wiki/Mumbai-Pune_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai-Pune Expressway">Mumbai-Pune Expressway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-founderimagica_404-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-founderimagica-404">[404]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cityscape">Cityscape</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=30" title="Editar seção: Cityscape">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:Error mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Mumbai_-_The_Financial_Capital_of_South_Asia.jpg" class="new" title="File:Mumbai - The Financial Capital of South Asia.jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="800">File:Mumbai - The Financial Capital of South Asia.jpg</span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_-_The_Financial_Capital_of_South_Asia.jpg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:Mumbai - The Financial Capital of South Asia.jpg (page does not exist)"> </a></div>An aerial view of the skyline of <a href="/wiki/South_Mumbai" title="South Mumbai">South Mumbai</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>Mumbai's cityscape consists of a variety of tall buildings and structures, most of which have been built in the last two decades. There was a significant lull in construction projects since the mid-1990s after which construction projects began taking the skyline upwards, with a major acceleration in the pace of development since 2000, when the <a href="/wiki/Parel" title="Parel">Lower Parel</a> area began developing.<sup id="cite_ref-405" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-405">[405]</a></sup>
Mumbai with a commanding 77% share of tall buildings in India, is poised to maintain its position as the frontrunner in tall building construction due to its ability to command premium prices compared to other cities, thereby ensuring the economic viability of such developments within the city.<sup id="cite_ref-406" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-406">[406]</a></sup>
Mumbai has more residential tall buildings rather than commercial, unlike the trend globally. Limited land resources and an exponential increase in urban population were the primary reasons for Mumbai’s vertical growth compared to other Tier 1 Indian cities.<sup id="cite_ref-407" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-407">[407]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Architecture">Architecture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=31" title="Editar seção: Architecture">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mumbai" title="Architecture of Mumbai">Architecture of Mumbai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heritage_structures_in_Mumbai" title="Heritage structures in Mumbai">Heritage structures in Mumbai</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus_(Victoria_Terminus_Station).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus_%28Victoria_Terminus_Station%29.jpg/220px-Chatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus_%28Victoria_Terminus_Station%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus_%28Victoria_Terminus_Station%29.jpg/330px-Chatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus_%28Victoria_Terminus_Station%29.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus_%28Victoria_Terminus_Station%29.jpg/440px-Chatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus_%28Victoria_Terminus_Station%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The architecture of the city is a blend of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic">Indo-Saracenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a>, and other contemporary styles. Most of the buildings during the British period, such as the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Terminus" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Terminus">Victoria Terminus</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mumbai" title="University of Mumbai">University of Mumbai</a>, were built in Gothic Revival style.<sup id="cite_ref-408" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-408">[408]</a></sup> Their architectural features include a variety of European influences such as German gables, Dutch roofs, Swiss timbering, Romance arches, Tudor casements, and traditional Indian features.<sup id="cite_ref-Profile_409-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Profile-409">[409]</a></sup> There are also a few Indo-Saracenic styled buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_of_India" title="Gateway of India">Gateway of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-410" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-410">[410]</a></sup> Art Deco styled landmarks can be found along <a href="/wiki/Marine_Drive,_Mumbai" title="Marine Drive, Mumbai">Marine Drive</a> and west of the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Maidan" title="Oval Maidan">Oval Maidan</a>. Mumbai has the second highest number of Art Deco buildings in the world after <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>. In the newer suburbs, modern buildings dominate the landscape. Mumbai has by far the highest number of <a href="/wiki/Skyscrapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyscrapers">skyscrapers</a> in India, with 956 existing <a href="/wiki/Skyscrapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyscrapers">skyscrapers</a> and 272 under construction as of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.
The Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee (MHCC), established in 1995, formulates special regulations and by-laws to assist in the conservation of the city's heritage structures. Mumbai has three <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the <a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Victorian_and_Art_Deco_Ensemble_of_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai">Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-411" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-411">[411]</a></sup> In the south of Mumbai, there are colonial-era buildings and Soviet-style offices.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_412-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-412">[412]</a></sup> In the east are factories and some slums. On the West coast are former-textile mills being demolished and skyscrapers built on top. There are 237 buildings taller than 100 m, compared with 327 in Shanghai and 855 in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-413" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-413">[413]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-economist_412-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-412">[412]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Food">Food</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=32" title="Editar seção: Food">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Street_food_of_Mumbai" title="Street food of Mumbai">Street food of Mumbai</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Street_food_of_Mumbai&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_folk_Cuisine_Images_(221).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Indian_folk_Cuisine_Images_%28221%29.jpg/220px-Indian_folk_Cuisine_Images_%28221%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Indian_folk_Cuisine_Images_%28221%29.jpg/330px-Indian_folk_Cuisine_Images_%28221%29.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Indian_folk_Cuisine_Images_%28221%29.jpg/440px-Indian_folk_Cuisine_Images_%28221%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">Street food</a> in Mumbai</figcaption></figure>
<a href="/wiki/Street_food_of_Mumbai" title="Street food of Mumbai">Street food of Mumbai</a> is the food sold by hawkers from portable market stalls in Mumbai. It is one of the characteristics of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Street_food_of_Mumbai_jg07_414-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Street_food_of_Mumbai_jg07-414">[414]</a></sup> The city is known for its distinctive <a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">street foods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Street_food_of_Mumbai_da04_415-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Street_food_of_Mumbai_da04-415">[415]</a></sup> Although street food is common all over India, street food in Mumbai is noted because people from all <a href="/wiki/Economic_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic class">economic classes</a> eat on the roadside almost round the clock and it is sometimes felt that the taste of street food is better than restaurants in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Street_food_of_Mumbai_nyt09_416-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Street_food_of_Mumbai_nyt09-416">[416]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Street_food_of_Mumbai_td10_417-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Street_food_of_Mumbai_td10-417">[417]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Street_food_of_Mumbai_dnaj09a_418-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Street_food_of_Mumbai_dnaj09a-418">[418]</a></sup> Many Mumbaikars like a small snack on the road in the evening.<sup id="cite_ref-Street_food_of_Mumbai_cnna09_419-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Street_food_of_Mumbai_cnna09-419">[419]</a></sup> People of Mumbai cutting across barriers of class, religion, gender and ethnicity are passionate about street food.<sup id="cite_ref-Street_food_of_Mumbai_jsa08_420-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Street_food_of_Mumbai_jsa08-420">[420]</a></sup> Street food vendors are credited by some for developing the city's <a href="/wiki/Food_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Food culture">food culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Street_food_of_Mumbai_dc11_421-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Street_food_of_Mumbai_dc11-421">[421]</a></sup> Street food in Mumbai is relatively inexpensive as compared to restaurants and vendors tend to be clustered around crowded areas such as colleges and railway stations.<sup id="cite_ref-Street_food_of_Mumbai_nyt09_416-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Street_food_of_Mumbai_nyt09-416">[416]</a></sup></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=33" title="Editar seção: Media">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mumbai_radio_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mumbai radio stations">List of Mumbai radio stations</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Film_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Film_City.jpg/220px-Film_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Film_City.jpg/330px-Film_City.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Film_City.jpg/440px-Film_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption>Plaque at <a href="/wiki/Film_City,_Mumbai" title="Film City, Mumbai">Film City</a> entrance</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a>, the Hindi film industry based in Mumbai, produces around 150–200 films every year.<sup id="cite_ref-422" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-422">[422]</a></sup> The name Bollywood is a blend of Bombay and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-423" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-423">[423]</a></sup> The 2000s saw a growth in Bollywood's popularity overseas. This led filmmaking to new heights in terms of quality, cinematography and innovative story lines as well as technical advances such as special effects and animation.<sup id="cite_ref-424" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-424">[424]</a></sup> Studios in Goregaon, including <a href="/wiki/Film_City,_Mumbai" title="Film City, Mumbai">Film City</a>, are the location for most movie sets.<sup id="cite_ref-425" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-425">[425]</a></sup> The city also hosts the <a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi film industry</a> which has seen increased popularity in recent years, and TV production companies. Mumbai is a hub of Indian film making. Several other Indian language films such as <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhojpuri">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> are also occasionally shot in Mumbai. <a href="/wiki/Slumdog_Millionaire" title="Slumdog Millionaire">Slumdog Millionaire</a>, an <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> British film, was shot entirely in Mumbai and has garnered 8 Oscar awards.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Times_of_India_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Times_of_India_Building.jpg/220px-Times_of_India_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Times_of_India_Building.jpg/330px-Times_of_India_Building.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Times_of_India_Building.jpg/440px-Times_of_India_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>'</i>s first office is opposite the <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus</a> where it was founded.<sup id="cite_ref-televisionpoint2006_426-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-televisionpoint2006-426">[426]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Mumbai has numerous <a href="/wiki/Indian_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian newspapers">newspaper</a> publications, television and radio stations. Marathi dailies enjoy the maximum readership share in the city and the top <a href="/wiki/Marathi-language_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi-language newspapers">Marathi language newspapers</a> are <i><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Times" title="Maharashtra Times">Maharashtra Times</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nava_Kaal" title="Nava Kaal">Navakaal</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lokmat" title="Lokmat">Lokmat</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Loksatta_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loksatta (newspaper)">Loksatta</a></i>, <i>Mumbai Chaufer</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Saamana" title="Saamana">Saamana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sakaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakaal">Sakaal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-427" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-427">[427]</a></sup> Popular Marathi language magazines are <i>Saptahik Sakaal</i>, <i>Grihashobhika</i>, <i>Lokrajya</i>, <i>Lokprabha</i> & <i>Chitralekha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-428" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-428">[428]</a></sup> Popular English language newspapers published and sold in Mumbai include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/MiD_DAY" class="mw-redirect" title="MiD DAY">Mid-day</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/DNA_India" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA India">DNA India</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. Newspapers are also printed in other Indian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-429" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-429">[429]</a></sup> Mumbai is home to Asia's oldest newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Samachar" title="Bombay Samachar">Bombay Samachar</a></i>, which has been published in Gujarati since 1822.<sup id="cite_ref-430" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-430">[430]</a></sup> <i>Bombay Durpan</i>, the first Marathi newspaper, was started by <a href="/wiki/Balshastri_Jambhekar" title="Balshastri Jambhekar">Balshastri Jambhekar</a> in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-PubliclifeMSG_431-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PubliclifeMSG-431">[431]</a></sup>
</p><p>Numerous <a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Indian</a> and international television channels can be watched in Mumbai through one of the <a href="/wiki/Pay-tv" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay-tv">Pay TV</a> companies or the local cable television provider. The metropolis is also the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications having a major presence. The national television broadcaster, <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a>, provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households.<sup id="cite_ref-432" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-432">[432]</a></sup>
</p><p>The wide range of cable channels available includes <a href="/wiki/Zee_Marathi" title="Zee Marathi">Zee Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zee_Talkies" class="mw-redirect" title="Zee Talkies">Zee Talkies</a>, <a href="/wiki/ETV_Marathi" class="mw-redirect" title="ETV Marathi">ETV Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_Pravah" title="Star Pravah">Star Pravah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mi_Marathi" title="Mi Marathi">Mi Marathi</a>, DD Sahyadri (<a href="/wiki/Marathi_language_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi language television">All Marathi channels</a>), news channels such as <a href="/wiki/ABP_Majha" title="ABP Majha">ABP Majha</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBN-Lokmat" class="mw-redirect" title="IBN-Lokmat">IBN-Lokmat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zee_24_Taas" class="mw-redirect" title="Zee 24 Taas">Zee 24 Taas</a>, sports channels like <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_Sports_(Indian_TV_network)" title="Star Sports (Indian TV network)">Star Sports</a>, National entertainment channels like <a href="/wiki/Colors_TV" title="Colors TV">Colors TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Television_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Entertainment Television (India)">Sony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zee_TV" title="Zee TV">Zee TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Star_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Plus">Star Plus</a>, business news channels like <a href="/wiki/CNBC_Awaaz" title="CNBC Awaaz">CNBC Awaaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zee_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="Zee Business">Zee Business</a>, <a href="/wiki/ET_Now" title="ET Now">ET Now</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_UTV" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg UTV">Bloomberg UTV</a>. News channels entirely dedicated to Mumbai include Sahara Samay Mumbai. <a href="/wiki/Zing_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zing (TV channel)">Zing</a> a popular Bollywood gossip channel is also based out of Mumbai. <a href="/wiki/Direct_broadcast_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct broadcast satellite">Satellite television</a> (DTH) has yet to gain mass acceptance, due to high installation costs.<sup id="cite_ref-433" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-433">[433]</a></sup> Prominent DTH entertainment services in Mumbai include <a href="/wiki/Dish_TV" title="Dish TV">Dish TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tata_Sky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata Sky">Tata Sky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-434" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-434">[434]</a></sup>
</p><p>There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> band, and three <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> stations broadcasting on the <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a> band.<sup id="cite_ref-435" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-435">[435]</a></sup> Mumbai also has access to <a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial radio</a> providers such as <a href="/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio" title="Sirius Satellite Radio">Sirius</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Conditional_Access_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditional Access System">Conditional Access System</a> (CAS) started by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Union Government</a> in 2006 met a poor response in Mumbai due to competition from its sister technology <a href="/wiki/Direct_broadcast_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct broadcast satellite">Direct-to-Home</a> (DTH) transmission service.<sup id="cite_ref-436" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-436">[436]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=34" title="Editar seção: Sports">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wankhede_ICC_WCF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wankhede_Stadium_Feb2011.jpg" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Wankhede_ICC_WCF.jpg/220px-Wankhede_ICC_WCF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Wankhede_ICC_WCF.jpg/330px-Wankhede_ICC_WCF.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Wankhede_ICC_WCF.jpg/440px-Wankhede_ICC_WCF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">33,000<sup id="cite_ref-437" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-437">[437]</a></sup> people can be accommodated in the <a href="/wiki/Wankhede_Stadium" title="Wankhede Stadium">Wankhede Stadium</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wug0reym7cv91.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wug0reym7cv91.jpg/220px-Wug0reym7cv91.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wug0reym7cv91.jpg/330px-Wug0reym7cv91.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wug0reym7cv91.jpg/440px-Wug0reym7cv91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Football_Arena" title="Mumbai Football Arena">Mumbai Football Arena</a></div></div></div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> is more popular than any other sport in Mumbai. It is home to the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Control_for_Cricket_in_India" title="Board of Control for Cricket in India">Board of Control for Cricket in India</a> (BCCI)<sup id="cite_ref-438" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-438">[438]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Premier_League" title="Indian Premier League">Indian Premier League</a> (IPL).<sup id="cite_ref-439" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-439">[439]</a></sup> Mumbai's <a href="/wiki/First-class_cricket" title="First-class cricket">first-class</a> team <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_cricket_team" title="Mumbai cricket team">Mumbai cricket team</a> has won 41 <a href="/wiki/Ranji_Trophy" title="Ranji Trophy">Ranji Trophy</a> titles, the most by any team.<sup id="cite_ref-440" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-440">[440]</a></sup> The city based <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Indians" title="Mumbai Indians">Mumbai Indians</a> compete in the Indian Premier League. Mumbai has two international cricket stadiums, the <a href="/wiki/Wankhede_Stadium" title="Wankhede Stadium">Wankhede Stadium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brabourne_Stadium" title="Brabourne Stadium">Brabourne Stadium</a>. The first cricket test match in India was played in Mumbai at the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Gymkhana" title="Bombay Gymkhana">Bombay Gymkhana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-441" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-441">[441]</a></sup> The biggest cricketing event to be staged in the city so far is the <a href="/wiki/2011_Cricket_World_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Cricket World Cup Final">final</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2011_ICC_Cricket_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 ICC Cricket World Cup">2011 ICC Cricket World Cup</a> which was played at the Wankhede Stadium. Mumbai and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> are the only two cities to have hosted both a World Cup final and the <a href="/wiki/2006_ICC_Champions_Trophy_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 ICC Champions Trophy Final">final</a> of an <a href="/wiki/ICC_Champions_Trophy" title="ICC Champions Trophy">ICC Champions Trophy</a> which was played at the <a href="/wiki/Brabourne_Stadium" title="Brabourne Stadium">Brabourne Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/2006_ICC_Champions_Trophy" title="2006 ICC Champions Trophy">2006</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TSMH_442-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSMH-442">[442]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is another popular sport in the city, with the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> and the English <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> being followed widely.<sup id="cite_ref-443" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-443">[443]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_City_FC" title="Mumbai City FC">Mumbai City FC</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Super_League" title="Indian Super League">Indian Super League</a> (ISL) play their home matches at the <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Football_Arena" title="Mumbai Football Arena">Mumbai Football Arena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-444" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-444">[444]</a></sup> While the <a href="/wiki/I-League" title="I-League">I-League</a> club <a href="/wiki/Kenkre_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenkre FC">Kenkre FC</a> uses the <a href="/wiki/Cooperage_Ground" title="Cooperage Ground">Cooperage Ground</a> as home ground.<sup id="cite_ref-445" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-445">[445]</a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Elite_Football_League_of_India" title="Elite Football League of India">Elite Football League of India</a> was introduced in August 2011, Mumbai was noted as one of eight cities to be awarded a team for the inaugural season.
</p><p>Mumbai's first professional <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> <a href="/wiki/Franchise_(sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franchise (sports)">franchise</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-446" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-446">[446]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Gladiators" title="Mumbai Gladiators">Mumbai Gladiators</a>, played its first season, in <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, in late 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-447" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-447">[447]</a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Hockey</a>, Mumbai is home to the <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Marines" title="Mumbai Marines">Mumbai Marines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Magicians" title="Mumbai Magicians">Mumbai Magicians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/World_Series_Hockey" title="World Series Hockey">World Series Hockey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hockey_India_League" title="Hockey India League">Hockey India League</a> respectively. Matches in the city are played at the <a href="/wiki/Mahindra_Hockey_Stadium" title="Mahindra Hockey Stadium">Mahindra Hockey Stadium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-marines_448-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marines-448">[448]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-magicians_449-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magicians-449">[449]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Indian Badminton League (IBL), now known as the <a href="/wiki/Premier_Badminton_League" title="Premier Badminton League">Premier Badminton League</a> is also visiting Mumbai since its inaugural edition in 2013 when the final was held in Mumbai's <a href="/wiki/National_Sports_Club_of_India" title="National Sports Club of India">National Sports Club of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-450" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-450">[450]</a></sup> In the second season, the final of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Premier_Badminton_League" title="2016 Premier Badminton League">2016 Premier Badminton League</a> was held between home-squad <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Rockets" title="Mumbai Rockets">Mumbai Rockets</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Dashers" title="Delhi Dashers">Delhi Dashers</a> (formerly Delhi Acers), the visitors eventually claiming the title. The opening ceremony was also held in Mumbai while the finals in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-451" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-451">[451]</a></sup>
In the <a href="/wiki/2017_Premier_Badminton_League" title="2017 Premier Badminton League">2017 Premier Badminton League</a> (also known as Vodafone PBL 2017 for sponsorship reasons) the <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Rockets" title="Mumbai Rockets">Mumbai Rockets</a><sup id="cite_ref-452" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-452">[452]</a></sup> beat the <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Hunters_(Badminton_team)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad Hunters (Badminton team)">Hyderabad Hunters</a> 3–1 to proceed to the final. In the final they lost 3–4 to the <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Smashers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Smashers">Chennai Smashers</a>.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/U_Mumba" title="U Mumba">U Mumba</a> is the team representing Mumbai in the country's professional <a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a> league, <a href="/wiki/Pro_Kabaddi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro Kabaddi">Pro Kabaddi</a>. The Mumbai Leg of <a href="/wiki/Pro_Kabaddi_League" title="Pro Kabaddi League">Pro Kabaddi</a> is held at the NSCI, Worli.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby</a> is another growing sport in Mumbai with league matches being held at the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Gymkhana" title="Bombay Gymkhana">Bombay Gymkhana</a> from June to November.<sup id="cite_ref-rugbyhost_453-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rugbyhost-453">[453]</a></sup>
</p><p>Every February, Mumbai holds <a href="/wiki/Derby_(horse_race)" title="Derby (horse race)">derby</a> races at the <a href="/wiki/Mahalaxmi_Racecourse" title="Mahalaxmi Racecourse">Mahalaxmi Racecourse</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Breweries_Group" title="United Breweries Group">Mcdowell's</a> Derby is also held in February at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Western_India_Turf_Club" title="Royal Western India Turf Club">Turf Club</a> in Mumbai.<sup id="cite_ref-454" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-454">[454]</a></sup> In March 2004, the Mumbai Grand Prix was part of the <a href="/wiki/F1_Powerboat_Racing" class="mw-redirect" title="F1 Powerboat Racing">F1 powerboat world championship</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-455" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-455">[455]</a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Force_India" title="Force India">Force India</a> F1 team car was unveiled in the city, in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-456" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-456">[456]</a></sup> In 2004, the annual <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Marathon" title="Mumbai Marathon">Mumbai Marathon</a> was established as a part of "<a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Race_on_Earth" title="The Greatest Race on Earth">The Greatest Race on Earth</a>". Mumbai had also played host to the <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher_Airlines_Tennis_Open" title="Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open">Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open</a>, an <a href="/wiki/International_Series_Tournaments" class="mw-redirect" title="International Series Tournaments">International Series</a> tournament of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of Tennis Professionals">ATP World Tour</a>, in 2006 and 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-457" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-457">[457]</a></sup>
</p><p>Mumbai will host the <a href="/wiki/140th_IOC_Session" class="mw-redirect" title="140th IOC Session">140th IOC Session</a> in 2023.
</p><p><b>Regional and Professional Sports Teams from Mumbai</b>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Team/Club
</th>
<th>Tournament/League
</th>
<th>Sport
</th>
<th>Venue
</th>
<th>Established
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_cricket_team" title="Mumbai cricket team">Mumbai cricket team</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ranji_Trophy" title="Ranji Trophy">Ranji Trophy</a>
<p><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Hazare_Trophy" title="Vijay Hazare Trophy">Vijay Hazare Trophy</a>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Syed_Mushtaq_Ali_Trophy" title="Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy">Syed Musthaq Ali Trophy</a>
</p>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Wankhede_Stadium" title="Wankhede Stadium">Wankhede Stadium</a>
<p><a href="/wiki/Brabourne_Stadium" title="Brabourne Stadium">Brabourne Stadium</a>
</p>
</td>
<td>1930
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_football_team" title="Maharashtra football team">Maharashtra football team</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Santosh_Trophy" title="Santosh Trophy">Santosh Trophy</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a>
</td>
<td>–
</td>
<td>1941
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kenkre_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenkre FC">Kenkre FC</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/I-League" title="I-League">I-League</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Cooperage_Ground" title="Cooperage Ground">Cooperage Ground</a>
</td>
<td>2000
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Indians" title="Mumbai Indians">Mumbai Indians</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Premier_League" title="Indian Premier League">Indian Premier League</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Wankhede_Stadium" title="Wankhede Stadium">Wankhede Stadium</a>
<p><a href="/wiki/Brabourne_Stadium" title="Brabourne Stadium">Brabourne Stadium</a>
</p>
</td>
<td>2008
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Marines" title="Mumbai Marines">Mumbai Marines</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/World_Series_Hockey" title="World Series Hockey">World Series Hockey</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mahindra_Hockey_Stadium" title="Mahindra Hockey Stadium">Mahindra Hockey Stadium</a>
</td>
<td>2011
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Gladiators" title="Mumbai Gladiators">Mumbai Gladiators</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Elite_Football_League_of_India" title="Elite Football League of India">Elite Football League of India</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>
</td>
<td>–
</td>
<td>2012
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Magicians" title="Mumbai Magicians">Mumbai Magicians</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Hockey_India_League" title="Hockey India League">Hockey India League</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mahindra_Hockey_Stadium" title="Mahindra Hockey Stadium">Mahindra Hockey Stadium</a>
</td>
<td>2012
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Rockets" title="Mumbai Rockets">Mumbai Rockets</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Premier_Badminton_League" title="Premier Badminton League">Premier Badminton League</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">Badminton</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/National_Sports_Club_of_India" title="National Sports Club of India">National Sports Club of India</a>
</td>
<td>2013
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_City_FC" title="Mumbai City FC">Mumbai City FC</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Super_League" title="Indian Super League">Indian Super League</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Football_Arena" title="Mumbai Football Arena">Mumbai Football Arena</a>
</td>
<td>2014
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/U_Mumba" title="U Mumba">U Mumba</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Pro_Kabaddi_League" title="Pro Kabaddi League">Pro Kabaddi League</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_Indoor_Stadium" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium</a>
</td>
<td>2014
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Tennis_Masters" title="Mumbai Tennis Masters">Mumbai Tennis Masters</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Champions_Tennis_League" title="Champions Tennis League">Champions Tennis League</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kalina_Stadium" title="Kalina Stadium">Kalina Stadium</a>
</td>
<td>2014
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Challengers" title="Mumbai Challengers">Mumbai Challengers</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/UBA_Pro_Basketball_League" title="UBA Pro Basketball League">UBA Pro Basketball League</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a>
</td>
<td>–
</td>
<td>2015
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Former Regional and Professional Sports Teams from Mumbai</b>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Team/Club
</th>
<th>Tournament/League
</th>
<th>Sport
</th>
<th>Venue
</th>
<th>Established
</th>
<th>Ceased
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Champs" title="Mumbai Champs">Mumbai Champs</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Cricket_League" title="Indian Cricket League">Indian Cricket League</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a>
</td>
<td>N/A
</td>
<td>2007
</td>
<td>2009
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Masters" title="Mumbai Masters">Mumbai Masters</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Premier_Badminton_League" title="Premier Badminton League">Premier Badminton League</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">Badminton</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/National_Sports_Club_of_India" title="National Sports Club of India">National Sports Club of India</a>
</td>
<td>2013
</td>
<td>2016
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="International_relations">International relations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=35" title="Editar seção: International relations">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=36" title="Editar seção: Twin towns and sister cities">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Source: <i>Hindustan Times</i><sup id="cite_ref-458" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-458">[458]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1147244281">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a>, Madagascar</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a>, South Korea</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, U.S.</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, U.S.</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nadi" title="Nadi">Nadi</a>, Fiji</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, Ukraine</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, Russia</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Germany</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, Japan</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, Croatia</li></ul></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=37" title="Editar seção: See also">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mumbai" title="Geology of Mumbai">Geology of Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Mumbai" title="List of tallest buildings in Mumbai">List of tallest buildings in Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Mumbai" title="List of people from Mumbai">List of people from Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_India" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in India">List of twin towns and sister cities in India</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=38" title="Editar seção: References">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026175045/http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/7islands.html">"The Seven Islands"</a>. The Mumbai Pages. 16 July 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/7islands.html">the original</a> on 26 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Islands&rft.pub=The+Mumbai+Pages&rft.date=1995-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheory.tifr.res.in%2Fbombay%2Fphysical%2Fgeo%2F7islands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daytodaygk.com/indian-cities-and-their-nicknames-complete-list/">"Indian Cities and Their Nicknames – Complete List"</a>. 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Cities+and+Their+Nicknames+%E2%80%93+Complete+List&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.daytodaygk.com%2Findian-cities-and-their-nicknames-complete-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mumbai-is-truly-maximum-city/articleshow/64440610.cms?from=mdr">"Mumbai is truly maximum city"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Mumbai+is+truly+maximum+city&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpanache%2Fmumbai-is-truly-maximum-city%2Farticleshow%2F64440610.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mumbai/History">"Mumbai Settlement"</a>. <i>Britannia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannia&rft.atitle=Mumbai+Settlement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FMumbai%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofindia.com/city/mumbai/administrator-assumes-charge-in-bmc-today-as-term-of-house-ends/amp_articleshow/90063515.cms">"Administrator to run BMC, first time in 40 years"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Administrator+to+run+BMC%2C+first+time+in+40+years&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofindia.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2Fadministrator-assumes-charge-in-bmc-today-as-term-of-house-ends%2Famp_articleshow%2F90063515.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/amp/news/india/bmc-to-be-run-by-administrator-sans-mayor-after-4-decades-what-it-means-for-public-explained-4848242.html">"BMC to be Run by Administrator Sans Mayor After 4 Decades"</a>. News18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BMC+to+be+Run+by+Administrator+Sans+Mayor+After+4+Decades&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Famp%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fbmc-to-be-run-by-administrator-sans-mayor-after-4-decades-what-it-means-for-public-explained-4848242.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/mumbai/mumbai-iqbal-chahal-appointed-as-bmc-administrator-as-elections-delayed">"Iqbal Chahal appointed as BMC administrator as elections delayed"</a>. <i>The Free Press Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Press+Journal&rft.atitle=Iqbal+Chahal+appointed+as+BMC+administrator+as+elections+delayed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepressjournal.in%2Famp%2Fmumbai%2Fmumbai-iqbal-chahal-appointed-as-bmc-administrator-as-elections-delayed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-projectsecoa1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-projectsecoa1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-projectsecoa1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513105912/http://www.projectsecoa.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=73">"Mumbai metropolitan area"</a> (in Italian). Projectsecoa.eu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectsecoa.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=73">the original</a> on 13 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mumbai+metropolitan+area&rft.pub=Projectsecoa.eu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectsecoa.eu%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D117%26Itemid%3D73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php">"Maharashtra (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006153720/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maharashtra+%28India%29%3A+Districts%2C+Cities%2C+Towns+and+Outgrowth+Wards+%E2%80%93+Population+Statistics+in+Maps+and+Charts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fphp%2Findia-maharashtra.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-extended_UA_2011-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-extended_UA_2011_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-extended_UA_2011_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630112755/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3">"INDIA STATS : Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011"</a>. <i>Press Information Bureau, Mumbai</i>. National Informatics Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3">the original</a> on 30 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Information+Bureau%2C+Mumbai&rft.atitle=INDIA+STATS+%3A+Million+plus+cities+in+India+as+per+Census+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpibmumbai.gov.in%2Fscripts%2Fdetail.asp%3FreleaseId%3DE2011IS3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-MumbaiitesinMH-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MumbaiitesinMH_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNeela_DabirNaina_Athale2011" class="citation book cs1">Neela Dabir; Naina Athale (7 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNmGAwAAQBAJ&q=mumbaiites&pg=PA75"><i>From Street to Hope</i></a>. Sage Publications Private Limited, Mathura Road, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788132107651" title="Special:BookSources/9788132107651"><bdi>9788132107651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Street+to+Hope&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Sage+Publications+Private+Limited%2C+Mathura+Road%2C+New+Delhi&rft.date=2011-06-07&rft.isbn=9788132107651&rft.au=Neela+Dabir&rft.au=Naina+Athale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCNmGAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmumbaiites%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-gdp-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gdp_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gdp_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/">"Global city GDP 2014"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>. 22 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525113815/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+city+GDP+2014&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fresearch%2Fglobal-metro-monitor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562">"Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pricewaterhouse_Coopers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pricewaterhouse Coopers">PwC</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562">the original</a> on 4 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+city+GDP+rankings+2008%E2%80%932025&rft.pub=PwC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukmediacentre.pwc.com%2Fimagelibrary%2FdownloadMedia.ashx%3FMediaDetailsID%3D1562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-NCLMreport-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NCLMreport_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf">National Commissioner Linguistic Minorities 50th report, page 131</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf">Archived</a> 8 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Government of India. Retrieved 15 July 2015.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-MCGMhistmilestone-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MCGMhistmilestone_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715172504/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlhismilestone?guest_user=english">"Evolution of the Corporation, Historical Milestones"</a>. Mumbai: <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporation_of_Greater_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai">Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlhismilestone?guest_user=english">the original</a> on 15 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+the+Corporation%2C+Historical+Milestones&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pub=Municipal+Corporation+of+Greater+Mumbai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcgm.gov.in%2Firj%2Fportal%2Fanonymous%2Fqlhismilestone%3Fguest_user%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Cities1Lakhandabove-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cities1Lakhandabove_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf">"Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Provisional+Population+Totals%2C+Census+of+India+2011%3B+Cities+having+population+1+lakh+and+above&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011-prov-results%2Fpaper2%2Fdata_files%2FIndia2%2FTable_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-james_customs-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-james_customs_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-james_customs_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJames1977" class="citation journal cs1">James, V. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1064">"Marriage Customs of Christian Son Kolis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asian Folklore Studies</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 131–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1177821">10.2307/1177821</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177821">1177821</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231210/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1064">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Folklore+Studies&rft.atitle=Marriage+Customs+of+Christian+Son+Kolis&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-148&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1177821&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1177821%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp%2Fnfile%2F1064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-munshi-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-munshi_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-munshi_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMunshi1954" class="citation book cs1">Munshi, Kanaiyalal M. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.97812/2015.97812.Gujarat-And-Its-Literature-1852#page/n31/mode/2up/search/Kolis"><i>Gujarāt and its literature, from early times to 1852</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Vidya_Bhavan_Educational_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Educational Trust">Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan</a>. p. xix. <q>The next immigrants into the islands of Bombay were the Kolis, who on all authorities continued to be their original inhabitants till Aungier founded the city of Bombay. Kathiawad and Central Gujarāt was the home of the Kolis in pre-historic times.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gujar%C4%81t+and+its+literature%2C+from+early+times+to+1852&rft.pages=xix&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Munshi&rft.aufirst=Kanaiyalal+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.97812%2F2015.97812.Gujarat-And-Its-Literature-1852%23page%2Fn31%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2FKolis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-rnmehta-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rnmehta_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rnmehta_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rnmehta_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMehta1983" class="citation journal cs1">Mehta, R. N. (1983). "Bombay – An analysis of the toponym". <i>Journal of the Oriental Institute</i>: 138–140. <q>The kolis who succeeded the stone-age men on the island brought with them from Gujarat their patron goddess Mummai whom their descendants still worship in Kathiawar. The name of Bombay is derived from this koli goddess.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Oriental+Institute&rft.atitle=Bombay+%E2%80%93+An+analysis+of+the+toponym&rft.pages=138-140&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=R.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWynne2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wynne, S. M. (2004). <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4894?docPos=1">"Catherine (1638–1705)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4894">10.1093/ref:odnb/4894</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010804/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4894?docPos=1">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catherine+%281638%E2%80%931705%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4894&rft.aulast=Wynne&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F4894%3FdocPos%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color:#555">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Dwivedi_2001_28-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dwivedi_2001_28_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dwivedi_2001_28_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwivediMehrotra2001">Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001</a>, p. 28</span>
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<li id="cite_note-fp-onceuponatime-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fp-onceuponatime_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fp-onceuponatime_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/slideshow/once-upon-a-time-in-bombay/">"Once Upon a Time in Bombay"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i>. 24 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109020758/http://foreignpolicy.com/slideshow/once-upon-a-time-in-bombay/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Once+Upon+a+Time+in+Bombay&rft.date=2011-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2Fslideshow%2Fonce-upon-a-time-in-bombay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213041900/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous?NavigationTarget=navurl%3A%2F%2Fd20cb3d618ee8cb6c3a780df7c58030c">"Bombay: History of a City"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous?NavigationTarget=navurl://d20cb3d618ee8cb6c3a780df7c58030c">the original</a> on 13 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bombay%3A+History+of+a+City&rft.pub=British+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcgm.gov.in%2Firj%2Fportal%2Fanonymous%3FNavigationTarget%3Dnavurl%3A%2F%2Fd20cb3d618ee8cb6c3a780df7c58030c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-millionaireRoleModel-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-millionaireRoleModel_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLakshmi2011" class="citation news cs1">Lakshmi, Rama (14 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/new-millionaires-emerge-as-role-models-for-indias-lower-castes/2011/04/03/AFesUMfD_story.html">"New millionaires hope to serve as role models for India's lower castes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Mumbai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150623215214/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/new-millionaires-emerge-as-role-models-for-indias-lower-castes/2011/04/03/AFesUMfD_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=New+millionaires+hope+to+serve+as+role+models+for+India%27s+lower+castes&rft.date=2011-04-14&rft.aulast=Lakshmi&rft.aufirst=Rama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fnew-millionaires-emerge-as-role-models-for-indias-lower-castes%2F2011%2F04%2F03%2FAFesUMfD_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-a-land-of-opportunities/articleshow/9292526.cms?referral=PM">"Mumbai, a land of opportunities"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 20 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140804070300/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-a-land-of-opportunities/articleshow/9292526.cms?referral=PM">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Mumbai%2C+a+land+of+opportunities&rft.date=2011-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2FMumbai-a-land-of-opportunities%2Farticleshow%2F9292526.cms%3Freferral%3DPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-mmrda_muip_gdp-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mmrda_muip_gdp_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmrda_muip_gdp_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmrda_muip_gdp_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226031015/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm">"Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region_Development_Authority" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority">Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm">the original</a> on 26 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mumbai+Urban+Infrastructure+Project&rft.pub=Mumbai+Metropolitan+Region+Development+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmrdamumbai.org%2Fprojects_muip.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100814232747/http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/11/slide-show-1-worst-oil-spills-in-the-world.htm">"10 worst oil spills that cost trillions in losses : Rediff.com Business"</a>. <i>Rediff.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/11/slide-show-1-worst-oil-spills-in-the-world.htm">the original</a> on 14 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rediff.com&rft.atitle=10+worst+oil+spills+that+cost+trillions+in+losses+%3A+Rediff.com+Business&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.rediff.com%2Fslide-show%2F2010%2Faug%2F11%2Fslide-show-1-worst-oil-spills-in-the-world.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NMIAtender-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NMIAtender_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808061543/http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/PIM_NMIA.pdf">"Development of Mumbai International Airport (NMIA)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/CIDCO" class="mw-redirect" title="CIDCO">CIDCO</a>. 2013. p. 7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/PIM_NMIA.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Development+of+Mumbai+International+Airport+%28NMIA%29&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=CIDCO&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in%2Fpdf%2FPIM_NMIA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMahajan2014" class="citation news cs1">Mahajan, Poonam (26 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/column-poonam-mahajan-explains-why-mumbai-is-at-the-very-heart-of-india-story-2005310">"Poonam Mahajan explains why Mumbai is at the very heart of India story"</a>. <i>DNA India</i>. Mumbai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150621131904/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/column-poonam-mahajan-explains-why-mumbai-is-at-the-very-heart-of-india-story-2005310">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DNA+India&rft.atitle=Poonam+Mahajan+explains+why+Mumbai+is+at+the+very+heart+of+India+story&rft.date=2014-07-26&rft.aulast=Mahajan&rft.aufirst=Poonam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Fcolumn-poonam-mahajan-explains-why-mumbai-is-at-the-very-heart-of-india-story-2005310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMukund_Kule2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mukund Kule (8 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-6709481,prtpage-1.cms">"मुंबईचं श्रद्धास्थान"</a> [Mumba'īcaṁ Shrad'dhāsthān]. <i><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Times" title="Maharashtra Times">Maharashtra Times</a></i> (in Marathi). Maharashtra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617083828/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-6709481,prtpage-1.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maharashtra+Times&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8&rft.date=2010-10-08&rft.au=Mukund+Kule&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaharashtratimes.indiatimes.com%2Farticleshow%2Fmsid-6709481%2Cprtpage-1.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBapat2005" class="citation book cs1">Bapat, Jyotsna (2005). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentproje00bapa"><i>Development projects and critical theory of environment</i></a></span>. Sage. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentproje00bapa/page/n6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3357-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3357-1"><bdi>978-0-7619-3357-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+projects+and+critical+theory+of+environment&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3357-1&rft.aulast=Bapat&rft.aufirst=Jyotsna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevelopmentproje00bapa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatelMasselos2003">Patel & Masselos 2003</a>, p. 4</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2004">Mehta 2004</a>, p. 130</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirodkar1998">Shirodkar 1998</a>, pp. 4–5</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-et6yh-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-et6yh_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYuleBurnell1996">Yule & Burnell 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA102">102</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Shirodkar_1998_7-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shirodkar_1998_7_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirodkar1998">Shirodkar 1998</a>, p. 7</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-jpm2-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpm2_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpm2_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Machado, José Pedro, "Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa", Livros Horizonte, 2003, verbete "Bombaim", volume I, pp. 265/266.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirodkar1998">Shirodkar 1998</a>, p. 2</span>
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<li id="cite_note-ety-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ety_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ety_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYuleBurnell1996">Yule & Burnell 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA103">103</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-etyh-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etyh_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYuleBurnell1996">Yule & Burnell 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA104">104</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKeay2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">Keay, John</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC"><i>India, a History</i></a>. New York, United States: Harper Collins Publishers. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-638784-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-638784-8"><bdi>978-0-00-638784-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%2C+a+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+United+States&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Harper+Collins+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-00-638784-8&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3aeQqmcXBhoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#bom">Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960</a>, p. 6</span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirodkar1998">Shirodkar 1998</a>, p. 3</span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRousselet1877" class="citation book cs1">Rousselet, Louis (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lindedesrajahsvo00rous"><i>L'Inde des Rajahs</i></a>. Librairie Hachette et cie, Paris. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lindedesrajahsvo00rous/page/7">7</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Inde+des+Rajahs&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Librairie+Hachette+et+cie%2C+Paris&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Rousselet&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flindedesrajahsvo00rous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Christopher_Beam-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christopher_Beam_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Beam2008" class="citation web cs1">Christopher Beam (1 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html">"Why Did Bombay Become Mumbai? How the city got renamed"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150615105241/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Why+Did+Bombay+Become+Mumbai%3F+How+the+city+got+renamed&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft.au=Christopher+Beam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Frecycled%2F2008%2F12%2Fwhy_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansen2001">Hansen 2001</a>, p. 1</span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNitin_Chavan2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nitin Chavan (18 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002023/http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20091218/4692758299134963929.htm">"शिवसेना आमदाराची नामांतर एक्स्प्रेस"</a> [Shivsēnā Âmadārācī Nāmāntar Express]. <i><a href="/wiki/Sakal" title="Sakal">Sakal</a></i> (in Marathi). Mumbai, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20091218/4692758299134963929.htm">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sakal&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8&rft.date=2009-12-18&rft.au=Nitin+Chavan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esakal.com%2Fesakal%2F20091218%2F4692758299134963929.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBeam2008" class="citation news cs1">Beam, Christopher (1 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html">"Why did Bombay become Mumbai?"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150615105241/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Why+did+Bombay+become+Mumbai%3F&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft.aulast=Beam&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Frecycled%2F2008%2F12%2Fwhy_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBeam2006" class="citation news cs1">Beam, Christopher (12 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2006/07/mumbai_what_about_bombay.html">"Mumbai? What about Bombay?"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130420043035/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2006/07/mumbai_what_about_bombay.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Mumbai%3F+What+about+Bombay%3F&rft.date=2006-05-12&rft.aulast=Beam&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Fexplainer%2F2006%2F07%2Fmumbai_what_about_bombay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24change-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24change_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2013" class="citation news cs1">Kumar, Ruchi (28 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-from-bombay-to-mumbai-24-ways-the-city-has-changed-1909096">"From Bombay to Mumbai: 24 ways the city has changed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis" title="Daily News and Analysis">Daily News and Analysis</a></i>. Mumbai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602205513/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-from-bombay-to-mumbai-24-ways-the-city-has-changed-1909096">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=From+Bombay+to+Mumbai%3A+24+ways+the+city+has+changed&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Ruchi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport-from-bombay-to-mumbai-24-ways-the-city-has-changed-1909096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-mummaharashtra1-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mummaharashtra1_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091119201349/http://www.fodors.com/world/asia/india/mumbai-bombay-and-maharashtra/more.html">"Mumbai (Bombay) and Maharashtra"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fodor%27s" title="Fodor's">Fodor's</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fodors.com/world/asia/india/mumbai-bombay-and-maharashtra/more.html">the original</a> on 19 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mumbai+%28Bombay%29+and+Maharashtra&rft.pub=Fodor%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fodors.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Findia%2Fmumbai-bombay-and-maharashtra%2Fmore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-vs-bombay/527660/0">"Mumbai vs Bombay"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 11 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-vs-bombay/527660/0">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Mumbai+vs+Bombay&rft.date=2009-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fmumbai-vs-bombay%2F527660%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Fruit+And+Nut:+Another+'Bombay'+controversy+brewing/1/65447.html">"Fruit And Nut: Another 'Bombay' controversy brewing?"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005120437/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Fruit+And+Nut%3A+Another+%27Bombay%27+controversy+brewing/1/65447.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Fruit+And+Nut%3A+Another+%27Bombay%27+controversy+brewing%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiatoday.intoday.in%2Fstory%2FFruit%2BAnd%2BNut%3A%2BAnother%2B%27Bombay%27%2Bcontroversy%2Bbrewing%2F1%2F65447.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mumbaikar-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mumbaikar_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mumbaikar_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansen2001">Hansen 2001</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFVir_Sanghvi2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vir_Sanghvi" title="Vir Sanghvi">Vir Sanghvi</a> (2 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-angry-bombay-ite/story-0bQZZ6gJQxGeVyotqUVGIO.html">"The Angry Bombay-ite"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=The+Angry+Bombay-ite&rft.date=2006-04-02&rft.au=Vir+Sanghvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia%2Fthe-angry-bombay-ite%2Fstory-0bQZZ6gJQxGeVyotqUVGIO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.in/the-better-india/3-mumbaikars-who-are-changing-the-city-all-by-themselves_a_21477899/">"3 Mumbaikars Who Are Changing The City All By Themselves"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=3+Mumbaikars+Who+Are+Changing+The+City+All+By+Themselves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.in%2Fthe-better-india%2F3-mumbaikars-who-are-changing-the-city-all-by-themselves_a_21477899%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarooqui2006">Farooqui 2006</a>, p. 1</span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhosh1990">Ghosh 1990</a>, p. 25</span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#bom">Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960</a>, p. 5</span>
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<li id="cite_note-city-profile-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-city-profile_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721202935/http://dm.mcgm.gov.in:9080/gmdma/wp-content/uploads/2015/pdf/city_profile.pdf">"2. Mumbai City Profile"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>GMDMA Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Authority</i>. Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. p. 7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dm.mcgm.gov.in:9080/gmdma/wp-content/uploads/2015/pdf/city_profile.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GMDMA+Greater+Mumbai+Disaster+Management+Authority&rft.atitle=2.+Mumbai+City+Profile&rft.pages=7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdm.mcgm.gov.in%3A9080%2Fgmdma%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2Fpdf%2Fcity_profile.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid1995">David 1995</a>, p. 5</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ray-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ray_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRay1994" class="citation journal cs1">Ray, Himanshu Prabha (June 1994). "Kanheri: The archaeology of an early Buddhist pilgrimage centre in western India". <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 35–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1994.9980259">10.1080/00438243.1994.9980259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Kanheri%3A+The+archaeology+of+an+early+Buddhist+pilgrimage+centre+in+western+India&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-46&rft.date=1994-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.1994.9980259&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Himanshu+Prabha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKumari1990">Kumari 1990</a>, p. 37</span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid1973">David 1973</a>, p. 8</span>
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<li id="cite_note-battleneglect-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-battleneglect_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJaisinghani2009" class="citation news cs1">Jaisinghani, Bella (13 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ancient-caves-battle-neglect/articleshow/4770451.cms">"Ancient caves battle neglect"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ancient-caves-battle-neglect/articleshow/4770451.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ancient+caves+battle+neglect&rft.date=2009-07-13&rft.aulast=Jaisinghani&rft.aufirst=Bella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2FAncient-caves-battle-neglect%2Farticleshow%2F4770451.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-threattocaves-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-threattocaves_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2006" class="citation news cs1">Kumar, Vinaya (2 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060402/spectrum/main2.htm">"Threat to caves of Bombay"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tribune (Chandigarh)">The Tribune</a></i>. Mumbai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193451/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060402/spectrum/main2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Threat+to+caves+of+Bombay&rft.date=2006-04-02&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Vinaya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2006%2F20060402%2Fspectrum%2Fmain2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#bom">Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960</a>, pp. 127–150</span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwivediMehrotra2001">Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001</a>, p. 79</span>
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/eesj/gradpubs/GeneralMags/Patel_Archaeology_SlumandSacredCave_0607.pdf">"The Slum and the Sacred Cave"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory (<a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>). p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081123104753/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/eesj/gradpubs/GeneralMags/Patel_Archaeology_SlumandSacredCave_0607.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Slum+and+the+Sacred+Cave&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Lamont%E2%80%93Doherty+Earth+Observatory+%28Columbia+University%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldeo.columbia.edu%2Fedu%2Feesj%2Fgradpubs%2FGeneralMags%2FPatel_Archaeology_SlumandSacredCave_0607.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021063323/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_elephanta.asp">"World Heritage Sites – Elephanta Caves"</a>. Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_elephanta.asp">the original</a> on 21 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+Heritage+Sites+%E2%80%93+Elephanta+Caves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasi.nic.in%2Fasi_monu_whs_elephanta.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDwivedi2007" class="citation web cs1">Dwivedi, Sharada (26 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101938/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=101117">"The Legends of Walkeshwar"</a>. <i>Mumbai Newsline</i>. <a href="/wiki/Express_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Express Group">Express Group</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=101117">the original</a> on 16 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mumbai+Newsline&rft.atitle=The+Legends+of+Walkeshwar&rft.date=2007-09-26&rft.aulast=Dwivedi&rft.aufirst=Sharada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcities.expressindia.com%2Ffullstory.php%3Fnewsid%3D101117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Walkeshwar-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walkeshwar_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMaharashtra_(India)1986" class="citation book cs1">Maharashtra (India) (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IWtDAAAAYAAJ"><i>Maharashtra State Gazetteers</i></a>. Vol. 24 (1 ed.). Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State. p. 596. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=IWtDAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maharashtra+State+Gazetteers&rft.pages=596&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Government+Print.%2C+Stationery+and+Publications%2C+Maharashtra+State&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Maharashtra+%28India%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIWtDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAgarwal2007" class="citation web cs1">Agarwal, Lekha (2 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113202153/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=239318">"What about Gateway of India, Banganga Tank?"</a>. <i>Mumbai Newsline</i>. Express Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=239318">the original</a> on 13 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mumbai+Newsline&rft.atitle=What+about+Gateway+of+India%2C+Banganga+Tank%3F&rft.date=2007-06-02&rft.aulast=Agarwal&rft.aufirst=Lekha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcities.expressindia.com%2Ffullstory.php%3Fnewsid%3D239318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Banganga-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Banganga_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFParry2015" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Eric (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kiDWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43">"1: Pavement"</a>. <i>Context: Architecture and the Genius of Place</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-94673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-94673-2"><bdi>978-1-118-94673-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=kiDWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Pavement&rft.btitle=Context%3A+Architecture+and+the+Genius+of+Place&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-118-94673-2&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkiDWBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwivediMehrotra2001">Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001</a>, p. 51</span>
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<li id="cite_note-prabhu-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prabhu_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#prabhu">Maharashtra 2004</a>, p. 1703</span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid1973">David 1973</a>, p. 14</span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid1995">David 1995</a>, p. 12</span>
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<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2006">Khalidi 2006</a>, p. 24</span>
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<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#misra">Misra 1982</a>, p. 193</span>
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<li id="cite_note-mis-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mis_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#misra">Misra 1982</a>, p. 222</span>
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<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid1973">David 1973</a>, p. 16</span>
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090718061048/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Mughals/mughals.html">"Mughal Empire"</a>. Department of Social Sciences (<a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Mughals/mughals.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mughal+Empire&rft.pub=Department+of+Social+Sciences+%28University+of+California%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fsouthasia%2FHistory%2FMughals%2Fmughals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#bom">Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960</a>, p. 166</span>
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<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#bom">Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960</a>, p. 169</span>
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<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid1995">David 1995</a>, p. 19</span>
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<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFD'Mello2008" class="citation news cs1">D'Mello, Ashley (9 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/New-life-for-old-church-records/articleshow/3112498.cms?referral=PM">"New life for old church records"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140804093347/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/New-life-for-old-church-records/articleshow/3112498.cms?referral=PM">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=New+life+for+old+church+records&rft.date=2008-06-09&rft.aulast=D%27Mello&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2FNew-life-for-old-church-records%2Farticleshow%2F3112498.cms%3Freferral%3DPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-gc-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gc_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080205151403/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Glorious-past/233152/">"Glorious past"</a>. <i>Express India</i>. 28 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/glorious-past/233152/">the original</a> on 5 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Express+India&rft.atitle=Glorious+past&rft.date=2008-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expressindia.com%2Flatest-news%2Fglorious-past%2F233152%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A2998461">"Catherine of Bragança (1638–1705)"</a>. BBC. 12 October 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102065741/http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A2998461">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catherine+of+Bragan%C3%A7a+%281638%E2%80%931705%29&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2004-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fh2g2.com%2Fedited_entry%2FA2998461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#bi">The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island 1978</a>, p. 54</span>
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<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwivediMehrotra2001">Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001</a>, p. 20</span>
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<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid1973">David 1973</a>, p. 410</span>
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<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAli1996" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Shanti Sadiq (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&q=Yakut+Khan+koli&pg=PA174"><i>The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0485-1"><bdi>978-81-250-0485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+Dispersal+in+the+Deccan%3A+From+Medieval+to+Modern+Times&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-250-0485-1&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Shanti+Sadiq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-3CPc22nMqIC%26q%3DYakut%2BKhan%2Bkoli%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPalsokarReddy1995" class="citation book cs1">Palsokar, R. D.; Reddy, T. Rabi (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UU1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Koli"><i>Bajirao I: an outstanding cavalry general</i></a>. Reliance Pub. House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85972-94-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85972-94-7"><bdi>978-81-85972-94-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bajirao+I%3A+an+outstanding+cavalry+general&rft.pub=Reliance+Pub.+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-85972-94-7&rft.aulast=Palsokar&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rft.au=Reddy%2C+T.+Rabi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUU1uAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DKoli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1883" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Sir James MacNabb (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924070623685"><i>Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kolába and Janjira</i></a>. Government Central Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924070623685/page/n458">443</a>. <q>Yakub Khan koli.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+the+Bombay+Presidency%3A+Kol%C3%A1ba+and+Janjira&rft.pages=443&rft.pub=Government+Central+Press&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Sir+James+MacNabb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924070623685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKincaidPārasanīsa1922" class="citation book cs1">Kincaid, Charles Augustus; Pārasanīsa, Dattātraya Baḷavanta (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6fVBAQAAMAAJ&q=Gohagad+koli"><i>A History of the Maratha People</i></a>. H. Milford, Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Maratha+People&rft.pub=H.+Milford%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Kincaid&rft.aufirst=Charles+Augustus&rft.au=P%C4%81rasan%C4%ABsa%2C+Datt%C4%81traya+Ba%E1%B8%B7avanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6fVBAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DGohagad%2Bkoli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-y72-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-y72_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y72_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#yakg">Yimene 2004</a>, p. 94</span>
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<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGanley2007" class="citation conference cs1">Ganley, Colin C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726175635/http://www.isnie.org/assets/files/papers2007/ganley.pdf"><i>Security, the central component of an early modern institutional matrix; 17th century Bombay's Economic Growth</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Society for New Institutional Economics. p. 13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isnie.org/assets/files/papers2007/ganley.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Security%2C+the+central+component+of+an+early+modern+institutional+matrix%3B+17th+century+Bombay%27s+Economic+Growth&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=International+Society+for+New+Institutional+Economics&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Ganley&rft.aufirst=Colin+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isnie.org%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fpapers2007%2Fganley.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarsten1961">Carsten 1961</a>, p. 427</span>
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<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid1973">David 1973</a>, p. 179</span>
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<li id="cite_note-iexpress-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iexpress_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNandgaonkar2003" class="citation news cs1">Nandgaonkar, Satish (22 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030412025617/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=47106">"Mazgaon fort was blown to pieces – 313 years ago"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=47106">the original</a> on 12 April 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Mazgaon+fort+was+blown+to+pieces+%E2%80%93+313+years+ago&rft.date=2003-03-22&rft.aulast=Nandgaonkar&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcities.expressindia.com%2Ffullstory.php%3Fnewsid%3D47106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#maratha">History of Medieval India</a>, p. 126</span>
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<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwivediMehrotra2001">Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001</a>, p. 32</span>
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<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue2008">Fortescue 2008</a>, p. 145</span>
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<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaravane2007">Naravane 2007</a>, p. 56</span>
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<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaravane2007">Naravane 2007</a>, p. 63</span>
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<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPerur2016" class="citation news cs1">Perur, Srinath (30 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/mar/30/story-cities-11-reclamation-mumbai-bombay-megacity-population-density-flood-risk">"Story of cities #11: the reclamation of Mumbai – from the sea, and its people?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Story+of+cities+%2311%3A+the+reclamation+of+Mumbai+%E2%80%93+from+the+sea%2C+and+its+people%3F&rft.date=2016-03-30&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Perur&rft.aufirst=Srinath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2016%2Fmar%2F30%2Fstory-cities-11-reclamation-mumbai-bombay-megacity-population-density-flood-risk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaravane2007">Naravane 2007</a>, pp. 80–82</span>
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<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#bom">Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960</a>, p. 233</span>
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<li id="cite_note-mumfact-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mumfact_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/Trivia.html">"Maharashtra – trivia"</a>. Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016224555/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=..%2FMaharashtraTourism%2FTrivia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maharashtra+%E2%80%93+trivia&rft.pub=Maharashtra+Tourism+Development+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maharashtratourism.gov.in%2FMTDC%2FHTML%2FMaharashtraTourism%2FDefault.aspx%3Fstrpage%3D..%2FMaharashtraTourism%2FTrivia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwivediMehrotra2001">Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001</a>, p. 127</span>
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<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwivediMehrotra2001">Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001</a>, p. 343</span>
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<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwivediMehrotra2001">Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001</a>, p. 88</span>
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<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwivediMehrotra2001">Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001</a>, p. 74</span>
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<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129020135/http://timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=45">"Rat Trap"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Out_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Out Mumbai">Time Out Mumbai</a></i> (6). 14 November 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=45">the original</a> on 29 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Out+Mumbai&rft.atitle=Rat+Trap&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2008-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeoutmumbai.net%2Faroundtown%2Faroundtown_preview_details.asp%3Fcode%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwivediMehrotra2001">Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001</a>, p. 345</span>
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<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwivediMehrotra2001">Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001</a>, p. 293</span>
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<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#cent">Census of India 1961</a>, p. 23</span>
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<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2003" class="citation web cs1">Guha, Ramachandra (13 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050514003803/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm">"The battle for Bombay"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm">the original</a> on 14 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+battle+for+Bombay&rft.date=2003-04-13&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2Fthehindu%2Fmag%2F2003%2F04%2F13%2Fstories%2F2003041300240300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuha2007">Guha 2007</a>, pp. 197–8</span>
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<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sons-of-soil-born-reborn/269628/">"Sons of soil: born, reborn"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 6 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514103258/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sons-of-soil-born-reborn/269628/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Sons+of+soil%3A+born%2C+reborn&rft.date=2008-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fsons-of-soil-born-reborn%2F269628%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 12 November 2008.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_gujurat.php">"Gujarat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080115083238/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_gujurat.php">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gujarat&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findia.gov.in%2Fknowindia%2Fst_gujurat.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_maharashtra.php">"Maharashtra"</a>. Government of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080105100324/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_maharashtra.php">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maharashtra&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findia.gov.in%2Fknowindia%2Fst_maharashtra.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDesai2008" class="citation news cs1">Desai, Geeta (13 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816124148/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom">"BMC will give jobs to kin of Samyukta Maharashtra martyrs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Mirror" title="Mumbai Mirror">Mumbai Mirror</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom">the original</a> on 16 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mumbai+Mirror&rft.atitle=BMC+will+give+jobs+to+kin+of+Samyukta+Maharashtra+martyrs&rft.date=2008-05-13&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Geeta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepaper.timesofindia.com%2FRepository%2Fml.asp%3FRef%3DTU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA%3D%26Mode%3DHTML%26Locale%3Denglish-skin-custom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwivediMehrotra2001">Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001</a>, p. 306</span>
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<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307224202/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm">"About Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region_Development_Authority" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority">Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm">the original</a> on 7 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Mumbai+Metropolitan+Region+Development+Authority+%28MMRDA%29&rft.pub=Mumbai+Metropolitan+Region+Development+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmrdamumbai.org%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-a-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/18sld2.htm">"The Great Mumbai Textile Strike... 25 Years On"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rediff.com" title="Rediff.com">Rediff.com</a> India Limited. 18 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100531192635/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/18sld2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Great+Mumbai+Textile+Strike...+25+Years+On&rft.date=2007-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2Fjan%2F18sld2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13_July_Mumbai_bombings-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13_July_Mumbai_bombings_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-bomb-blasts-in-mumbai-18-dead-over-130-injured-119083?curl=1420282309">"Three bomb blasts in Mumbai, 18 dead, over 130 injured"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109003829/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-bomb-blasts-in-mumbai-18-dead-over-130-injured-119083?curl=1420282309">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+bomb+blasts+in+Mumbai%2C+18+dead%2C+over+130+injured&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fthree-bomb-blasts-in-mumbai-18-dead-over-130-injured-119083%3Fcurl%3D1420282309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mumbai_global-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mumbai_global_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mumbai_global_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mumbai_global_145-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2007" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, T. (27 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/apr/27mumbai.htm">"Mumbai a global financial centre? Of course!"</a>. New Delhi: Rediff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081118221806/http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/apr/27mumbai.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mumbai+a+global+financial+centre%3F+Of+course%21&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Rediff&rft.date=2007-04-27&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fmoney%2F2007%2Fapr%2F27mumbai.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1999" class="citation journal cs1">Shaw, Annapurna (1999). "Emerging Patterns of Urban Growth in India". <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>34</b> (16/17): 969–978. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4407880">4407880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Emerging+Patterns+of+Urban+Growth+in+India&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=16%2F17&rft.pages=969-978&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4407880%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Annapurna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#bru">Brunn, Williams & Zeigler 2003</a>, pp. 353–354</span>
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<li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513120309/http://www.maharashtra.nic.in/htmldocs/Activity/mumbai_sub.pdf">"Mumbai Suburban"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Informatics_Centre" title="National Informatics Centre">National Informatics Centre</a> (Mahrashtra State Centre). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maharashtra.nic.in/htmldocs/Activity/mumbai_sub.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mumbai+Suburban&rft.pub=National+Informatics+Centre+%28Mahrashtra+State+Centre%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maharashtra.nic.in%2Fhtmldocs%2FActivity%2Fmumbai_sub.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180425114633/http://dm.mcgm.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/city_profile.pdf">"City Profile of Greater Mumbai"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dm.mcgm.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/city_profile.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+Profile+of+Greater+Mumbai&rft.pub=Municipal+Corporation+of+Greater+Mumbai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdm.mcgm.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fcity_profile.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-trf-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trf_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trf_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trf_150-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#plan">Mumbai Plan</a>, 1.2 Area and Divisions</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-geo-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-geo_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#bom">Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960</a>, p. 2</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-mloc-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mloc_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mloc_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mloc_152-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#plan">Mumbai Plan</a>, 1.1 Location</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrishnamoorthy2008">Krishnamoorthy 2008</a>, p. 218</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Wbase-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wbase_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=030034&refer=">"Mumbai, India"</a>. Weatherbase. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060316121943/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=030034&refer=">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mumbai%2C+India&rft.pub=Weatherbase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather.php3%3Fs%3D030034%26refer%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#plan">Mumbai Plan</a>, 1.3.2.2 Salsette Island</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasuPardeshi" class="citation web cs1">Srinivasu, T.; Pardeshi, Satish. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090717023146/http://iscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in/floristic%20survey.html">"Floristic Survey of Institute of Science, Mumbai, Maharashtra State"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">Government of Maharashtra</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in/floristic%20survey.html">the original</a> on 17 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Floristic+Survey+of+Institute+of+Science%2C+Mumbai%2C+Maharashtra+State&rft.pub=Government+of+Maharashtra&rft.aulast=Srinivasu&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Pardeshi%2C+Satish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in%2Ffloristic%2520survey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBapat2005">Bapat 2005</a>, pp. 111–112</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715195652/https://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt">"Salient Features of Powai Lake"</a>. Department of Environment (<a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">Government of Maharashtra</a>). pp. 1–3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PPT)</span> on 15 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salient+Features+of+Powai+Lake&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Department+of+Environment+%28Government+of+Maharashtra%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenvis.maharashtra.gov.in%2Fenvis_data%2Fpps%2Fpawai2.ppt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#plan">Mumbai Plan</a>, 1.7 Water Supply and Sanitation</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSen2008" class="citation news cs1">Sen, Somit (13 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Security-web-for-city-coastline/articleshow/3830390.cms?referral=PM">"Security web for city coastline"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140803214157/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Security-web-for-city-coastline/articleshow/3830390.cms?referral=PM">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Security+web+for+city+coastline&rft.date=2008-12-13&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Somit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2FSecurity-web-for-city-coastline%2Farticleshow%2F3830390.cms%3Freferral%3DPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatil1957">Patil 1957</a>, pp. 45–49</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#plan">Mumbai Plan</a>, 1.3.1 Soil</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#plan">Mumbai Plan</a>, 1.3.2 Geology and Geomorphology</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKanthIyenagar2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kanth, S. T. G. Raghu; Iyenagar, R. N. (10 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/10026629/Earthquake-Hazard-Computation-for-Mumbai-Bombay-City">"Seismic Hazard estimation for Mumbai City"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Current_Science" title="Current Science">Current Science</a></i>. <b>91</b> (11): 1486. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202112243/http://www.scribd.com/doc/10026629/Earthquake-Hazard-Computation-for-Mumbai-Bombay-City">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2009</span>. <q>This is used to compute the probability of ground motion that can be induced by each of the <b>twenty-three</b> known faults that exist around the city.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Seismic+Hazard+estimation+for+Mumbai+City&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1486&rft.date=2006-12-10&rft.aulast=Kanth&rft.aufirst=S.+T.+G.+Raghu&rft.au=Iyenagar%2C+R.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F10026629%2FEarthquake-Hazard-Computation-for-Mumbai-Bombay-City&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915154543/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm"><i>Seismic Zoning Map</i></a> (Map). <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm">the original</a> on 15 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seismic+Zoning+Map&rft.pub=India+Meteorological+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imd.ernet.in%2Fsection%2Fseismo%2Fstatic%2Fseismo-zone.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213094722/http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/fault.html">"The Seismic Environment of Mumbai"</a>. Department of Theoretical Physics (<a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research" title="Tata Institute of Fundamental Research">Tata Institute of Fundamental Research</a>). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/fault.html">the original</a> on 13 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Seismic+Environment+of+Mumbai&rft.pub=Department+of+Theoretical+Physics+%28Tata+Institute+of+Fundamental+Research%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheory.tifr.res.in%2Fbombay%2Fphysical%2Ffault.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#proc">Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy 1999</a>, p. 210</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#bom">Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960</a>, p. 84</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-clra-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clra_169-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clra_169-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clra_169-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#plan">Mumbai Plan</a>, 1.4 Climate and Rainfall</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKishwar2006" class="citation news cs1">Kishwar, Madhu Purnima (3 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-three-drown-as-heavy-rain-lashes-mumbai-for-the-3rd-day-1039257">"Three drown as heavy rain lashes Mumbai for the 3rd day"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis" title="Daily News and Analysis">Daily News and Analysis</a> (DNA)</i>. Mumbai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106115301/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-three-drown-as-heavy-rain-lashes-mumbai-for-the-3rd-day-1039257">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis+%28DNA%29&rft.atitle=Three+drown+as+heavy+rain+lashes+Mumbai+for+the+3rd+day&rft.date=2006-07-03&rft.aulast=Kishwar&rft.aufirst=Madhu+Purnima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport-three-drown-as-heavy-rain-lashes-mumbai-for-the-3rd-day-1039257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRohliVega2007">Rohli & Vega 2007</a>, p. 267</span>
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<li id="cite_note-IMDextremes-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMDextremes_172-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMDextremes_172-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf">"Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M146. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extremes+of+Temperature+%26+Rainfall+for+Indian+Stations+%28Up+to+2012%29&rft.pages=M146&rft.pub=India+Meteorological+Department&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimdpune.gov.in%2Flibrary%2Fpublic%2FEXTREMES%2520OF%2520TEMPERATURE%2520and%2520RAINFALL%2520upto%25202012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-still-cold-at-86-degree-C/articleshow/2770007.cms?referral=PM">"Mumbai still cold at 8.6 °C"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 9 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-still-cold-at-86-degree-C/articleshow/2770007.cms?referral=PM">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Mumbai+still+cold+at+8.6+%C2%B0C&rft.date=2008-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2FMumbai-still-cold-at-86-degree-C%2Farticleshow%2F2770007.cms%3Freferral%3DPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22707765">"Cyclone hits Bombay; isolates city"</a>. <i>Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848–1957)</i>. 23 November 1948. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Argus+%28Melbourne%2C+Vic.+%3A+1848%E2%80%931957%29&rft.atitle=Cyclone+hits+Bombay%3B+isolates+city&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1948-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article22707765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/cyclone-nisarga-when-1948-november-storm-left-38-dead-and-47-missing-in-bombay">"Cyclone Nisarga: When 1948 November storm left 38 dead and 47 missing in Bombay"</a>. <i>Free Press Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Free+Press+Journal&rft.atitle=Cyclone+Nisarga%3A+When+1948+November+storm+left+38+dead+and+47+missing+in+Bombay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepressjournal.in%2Fmumbai%2Fcyclone-nisarga-when-1948-november-storm-left-38-dead-and-47-missing-in-bombay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/when-20-hour-storm-paralysed-bombay-old-timers-recall-fury-of-cyclone-which-hit-mumbai-in-1948-1685017-2020-06-03">"When 20-hour storm paralysed Bombay: Old-timers recall fury of cyclone which hit Mumbai in 1948"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. Press Trust of India. 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=When+20-hour+storm+paralysed+Bombay%3A+Old-timers+recall+fury+of+cyclone+which+hit+Mumbai+in+1948&rft.date=2020-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Fwhen-20-hour-storm-paralysed-bombay-old-timers-recall-fury-of-cyclone-which-hit-mumbai-in-1948-1685017-2020-06-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai-floods-why-india-s-cities-are-struggling-with-extreme-rainfall/story-wsWPNy2MXh4b9JYTqtA0QJ.html">"Mumbai floods: Why India's cities are struggling with extreme rainfall"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Mumbai+floods%3A+Why+India%27s+cities+are+struggling+with+extreme+rainfall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fmumbai-floods-why-india-s-cities-are-struggling-with-extreme-rainfall%2Fstory-wsWPNy2MXh4b9JYTqtA0QJ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/will-mumbai-flood-this-year-too-bmc-starts-to-find-solutions/story-jWxMNBb5M37hj5MvC3kqQI.html">"Will Mumbai flood this year too? BMC starts to find solution"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Will+Mumbai+flood+this+year+too%3F+BMC+starts+to+find+solution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fmumbai-news%2Fwill-mumbai-flood-this-year-too-bmc-starts-to-find-solutions%2Fstory-jWxMNBb5M37hj5MvC3kqQI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WEF-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WEF_179-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WEF_179-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WEF_179-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava2022" class="citation web cs1">Srivastava, Roli (8 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/07/twitter-indian-city-map-monsoon-floods/">"How Twitter is helping one Indian city map monsoon floods"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft.atitle=How+Twitter+is+helping+one+Indian+city+map+monsoon+floods&rft.date=2022-07-08&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=Roli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2022%2F07%2Ftwitter-indian-city-map-monsoon-floods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-david,david&Janel-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-david,david&Janel_180-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-david,david&Janel_180-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDodmanBicknellSatterthwaite2012" class="citation book cs1">Dodman, David; Bicknell, Jane; Satterthwaite, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HX_i-QdqD0wC"><i>Adapting Cities to Climate Change</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 134–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136572548" title="Special:BookSources/9781136572548"><bdi>9781136572548</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adapting+Cities+to+Climate+Change&rft.pages=134-140&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781136572548&rft.aulast=Dodman&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Bicknell%2C+Jane&rft.au=Satterthwaite%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHX_i-QdqD0wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-LSC-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LSC_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCorfeePohitHerweijerHenriet2010" class="citation journal cs1">Corfee, Morlot; Pohit, Sanjib; Herweijer, Celine; Henriet, Fanny; Naville, Nicolas; Mathur, P.; Rafique, Farhat; Dhore, K.; Priya, Satya; Bachu, Murthy; Bhattacharya, Sumana; Hallegatte, Stéphane; Ranger, Nicola (31 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33459/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Ranger,%20N_Assessment%20of%20potential%20impact_Ranger_Assessment%20potential%20impact_2014.pdf">"An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on flood risk in Mumbai"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Climatic Change</i>. <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>: 142–157. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0165-0009">0165-0009</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climatic+Change&rft.atitle=An+assessment+of+the+potential+impact+of+climate+change+on+flood+risk+in+Mumbai&rft.pages=142-157&rft.date=2010-12-31&rft.issn=0165-0009&rft.aulast=Corfee&rft.aufirst=Morlot&rft.au=Pohit%2C+Sanjib&rft.au=Herweijer%2C+Celine&rft.au=Henriet%2C+Fanny&rft.au=Naville%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Mathur%2C+P.&rft.au=Rafique%2C+Farhat&rft.au=Dhore%2C+K.&rft.au=Priya%2C+Satya&rft.au=Bachu%2C+Murthy&rft.au=Bhattacharya%2C+Sumana&rft.au=Hallegatte%2C+St%C3%A9phane&rft.au=Ranger%2C+Nicola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F33459%2F1%2F__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Ranger%2C%2520N_Assessment%2520of%2520potential%2520impact_Ranger_Assessment%2520potential%2520impact_2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/mumbai/climate">"Climate & Weather Averages in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"</a>. Time and Date<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+%26+Weather+Averages+in+Mumbai%2C+Maharashtra%2C+India&rft.pub=Time+and+Date&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fweather%2Findia%2Fmumbai%2Fclimate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301161512/https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43057">"Normals Data: Bombay/Colaba - India Latitude: 18.90°N Longitude: 72.82°E Height: 9 (m)"</a>. Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43057">the original</a> on 1 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Normals+Data%3A+Bombay%2FColaba+-+India+Latitude%3A+18.90%C2%B0N+Longitude%3A+72.82%C2%B0E+Height%3A+9+%28m%29&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fds.data.jma.go.jp%2Fgmd%2Ftcc%2Ftcc%2Fproducts%2Fclimate%2Fnormal%2Fparts%2FNrmMonth_e.php%3Fstn%3D43057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Weather_Atlas-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
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<li id="cite_note-IMDnormals-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMDnormals_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=43003">"Climatological Information - Mumbai (Santacruz) (43003)"</a>. India Meteorological Department.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climatological+Information+-+Mumbai+%28Santacruz%29+%2843003%29&rft.pub=India+Meteorological+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdsp.imdpune.gov.in%2Fextremes_1991_2020%2F%3Fstn%3D43003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf">"Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M146. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extremes+of+Temperature+%26+Rainfall+for+Indian+Stations+%28Up+to+2012%29&rft.pages=M146&rft.pub=India+Meteorological+Department&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimdpune.gov.in%2Flibrary%2Fpublic%2FEXTREMES%2520OF%2520TEMPERATURE%2520and%2520RAINFALL%2520upto%25202012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borwankari, Vinamrata. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/air-pollution-killed-81000-in-delhi-mumbai-cost-rs-70000-crore-in-2015/articleshow/56656252.cms">"Air pollution killed 81,000 in Delhi & Mumbai, cost Rs 70,000 crore in 2015."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170610043814/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/air-pollution-killed-81000-in-delhi-mumbai-cost-rs-70000-crore-in-2015/articleshow/56656252.cms">Archived</a> 10 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Times of India</i>. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chatterjee, Badri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-breathes-2017-s-cleanest-air-good-aqi-after-6-months/story-4YoZQvrZSFBNOOcf6tmKBK.html">"Mumbai breathes 2017's cleanest air; 'good' AQI after 6 months."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170506153636/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-breathes-2017-s-cleanest-air-good-aqi-after-6-months/story-4YoZQvrZSFBNOOcf6tmKBK.html">Archived</a> 6 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 11 March 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Express News Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/air-quality-in-mumbai-3-times-worse-than-delhi-4568124/">"Air quality in Mumbai three times worse than Delhi."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318200948/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/air-quality-in-mumbai-3-times-worse-than-delhi-4568124/">Archived</a> 18 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Indian Express</i>. 14 March 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/">Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301221905/http://who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/">Archived</a> 1 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>World Health Organization</i>. May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2017.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-guidelines-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guidelines_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/">WHO Air Quality Guidelines.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160104165807/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/">Archived</a> 4 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>World Health Organization</i>. September 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2017.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.gov.in/">"Central Pollution Control Board Air Quality Information."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160619153514/https://data.gov.in/">Archived</a> 19 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Open Government Data Platform India.</i> Retrieved 30 June 2017.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://in.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/mumbai/air-quality-data/">"U.S. Embassy Air Quality Data."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116102725/https://in.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/mumbai/air-quality-data/">Archived</a> 16 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>U.S. Department of State, Mission Air Quality.</i> Retrieved 30 June 2017.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://source.wustl.edu/2019/12/new-partnership-brings-together-mckelvey-iit-bombay-to-study-air-pollution/">"McKelvey Engineering, IIT Bombay partner to study air pollution"</a>. <i>The Source</i>. Washington University in St. Louis. 4 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Source&rft.atitle=McKelvey+Engineering%2C+IIT+Bombay+partner+to+study+air+pollution&rft.date=2019-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsource.wustl.edu%2F2019%2F12%2Fnew-partnership-brings-together-mckelvey-iit-bombay-to-study-air-pollution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-The_Financial_Express-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Financial_Express_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/266636">"GDP growth: Surat fastest, Mumbai largest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Financial_Express_(India)" title="The Financial Express (India)">The Financial Express</a></i>. 29 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20090906034022/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/266636">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=GDP+growth%3A+Surat+fastest%2C+Mumbai+largest&rft.date=2008-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.financialexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fgdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest%2F266636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwaminathanGoyal2006">Swaminathan & Goyal 2006</a>, p. 51</span>
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<li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelsey2008">Kelsey 2008</a>, p. 208</span>
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<li id="cite_note-ecoprofile-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ecoprofile_201-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecoprofile_201-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecoprofile_201-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBrihanmumbai_Municipal_Corporation_(BMC)" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation">Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation</a> (BMC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Economic%20profile.pdf">"City Development Plan (Economic Profile)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131125052153/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Economic%20profile.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2013</span>. <q>Mumbai, at present, is in reverse gear, as regards the economic growth and quality of life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+Development+Plan+%28Economic+Profile%29&rft.au=Brihanmumbai+Municipal+Corporation+%28BMC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcgm.gov.in%2Firj%2Fgo%2Fkm%2Fdocs%2Fdocuments%2FMCGM%2520Department%2520List%2FCity%2520Engineer%2FDeputy%2520City%2520Engineer%2520%28Planning%2520and%2520Design%29%2FCity%2520Development%2520Plan%2FEconomic%2520profile.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html">"Global Wealth PPP Distribution;Who are the leaders og the global economy"</a>. <i>Visualcapitalist.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visualcapitalist.com&rft.atitle=Global+Wealth+PPP+Distribution%3BWho+are+the+leaders+og+the+global+economy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visualcapitalist.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F10%2FGlobal-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-17th-in-global-gdp-list-says-survey-4686508/">"Mumbai 17th in global GDP list, says survey"</a>. 7 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mumbai+17th+in+global+GDP+list%2C+says+survey&rft.date=2021-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fmumbai%2Fmumbai-17th-in-global-gdp-list-says-survey-4686508%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-gqindia.com-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gqindia.com_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world">"Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind"</a>. <i>GQ India</i>. 14 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GQ+India&rft.atitle=Mumbai+is+the+12th+wealthiest+city+in+the+world%2C+leaving+Paris+and+Toronto+behind&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gqindia.com%2Fget-smart%2Fcontent%2Fwealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/global500/">"Fortune Global 500"</a>. CNN. 21 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509014825/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/full_list/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fortune+Global+500&rft.date=2008-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2Fglobal500%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwaminathanGoyal2006">Swaminathan & Goyal 2006</a>, p. 52</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mumbai_data-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mumbai_data_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
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<li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world">"Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind"</a>. <i>GQ India</i>. 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GQ+India&rft.atitle=Mumbai+is+the+12th+wealthiest+city+in+the+world%2C+leaving+Paris+and+Toronto+behind&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gqindia.com%2Fget-smart%2Fcontent%2Fwealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mumbai_info-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mumbai_info_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
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<li id="cite_note-mcmmm-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcmmm_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607124049/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/">"Official Website of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation">Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcgm.gov.in/">the original</a> on 7 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Website+of+Municipal+Corporation+of+Greater+Mumbai&rft.pub=Brihanmumbai+Municipal+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcgm.gov.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-mayorterm-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mayorterm_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-09/news/53730851_1_deputy-mayor-sunil-prabhu-public-toilets">"Shiv Sena's Snehal Ambekar elected new Mumbai mayor"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. Mumbai. 9 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2015</span>. <q>... as Sena's Sunil Prabhu completed his two-and-half-years term as the city mayor today. Ambekar, who secured 121 votes in the 226 member House,...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Shiv+Sena%27s+Snehal+Ambekar+elected+new+Mumbai+mayor&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2F2014-09-09%2Fnews%2F53730851_1_deputy-mayor-sunil-prabhu-public-toilets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citymayors.com/government/india_government.html">"Commissioner System"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102043915/http://citymayors.com/government/india_government.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commissioner+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citymayors.com%2Fgovernment%2Findia_government.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNair" class="citation web cs1">Nair, Ajesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003215/http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf">"Annual Survey of India's City-Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Survey+of+India%27s+City-Systems&rft.pub=Janaagraha+Centre+for+Citizenship+and+Democracy&rft.aulast=Nair&rft.aufirst=Ajesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjanaagraha.org%2Fasics%2Fimages%2FAnnual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#mp">Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai</a>, p. 2</span>
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<li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#mp">Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai</a>, pp. 7–8</span>
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<li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307224202/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm">"MMRDA – Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority"</a>. Mmrdamumbai.org. 26 January 1975. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm">the original</a> on 7 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MMRDA+%E2%80%93+Mumbai+Metropolitan+Region+Development+Authority&rft.pub=Mmrdamumbai.org&rft.date=1975-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmrdamumbai.org%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080130075145/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/">"About Bombay High Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bombay_High_Court" title="Bombay High Court">Bombay High Court</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/">the original</a> on 30 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Bombay+High+Court&rft.pub=Bombay+High+Court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbombayhighcourt.nic.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFullerBénéï2001">Fuller & Bénéï 2001</a>, p. 47</span>
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<li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#cng">100 glorious years: Indian National Congress, 1885–1985</a>, p. 4, "The centenary of the Indian National Congress, which is being celebrated at its birthplace Bombay, is a unique event."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article3040262.ece">"Congress foundation day celebrated"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Chennai, India. 29 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article3040262.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Congress+foundation+day+celebrated&rft.date=2006-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Farticle3040262.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid1995">David 1995</a>, p. 215</span>
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<li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGogate2014" class="citation book cs1">Gogate, Sudha (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/shiv-senas-prehistory/article6370416.ece">"History of the Shiv Sena"</a>. <i>The Emergence of Regionalism in Mumbai</i>. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-823-4"><bdi>978-81-7991-823-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010804/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/shiv-senas-prehistory/article6370416.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Shiv+Sena&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Regionalism+in+Mumbai&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-81-7991-823-4&rft.aulast=Gogate&rft.aufirst=Sudha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fbooks%2Fbooks-reviews%2Fshiv-senas-prehistory%2Farticle6370416.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bal-thackeray-turned-to-hindutva-in-1985-to-win-elections-ex-shiv-sena-mp-2000407">"Bal Thackeray turned to Hindutva in 1985 to win elections: ex-Shiv Sena MP"</a>. <i>dna</i>. 7 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107052854/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bal-thackeray-turned-to-hindutva-in-1985-to-win-elections-ex-shiv-sena-mp-2000407">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dna&rft.atitle=Bal+Thackeray+turned+to+Hindutva+in+1985+to+win+elections%3A+ex-Shiv+Sena+MP&rft.date=2014-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Findia%2Freport-bal-thackeray-turned-to-hindutva-in-1985-to-win-elections-ex-shiv-sena-mp-2000407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhadnis">Phadnis</a>, pp. 86–87</span>
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<li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRana2006">Rana 2006</a>, pp. 315–316</span>
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<li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/maharashtra-assembly-elections-mumbai-constituencies-results-2019-vote-counting-live-updates-1612344-2019-10-24">"Mumbai election results Live updates: Aditya Thackeray registers landslide victory from Worli"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. 24 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Mumbai+election+results+Live+updates%3A+Aditya+Thackeray+registers+landslide+victory+from+Worli&rft.date=2019-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Felections%2Fstory%2Fmaharashtra-assembly-elections-mumbai-constituencies-results-2019-vote-counting-live-updates-1612344-2019-10-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#mumact">The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888</a>, p. 6</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501232803/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlcorporation">"Corporation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation">Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation</a> (BMC). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlcorporation">the original</a> on 1 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corporation&rft.pub=Brihanmumbai+Municipal+Corporation+%28BMC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcgm.gov.in%2Firj%2Fportal%2Fanonymous%2Fqlcorporation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080314202555/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlmayoffice">"Mayor – the First Citizen of Mumbai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation">Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation</a> (BMC). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlmayoffice">the original</a> on 14 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2009</span>. <q>As the presiding authority at the Corporation Meetings, his/her role is confined to the four corners of the Corporation Hall. The decorative role, however, extends far beyond the city and the country to other parts of world</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mayor+%E2%80%93+the+First+Citizen+of+Mumbai&rft.pub=Brihanmumbai+Municipal+Corporation+%28BMC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcgm.gov.in%2Firj%2Fportal%2Fanonymous%2Fqlmayoffice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#mumact">The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888</a>, p. 3</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-civic20102-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-civic20102_243-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bmc-results-saffron-alliance-wins-bmc-with-75-seats-1651270">"BMC results: Saffron alliance wins BMC with 75 seats"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/DNA_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA (newspaper)">Daily News and Analysis</a></i>. Mumbai. 17 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150615005738/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bmc-results-saffron-alliance-wins-bmc-with-75-seats-1651270">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=BMC+results%3A+Saffron+alliance+wins+BMC+with+75+seats&rft.date=2012-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport-bmc-results-saffron-alliance-wins-bmc-with-75-seats-1651270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#mumact">The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888</a>, p. 27</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bus44-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bus44_245-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bus44_245-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bus44_245-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927192943/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/BRTS%20Note%20for%20web%20Page.doc">"Development of Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) in Mumbai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region_Development_Authority" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority">Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority</a> (MMRDA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/BRTS%20Note%20for%20web%20Page.doc">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(DOC)</span> on 27 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Development+of+Bus+Rapid+Transit+System+%28BRTS%29+in+Mumbai&rft.pub=Mumbai+Metropolitan+Region+Development+Authority+%28MMRDA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmrdamumbai.org%2Fdocs%2FBRTS%2520Note%2520for%2520web%2520Page.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-autaxi-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autaxi_246-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autaxi_246-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGhose2005" class="citation news cs1">Ghose, Anindita (24 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/speakup/report_what-s-mumbai-without-the-black-beetles_422">"What's Mumbai without the black beetles?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/DNA_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA (newspaper)">Daily News and Analysis</a> (DNA)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728070112/http://www.dnaindia.com/speakup/report_what-s-mumbai-without-the-black-beetles_422">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2009</span>. <q>In Mumbai autos run only in the suburbs up to Mahim creek. This is probably the perfect arrangement because it is not economically viable for autos and taxis to solicit the same passengers. So autos monopolise the suburbs while taxis rule South Mumbai.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis+%28DNA%29&rft.atitle=What%27s+Mumbai+without+the+black+beetles%3F&rft.date=2005-08-24&rft.aulast=Ghose&rft.aufirst=Anindita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fspeakup%2Freport_what-s-mumbai-without-the-black-beetles_422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Taxi-auto-fares-may-dip-due-to-CNG-usage/articleshow/631726.cms?referral=PM">"Taxi, auto fares may dip due to CNG usage"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 22 April 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140804041631/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Taxi-auto-fares-may-dip-due-to-CNG-usage/articleshow/631726.cms?referral=PM">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Taxi%2C+auto+fares+may+dip+due+to+CNG+usage&rft.date=2004-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2FTaxi-auto-fares-may-dip-due-to-CNG-usage%2Farticleshow%2F631726.cms%3Freferral%3DPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Outlook-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Outlook_248-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5zhWAAAAYAAJ"><i>Outlook</i></a>. Hathway Investments Pvt Ltd. July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527054807/http://books.google.com/books?id=5zhWAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlook&rft.pub=Hathway+Investments+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5zhWAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKumar" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Kumar, Akshey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fsep2001/f240920011.html">"Making Rail Commuting Easier in Mumbai"</a> (Press release). Press Information Bureau (Government of India). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805142529/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fsep2001/f240920011.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+Rail+Commuting+Easier+in+Mumbai&rft.pub=Press+Information+Bureau+%28Government+of+India%29&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Akshey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpib.nic.in%2Ffeature%2Ffeyr2001%2Ffsep2001%2Ff240920011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080620033027/http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/overview.htm">"Overview of existing Mumbai suburban railway"</a>. Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/overview.htm">the original</a> on 20 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+existing+Mumbai+suburban+railway&rft.pub=Mumbai+Rail+Vikas+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in%2Foverview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#n450">Environment and urbanization 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DBhYWmqpDoC&pg=PA160">160</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100306161840/http://203.176.113.182/MRVC/intr.html">"Welcome to Official Website of Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation Ltd"</a>. 6 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://203.176.113.182/MRVC/intr.html">the original</a> on 6 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Official+Website+of+Mumbai+Railway+Vikas+Corporation+Ltd.&rft.date=2010-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F203.176.113.182%2FMRVC%2Fintr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-startMono-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-startMono_253-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2014" class="citation news cs1">Gupta, Saurabh (30 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbai-monorail-to-be-inaugurated-on-saturday-477248">"Mumbai monorail to be inaugurated on Saturday"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140131061547/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbai-monorail-to-be-inaugurated-on-saturday-477248">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mumbai+monorail+to+be+inaugurated+on+Saturday&rft.date=2014-01-30&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Saurabh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fmumbai-monorail-to-be-inaugurated-on-saturday-477248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-startMetro-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-startMetro_254-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-CM-Prithivraj-Chavan-flags-off-Mumbai-Metro/articleshow/36238569.cms">"Maharashtra CM Prithivraj Chavan flags off Mumbai Metro"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213001656/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-CM-Prithivraj-Chavan-flags-off-Mumbai-Metro/articleshow/36238569.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Maharashtra+CM+Prithivraj+Chavan+flags+off+Mumbai+Metro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2FMaharashtra-CM-Prithivraj-Chavan-flags-off-Mumbai-Metro%2Farticleshow%2F36238569.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#exe">Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR</a>, pp. 2–14</span>
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<li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110529070718/http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/Railways/21streport.pdf">"Terminal Facilities in Metropolitanc Cities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(India)" title="Ministry of Railways (India)">Ministry of Railways</a>. p. 14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/Railways/21streport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2009</span>. <q>The port city of Mumbai is served by 5 passenger terminals namely Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminal (CST), Mumbai Central, Dadar, Bandra and Lokmanya Tilak Terminal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terminal+Facilities+in+Metropolitanc+Cities&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Railways&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F164.100.24.208%2Fls%2FCommitteeR%2FRailways%2F21streport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BESTdip-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BESTdip_257-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFShaikh2015" class="citation news cs1">Shaikh, Ateeq (27 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-best-ridership-falls-further-2129038">"Mumbai: BEST ridership falls further"</a>. Mumbai. DNA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003232953/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-best-ridership-falls-further-2129038">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mumbai%3A+BEST+ridership+falls+further&rft.date=2015-09-27&rft.aulast=Shaikh&rft.aufirst=Ateeq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport-mumbai-best-ridership-falls-further-2129038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090604204123/http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_func.asp">"Organisational Setup"</a>. Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestundertaking.com/trans_func.asp">the original</a> on 4 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organisational+Setup&rft.pub=Brihanmumbai+Electric+Supply+and+Transport+%28BEST%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbestundertaking.com%2Ftrans_func.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406013750/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=16">"Times of India Publications"</a>. Lite.epaper.timesofindia.com. 16 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=16-05-2011&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00403&format=&publabel=TOI">the original</a> on 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Times+of+India+Publications&rft.pub=Lite.epaper.timesofindia.com&rft.date=2011-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flite.epaper.timesofindia.com%2Fmobile.aspx%3Farticle%3Dyes%26pageid%3D4%26edlabel%3DTOIM%26mydateHid%3D16-05-2011%26pubname%3D%26edname%3D%26articleid%3DAr00403%26format%3D%26publabel%3DTOI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bestfleet-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bestfleet_260-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060718003152/http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_engg.asp">"Composition of Bus Fleet"</a>. BEST. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_engg.asp">the original</a> on 18 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Composition+of+Bus+Fleet&rft.pub=BEST&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestundertaking.com%2Ftrans_engg.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-timelineBEST-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-timelineBEST_261-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-a-timeline-of-best-buses-in-mumbai-1854866">"A timeline of BEST buses in Mumbai"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis" title="Daily News and Analysis">Daily News and Analysis</a></i>. Mumbai. 29 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111419/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-a-timeline-of-best-buses-in-mumbai-1854866">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=A+timeline+of+BEST+buses+in+Mumbai&rft.date=2013-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport-a-timeline-of-best-buses-in-mumbai-1854866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-newkiller-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newkiller_262-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-best-buses-the-new-killer-on-the-prowl-1697804">"BEST buses, the new killer on the prowl?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis" title="Daily News and Analysis">Daily News and Analysis</a></i>. 4 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709175844/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-best-buses-the-new-killer-on-the-prowl-1697804">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=BEST+buses%2C+the+new+killer+on+the+prowl%3F&rft.date=2012-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport-best-buses-the-new-killer-on-the-prowl-1697804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-training-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-training_263-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSitaram2014" class="citation news cs1">Sitaram, Mewati (29 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-soon-computer-aided-training-for-msrtc-drivers-2047712">"Soon, computer-aided training for MSRTC drivers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis" title="Daily News and Analysis">Daily News and Analysis</a></i>. Mumbai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150531164905/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-soon-computer-aided-training-for-msrtc-drivers-2047712">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=Soon%2C+computer-aided+training+for+MSRTC+drivers&rft.date=2014-12-29&rft.aulast=Sitaram&rft.aufirst=Mewati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Findia%2Freport-soon-computer-aided-training-for-msrtc-drivers-2047712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTembhekar2008" class="citation news cs1">Tembhekar, Chittaranjan (4 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/MSRTC-to-make-long-distance-travel-easier/articleshow/3322572.cms?referral=PM">"MSRTC to make long distance travel easier"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140804104904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/MSRTC-to-make-long-distance-travel-easier/articleshow/3322572.cms?referral=PM">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=MSRTC+to+make+long+distance+travel+easier&rft.date=2008-08-04&rft.aulast=Tembhekar&rft.aufirst=Chittaranjan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2FMSRTC-to-make-long-distance-travel-easier%2Farticleshow%2F3322572.cms%3Freferral%3DPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/MSRTC-adds-Volvo-luxury-to-Mumbai-trip/articleshow/32792301.cms?referral=PM">"MSRTC adds Volvo luxury to Mumbai trip"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 29 December 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150514185925/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/MSRTC-adds-Volvo-luxury-to-Mumbai-trip/articleshow/32792301.cms?referral=PM">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=MSRTC+adds+Volvo+luxury+to+Mumbai+trip&rft.date=2002-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fpune%2FMSRTC-adds-Volvo-luxury-to-Mumbai-trip%2Farticleshow%2F32792301.cms%3Freferral%3DPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NMMTgain-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NMMTgain_266-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSitaram2015" class="citation news cs1">Sitaram, Mewati (2 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-nnmt-gains-from-best-s-plan-to-discontinue-ac-bus-services-2057399">"NNMT gains from BEST's plan to discontinue AC bus services"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis" title="Daily News and Analysis">Daily News and Analysis</a></i>. Mumbai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430053240/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-nnmt-gains-from-best-s-plan-to-discontinue-ac-bus-services-2057399">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=NNMT+gains+from+BEST%27s+plan+to+discontinue+AC+bus+services&rft.date=2015-02-02&rft.aulast=Sitaram&rft.aufirst=Mewati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport-nnmt-gains-from-best-s-plan-to-discontinue-ac-bus-services-2057399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-TMTmoolah-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TMTmoolah_267-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBadgeri2014" class="citation news cs1">Badgeri, Manoj (3 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/TMT-rakes-in-moolah-on-new-AC-bus-routes/articleshow/45015246.cms">"TMT rakes in moolah on new AC bus routes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. Thane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103160736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/TMT-rakes-in-moolah-on-new-AC-bus-routes/articleshow/45015246.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=TMT+rakes+in+moolah+on+new+AC+bus+routes&rft.date=2014-11-03&rft.aulast=Badgeri&rft.aufirst=Manoj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fthane%2FTMT-rakes-in-moolah-on-new-AC-bus-routes%2Farticleshow%2F45015246.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#UNB">Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SD4I3CEtDz0C&pg=PA49">49</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSeth2009" class="citation news cs1">Seth, Urvashi (31 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929062537/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2009/mar/310309-Mumbai-News-Mumbai-Darshan-popular-tourist-spots-traffic-congestion-Tourist.htm">"Traffic claims Mumbai darshan hot spots"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MiD_DAY" class="mw-redirect" title="MiD DAY">MiD DAY</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2009/mar/310309-Mumbai-News-Mumbai-Darshan-popular-tourist-spots-traffic-congestion-Tourist.htm">the original</a> on 29 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MiD+DAY&rft.atitle=Traffic+claims+Mumbai+darshan+hot+spots&rft.date=2009-03-31&rft.aulast=Seth&rft.aufirst=Urvashi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.mid-day.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Fmar%2F310309-Mumbai-News-Mumbai-Darshan-popular-tourist-spots-traffic-congestion-Tourist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-routetalpdf-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-routetalpdf_270-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126235306/http://bestundertaking.com/TravelAsYouLike-Ticket.pdf">"Bus Routes Under Bus Rapid Transit System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. BEST. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestundertaking.com/TravelAsYouLike-Ticket.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bus+Routes+Under+Bus+Rapid+Transit+System&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=BEST&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestundertaking.com%2FTravelAsYouLike-Ticket.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKhanna" class="citation news cs1">Khanna, Gaurav. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090625151715/http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/7-Questions-You-Wanted-to-Ask.html">"7 Questions You Wanted to Ask About the Mumbai Metro"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Businessworld" title="Businessworld">Businessworld</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/7-Questions-You-Wanted-to-Ask.html">the original</a> on 25 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2009</span>. <q>Road congestion has worsened, though 88 per cent of journeys are made by public transport.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=7+Questions+You+Wanted+to+Ask+About+the+Mumbai+Metro&rft.aulast=Khanna&rft.aufirst=Gaurav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessworld.in%2Findex.php%2F7-Questions-You-Wanted-to-Ask.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#exe">Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR</a>, p. 2-1: "The 137% increase in cars, a 306% increase in two wheelers, the 420% increase in autos and 128% increase in taxis during 1991–2005 has created a lethal dose of traffic congestion which has categorised Mumbai as one of the congested cities in the world."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-alibauglaunch-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alibauglaunch_273-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009122502/http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/transportation.htm">"Transportation from Alibaug"</a>. Raigad District Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/transportation.htm">the original</a> on 9 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transportation+from+Alibaug&rft.pub=Raigad+District+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fraigad.nic.in%2Fhtmldocs%2Ftransportation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-nmhovercraft-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nmhovercraft_274-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924215722/http://www.sify.com/news/navi-mumbai-mulls-hovercraft-services-news-national-llcwkhfijcisi.html">"Navi Mumbai mulls hovercraft services"</a>. <i>Sify</i>. Navi Mumbai. 3 November 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sify.com/news/navi-mumbai-mulls-hovercraft-services-news-national-llcwkhfijcisi.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sify&rft.atitle=Navi+Mumbai+mulls+hovercraft+services&rft.date=2011-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sify.com%2Fnews%2Fnavi-mumbai-mulls-hovercraft-services-news-national-llcwkhfijcisi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142615/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf">"NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Highways_Authority_of_India" title="National Highways Authority of India">National Highways Authority of India</a> (NHAI). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NH+wise+Details+of+NH+in+respect+of+Stretches+entrusted+to+NHAI&rft.pub=National+Highways+Authority+of+India+%28NHAI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhai.org%2FDoc%2Fproject-offer%2FHighways.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2000" class="citation news cs1">Dalal, Sucheta (1 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/">"India's first international-class expressway is just a month away"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116132018/http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=India%27s+first+international-class+expressway+is+just+a+month+away&rft.date=2000-04-01&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Sucheta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fnews-archive%2Fweb%2Finaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msrdc.org/projects/bandra_worli.aspx">"MSRDC – Project – Bandra Worli Sea Link"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_State_Road_Development_Corporation" title="Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation">Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation</a> (MSRDC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090415171242/http://www.msrdc.org/Projects/Bandra_worli.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MSRDC+%E2%80%93+Project+%E2%80%93+Bandra+Worli+Sea+Link&rft.pub=Maharashtra+State+Road+Development+Corporation+%28MSRDC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msrdc.org%2Fprojects%2Fbandra_worli.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#plan">Mumbai Plan</a>, 1.10 Transport and Communication Network</span>
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<li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/indias-longest-sea-bridge-in-mumbai-will-be-open-for-traffic-in-november/article66369834.ece/amp/">"India's longest sea bridge in Mumbai will be open for traffic in November"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 12 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230128013009/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/indias-longest-sea-bridge-in-mumbai-will-be-open-for-traffic-in-november/article66369834.ece/amp/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=India%27s+longest+sea+bridge+in+Mumbai+will+be+open+for+traffic+in+November&rft.date=2023-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fmumbai%2Findias-longest-sea-bridge-in-mumbai-will-be-open-for-traffic-in-november%2Farticle66369834.ece%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-dnaindia.com-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dnaindia.com_280-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027">"28,000 more autos to run riot on MMR streets – Mumbai – DNA"</a>. <i>Daily News and Analysis</i>. 3 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140415045359/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=28%2C000+more+autos+to+run+riot+on+MMR+streets+%E2%80%93+Mumbai+%E2%80%93+DNA&rft.date=2013-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-gatewaytollfree-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gatewaytollfree_281-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni2015" class="citation news cs1">Kulkarni, Dhaval (31 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-s-five-gateways-may-become-toll-free-2090781">"Mumbai's five gateways may become toll-free"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis" title="Daily News and Analysis">Daily News and Analysis</a></i>. Mumbai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602000054/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-s-five-gateways-may-become-toll-free-2090781">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=Mumbai%27s+five+gateways+may+become+toll-free&rft.date=2015-05-31&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=Dhaval&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport-mumbai-s-five-gateways-may-become-toll-free-2090781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-TOI1-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TOI1_282-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSomit_SenManthan_K_Mehta2014" class="citation news cs1">Somit Sen; Manthan K Mehta (12 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Only-10-public-transport-services-for-every-90-private-vehicles-in-Mumbai/articleshow/33624790.cms">"Only 10 public transport services for every 90 private vehicles in Mumbai"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. TNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140412125904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Only-10-public-transport-services-for-every-90-private-vehicles-in-Mumbai/articleshow/33624790.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Only+10+public+transport+services+for+every+90+private+vehicles+in+Mumbai&rft.date=2014-04-12&rft.au=Somit+Sen&rft.au=Manthan+K+Mehta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2FOnly-10-public-transport-services-for-every-90-private-vehicles-in-Mumbai%2Farticleshow%2F33624790.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#exe">Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR</a>, pp. 2–9</span>
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<li id="cite_note-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027">"28,000 more autos to run riot on MMR streets"</a>. <i>dna</i>. 3 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140415045359/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dna&rft.atitle=28%2C000+more+autos+to+run+riot+on+MMR+streets&rft.date=2013-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKumarChandran2008" class="citation news cs1">Kumar, K.P. Narayana; Chandran, Rahul (6 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/NxqWRhBOMqO8P6x3Hra5eO/NHAI-starts-work-on-Rs6672-cr-expressway.html">"NHAI starts work on Rs 6,672 cr expressway"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mint_(newspaper)" title="Mint (newspaper)">Mint</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117111028/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/NxqWRhBOMqO8P6x3Hra5eO/NHAI-starts-work-on-Rs6672-cr-expressway.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mint&rft.atitle=NHAI+starts+work+on+Rs+6%2C672+cr+expressway&rft.date=2008-03-06&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=K.P.+Narayana&rft.au=Chandran%2C+Rahul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FPolitics%2FNxqWRhBOMqO8P6x3Hra5eO%2FNHAI-starts-work-on-Rs6672-cr-expressway.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-auto2-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_286-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMishra,_Saumya2023" class="citation news cs1">Mishra, Saumya (10 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/delhi-mumbai-expressway-to-cut-travel-time-by-half-rs-98000-crore-project-likely-to-start-by-2023-end-article-96880738/amp">"Delhi-Mumbai Expressway to cut travel time by half; Rs 98,000 crore project likely to be completed by 2023 end"</a>. <i>Times Now</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Now&rft.atitle=Delhi-Mumbai+Expressway+to+cut+travel+time+by+half%3B+Rs+98%2C000+crore+project+likely+to+be+completed+by+2023+end&rft.date=2023-01-10&rft.au=Mishra%2C+Saumya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesnownews.com%2Fdelhi%2Fdelhi-mumbai-expressway-to-cut-travel-time-by-half-rs-98000-crore-project-likely-to-start-by-2023-end-article-96880738%2Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-auto1-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_287-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/breaking-news-live-february-12/amp_liveblog/97832803.cms">"Breaking News Live: PM Modi inaugurates 246-km first phase of Delhi-Mumbai Expressway"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 12 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Breaking+News+Live%3A+PM+Modi+inaugurates+246-km+first+phase+of+Delhi-Mumbai+Expressway&rft.date=2023-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fbreaking-news-live-february-12%2Famp_liveblog%2F97832803.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKukreja,_Sahil2022" class="citation news cs1">Kukreja, Sahil (11 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.timesofindia.com/auto/news/pm-modi-inaugurates-samruddhi-mahamarg-mumbai-nagpur-expressway-how-itll-benefit-car-owners/amp_articleshow/96146928.cms">"PM Modi inaugurates 'Samruddhi Mahamarg' Mumbai-Nagpur expressway: How it'll benefit car owners"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=PM+Modi+inaugurates+%27Samruddhi+Mahamarg%27+Mumbai-Nagpur+expressway%3A+How+it%27ll+benefit+car+owners&rft.date=2022-12-11&rft.au=Kukreja%2C+Sahil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.timesofindia.com%2Fauto%2Fnews%2Fpm-modi-inaugurates-samruddhi-mahamarg-mumbai-nagpur-expressway-how-itll-benefit-car-owners%2Famp_articleshow%2F96146928.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/cm-now-aims-for-konkan-expressway-101671218411627.html">"CM now aims for Konkan expressway"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 17 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=CM+now+aims+for+Konkan+expressway&rft.date=2022-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fcities%2Fmumbai-news%2Fcm-now-aims-for-konkan-expressway-101671218411627.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116110757/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/nov2k10annex3.pdf">"AAI traffic figures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/nov2k10annex3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAI+traffic+figures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aai.aero%2Ftraffic_news%2Fnov2k10annex3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-APA-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-APA_293-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172617/http://www.apaoindia.com/?page_id=923">"Statistics: Mumbai International Airport Limited"</a>. Association of Private Airport Operators. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apaoindia.com/?page_id=923">the original</a> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics%3A+Mumbai+International+Airport+Limited&rft.pub=Association+of+Private+Airport+Operators&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apaoindia.com%2F%3Fpage_id%3D923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111221021450/http://www.csia.in/knowyourairport/aboutcsia.aspx">"Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (CSIA)- Masterplan"</a>. Csia.in. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csia.in/knowyourairport/aboutcsia.aspx">the original</a> on 21 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chhatrapati+Shivaji+International+Airport+%28CSIA%29-+Masterplan&rft.pub=Csia.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csia.in%2Fknowyourairport%2Faboutcsia.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-with-maiden-air-india-flight-t2-opens-to-public-1961614">"With maiden Air India flight, T2 opens to public"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_%26_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily News & Analysis">Daily News & Analysis</a></i>. 13 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115312/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-with-maiden-air-india-flight-t2-opens-to-public-1961614">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+%26+Analysis&rft.atitle=With+maiden+Air+India+flight%2C+T2+opens+to+public&rft.date=2014-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport-with-maiden-air-india-flight-t2-opens-to-public-1961614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article1755254.ece">"Work on Navi Mumbai airport may start next year"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 19 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150103114405/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article1755254.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Work+on+Navi+Mumbai+airport+may+start+next+year&rft.date=2006-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-logistics%2Farticle1755254.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140802194057/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2007/jun/194964.htm">"MIAL eyes Juhu airport"</a>. <i>MiD DAY</i>. 7 June 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2007/jun/194964.htm">the original</a> on 2 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MiD+DAY&rft.atitle=MIAL+eyes+Juhu+airport&rft.date=2007-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.mid-day.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2Fjun%2F194964.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#exe">Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR</a>, pp. 2–12</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChittar1973">Chittar 1973</a>, p. 65: "The Port is endowed with one of the best natural harbours in the world and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation to meet the normal needs of the city."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjan2003/07012003/r070120037.html">"Laudable Achievement of JNPT"</a> (Press release). Press Information Bureau (Government of India). 7 January 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091005230020/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjan2003/07012003/r070120037.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laudable+Achievement+of+JNPT&rft.pub=Press+Information+Bureau+%28Government+of+India%29&rft.date=2003-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpib.nic.in%2Farchieve%2Flreleng%2Flyr2003%2Frjan2003%2F07012003%2Fr070120037.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pt-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pt_301-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=site:jnport.com+55-60%25">"Our Mission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Port" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Port">Jawaharlal Nehru Port</a> Trust<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Mission&rft.pub=Jawaharlal+Nehru+Port+Trust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fhl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26q%3Dsite%3Ajnport.com%2B55-60%2525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSonawane2007" class="citation news cs1">Sonawane, Rakshit (13 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101920/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=236291">"Cruise terminal plan gets MoU push"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/DNA_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA (newspaper)">Daily News and Analysis</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=236291">the original</a> on 16 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2009</span>. <q>While Arthur Bunder is used by small boats and Hay Bunder caters to declining traffic of barges, Ferry Wharf offers services to Mora, Mandva, Rewas and Uran ports.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=Cruise+terminal+plan+gets+MoU+push&rft.date=2007-05-13&rft.aulast=Sonawane&rft.aufirst=Rakshit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcities.expressindia.com%2Ffullstory.php%3Fnewsid%3D236291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/33467/">"BMC Inc. will now sell bottled water"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 21 May 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980521/14150784.html">the original</a> on 3 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=BMC+Inc.+will+now+sell+bottled+water&rft.date=1998-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fie%2Fdaily%2F19980521%2F14150784.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSawant2007" class="citation news cs1">Sawant, Sanjay (23 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_it-will-be-years-before-mumbai-surmounts-its-water-crisis_1086577">"It will be years before Mumbai surmounts its water crisis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/DNA_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA (newspaper)">Daily News and Analysis</a> (DNA)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091108035059/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_it-will-be-years-before-mumbai-surmounts-its-water-crisis_1086577">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis+%28DNA%29&rft.atitle=It+will+be+years+before+Mumbai+surmounts+its+water+crisis&rft.date=2007-03-23&rft.aulast=Sawant&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport_it-will-be-years-before-mumbai-surmounts-its-water-crisis_1086577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tansa-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tansa_305-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tansa_305-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Tansa-water-mains-to-be-replaced/articleshow/2247432.cms?referral=PM">"Tansa water mains to be replaced"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 1 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140804005809/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Tansa-water-mains-to-be-replaced/articleshow/2247432.cms?referral=PM">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Tansa+water+mains+to+be+replaced&rft.date=2007-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2FTansa-water-mains-to-be-replaced%2Farticleshow%2F2247432.cms%3Freferral%3DPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RTIBhandup-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RTIBhandup_306-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122755/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/Wards/Assistant%20Commissioner%20(T%20Ward)/RTI%20Manuals/T_RTI_E01.pdf">"Right to Information Act-2005 Information Booklet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Mumbai: <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporation_of_Greater_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai">Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai</a>. 2013 [2012]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/Wards/Assistant%20Commissioner%20%28T%20Ward%29/RTI%20Manuals/T_RTI_E01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Right+to+Information+Act-2005+Information+Booklet&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pub=Municipal+Corporation+of+Greater+Mumbai&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcgm.gov.in%2Firj%2Fgo%2Fkm%2Fdocs%2Fdocuments%2FMCGM%2520Department%2520List%2FWards%2FAssistant%2520Commissioner%2520%2528T%2520Ward%2529%2FRTI%2520Manuals%2FT_RTI_E01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-contamination-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-contamination_307-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Water-contamination-complaints-double-Bhandup-hit-hard/articleshow/3197203.cms">"Water contamination complaints double, Bhandup hit hard"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. Mumbai. 4 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150624081154/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Water-contamination-complaints-double-Bhandup-hit-hard/articleshow/3197203.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Water+contamination+complaints+double%2C+Bhandup+hit+hard&rft.date=2008-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2FWater-contamination-complaints-double-Bhandup-hit-hard%2Farticleshow%2F3197203.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWajihuddin2003" class="citation news cs1">Wajihuddin, Mohammed (4 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101949/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=50939">"Make way for Mulund, Mumbai's newest hotspot"</a>. <i>Mumbai Newsline</i>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Express_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Express Group">Indian Express Group</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=50939">the original</a> on 16 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mumbai+Newsline&rft.atitle=Make+way+for+Mulund%2C+Mumbai%27s+newest+hotspot&rft.date=2003-05-04&rft.aulast=Wajihuddin&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcities.expressindia.com%2Ffullstory.php%3Fnewsid%3D50939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNevin2005" class="citation news cs1">Nevin, John (27 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/aug/27plastic.htm">"Plastic ban: 1 lakh to be jobless"</a>. Rediff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806032332/http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/aug/27plastic.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Plastic+ban%3A+1+lakh+to+be+jobless&rft.date=2005-08-27&rft.aulast=Nevin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fmoney%2F2005%2Faug%2F27plastic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india">"Bombay Sewage Disposal"</a>. The World Bank Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629050630/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bombay+Sewage+Disposal&rft.pub=The+World+Bank+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Findia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/adani-to-buy-reliance-energy-for-18800-cr/article24556753.ece/amp/">"Adani to buy Reliance Energy for ₹18,800 cr"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 31 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320100201/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/adani-to-buy-reliance-energy-for-18800-cr/article24556753.ece/amp/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Adani+to+buy+Reliance+Energy+for+%E2%82%B918%2C800+cr.&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fmumbai%2Fadani-to-buy-reliance-energy-for-18800-cr%2Farticle24556753.ece%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta2007" class="citation news cs1">Dasgupta, Devraj (26 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Stay-in-island-city-do-biz/articleshow/1956009.cms">"Stay in island city, do biz"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Stay-in-island-city-do-biz/articleshow/1956009.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Stay+in+island+city%2C+do+biz&rft.date=2007-04-26&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Devraj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2FStay-in-island-city-do-biz%2Farticleshow%2F1956009.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-curbtheft-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-curbtheft_317-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAghor2009" class="citation news cs1">Aghor, Ashwin (10 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-reliance-energy-curbs-power-theft-1322058">"Reliance Energy curbs power theft"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/DNA_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA (newspaper)">DNA</a></i>. Mumbai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925050410/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-reliance-energy-curbs-power-theft-1322058">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DNA&rft.atitle=Reliance+Energy+curbs+power+theft&rft.date=2009-12-10&rft.aulast=Aghor&rft.aufirst=Ashwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport-reliance-energy-curbs-power-theft-1322058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-explorecurbtheft-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-explorecurbtheft_318-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni2015" class="citation news cs1">Kulkarni, Dhaval (11 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-to-curb-power-theft-maharashtra-explores-underground-supply-network-across-state-2084774">"To curb power theft, Maharashtra explores underground supply network across state"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis" title="Daily News and Analysis">Daily News and Analysis</a></i>. India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925005358/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-to-curb-power-theft-maharashtra-explores-underground-supply-network-across-state-2084774">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=To+curb+power+theft%2C+Maharashtra+explores+underground+supply+network+across+state&rft.date=2015-03-11&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=Dhaval&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Findia%2Freport-to-curb-power-theft-maharashtra-explores-underground-supply-network-across-state-2084774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-pipedattractive-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pipedattractive_320-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2014" class="citation news cs1">Mukherjee, Promit (14 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-piped-gas-becomes-more-attractive-for-the-kitchen-1740662">"Piped gas becomes more attractive for the kitchen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis" title="Daily News and Analysis">Daily News and Analysis</a></i>. Mumbai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150615203513/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-piped-gas-becomes-more-attractive-for-the-kitchen-1740662">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=Piped+gas+becomes+more+attractive+for+the+kitchen&rft.date=2014-09-14&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Promit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport-piped-gas-becomes-more-attractive-for-the-kitchen-1740662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#in08">Campbell 2008</a>, p. 143</span>
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<li id="cite_note-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSomayajiBhatnagar2009" class="citation news cs1">Somayaji, Chitra; Bhatnagar, Shailendra (13 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025044056/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a_3Aeo82P.Kg&refer=canada">"Reliance Offers BlackBerry in India, Vies With Bharti"</a>. Bloomberg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a_3Aeo82P.Kg&refer=canada">the original</a> on 25 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reliance+Offers+BlackBerry+in+India%2C+Vies+With+Bharti&rft.date=2009-06-13&rft.aulast=Somayaji&rft.aufirst=Chitra&rft.au=Bhatnagar%2C+Shailendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3Da_3Aeo82P.Kg%26refer%3Dcanada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-unifiedLicence-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unifiedLicence_323-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/list%20of%20unifiedaccess%20licensees_0.doc">"DETAILS OF SERVICE AREA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Word Document)</span>. Department of Telecommunications, Government of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319104536/http://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/list%20of%20unifiedaccess%20licensees_0.doc">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DETAILS+OF+SERVICE+AREA&rft.pub=Department+of+Telecommunications%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dot.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Flist%2520of%2520unifiedaccess%2520licensees_0.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-04/news/55757553_1_internet-and-mobile-association-iamai-user-base">"Internet surfers: Mumbai scores, Bangalore falls"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. 7 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Internet+surfers%3A+Mumbai+scores%2C+Bangalore+falls&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2F2014-11-04%2Fnews%2F55757553_1_internet-and-mobile-association-iamai-user-base&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#pemmr">Population and Employment profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region</a>, p. 6</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-mmmumbaiproperty-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mmmumbaiproperty_326-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/21556584">"The minimum city"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 9 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717223955/http://www.economist.com/node/21556584">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+minimum+city&rft.date=2012-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21556584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mapping-mumbai-s-slum-challenge-in-coronavirus-battle-11586334352966.html">"41.8% of Mumbai lives in slums"</a>. 8 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=41.8%25+of+Mumbai+lives+in+slums&rft.date=2020-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fmapping-mumbai-s-slum-challenge-in-coronavirus-battle-11586334352966.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/with-42-living-in-slums-virus-casts-long-shadow-across-mumbai/articleshow/75798141.cms">"With 42% living in slums virus casts long shadow across Mumbai"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 18 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=With+42%25+living+in+slums+virus+casts+long+shadow+across+Mumbai&rft.date=2020-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2Fwith-42-living-in-slums-virus-casts-long-shadow-across-mumbai%2Farticleshow%2F75798141.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Parsis-top-literacy-sex-ratio-charts-in-city/articleshow/843036.cms?referral=PM">"Parsis top literacy, sex-ratio charts in city"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 8 September 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140804042745/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Parsis-top-literacy-sex-ratio-charts-in-city/articleshow/843036.cms?referral=PM">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Parsis+top+literacy%2C+sex-ratio+charts+in+city&rft.date=2004-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2FParsis-top-literacy-sex-ratio-charts-in-city%2Farticleshow%2F843036.cms%3Freferral%3DPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Mumbaiite-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mumbaiite_330-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612024817/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/mumbai-s-monsoon-readiness-not-pothole-free-but-better-roads/article1-1357589.aspx">"Mumbaiites prepare for a bumpy ride this year"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 11 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/mumbai-s-monsoon-readiness-not-pothole-free-but-better-roads/article1-1357589.aspx">the original</a> on 12 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Mumbaiites+prepare+for+a+bumpy+ride+this+year&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fmumbai%2Fmumbai-s-monsoon-readiness-not-pothole-free-but-better-roads%2Farticle1-1357589.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDattaJones1999">Datta & Jones 1999</a>, Low-Income Households and the Housing Problem in Mumbai, pp. 158–159</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2007" class="citation web cs1">Jacobson, Marc (May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/05/dharavi-mumbai-slum/jacobson-text">"Dharavi: Mumbai's Shadow City"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Magazine">National Geographic Magazine</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318083827/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/05/dharavi-mumbai-slum/jacobson-text">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Magazine&rft.atitle=Dharavi%3A+Mumbai%27s+Shadow+City&rft.date=2007-05&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2007%2F05%2Fdharavi-mumbai-slum%2Fjacobson-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2006">Davis 2006</a>, p. 31</span>
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<li id="cite_note-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130111004143/http://blogs.newschool.edu/epsm/2012/05/24/dharavi-mumbai/">"Dharavi, Mumbai | Sustainable Milano"</a>. Blogs.newschool.edu. 24 May 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.newschool.edu/epsm/2012/05/24/dharavi-mumbai/">the original</a> on 11 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dharavi%2C+Mumbai+%26%23124%3B+Sustainable+Milano&rft.pub=Blogs.newschool.edu&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.newschool.edu%2Fepsm%2F2012%2F05%2F24%2Fdharavi-mumbai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Town-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Town_335-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2722_PART_A_DCHB_MUMBAI%20SUBURBAN.pdf">"District Census Handbook -MUMBAI SUBURBAN"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Directorate of Census Operation Maharashtra<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=District+Census+Handbook+-MUMBAI+SUBURBAN&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Census+Operation+Maharashtra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fdchb%2FDCHB_A%2F27%2F2722_PART_A_DCHB_MUMBAI%2520SUBURBAN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216012618/http://maccia.org.in/ecoSmaha06.pdf">"Highlights of Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2005–06"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning Department (<a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">Government of Maharashtra</a>). p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maccia.org.in/ecoSmaha06.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Highlights+of+Economic+Survey+of+Maharashtra+2005%E2%80%9306&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Economics+and+Statistics%2C+Planning+Department+%28Government+of+Maharashtra%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaccia.org.in%2FecoSmaha06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFT_Surendar2010" class="citation magazine cs1">T Surendar (10 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/mumbais-newage-builders-want-a-room-at-the-top/10032/0">"Mumbai's New-Age Builders want a Room at the Top"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117040039/http://forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/mumbais-newage-builders-want-a-room-at-the-top/10032/0">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Mumbai%27s+New-Age+Builders+want+a+Room+at+the+Top&rft.date=2010-02-10&rft.au=T+Surendar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforbesindia.com%2Farticle%2Fbig-bet%2Fmumbais-newage-builders-want-a-room-at-the-top%2F10032%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesofindia.com/india/Mumbai-noisiest-city-Delhi-at-number-4-Central-Pollution-Control-Board/articleshow/51985961.cms">"Mumbai noisiest city, Delhi at number 4: Central Pollution Control Board"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 26 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Mumbai+noisiest+city%2C+Delhi+at+number+4%3A+Central+Pollution+Control+Board&rft.date=2016-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofindia.com%2Findia%2FMumbai-noisiest-city-Delhi-at-number-4-Central-Pollution-Control-Board%2Farticleshow%2F51985961.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Religion-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Religion_339-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS">"C-16 Population By Religion - Maharashtra"</a>. <i>census.gov.in</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov.in&rft.atitle=C-16+Population+By+Religion+-+Maharashtra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-01%2FDDW27C-01%2520MDDS.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-census2011-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census2011_340-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html">"C-1 Population By Religious Community"</a>. Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C-1+Population+By+Religious+Community&rft.pub=Government+of+India%2C+Ministry+of+Home+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fc-01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span> On this page, select "Maharashtra" from the download menu. <i>"Greater Mumbai (M.Corp.)" is at line 11 of the excel file, "Mumbai Suburban District" at line 1065 and "Mumbai District" at line 1072.</i></span>
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<li id="cite_note-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html">"Mumbai (Greater Mumbai) City Census 2011 data"</a>. Census2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604104700/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mumbai+%28Greater+Mumbai%29+City+Census+2011+data&rft.pub=Census2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census2011.co.in%2Fcensus%2Fcity%2F365-mumbai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100823123240/http://www.30-days.net/muslims/muslims-in/asia-south-central/india/india-mumbai/">"Muslims of Mumbai (Bombay), major city of India"</a>. <i>The 30-Days Prayer Network</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.30-days.net/muslims/muslims-in/asia-south-central/india/india-mumbai">the original</a> on 23 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+30-Days+Prayer+Network&rft.atitle=Muslims+of+Mumbai+%28Bombay%29%2C+major+city+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.30-days.net%2Fmuslims%2Fmuslims-in%2Fasia-south-central%2Findia%2Findia-mumbai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2004">Mehta 2004</a>, p. 99</span>
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<li id="cite_note-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaptista1967">Baptista 1967</a>, p. 5</span>
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<li id="cite_note-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWeil2008" class="citation news cs1">Weil, Shalva (30 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Background-A-rich-history-now-stained-with-blood">"Background: A rich history now stained with blood"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060915/http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Background-A-rich-history-now-stained-with-blood">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Background%3A+A+rich+history+now+stained+with+blood&rft.date=2008-11-30&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Shalva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FJewish-World%2FJewish-News%2FBackground-A-rich-history-now-stained-with-blood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/more-half-world-s-zoroastrians-call-mumbai-india-home/1032251/">"More than Half of the World's Zoroastrians Call Mumbai, India Home"</a>. <i>Smart Cities Dive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smart+Cities+Dive&rft.atitle=More+than+Half+of+the+World%27s+Zoroastrians+Call+Mumbai%2C+India+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartcitiesdive.com%2Fex%2Fsustainablecitiescollective%2Fmore-half-world-s-zoroastrians-call-mumbai-india-home%2F1032251%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKarkaria2016" class="citation news cs1">Karkaria, Bachi (9 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35219331">"Why is India's wealthy Parsi community vanishing?"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120095149/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35219331">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+is+India%27s+wealthy+Parsi+community+vanishing%3F&rft.date=2016-01-09&rft.aulast=Karkaria&rft.aufirst=Bachi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-35219331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/648273/">"The world's successful diasporas"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/648273/">Archived</a> 15 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Managementtoday.co.uk.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates2003">Bates 2003</a>, p. 266</span>
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<li id="cite_note-census2011-langreport-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census2011-langreport_350-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf">"Language – India, States and Union Territories"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Census of India 2011</i>. Office of the Registrar General. pp. 13–14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India+2011&rft.atitle=Language+%E2%80%93+India%2C+States+and+Union+Territories&rft.pages=13-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FC-16_25062018_NEW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX">"C-16 Population By Mother Tongue"</a>. <i>censusindia.gov.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=C-16+Population+By+Mother+Tongue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-16%2FDDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-352"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbais-growing-hindi-heartland-demographic-changes-5577879/">"Mumbai's growing Hindi heartland"</a>. <i>Indian Express</i>. 11 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Mumbai%27s+growing+Hindi+heartland&rft.date=2019-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fmumbai%2Fmumbais-growing-hindi-heartland-demographic-changes-5577879%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-353"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025959/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf">"51st Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nclm.nic.in</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Minority_Affairs" title="Ministry of Minority Affairs">Ministry of Minority Affairs</a>. 15 July 2015. p. 152. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nclm.nic.in&rft.atitle=51st+Report+of+the+Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities+in+India&rft.pages=152&rft.date=2015-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM51stReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-354"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025959/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf">"51st Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nclm.nic.in</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Minority_Affairs" title="Ministry of Minority Affairs">Ministry of Minority Affairs</a>. 15 July 2015. p. 152. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nclm.nic.in&rft.atitle=51st+Report+of+the+Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities+in+India&rft.pages=152&rft.date=2015-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM51stReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-355"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX">"C-16 – Population by Mother Tongue (Town level)"</a>. <i>censusindia.gov.in</i>. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=C-16+%E2%80%93+Population+by+Mother+Tongue+%28Town+level%29&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-16T%2FDDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-356"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPai2005">Pai 2005</a>, p. 1804</span>
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<li id="cite_note-357"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2003">O'Brien 2003</a>, p. 141</span>
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<li id="cite_note-358"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025959/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf">"51st Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nclm.nic.in</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Minority_Affairs" title="Ministry of Minority Affairs">Ministry of Minority Affairs</a>. 15 July 2015. p. 152. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nclm.nic.in&rft.atitle=51st+Report+of+the+Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities+in+India&rft.pages=152&rft.date=2015-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM51stReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-359"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109004316/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2006/sep/144108.htm">"City has 43 one-teacher schools"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MiD_DAY" class="mw-redirect" title="MiD DAY">MiD DAY</a></i>. 24 September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2006/sep/144108.htm">the original</a> on 9 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MiD+DAY&rft.atitle=City+has+43+one-teacher+schools&rft.date=2006-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.mid-day.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2Fsep%2F144108.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-379"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090625015836/http://www.sydenham.edu/our_profile.html">"Sydenham College: Our Profile"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sydenham_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydenham College">Sydenham College</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sydenham.edu/our_profile.html">the original</a> on 25 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sydenham+College%3A+Our+Profile&rft.pub=Sydenham+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sydenham.edu%2Four_profile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-380"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090622081119/http://www.glc.edu/incept.asp">"About The Government Law College"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_Law_College,_Mumbai" title="Government Law College, Mumbai">Government Law College</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glc.edu/incept.asp">the original</a> on 22 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+The+Government+Law+College&rft.pub=Government+Law+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glc.edu%2Fincept.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-381"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMartyris2002" class="citation news cs1">Martyris, Nina (6 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/JJ-School-seeks-help-from-new-friends/articleshow/24305727.cms?referral=PM">"JJ School seeks help from new friends"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150522012912/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/JJ-School-seeks-help-from-new-friends/articleshow/24305727.cms?referral=PM">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=JJ+School+seeks+help+from+new+friends&rft.date=2002-10-06&rft.aulast=Martyris&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2FJJ-School-seeks-help-from-new-friends%2Farticleshow%2F24305727.cms%3Freferral%3DPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-382"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-university-ties-up-with-renowned-institutes-1065998">"University ties up with renowned institutes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/DNA_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA (newspaper)">Daily News and Analysis</a> (DNA)</i>. 24 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106112417/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-university-ties-up-with-renowned-institutes-1065998">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis+%28DNA%29&rft.atitle=University+ties+up+with+renowned+institutes&rft.date=2006-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport-university-ties-up-with-renowned-institutes-1065998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-383"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070709060317/http://www.barc.ernet.in/webpages/reactors/cirus.html">"CIRUS reactor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre" title="Bhabha Atomic Research Centre">Bhabha Atomic Research Centre</a> (BARC). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barc.ernet.in/webpages/reactors/cirus.html">the original</a> on 9 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIRUS+reactor&rft.pub=Bhabha+Atomic+Research+Centre+%28BARC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barc.ernet.in%2Fwebpages%2Freactors%2Fcirus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-384"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBreckenridge1995" class="citation book cs1">Breckenridge, Carol Appadurai (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LN4MN35b-r4C"><i>Consuming Modernity: Public Culture in a South Asian World</i></a>. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 90–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2306-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2306-8"><bdi>978-0-8166-2306-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consuming+Modernity%3A+Public+Culture+in+a+South+Asian+World&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-2306-8&rft.aulast=Breckenridge&rft.aufirst=Carol+Appadurai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLN4MN35b-r4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-385"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/arts/beginners-bollywood/2005/09/27/1127804471297.html">"Beginners' Bollywood"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. Sydney. 28 September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906120745/http://www.theage.com.au/news/arts/beginners-bollywood/2005/09/27/1127804471297.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Beginners%27+Bollywood&rft.date=2005-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Farts%2Fbeginners-bollywood%2F2005%2F09%2F27%2F1127804471297.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-386"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVilanilam2005">Vilanilam 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kvQtoquTT6kC">130</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-387"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNagarajan2006" class="citation news cs1">Nagarajan, Saraswathy (10 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/article3232563.ece">"Matchbox journeys"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Chennai, India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Matchbox+journeys&rft.date=2006-09-10&rft.aulast=Nagarajan&rft.aufirst=Saraswathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-features%2Ftp-sundaymagazine%2Farticle3232563.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-388"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment?frommovies=1">"Filmfare Awards gets new sponsor"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 11 January 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121122053815/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/?frommovies=1">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Filmfare+Awards+gets+new+sponsor&rft.date=2006-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%3Ffrommovies%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-multitheater-389"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-multitheater_389-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaudhuri2005">Chaudhuri 2005</a>, pp. 4–6</span>
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<li id="cite_note-390"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGilder1957" class="citation journal cs1">Gilder, Rosamond (October 1957). "The New Theatre in India: An Impression". <i><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Journal" title="Theatre Journal">Educational Theatre Journal</a></i>. <b>9</b> (3): 201–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3203529">10.2307/3203529</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0192-2882">0192-2882</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3203529">3203529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=The+New+Theatre+in+India%3A+An+Impression&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=201-204&rft.date=1957-10&rft.issn=0192-2882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3203529%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3203529&rft.aulast=Gilder&rft.aufirst=Rosamond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-391"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid1995">David 1995</a>, p. 232</span>
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<li id="cite_note-392"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070201210616/http://bombaymuseum.org/">"Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya"</a>. Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Mumbai. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bombaymuseum.org/">the original</a> on 1 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chhatrapati+Shivaji+Maharaj+Vastu+Sangrahalaya&rft.pub=Prince+of+Wales+Museum+of+Western+India%2C+Mumbai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bombaymuseum.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-MTDCpullout-395"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MTDCpullout_395-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MTDCpullout_395-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFShukla2008" class="citation news cs1">Shukla, Ahustosh (8 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mtdc-will-not-pull-out-of-elephanta-banganga-fests-1204562">"MTDC will not pull out of Elephanta, Banganga fests"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis" title="Daily News and Analysis">Daily News and Analysis</a></i>. Mumbai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150901064217/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mtdc-will-not-pull-out-of-elephanta-banganga-fests-1204562">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=MTDC+will+not+pull+out+of+Elephanta%2C+Banganga+fests&rft.date=2008-11-08&rft.aulast=Shukla&rft.aufirst=Ahustosh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport-mtdc-will-not-pull-out-of-elephanta-banganga-fests-1204562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-MTDCBanganga-396"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MTDCBanganga_396-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Banganga_Festival.html">"The Banganga Festival"</a>. Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120805052147/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Banganga_Festival.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Banganga+Festival&rft.pub=Maharashtra+Tourism+Development+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maharashtratourism.gov.in%2FMTDC%2FHTML%2FMaharashtraTourism%2FDefault.aspx%3Fstrpage%3D..%2FMaharashtraTourism%2FMTDC_Festival%2FBanganga_Festival.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-MTDCElephanta-397"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MTDCElephanta_397-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Elephanta_Festival.html">"The Elephanta Festival"</a>. Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070220194302/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=..%2FMaharashtraTourism%2FMTDC_Festival%2FElephanta_Festival.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Elephanta+Festival&rft.pub=Maharashtra+Tourism+Development+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maharashtratourism.gov.in%2FMTDC%2FHTML%2FMaharashtraTourism%2FDefault.aspx%3Fstrpage%3D..%2FMaharashtraTourism%2FMTDC_Festival%2FElephanta_Festival.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-398"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-celebrates-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4471265.cms?referral=PM">"Mumbai celebrates Maharashtra Day"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 1 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228044157/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-celebrates-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4471265.cms?referral=PM">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Mumbai+celebrates+Maharashtra+Day&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2FMumbai-celebrates-Maharashtra-Day%2Farticleshow%2F4471265.cms%3Freferral%3DPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-399"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnan2009" class="citation news cs1">Krishnan, Ananth (24 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714002936/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/24/stories/2009032450711300.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Vote at Eight' campaign"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/24/stories/2009032450711300.htm">the original</a> on 14 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=%27Vote+at+Eight%27+campaign&rft.date=2009-03-24&rft.aulast=Krishnan&rft.aufirst=Ananth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2009%2F03%2F24%2Fstories%2F2009032450711300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-400"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053256/http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/bmc-transfer-beach-cleaning-works-516">"BMC to transfer beach cleaning works"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Asian_Age" title="The Asian Age">The Asian Age</a></i>. 24 August 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/bmc-transfer-beach-cleaning-works-516">the original</a> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asian+Age&rft.atitle=BMC+to+transfer+beach+cleaning+works&rft.date=2013-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianage.com%2Fmumbai%2Fbmc-transfer-beach-cleaning-works-516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-401"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJain2011" class="citation news cs1">Jain, Bhavika (10 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055224/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/8-out-of-city-s-10-beaches-unsafe/Article1-695594.aspx">"8 out of city's 10 beaches unsafe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/8-out-of-city-s-10-beaches-unsafe/Article1-695594.aspx">the original</a> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=8+out+of+city%27s+10+beaches+unsafe&rft.date=2011-05-10&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Bhavika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2FIndia-news%2FMumbai%2F8-out-of-city-s-10-beaches-unsafe%2FArticle1-695594.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-402"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080130164441/http://www.esselworld.com/">"About Essel World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Essel_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Essel World">Essel World</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esselworld.com/">the original</a> on 30 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Essel+World&rft.pub=Essel+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esselworld.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-403"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2003">O'Brien 2003</a>, p. 143</span>
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<li id="cite_note-founderimagica-404"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-founderimagica_404-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2012" class="citation news cs1">Sharma, Samidha (27 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Adlabs-founder-bets-big-on-theme-parks/articleshow/17379493.cms">"Adlabs founder bets big on theme parks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010803/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Adlabs-founder-bets-big-on-theme-parks/articleshow/17379493.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Adlabs+founder+bets+big+on+theme+parks&rft.date=2012-11-27&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Samidha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Findia-business%2FAdlabs-founder-bets-big-on-theme-parks%2Farticleshow%2F17379493.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-405"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emporis.com/city/102037/mumbai-india">"Mumbai"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150615005107/http://www.emporis.com/city/102037/mumbai-india">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mumbai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emporis.com%2Fcity%2F102037%2Fmumbai-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-406"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/high-rises-mumbai-stands-tall-among-indian-cities/articleshow/101348550.cms?from=mdr">"Mumbai stands tall among Indian cities"</a>. <i>The economic times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+economic+times&rft.atitle=Mumbai+stands+tall+among+Indian+cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Findustry%2Fservices%2Fproperty-%2F-cstruction%2Fhigh-rises-mumbai-stands-tall-among-indian-cities%2Farticleshow%2F101348550.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-407"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mumbai-dominates-indian-skyline-with-77-share-of-tall-buildings-ranks-17th-worldwide-report-101687979905261.html">"Mumbai has 77% tall buildings in India"</a>. <i>The Hindustan times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindustan+times&rft.atitle=Mumbai+has+77%25+tall+buildings+in+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fcities%2Fmumbai-news%2Fmumbai-dominates-indian-skyline-with-77-share-of-tall-buildings-ranks-17th-worldwide-report-101687979905261.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-408"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150103114347/http://www.thehindu.com/mag/2004/07/25/stories/2004072500330200.htm">"Rainswept glory"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. 24 July 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/mag/2004/07/25/stories/2004072500330200.htm">the original</a> on 3 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Rainswept+glory&rft.date=2004-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fmag%2F2004%2F07%2F25%2Fstories%2F2004072500330200.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Profile-409"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Profile_409-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrisWinchester2005">Morris & Winchester 2005</a>, p. 212</span>
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<li id="cite_note-410"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070306090243/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200703041014.htm">"Mumbai's entrance -the 'Gateway' to be more tourist-friendly"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Chennai, India. 4 March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200703041014.htm">the original</a> on 6 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Mumbai%27s+entrance+-the+%27Gateway%27+to+be+more+tourist-friendly&rft.date=2007-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fthehindu%2Fholnus%2F002200703041014.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-411"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/in">"India: World heritage sites centre"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502200152/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/in/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India%3A+World+heritage+sites+centre&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fstatesparties%2Fin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-economist-412"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-economist_412-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist_412-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/21556584">"Is the world's weirdest property market strangling the city that hosts it?"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 9 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717223955/http://www.economist.com/node/21556584">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Is+the+world%27s+weirdest+property+market+strangling+the+city+that+hosts+it%3F&rft.date=2012-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21556584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-413"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120109061808/http://www.emporis.com/statistics/most-skyscraper-cities-worldwide">"Cities with the most skyscrapers | Statistics"</a>. EMPORIS.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Street_food_of_Mumbai_jg07-414"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Street_food_of_Mumbai_jg07_414-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2007" class="citation book cs1">Green, Jen (2007). <i>Mumbai</i>. Evans Brothers. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0237531259" title="Special:BookSources/0237531259"><bdi>0237531259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mumbai&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Evans+Brothers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0237531259&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Jen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Street_food_of_Mumbai_da04-415"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Street_food_of_Mumbai_da04_415-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAbram2004" class="citation book cs1">Abram, David (2004). <i>Goa</i>. Rough Guides. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1843530813" title="Special:BookSources/1843530813"><bdi>1843530813</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1843530813&rft.aulast=Abram&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Street_food_of_Mumbai_nyt09-416"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Street_food_of_Mumbai_nyt09_416-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Street_food_of_Mumbai_nyt09_416-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intransit.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/16/snack-attack-mumbai-eating-safe-street-food/">"Snack Attack, Mumbai. Eating Safe Street Food"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 16 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Snack+Attack%2C+Mumbai.+Eating+Safe+Street+Food.&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintransit.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F16%2Fsnack-attack-mumbai-eating-safe-street-food%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Street_food_of_Mumbai_td10-417"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Street_food_of_Mumbai_td10_417-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Tarla (2010). <i>Mumbai Roadside Snacks</i>. Sanjay & Co. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8189491660" title="Special:BookSources/8189491660"><bdi>8189491660</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mumbai+Roadside+Snacks&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Sanjay+%26+Co&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=8189491660&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Tarla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Street_food_of_Mumbai_dnaj09a-418"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Street_food_of_Mumbai_dnaj09a_418-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_get-set-for-a-taste-of-real-mumbai_1226455">"Get set for a taste of real Mumbai"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis" title="Daily News and Analysis">Daily News and Analysis</a></i>. 31 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=Get+set+for+a+taste+of+real+Mumbai&rft.date=2009-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport_get-set-for-a-taste-of-real-mumbai_1226455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Street_food_of_Mumbai_cnna09-419"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Street_food_of_Mumbai_cnna09_419-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/eat/mumbai-street-food-whats-japanese-sous-chef-got-do-it-240023">"Mumbai street food: What's a Japanese sous chef got to do with it?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. 7 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Mumbai+street+food%3A+What%27s+a+Japanese+sous+chef+got+to+do+with+it%3F&rft.date=2009-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnngo.com%2Fmumbai%2Feat%2Fmumbai-street-food-whats-japanese-sous-chef-got-do-it-240023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Street_food_of_Mumbai_jsa08-420"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Street_food_of_Mumbai_jsa08_420-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAnjaria2008" class="citation book cs1">Anjaria, Jonathan Shapiro (2008). <i>Unruly streets: Everyday practices and promises of globality in Mumbai</i>. ProQuest. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0549763872" title="Special:BookSources/0549763872"><bdi>0549763872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unruly+streets%3A+Everyday+practices+and+promises+of+globality+in+Mumbai&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=ProQuest&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0549763872&rft.aulast=Anjaria&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Shapiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Street_food_of_Mumbai_dc11-421"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Street_food_of_Mumbai_dc11_421-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tv-guide/masterchef-hits-streets-327">"Masterchef hits streets"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle" title="Deccan Chronicle">Deccan Chronicle</a></i>. 19 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Masterchef+hits+streets&rft.date=2011-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Fchannels%2Fshowbiz%2Ftv-guide%2Fmasterchef-hits-streets-327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-422"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGanti2004">Ganti 2004</a>, p. 3</span>
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<li id="cite_note-423"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLundgren2008" class="citation news cs1">Lundgren, Kari (26 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025044110/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6JQLLVfORXM&refer=europe">"Bollywood Trawls London for Talent as Students Balk at Banking"</a>. Bloomberg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6JQLLVfORXM&refer=europe">the original</a> on 25 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bollywood+Trawls+London+for+Talent+as+Students+Balk+at+Banking&rft.date=2008-11-26&rft.aulast=Lundgren&rft.aufirst=Kari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3Da6JQLLVfORXM%26refer%3Deurope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-425"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDeshpande2001" class="citation news cs1">Deshpande, Haima (5 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/">"Mumbai's Film City may be home to world cinema"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116132018/http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Mumbai%27s+Film+City+may+be+home+to+world+cinema&rft.date=2001-03-05&rft.aulast=Deshpande&rft.aufirst=Haima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fnews-archive%2Fweb%2Finaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-televisionpoint2006-426"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-televisionpoint2006_426-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012225524/http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2006/newsfullstory.php?id=1146042260">"The Times of India turns the Times of Colour"</a>. Televisionpoint.com. 26 April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2006/newsfullstory.php?id=1146042260">the original</a> on 12 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Times+of+India+turns+the+Times+of+Colour&rft.pub=Televisionpoint.com&rft.date=2006-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.televisionpoint.com%2Fnews2006%2Fnewsfullstory.php%3Fid%3D1146042260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-427"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815164813/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=28137_IRS+Q2+2010:+Negligible+decline+of+daily+readers+in+Greater+Mumbai">"IRS Q2, 2010: Negligible decline of daily readers in Greater Mumbai"</a>. Afaqs.com. 1 September 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=28137_IRS+Q2+2010:+Negligible+decline+of+daily+readers+in+Greater+Mumbai">the original</a> on 15 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IRS+Q2%2C+2010%3A+Negligible+decline+of+daily+readers+in+Greater+Mumbai&rft.pub=Afaqs.com&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afaqs.com%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fsid%3D28137_IRS%2BQ2%2B2010%3A%2BNegligible%2Bdecline%2Bof%2Bdaily%2Breaders%2Bin%2BGreater%2BMumbai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-428"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117050215/http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=5&News_id=39218">"IRS Q2 2010: Publications in Maharashtra see some light"</a>. Exchange4media.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=5&News_id=39218">the original</a> on 17 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IRS+Q2+2010%3A+Publications+in+Maharashtra+see+some+light&rft.pub=Exchange4media.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exchange4media.com%2Fnews%2Fstory.aspx%3FSection_id%3D5%26News_id%3D39218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-PubliclifeMSG-431"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PubliclifeMSG_431-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/publiclife.html">"Public life and voluntary social service organisations"</a>. Maharashtra State Gazetteers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228045933/https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/publiclife.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+life+and+voluntary+social+service+organisations&rft.pub=Maharashtra+State+Gazetteers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcultural.maharashtra.gov.in%2Fenglish%2Fgazetteer%2Fgreater_bombay%2Fpubliclife.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-436"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Few-takers-for-CAS-in-Mumbai/articleshow/856609.cms?referral=PM">"Few takers for CAS in Mumbai"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 20 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Few-takers-for-CAS-in-Mumbai/articleshow/856609.cms?referral=PM">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Few+takers+for+CAS+in+Mumbai&rft.date=2006-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2FFew-takers-for-CAS-in-Mumbai%2Farticleshow%2F856609.cms%3Freferral%3DPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-437"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2430/indian-premier-league-2016/venues/81/wankhede-stadium">"Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai details, matches, stats"</a>. <i>Cricbuzz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cricbuzz&rft.atitle=Wankhede+Stadium%2C+Mumbai+details%2C+matches%2C+stats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.cricbuzz.com%2Fcricket-series%2F2430%2Findian-premier-league-2016%2Fvenues%2F81%2Fwankhede-stadium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-marines-448"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marines_448-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150603014947/http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/187788-mumbai-marines-down-chennai-cheetahs">"Mumbai Marines down Chennai Cheetahs"</a>. Mumbai. <a href="/wiki/Press_Trust_of_India" title="Press Trust of India">Press Trust of India</a>. 31 March 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/187788-mumbai-marines-down-chennai-cheetahs">the original</a> on 3 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mumbai+Marines+down+Chennai+Cheetahs&rft.date=2012-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsports.ndtv.com%2Fhockey%2Fnews%2F187788-mumbai-marines-down-chennai-cheetahs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-magicians-449"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-magicians_449-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-hil-police-assure-tight-security-for-matches-in-mumbai-1789087">"HIL: Police assure tight security for matches in Mumbai"</a>. Mumbai. <a href="/wiki/Press_Trust_of_India" title="Press Trust of India">Press Trust of India</a>. 15 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602205544/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-hil-police-assure-tight-security-for-matches-in-mumbai-1789087">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=HIL%3A+Police+assure+tight+security+for+matches+in+Mumbai&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fsport%2Freport-hil-police-assure-tight-security-for-matches-in-mumbai-1789087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-450"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140505015857/http://www.iblschedule.com/2013/05/indian-badminton-league-2013-from-14.html">"Indian Badminton League"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realtimecommunicationsworld.com/indian-badminton-league/">the original</a> on 5 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Badminton+League&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.realtimecommunicationsworld.com%2Findian-badminton-league%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-451"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportskeeda.com/badminton/badminton-association-of-india-announces-the-2nd-edition-of-the-indian-badminton-league">"Badminton Association of India announces the 2nd Edition of the Indian Badminton League"</a>. sportskeeda.com. 29 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Badminton+Association+of+India+announces+the+2nd+Edition+of+the+Indian+Badminton+League&rft.pub=sportskeeda.com&rft.date=2015-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportskeeda.com%2Fbadminton%2Fbadminton-association-of-india-announces-the-2nd-edition-of-the-indian-badminton-league&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-452"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbl-india.com/teams/292-mumbai-rockets-teamprofile">"Team Overview"</a>. <i>Premier Badminton League</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Premier+Badminton+League&rft.atitle=Team+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbl-india.com%2Fteams%2F292-mumbai-rockets-teamprofile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rugbyhost-453"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rugbyhost_453-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-mumbai-to-host-asian-men-s-rugby-1751235">"Mumbai to host Asian men's rugby"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis" title="Daily News and Analysis">Daily News and Analysis</a></i>. 10 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151005082118/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-mumbai-to-host-asian-men-s-rugby-1751235">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=Mumbai+to+host+Asian+men%27s+rugby&rft.date=2012-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fsport%2Freport-mumbai-to-host-asian-men-s-rugby-1751235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-454"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPal2007" class="citation news cs1">Pal, Abir (17 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/mallya-diageo-fight-for-mcdowell-derby/articleshow/1233374.cms">"Mallya, Diageo fight for McDowell Derby"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024032334/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Mallya-Diageo-fight-for-McDowell-Derby/articleshow/1233374.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Mallya%2C+Diageo+fight+for+McDowell+Derby&rft.date=2007-01-17&rft.aulast=Pal&rft.aufirst=Abir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Findia-business%2Fmallya-diageo-fight-for-mcdowell-derby%2Farticleshow%2F1233374.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-455"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002055/http://sports.ndtv.com/formula-1/news/17340-mumbai-to-host-f-1-powerboat-race-">"Mumbai to host F-1 powerboat race"</a>. Mumbai: NDTV. 17 December 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sports.ndtv.com/formula-1/news/17340-mumbai-to-host-f-1-powerboat-race-">the original</a> on 23 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mumbai+to+host+F-1+powerboat+race&rft.date=2003-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsports.ndtv.com%2Fformula-1%2Fnews%2F17340-mumbai-to-host-f-1-powerboat-race-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-456"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2008" class="citation news cs1">Baldwin, Alan (25 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/motor-racing-forceindia-idUKL2521523620080125">"Motor racing-Force India F1 team to launch 2008 car in Mumbai"</a>. Reuters UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624051820/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/01/25/motor-racing-forceindia-idUKL2521523620080125">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Motor+racing-Force+India+F1+team+to+launch+2008+car+in+Mumbai&rft.date=2008-01-25&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fmotor-racing-forceindia-idUKL2521523620080125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-457"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002120515/http://www.cbssports.com/writers/columns">"Bangalore replaces Mumbai on ATP Tour circuit"</a>. <i>CBS Sports</i>. 20 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbssports.com/writers/columns">the original</a> on 2 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+Sports&rft.atitle=Bangalore+replaces+Mumbai+on+ATP+Tour+circuit&rft.date=2008-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbssports.com%2Fwriters%2Fcolumns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-458"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bmc-plans-sister-city-square-to-celebrate-mumbai-s-bond-with-its-15-sister-cities-101646579820018.html">"BMC plans 'sister city square' to celebrate Mumbai's bond with its 15 sister cities"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i>. 6 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=BMC+plans+%27sister+city+square%27+to+celebrate+Mumbai%27s+bond+with+its+15+sister+cities&rft.date=2022-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fcities%2Fmumbai-news%2Fbmc-plans-sister-city-square-to-celebrate-mumbai-s-bond-with-its-15-sister-cities-101646579820018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=39" title="Editar seção: Sources">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBaptista1967" class="citation book cs1">Baptista, Elsie Wilhelmina (1967). <i>The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein</i>. Bombay East Indian Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+Indians%3A+Catholic+Community+of+Bombay%2C+Salsette+and+Bassein&rft.pub=Bombay+East+Indian+Association&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Baptista&rft.aufirst=Elsie+Wilhelmina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBates2003" class="citation book cs1">Bates, Crispin (2003). <i>Community, Empire and Migration: South Asians in Diaspora</i>. Orient Blackswan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2482-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2482-8"><bdi>978-81-250-2482-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community%2C+Empire+and+Migration%3A+South+Asians+in+Diaspora&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-250-2482-8&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Crispin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="bru" class="citation book cs1">Brunn, Stanley; Williams, Jack Francis; Zeigler, Donald (2003). <i>Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development</i> (Third ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-381225-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-381225-3"><bdi>978-0-06-381225-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+World%3A+World+Regional+Urban+Development&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-06-381225-3&rft.aulast=Brunn&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Williams%2C+Jack+Francis&rft.au=Zeigler%2C+Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="in08" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Dennis (2008). <i>International Telecommunications Law [2008]</i>. Vol. II. Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4357-1699-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4357-1699-5"><bdi>978-1-4357-1699-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Telecommunications+Law+%5B2008%5D&rft.pub=Lulu+Enterprises+Incorporated&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4357-1699-5&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="cent" class="citation book cs1"><i>Census of India, 1961</i>. Vol. 5. Office of the Registrar General (India). 1962.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1961&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%28India%29&rft.date=1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCarsten1961" class="citation book cs1">Carsten, F.L. (1961). <i>The New Cambridge Modern History (The ascendancy of France 1648–88)</i>. Vol. V. Cambridge University Press Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04544-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04544-5"><bdi>978-0-521-04544-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Modern+History+%28The+ascendancy+of+France+1648%E2%80%9388%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+Archive&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04544-5&rft.aulast=Carsten&rft.aufirst=F.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri2005" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, Asha Kuthari (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-jxGSsKqfHgC&pg=PA10-IA6">"Introduction: Modern Indian Drama"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-jxGSsKqfHgC&q=Mahesh+Dattani++By+Asha+Kuthari+Chaudhuri"><i>Mahesh Dattani: An Introduction</i></a>. Contemporary Indian Writers in English. Foundation Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7596-260-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7596-260-6"><bdi>978-81-7596-260-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Modern+Indian+Drama&rft.btitle=Mahesh+Dattani%3A+An+Introduction&rft.series=Contemporary+Indian+Writers+in+English&rft.pub=Foundation+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7596-260-6&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Asha+Kuthari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-jxGSsKqfHgC%26pg%3DPA10-IA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChittar1973" class="citation book cs1">Chittar, Shantaram D. (1973). <i>The Port of Bombay: a brief history</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Port_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay Port Trust">Bombay Port Trust</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Port+of+Bombay%3A+a+brief+history&rft.pub=Bombay+Port+Trust&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Chittar&rft.aufirst=Shantaram+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDattaJones1999" class="citation book cs1">Datta, Kavita; Jones, Gareth A. (1999). <i>Housing and finance in developing countries</i>. Volume 7 of Routledge studies in development and society (illustrated ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17242-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17242-4"><bdi>978-0-415-17242-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Housing+and+finance+in+developing+countries&rft.series=Volume+7+of+Routledge+studies+in+development+and+society&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-17242-4&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Kavita&rft.au=Jones%2C+Gareth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1973" class="citation book cs1">David, M. D. (1973). <i>History of Bombay, 1661–1708</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mumbai" title="University of Mumbai">University of Mumbai</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Bombay%2C+1661%E2%80%931708&rft.pub=University+of+Mumbai&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1995" class="citation book cs1">David, M. D. (1995). <i>Bombay, the city of dreams: a history of the first city in India</i>. Himalaya Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bombay%2C+the+city+of+dreams%3A+a+history+of+the+first+city+in+India&rft.pub=Himalaya+Publishing+House&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis, Mike</a> (2006). <i>Planet of Slums [" Le pire des mondes possibles : de l'explosion urbaine au bidonville global "]</i>. Paris: La Découverte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-4915-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-4915-2"><bdi>978-2-7071-4915-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planet+of+Slums+%5B%22+Le+pire+des+mondes+possibles+%3A+de+l%27explosion+urbaine+au+bidonville+global+%22%5D&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-7071-4915-2&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDwivediMehrotra2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sharada_Dwivedi" title="Sharada Dwivedi">Dwivedi, Sharada</a>; Mehrotra, Rahul (2001). <i>Bombay: The Cities Within</i>. Eminence Designs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85028-80-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85028-80-4"><bdi>978-81-85028-80-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bombay%3A+The+Cities+Within&rft.pub=Eminence+Designs&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-85028-80-4&rft.aulast=Dwivedi&rft.aufirst=Sharada&rft.au=Mehrotra%2C+Rahul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="n450" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DBhYWmqpDoC"><i>Environment and urbanization</i></a>. Vol. v. 14, no. 1. International Institute for Environment and Development. April 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84369-223-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84369-223-2"><bdi>978-1-84369-223-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environment+and+urbanization&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Environment+and+Development&rft.date=2002-04&rft.isbn=978-1-84369-223-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0DBhYWmqpDoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="exe" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/escts.pdf">"Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. MMRDA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613120814/http://mmrdamumbai.org/docs/escts.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Summary+on+Comprehensive+Transportation+Study+for+MMR&rft.pub=MMRDA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmrdamumbai.org%2Fdocs%2Fescts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFarooqui2006" class="citation book cs1">Farooqui, Amar (2006). <i>Opium city: the making of early Victorian Bombay</i>. Three Essays Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88789-32-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88789-32-0"><bdi>978-81-88789-32-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opium+city%3A+the+making+of+early+Victorian+Bombay&rft.pub=Three+Essays+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-88789-32-0&rft.aulast=Farooqui&rft.aufirst=Amar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue2008" class="citation book cs1">Fortescue, J.W. (2008). <i>A History of the British Army</i>. Vol. III. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-7768-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-7768-1"><bdi>978-1-4437-7768-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+British+Army&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4437-7768-1&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFullerBénéï2001" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Christopher John; Bénéï, Véronique (2001). <i>The everyday state and society in modern India</i>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-471-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-471-1"><bdi>978-1-85065-471-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+everyday+state+and+society+in+modern+India&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-471-1&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Christopher+John&rft.au=B%C3%A9n%C3%A9%C3%AF%2C+V%C3%A9ronique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGanti2004" class="citation book cs1">Ganti, Tejaswini (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GTEa93azj9EC&pg=PA3">"Introduction"</a>. <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bollywoodguidebo0000gant"><i>Bollywood: a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema</i></a></span>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28854-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28854-5"><bdi>978-0-415-28854-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Bollywood%3A+a+guidebook+to+popular+Hindi+cinema&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28854-5&rft.aulast=Ganti&rft.aufirst=Tejaswini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGTEa93azj9EC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="bom" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><i>Greater Bombay District Gazetteer</i>. Maharashtra State Gazetteers. Vol. v. 27, no. 1. Gazetteer Department (<a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">Government of Maharashtra</a>). 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greater+Bombay+District+Gazetteer&rft.series=Maharashtra+State+Gazetteers&rft.pub=Gazetteer+Department+%28Government+of+Maharashtra%29&rft.date=1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh1990" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Amalananda (1990). <i>An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0088-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0088-3"><bdi>978-81-215-0088-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Archaeology&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0088-3&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Amalananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Guha" title="Ramachandra Guha">Guha, Ramachandra</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/India_after_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="India after Gandhi"><i>India after Gandhi</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019881-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019881-7"><bdi>978-0-06-019881-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+after+Gandhi&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-019881-7&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2001" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Thomas Blom (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC"><i>Wages of violence: naming and identity in postcolonial Bombay</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08840-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08840-2"><bdi>978-0-691-08840-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wages+of+violence%3A+naming+and+identity+in+postcolonial+Bombay&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08840-2&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Blom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-y3iNt0djbQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHuda2004" class="citation book cs1">Huda, Anwar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JIwxhDGO-mUC"><i>The Art and Science of Cinema</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0348-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0348-1"><bdi>978-81-269-0348-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Science+of+Cinema&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0348-1&rft.aulast=Huda&rft.aufirst=Anwar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJIwxhDGO-mUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJha2005" class="citation book cs1">Jha, Subhash K. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00jhas"><i>The Essential Guide to Bollywood</i></a>. Roli Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7436-378-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7436-378-7"><bdi>978-81-7436-378-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Guide+to+Bollywood&rft.pub=Roli+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7436-378-7&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Subhash+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialguideto00jhas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKeillor2007" class="citation book cs1">Keillor, Bruce David (2007). <i>Marketing in the 21st Century: New world marketing</i>. Vol. 1. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99276-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99276-7"><bdi>978-0-275-99276-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marketing+in+the+21st+Century%3A+New+world+marketing&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99276-7&rft.aulast=Keillor&rft.aufirst=Bruce+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKelsey2008" class="citation book cs1">Kelsey, Jane (2008). <i>Serving Whose Interests?: The Political Economy of Trade in Services Agreements</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44821-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44821-5"><bdi>978-0-415-44821-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serving+Whose+Interests%3F%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Trade+in+Services+Agreements&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-44821-5&rft.aulast=Kelsey&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi2006" class="citation book cs1">Khalidi, Omar (2006). <i>Muslims in the Deccan: a historical survey</i>. Global Media Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88869-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88869-13-8"><bdi>978-81-88869-13-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+the+Deccan%3A+a+historical+survey&rft.pub=Global+Media+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-88869-13-8&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Omar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKothari1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rajni_Kothari" title="Rajni Kothari">Kothari, Rajni</a> (1970). <i>Politics in India</i>. Orient Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+India&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Kothari&rft.aufirst=Rajni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamoorthy2008" class="citation book cs1">Krishnamoorthy, Bala (2008). <i>Environmental Management: Text And Cases</i>. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-203-3329-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-203-3329-1"><bdi>978-81-203-3329-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Management%3A+Text+And+Cases&rft.pub=PHI+Learning+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-203-3329-1&rft.aulast=Krishnamoorthy&rft.aufirst=Bala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKumari1990" class="citation book cs1">Kumari, Asha (1990). <i>Hinduism and Buddhism</i>. Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7124-060-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7124-060-9"><bdi>978-81-7124-060-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+Buddhism&rft.pub=Vishwavidyalaya+Prakashan&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-7124-060-9&rft.aulast=Kumari&rft.aufirst=Asha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="lsd" class="citation book cs1"><i>Lok Sabha debates</i>. New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lok+Sabha+debates&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Lok+Sabha+Secretariat&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMachado1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Machado, José Pedro (1984). "Bombaim". <i>Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bombaim&rft.btitle=Dicion%C3%A1rio+Onom%C3%A1stico+Etimol%C3%B3gico+da+L%C3%ADngua+Portuguesa&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Machado&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Pedro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMehta2004" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Suketu (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maximumcitybomba00meht"><i>Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found</i></a>. Alfred A Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40372-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40372-9"><bdi>978-0-375-40372-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maximum+City%3A+Bombay+Lost+and+Found&rft.pub=Alfred+A+Knopf&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-375-40372-9&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Suketu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaximumcitybomba00meht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="UNB" class="citation book cs1"><i>Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world: spatial decentralization policy in Bombay and Cairo</i>. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-131233-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-131233-1"><bdi>978-92-1-131233-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metropolitan+planning+and+management+in+the+developing+world%3A+spatial+decentralization+policy+in+Bombay+and+Cairo&rft.pub=United+Nations+Centre+for+Human+Settlements&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-92-1-131233-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="misra" class="citation book cs1">Misra, Satish Chandra (1982). <i>The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat: A History of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442</i>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Muslim+Power+in+Gujarat%3A+A+History+of+Gujarat+from+1298+to+1442&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Misra&rft.aufirst=Satish+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisWinchester2005" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Jan; Winchester, Simon (2005) [1983]. <i>Stones of empire: the buildings of the Raj</i> (reissue, illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280596-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280596-6"><bdi>978-0-19-280596-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stones+of+empire%3A+the+buildings+of+the+Raj&rft.edition=reissue%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280596-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Winchester%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="plan" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090310212824/http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php">"Mumbai Plan"</a>. Department of Relief and Rehabilitation (<a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">Government of Maharashtra</a>). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php">the original</a> on 10 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mumbai+Plan&rft.pub=Department+of+Relief+and+Rehabilitation+%28Government+of+Maharashtra%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmdmu.maharashtra.gov.in%2Fpages%2FMumbai%2FmumbaiplanShow.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNaravane2007" class="citation book cs1">Naravane, M. S. (2007). <i>Battles of the honourable East India Company: making of the Raj</i>. APH Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-313-0034-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-313-0034-3"><bdi>978-81-313-0034-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+of+the+honourable+East+India+Company%3A+making+of+the+Raj&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-313-0034-3&rft.aulast=Naravane&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2003" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Derek (2003). <i>The Mumbai Factfile</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-302947-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-302947-2"><bdi>978-0-14-302947-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mumbai+Factfile&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-302947-2&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="mp" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090711160718/http://www.mumbaipolice.org/right_of_information/Right_of_Information.pdf">"Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Police" title="Mumbai Police">Mumbai Police</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mumbaipolice.org/right_of_information/Right_of_Information.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF, 1.18 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a>)</span> on 11 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+the+Commissioner+of+Police%2C+Mumbai&rft.pub=Mumbai+Police&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mumbaipolice.org%2Fright_of_information%2FRight_of_Information.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPatelMasselos2003" class="citation book cs1">Patel, Sujata; Masselos, Jim, eds. (2003). "Bombay and Mumbai: Identities, Politics and Populism". <i>Bombay and Mumbai. The City in Transition</i>. Delhi: The Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567711-9"><bdi>978-0-19-567711-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bombay+and+Mumbai%3A+Identities%2C+Politics+and+Populism&rft.btitle=Bombay+and+Mumbai.+The+City+in+Transition&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=The+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-567711-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPai2005" class="citation book cs1">Pai, Pushpa (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/141ISB4.PDF">"Multilingualism, Multiculturalism and Education: Case Study of Mumbai City"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Cohen, James; McAlister, Kara T.; Rolstad, Kellie; MacSwan, Jeff (eds.). <i>Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism</i>. Cascadilla Press. pp. 1794–1806.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Multilingualism%2C+Multiculturalism+and+Education%3A+Case+Study+of+Mumbai+City&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+4th+International+Symposium+on+Bilingualism&rft.pages=1794-1806&rft.pub=Cascadilla+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Pai&rft.aufirst=Pushpa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lingref.com%2Fisb%2F4%2F141ISB4.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPatil1957" class="citation book cs1">Patil, R.P. (1957). <i>The mangroves in Salsette Island near Bombay</i>. Calcutta: Proceedings of the Symposium on Mangrove Forest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mangroves+in+Salsette+Island+near+Bombay&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Proceedings+of+the+Symposium+on+Mangrove+Forest&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Patil&rft.aufirst=R.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPhadnis" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aditi_Phadnis" title="Aditi Phadnis">Phadnis, Aditi</a>. <i>Business Standard Political Profiles: Of Cabals and Kings</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+Standard+Political+Profiles%3A+Of+Cabals+and+Kings&rft.aulast=Phadnis&rft.aufirst=Aditi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="pemmr" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090711113422/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/Population%20and%20Employment%20profile%20of%20MMR.pdf">"Population and Employment profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region_Development_Authority" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority">Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority</a> (MMRDA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/Population%20and%20Employment%20profile%20of%20MMR.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+Employment+profile+of+Mumbai+Metropolitan+Region&rft.pub=Mumbai+Metropolitan+Region+Development+Authority+%28MMRDA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmrdamumbai.org%2Fdocs%2FPopulation%2520and%2520Employment%2520profile%2520of%2520MMR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="proc" class="citation book cs1"><i>Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy</i>. Vol. 65. <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy" title="Indian National Science Academy">Indian National Science Academy</a>. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+National+Science+Academy&rft.pub=Indian+National+Science+Academy&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRana2006" class="citation book cs1">Rana, Mahendra Singh (2006). <i>India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha elections 2001–2005</i>. Sarup & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-647-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-647-6"><bdi>978-81-7625-647-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+votes%3A+Lok+Sabha+%26+Vidhan+Sabha+elections+2001%E2%80%932005&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-647-6&rft.aulast=Rana&rft.aufirst=Mahendra+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRohliVega2007" class="citation book cs1">Rohli, Robert V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2007). <i>Climatology</i> (illustrated ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-3828-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-3828-0"><bdi>978-0-7637-3828-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climatology&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-3828-0&rft.aulast=Rohli&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft.au=Vega%2C+Anthony+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="maratha" class="citation book cs1">Saini, A.K.; Chand; Hukam. <i>History of Medieval India</i>. Anmol Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-261-2313-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-261-2313-1"><bdi>978-81-261-2313-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.isbn=978-81-261-2313-1&rft.aulast=Saini&rft.aufirst=A.K.&rft.au=Chand&rft.au=Hukam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="prabhu" class="citation book cs1">Singh, K.S.; B.V. Bhanu; B.R. Bhatnagar; Anthropological Survey of India; D. K. Bose; V.S. Kulkarni; J. Sreenath (2004). <i>Maharashtra</i>. Vol. XXX. Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-102-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-102-0"><bdi>978-81-7991-102-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maharashtra&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7991-102-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=K.S.&rft.au=B.V.+Bhanu&rft.au=B.R.+Bhatnagar&rft.au=Anthropological+Survey+of+India&rft.au=D.+K.+Bose&rft.au=V.S.+Kulkarni&rft.au=J.+Sreenath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFShirodkar1998" class="citation book cs1">Shirodkar, Prakashchandra P. (1998). <i>Researches in Indo-Portuguese history</i>. Vol. 2. Publication Scheme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86782-15-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86782-15-6"><bdi>978-81-86782-15-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Researches+in+Indo-Portuguese+history&rft.pub=Publication+Scheme&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-86782-15-6&rft.aulast=Shirodkar&rft.aufirst=Prakashchandra+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSwaminathanGoyal2006" class="citation book cs1">Swaminathan, R.; Goyal, Jaya (2006). <i>Mumbai vision 2015: agenda for urban renewal</i>. Macmillan India in association with Observer Research Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mumbai+vision+2015%3A+agenda+for+urban+renewal&rft.pub=Macmillan+India+in+association+with+Observer+Research+Foundation&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Swaminathan&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Goyal%2C+Jaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFStrizower1971" class="citation book cs1">Strizower, Schifra (1971). <i>The children of Israel: the Bene Israel of Bombay</i>. B. Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+children+of+Israel%3A+the+Bene+Israel+of+Bombay&rft.pub=B.+Blackwell&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Strizower&rft.aufirst=Schifra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="bi" class="citation book cs1"><i>The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island</i>. Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. 2. Gazetteer Department (<a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">Government of Maharashtra</a>). 1978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gazetteer+of+Bombay+City+and+Island&rft.series=Gazetteers+of+the+Bombay+Presidency&rft.pub=Gazetteer+Department+%28Government+of+Maharashtra%29&rft.date=1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="mumact" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705222724/http://stateelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/THE%20MUMBAI%20MUNICIPAL%20CORPORATION%20ACT_1888.pdf">"The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. State Election Commissioner (<a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">Government of Maharashtra</a>). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stateelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/THE%20MUMBAI%20MUNICIPAL%20CORPORATION%20ACT_1888.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mumbai+Municipal+Corporation+Act%2C+1888&rft.pub=State+Election+Commissioner+%28Government+of+Maharashtra%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstateelection.maharashtra.gov.in%2Fpdf%2FTHE%2520MUMBAI%2520MUNICIPAL%2520CORPORATION%2520ACT_1888.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPeri-urban_water_and_sanitation_services_policy,_planning_and_method2010" class="citation book cs1">Kurian, Mathew; McCarney, Patricia (2010). <i>Peri-urban water and sanitation services policy, planning and method</i>. Dordrecht: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9425-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9425-4"><bdi>978-90-481-9425-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peri-urban+water+and+sanitation+services+policy%2C+planning+and+method&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-481-9425-4&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rft.au=McCarney%2C+Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFVilanilam2005" class="citation book cs1">Vilanilam, John V. (2005). <i>Mass communication in India: a sociological perspective</i> (illustrated ed.). SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3372-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3372-4"><bdi>978-0-7619-3372-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mass+communication+in+India%3A+a+sociological+perspective&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3372-4&rft.aulast=Vilanilam&rft.aufirst=John+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWasko2003" class="citation book cs1">Wasko, Janet (2003). <i>How Hollywood works</i>. SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6814-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6814-6"><bdi>978-0-7619-6814-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Hollywood+works&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-6814-6&rft.aulast=Wasko&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="wmo" class="citation book cs1"><i>WMO bulletin</i>. Vol. 49. <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WMO+bulletin&rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="yakg" class="citation book cs1">Yimene, Ababu Minda (2004). <i>An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change</i>. Cuvillier Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86537-206-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86537-206-2"><bdi>978-3-86537-206-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+African+Indian+Community+in+Hyderabad%3A+Siddi+Identity%2C+Its+Maintenance+and+Change&rft.pub=Cuvillier+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-86537-206-2&rft.aulast=Yimene&rft.aufirst=Ababu+Minda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFYuleBurnell1996" class="citation book cs1">Yule, Henry; Burnell, A. C. (1996) [1939]. <i>A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases: Hobson-Jobson</i> (2 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0321-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0321-0"><bdi>978-0-7007-0321-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+glossary+of+colloquial+Anglo-Indian+words+and+phrases%3A+Hobson-Jobson&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0321-0&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Burnell%2C+A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="cng" class="citation book cs1">Zakakria, Rafiq; <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (1985). <i>100 glorious years: Indian National Congress, 1885–1985</i>. Reception Committee, Congress Centenary Session.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+glorious+years%3A+Indian+National+Congress%2C+1885%E2%80%931985&rft.pub=Reception+Committee%2C+Congress+Centenary+Session&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Zakakria&rft.aufirst=Rafiq&rft.au=Indian+National+Congress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&action=edit&section=40" title="Editar seção: External links">editar</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.mcgm.gov.in/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Q1156#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=Mumbai">Mumbai</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/72526">Mumbai</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bombay City"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bombay_City">"Bombay City" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bombay+City&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumbai" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/India/Maharashtra/Localities/Mumbai/">Mumbai</a> at <a href="/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li>
<li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/7888990">Mumbai</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/19px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/29px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/38px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130094686">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Mumbai</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mumbai" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Mumbai">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mumbai" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Mumbai">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Mumbai" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Mumbai">News</a></b> from Wikinews</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mumbai" class="extiw" title="q:Mumbai">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mumbai" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Mumbai">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mumbai" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Mumbai">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mumbai" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Mumbai">Resources</a></b> from Wikiversity</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mumbai" class="extiw" title="voy:Mumbai">Travel guides</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="/wiki/Q1156" class="extiw" title="d:Q1156">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Mumbai" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Mumbai" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Mumbai</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr>
<td></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td style="width:33%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></i></td>
<td style="width:33%;">
<div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Mumbai</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></td>
<td></td>
</tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Mumbai" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Mumbai" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Mumbai</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mumbai_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mumbai_topics" title="Template:Mumbai topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mumbai_topics" title="Template talk:Mumbai topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mumbai_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mumbai topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mumbai_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mumbai</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mumbai" title="History of Mumbai">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mumbai" title="Timeline of Mumbai">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shilahara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shilahara dynasty">Shilahara dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Islands_of_Bombay" title="Seven Islands of Bombay">Seven Islands of Bombay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banganga_Tank" title="Banganga Tank">Banganga Tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bombay">Old Bombay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Worli_Fort" title="Worli Fort">Worli Fort</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Girangaon" title="Girangaon">Girangaon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Maharashtra_Samiti" title="Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti">Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Bombay" title="Tanks of Bombay">Tanks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_Mumbai" title="Growth of Mumbai">Growth of Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_riots" title="Bombay riots">1992–93 riots</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1993_Bombay_bombings" title="1993 Bombay bombings">1993 bombings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 attacks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism in Mumbai">Terrorism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mumbai" title="Geography of Mumbai">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powai_Lake" title="Powai Lake">Powai Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vihar_Lake" title="Vihar Lake">Vihar Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Lake" title="Tulsi Lake">Tulsi Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thane_Creek" title="Thane Creek">Thane Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahim_Bay" title="Mahim Bay">Mahim Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Back_Bay_(Mumbai)" title="Back Bay (Mumbai)">Back Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mithi_River" title="Mithi River">Mithi River</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ulhas_River" title="Ulhas River">Ulhas River</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hill" title="Gilbert Hill">Gilbert Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Hill" title="Malabar Hill">Malabar Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salsette_Island" title="Salsette Island">Salsette Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Harbour" title="Mumbai Harbour">Mumbai Harbour</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ground_Coastal_Battery" title="Middle Ground Coastal Battery">Middle Ground</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mumbai" title="Climate of Mumbai">Climate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mumbai_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mumbai beaches">Beaches</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Suburbs_(Mumbai)" title="Eastern Suburbs (Mumbai)">Eastern Suburbs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_Suburbs_(Mumbai)" title="Western Suburbs (Mumbai)">Western Suburbs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Mumbai" title="South Mumbai">South Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Mumbai" title="List of neighbourhoods in Mumbai">Neighbourhoods</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mumbai" title="Architecture of Mumbai">Architecture of Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_of_India" title="Gateway of India">Gateway of India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Dockyard" title="Bombay Dockyard">Naval Dockyard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay Stock Exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hutatma_Chowk" title="Hutatma Chowk">Hutatma Chowk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Mumbai" title="General Post Office, Mumbai">General Post Office</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shreepati_Arcade" title="Shreepati Arcade">Shreepati Arcade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siddhivinayak_Temple,_Mumbai" title="Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai">Siddhivinayak Temple</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regal_Cinema" title="Regal Cinema">Regal Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Mary_Church,_Bandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Mary Church, Bandra">Mount Mary's Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Ali_Dargah" title="Haji Ali Dargah">Haji Ali Dargah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Fountain" title="Flora Fountain">Flora Fountain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Sassoon_Library" title="David Sassoon Library">David Sassoon Library</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumba_Devi_Temple" title="Mumba Devi Temple">Mumba Devi Temple</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Temple,_Mumbai" title="Mahalakshmi Temple, Mumbai">Mahalaxmi Temple</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_Vastu_Sangrahalaya" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya">Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (Prince of Wales Museum)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Modern_Art,_Mumbai" title="National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai">National Gallery of Modern Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Asiatic_Society_of_Mumbai" title="The Asiatic Society of Mumbai">The Asiatic Society of Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jehangir_Art_Gallery" title="Jehangir Art Gallery">Jehangir Art Gallery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gowalia_Tank" title="Gowalia Tank">Gowalia Tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir,_Mumbai" title="Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Mumbai">Shri Swaminarayan Mandir</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Mumbai" title="St. Michael's Church, Mumbai">Mahim Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Usha_Kiran_Building" title="Usha Kiran Building">Usha Kiran Building</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Mansion" title="Jinnah Mansion">Jinnah Mansion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transport in Mumbai">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/BEST_Transport_division" class="mw-redirect" title="BEST Transport division">Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Suburban_Railway" title="Mumbai Suburban Railway">Mumbai Suburban Railway</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_line_(Mumbai_Suburban_Railway)" title="Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)">Central Line</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harbour_line_(Mumbai_Suburban_Railway)" title="Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)">Harbour Line</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nerul%E2%80%93Uran_line_(Mumbai_Suburban_Railway)" title="Nerul–Uran line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)">Nerul–Uran Line</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Harbour_line_(Mumbai_Suburban_Railway)" title="Trans-Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)">Trans-Harbour Line</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_line_(Mumbai_Suburban_Railway)" title="Western line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)">Western Line</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_Railway_zone" title="Central Railway zone">Central Railway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_Railway_zone" title="Western Railway zone">Western Railway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_International_Airport" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport">Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bandra_Terminus" title="Bandra Terminus">Bandra Terminus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bandra_railway_station" title="Bandra railway station">suburban station</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dadar_railway_station" title="Dadar railway station">Dadar railway station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dadar_railway_station" title="Dadar railway station">suburban station</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lokmanya_Tilak_Terminus" title="Lokmanya Tilak Terminus">Lokmanya Tilak Terminus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Central_railway_station" title="Mumbai Central railway station">Mumbai Central railway station</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juhu_Aerodrome" title="Juhu Aerodrome">Juhu Aerodrome</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Auto rickshaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metro" title="Mumbai Metro">Metro</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_1_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 1 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Line_2_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Line_3_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Line_4_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 4 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Line_5_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 5 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Line_6_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 6 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Line_7_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 7 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Line_8_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 8 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Line_9_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 9 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Line_10_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 10 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Line_11_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 11 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Line_12_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 12 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 12</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Line_13_(Mumbai_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Line 13 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 13</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Monorail" title="Mumbai Monorail">Monorail</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Skywalk_Project" title="Mumbai Skywalk Project">Skywalk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_railway_elevated_corridor" title="Western railway elevated corridor">Western railway elevated corridor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_transport_in_Mumbai" title="Water transport in Mumbai">Water transport</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System" title="Mumbai Bus Rapid Transit System">Mumbai Bus Rapid Transit System</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Urban_Transport_Project" title="Mumbai Urban Transport Project">Mumbai Urban Transport Project</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airoli_Bridge" title="Airoli Bridge">Airoli Bridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Altamount_Road" title="Altamount Road">Altamount Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bandra%E2%80%93Worli_Sea_Link" title="Bandra–Worli Sea Link">Bandra–Worli Sea Link</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carmichael_Road" title="Carmichael Road">Carmichael Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colaba_Causeway" title="Colaba Causeway">Colaba Causeway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Road_(Mumbai)" title="Coastal Road (Mumbai)">Coastal Road</a> (under construction)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Currey_Road_Bridge" title="Currey Road Bridge">Currey Road Bridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji_Road" title="Dadabhai Naoroji Road">Dadabhai Naoroji Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Express_Highway" title="Eastern Express Highway">Eastern Express Highway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Freeway_(Mumbai)" title="Eastern Freeway (Mumbai)">Eastern Freeway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_Street" title="Fashion Street">Fashion Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Road" title="Hughes Road">Hughes Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jeejabai_Bhosle_Marg" title="Jeejabai Bhosle Marg">Jeejabai Bhosle Marg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jogeshwari%E2%80%93Vikhroli_Link_Road" title="Jogeshwari–Vikhroli Link Road">JVLR</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linking_Road,_Mumbai" title="Linking Road, Mumbai">Linking Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jamshetjee_Road" title="Lady Jamshetjee Road">Lady Jamshetjee Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_Marg" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri Marg">LBS Marg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lamington_Road" title="Lamington Road">Lamington Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahim_Causeway" title="Mahim Causeway">Mahim Causeway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Drive,_Mumbai" title="Marine Drive, Mumbai">Marine Drive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Trans_Harbour_Link" title="Mumbai Trans Harbour Link">MTHL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nepean_Sea_Road" title="Nepean Sea Road">Nepean Sea Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/P_D%27Mello_Road" title="P D'Mello Road">P D'Mello Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pedder_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedder Road">Pedder Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Street_(Mumbai)" title="Princess Street (Mumbai)">Princess Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz%E2%80%93Chembur_Link_Road" title="Santa Cruz–Chembur Link Road">SCLR</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekanand_Road_(Mumbai)" title="Swami Vivekanand Road (Mumbai)">SV Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sahar_Elevated_Access_Road" title="Sahar Elevated Access Road">Sahar Elevated Access Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sion_Panvel_Highway" title="Sion Panvel Highway">Sion Panvel Highway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vashi_Bridge" title="Vashi Bridge">Vashi Bridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Versova%E2%80%93Bandra_Sea_Link" title="Versova–Bandra Sea Link">Versova–Bandra Sea Link</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Veera_Desai_Road" title="Veera Desai Road">Veera Desai Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_Express_Highway" title="Western Express Highway">Western Express Highway</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mumbai" title="Economy of Mumbai">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay Stock Exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National Stock Exchange of India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint,_Mumbai" title="India Government Mint, Mumbai">Mint</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dalal_Street" title="Dalal Street">Dalal Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nariman_Point" title="Nariman Point">Nariman Point</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education<br />and research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_Mumbai" title="List of colleges in Mumbai">Universities<br />and colleges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Mumbai" title="University of Mumbai">University of Mumbai (MU)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SNDT_Women%27s_University" title="SNDT Women's University">SNDT Women's University</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IIT_Bombay" title="IIT Bombay">IIT Bombay (IIT-B)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Chemical_Technology" title="Institute of Chemical Technology">Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Veermata_Jijabai_Technological_Institute" title="Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute">Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Industrial_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Industrial Engineering">NITIE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jamnalal_Bajaj_Institute_of_Management_Studies" title="Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies">Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alkesh_Dinesh_Mody_Institute" title="Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute">Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Jain_Institute_of_Management_and_Research" title="S. P. Jain Institute of Management and Research">SP Jain Institute of Management and Research</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Homi_Bhabha_State_University" title="Dr. Homi Bhabha State University">Dr. Homi Bhabha State University</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sydenham_Institute_of_Management_Studies,_Research_and_Entrepreneurship_Education" title="Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education">Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education(SIMSREE)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Narsee_Monjee_Institute_of_Management_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies">NMIMS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mithibai_College" title="Mithibai College">Mithibai College</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Mumbai" title="St. Xavier's College, Mumbai">St. Xavier's College</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sathaye_College" title="Sathaye College">Sathaye College</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramnarain_Ruia_College" title="Ramnarain Ruia College">Ramnarain Ruia College</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/D._G._Ruparel_College_of_Arts,_Science_and_Commerce" title="D. G. Ruparel College of Arts, Science and Commerce">D. G. Ruparel College</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramniranjan_Anandilal_Podar_College_of_Commerce_and_Economics" title="Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics">Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mulund_College_of_Commerce" title="Mulund College of Commerce">Mulund College of Commerce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/V._G._Vaze_College_of_Arts,_Science_and_Commerce" title="V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce">V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sir_J._J._School_of_Art" title="Sir J. J. School of Art">Sir J. J. School of Art</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Mumbai#Schools" title="List of educational institutions in Mumbai">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balmohan_Vidyamandir" title="Balmohan Vidyamandir">Balmohan Vidyamandir</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Scottish_School,_Mahim" title="Bombay Scottish School, Mahim">Bombay Scottish School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Campion_School,_Mumbai" title="Campion School, Mumbai">Campion School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_and_John_Connon_School" title="Cathedral and John Connon School">Cathedral and John Connon School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dhirubhai_Ambani_International_School" title="Dhirubhai Ambani International School">Dhirubhai Ambani International School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Don_Bosco_High_School,_Matunga" title="Don Bosco High School, Matunga">Don Bosco High School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Antonio_Da_Silva_High_School_and_Junior_College_of_Commerce" title="Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School and Junior College of Commerce">Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family_High_School_(Mumbai)" title="Holy Family High School (Mumbai)">Holy Family High School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lilavatibai_Podar_High_School" title="Lilavatibai Podar High School">Lilavatibai Podar High School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/R._N._Podar_School" title="R. N. Podar School">R. N. Podar School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Boys_High_School" title="Sacred Heart Boys High School">Sacred Heart Boys High School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jamnabai_Narsee_School" title="Jamnabai Narsee School">Jamnabai Narsee School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Utpal_Shanghvi_Global_School" title="Utpal Shanghvi Global School">Utpal Shanghvi Global School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kendriya_Vidyalaya_Sangathan" title="Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan">Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Shivaji_Vidyalaya" title="Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya">Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya (King George High School)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Theresa%27s_Boys_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Theresa's Boys High School">St. Theresa's Boys High School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J.B._Petit_High_School_for_Girls" title="J.B. Petit High School for Girls">J.B. Petit High School for Girls</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes for science<br />and learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research" title="Tata Institute of Fundamental Research">Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre" title="Bhabha Atomic Research Centre">Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Planetarium" title="Nehru Planetarium">Nehru Planetarium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Science_Centre" title="Nehru Science Centre">Nehru Science Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Social_Sciences" title="Tata Institute of Social Sciences">Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Excellence_in_Basic_Sciences" title="Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences">Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Mumbai">Mayor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Police_Commissioner_of_Mumbai" title="Police Commissioner of Mumbai">Police Commissioner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Commissioner_of_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai">Municipal Commissioner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation">Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Police" title="Mumbai Police">Mumbai Police</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mumbai" title="Administrative divisions of Mumbai">Wards</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Electric_Supply_and_Transport" title="Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport">Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_sources_of_Mumbai" title="Water sources of Mumbai">Water sources</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_High_Court" title="Bombay High Court">Bombay High Court</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Mumbai" title="Sheriff of Mumbai">Sheriff</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_culture" title="Mumbai culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco_in_Mumbai" title="Art Deco in Mumbai">Art Deco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Mumbaiya/Bombaiya/Bambaiya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dabbawala" title="Dabbawala">Dabbawalas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbaikar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbaikar">Mumbaikar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Street_food_of_Mumbai" title="Street food of Mumbai">Street food</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vada_pav" title="Vada pav">Vada pav</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bhel_puri" title="Bhel puri">Bhel puri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sev_puri" title="Sev puri">Sev puri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_puri" title="Dahi puri">Dahi puri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panipuri" title="Panipuri">Panipuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ragda_pattice" title="Ragda pattice">Ragda pattice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_centres_in_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cultural centres in Mumbai">Cultural centres</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_movie_theatres_in_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="List of movie theatres in Mumbai">Cinemas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kala_Ghoda_Arts_Festival" title="Kala Ghoda Arts Festival">Kala Ghoda festival</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Mumbai" title="Prostitution in Mumbai">Prostitution in Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Marathon" title="Mumbai Marathon">Mumbai Marathon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Pride" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai Pride">Mumbai Pride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Mumbai" title="List of tourist attractions in Mumbai">Tourist attractions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/India_Square" title="India Square">Little Bombay, Jersey City, USA</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Mumbai" title="Jainism in Mumbai">Jainism in Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bombay" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mumbai" title="History of the Jews in Mumbai">History of the Jews in Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Mumbai" title="List of churches in Mumbai">List of churches in Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Diocese of Bombay">Anglican Diocese of Bombay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Orthodox_Diocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai Orthodox Diocese">Mumbai Orthodox Diocese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharavi" title="Dharavi">Dharavi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kamathipura" title="Kamathipura">Kamathipura</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_High_Field" title="Mumbai High Field">Mumbai High Field</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Mumbai" title="List of people from Mumbai">People from Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seal_Ashram" title="Seal Ashram">Seal Ashram</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mumbai" title="Category:Mumbai">Category</a></b></li>
<li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mumbai" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mumbai">Commons</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x18px&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Tourist_attractions_in_Mumbai_(list)_x18px&#124;alt=&#124;link=" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tourist_attractions_in_Mumbai" title="Template:Tourist attractions in Mumbai"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tourist_attractions_in_Mumbai" title="Template talk:Tourist attractions in Mumbai"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tourist_attractions_in_Mumbai" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tourist attractions in Mumbai"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x18px&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Tourist_attractions_in_Mumbai_(list)_x18px&#124;alt=&#124;link=" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MumbaiClimate.jpg/24px-MumbaiClimate.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MumbaiClimate.jpg/36px-MumbaiClimate.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MumbaiClimate.jpg/48px-MumbaiClimate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> Tourist attractions in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mumbai</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Mumbai" title="List of tourist attractions in Mumbai">list</a>) <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hajiali.jpg/27px-Hajiali.jpg" decoding="async" width="27" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hajiali.jpg/41px-Hajiali.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hajiali.jpg/54px-Hajiali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mumbai" title="History of Mumbai">Pre-colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Elephanta_Caves%2C_India%2C_Shiva_as_Nataraja%2C_King_of_Dance.jpg/50px-Elephanta_Caves%2C_India%2C_Shiva_as_Nataraja%2C_King_of_Dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Elephanta_Caves%2C_India%2C_Shiva_as_Nataraja%2C_King_of_Dance.jpg/75px-Elephanta_Caves%2C_India%2C_Shiva_as_Nataraja%2C_King_of_Dance.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Elephanta_Caves%2C_India%2C_Shiva_as_Nataraja%2C_King_of_Dance.jpg/100px-Elephanta_Caves%2C_India%2C_Shiva_as_Nataraja%2C_King_of_Dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kanheri_Caves" title="Kanheri Caves">Kanheri Caves</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Worli_Fort" title="Worli Fort">Worli Fort</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahim_Fort" title="Mahim Fort">Mahim Fort</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mumbai#Foundation_of_Bombay_city" title="History of Mumbai">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporation_Building,_Mumbai" title="Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai">BMC Headquarters</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hutatma_Chowk" title="Hutatma Chowk">Hutatma Chowk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Worli_Fort" title="Worli Fort">Worli Fort</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Sassoon_Library" title="David Sassoon Library">David Sassoon Library</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_of_India" title="Gateway of India">Gateway of India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rajabai_Clock_Tower" title="Rajabai Clock Tower">Rajabai Tower</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Mount,_Bandra" title="Basilica of Our Lady of the Mount, Bandra">Mount Mary's Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_High_Court" title="Bombay High Court">Bombay High Court</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ballard_Bunder_Gatehouse" title="Ballard Bunder Gatehouse">Ballard Bunder Gatehouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Mumbai" title="South Mumbai">South Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Cathedral,_Mumbai" title="St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai">St. Thomas Cathedral</a></li>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mumbai" title="Geography of Mumbai">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chowpatti.jpg/50px-Chowpatti.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chowpatti.jpg/75px-Chowpatti.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chowpatti.jpg/100px-Chowpatti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="852" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksa_Beach" title="Aksa Beach">Aksa Beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dadar" title="Dadar">Dadar</a> Chowpatty</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Girgaum_Chowpatty" class="mw-redirect" title="Girgaum Chowpatty">Girgaum Chowpatty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juhu#Juhu_Beach" title="Juhu">Juhu Beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kalamb_Beach" title="Kalamb Beach">Kalamb Beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madh_Island" title="Madh Island">Madh Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marv%C3%A9_Beach" title="Marvé Beach">Marvé Beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Powai_Lake" title="Powai Lake">Powai Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Versova,_Mumbai" title="Versova, Mumbai">Versova</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of <br />worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<li><a href="/wiki/Babulnath" class="mw-redirect" title="Babulnath">Babulnath</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Name,_Mumbai" title="Cathedral of the Holy Name, Mumbai">Cathedral of the Holy Name</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Ali_Dargah" title="Haji Ali Dargah">Haji Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jama_Mosque,_Mumbai" title="Jama Mosque, Mumbai">Jama Masjid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Temple,_Mumbai" title="Mahalakshmi Temple, Mumbai">Mahalaxmi Temple</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumba_Devi_Temple" title="Mumba Devi Temple">Mumba Devi Mandir</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Mount,_Bandra" title="Basilica of Our Lady of the Mount, Bandra">Our Lady of the Mount</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Knesset_Eliyahoo" title="Knesset Eliyahoo">Knesset Eliyahoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magen_David_Synagogue_(Byculla)" title="Magen David Synagogue (Byculla)">Magen David Synagogue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atash_Behram" title="Atash Behram">Parsi Fire Temple</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Church_(Mumbai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Church (Mumbai)">Portuguese Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Mumbai" title="St. Michael's Church, Mumbai">Mahim Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Matunga" title="Matunga">Shrine Of Don Bosco's Madonna</a></li>
<li>St Peter's Church, <a href="/wiki/Bandra" title="Bandra">Bandra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Church,_Mumbai" title="St. Andrew's Church, Mumbai">St. Andrew's Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siddhivinayak_Temple,_Mumbai" title="Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai">Siddhivinayak Temple</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shitala" title="Shitala">Shitala</a> Devi Temple</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir,_Mumbai" title="Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Mumbai">Swaminarayan Mandir</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Walkeshwar_Temple" title="Walkeshwar Temple">Walkeshwar Temple</a></li>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_culture" title="Mumbai culture">Cultural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_for_the_Performing_Arts_(India)" title="National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)">National Centre for the Performing Arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_Theatre_(NCPA)" title="Experimental Theatre (NCPA)">Experimental Theatre (NCPA)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jehangir_Art_Gallery" title="Jehangir Art Gallery">Jehangir Art Gallery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taraporewala_Aquarium" title="Taraporewala Aquarium">Taraporewala Aquarium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic Society of Mumbai">Asiatic Society of Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Drive,_Mumbai" title="Marine Drive, Mumbai">Marine Drive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House_(Mumbai)" title="Royal Opera House (Mumbai)">Royal Opera House</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regal_Cinema" title="Regal Cinema">Regal Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eros_Cinema" title="Eros Cinema">Eros Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Big_Cinemas" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Big Cinemas">Metro Adlabs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Science_Centre" title="Nehru Science Centre">Nehru Science Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Film_City,_Mumbai" title="Film City, Mumbai">Film City</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Cinema_(Mumbai)" title="Capitol Cinema (Mumbai)">Capitol Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Cinema" title="Liberty Cinema">Liberty Cinema</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boulevards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Drive,_Mumbai" title="Marine Drive, Mumbai">Marine Drive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_Street" title="Fashion Street">Fashion Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linking_Road,_Mumbai" title="Linking Road, Mumbai">Linking Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nepean_Sea_Road" title="Nepean Sea Road">Nepean Sea Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Breach_Candy" title="Breach Candy">Breach Candy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bandstand_Promenade" title="Bandstand Promenade">Bandstand Promenade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Worli" title="Worli">Worli</a> Seaface</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bandra%E2%80%93Worli_Sea_Link" title="Bandra–Worli Sea Link">Bandra-Worli Sea Link</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Road_Promenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter Road Promenade">Carter Road Promenade</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mumbai_skyline.jpg/50px-Mumbai_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mumbai_skyline.jpg/75px-Mumbai_skyline.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mumbai_skyline.jpg/100px-Mumbai_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="674" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Suburbs_(Mumbai)" title="Western Suburbs (Mumbai)">Western Suburbs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nariman_Point" title="Nariman Point">Nariman Point</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Hill" title="Malabar Hill">Malabar Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kala_Ghoda" title="Kala Ghoda">Kala Ghoda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colaba" title="Colaba">Colaba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bandra_Kurla_Complex" title="Bandra Kurla Complex">Bandra Kurla Complex</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shopping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<li><a href="/wiki/Chor_Bazaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Chor Bazaar">Chor Bazaar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_Street" title="Fashion Street">Fashion Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colaba_Causeway" title="Colaba Causeway">Colaba Causeway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lamington_Road" title="Lamington Road">Lamington Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linking_Road,_Mumbai" title="Linking Road, Mumbai">Linking Road</a></li>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Taj_Mahal_Palace_Hotel.jpg/50px-Taj_Mahal_Palace_Hotel.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Taj_Mahal_Palace_Hotel.jpg/75px-Taj_Mahal_Palace_Hotel.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Taj_Mahal_Palace_Hotel.jpg/100px-Taj_Mahal_Palace_Hotel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3989" data-file-height="2719" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay Stock Exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hutatma_Chowk" title="Hutatma Chowk">Hutatma Chowk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Sassoon_Library" title="David Sassoon Library">David Sassoon Library</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Taj_Mahal_Palace_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel">Taj Mahal Palace & Tower</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Planetarium" title="Nehru Planetarium">Nehru Planetarium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint,_Mumbai" title="India Government Mint, Mumbai">India Government Mint</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks, zoos<br />and stadia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hanging-Gardens-5.jpg/50px-Hanging-Gardens-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hanging-Gardens-5.jpg/75px-Hanging-Gardens-5.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hanging-Gardens-5.jpg/100px-Hanging-Gardens-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1952" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bandra_Kurla_Complex_Ground" title="Bandra Kurla Complex Ground">Bandra Kurla Complex Ground</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brabourne_Stadium" title="Brabourne Stadium">Brabourne Stadium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Maidan" title="Cross Maidan">Cross Maidan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Essel_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Essel World">Essel World</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gowalia_Tank" title="Gowalia Tank">Gowalia Tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Mumbai" title="Hanging Gardens of Mumbai">Hanging Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Horniman_Circle_Gardens" title="Horniman Circle Gardens">Horniman Circle Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jijamata_Udyaan" title="Jijamata Udyaan">Jijamata Udyaan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Nehru_Park,_Mumbai" title="Kamala Nehru Park, Mumbai">Kamala Nehru Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahalaxmi_Racecourse" title="Mahalaxmi Racecourse">Mahalaxmi Racecourse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Income_Group_Club_Ground" title="Middle Income Group Club Ground">Middle Income Group Club Ground</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi_National_Park" title="Sanjay Gandhi National Park">Sanjay Gandhi National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji_Park" title="Shivaji Park">Shivaji Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wankhede_Stadium" title="Wankhede Stadium">Wankhede Stadium</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mani_Bhavan_01.jpg/50px-Mani_Bhavan_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mani_Bhavan_01.jpg/75px-Mani_Bhavan_01.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mani_Bhavan_01.jpg/100px-Mani_Bhavan_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_Vastu_Sangrahalaya" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya">Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Bhau_Daji_Lad_Museum" title="Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum">Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Bhavan" title="Mani Bhavan">Mani Bhavan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Modern_Art,_Mumbai" title="National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai">National Gallery of Modern Art</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<li><a href="/wiki/Bassein_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassein Fort">Bassein Fort</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belapur_Fort" title="Belapur Fort">Belapur Fort</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Castle" title="Bombay Castle">Bombay Castle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Castella_de_Aguada" title="Castella de Aguada">Castella de Aguada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dongri_Fort" title="Dongri Fort">Dongri Fort</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_George,_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort George, Bombay"> Fort George</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madh_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Madh Fort">Madh Fort</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahim_Fort" title="Mahim Fort">Mahim Fort</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mazagon_Fort" title="Mazagon Fort">Mazagon Fort</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Riwa_Fort" title="Riwa Fort">Riwa Fort</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sewri_Fort" title="Sewri Fort">Sewri Fort</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sion_Hillock_Fort" title="Sion Hillock Fort">Sion Hillock Fort</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Worli_Fort" title="Worli Fort">Worli Fort</a></li>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Restaurants<br /> & Bars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Mondegar" class="mw-redirect" title="Café Mondegar">Café Mondegar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Cafe" title="Leopold Cafe">Leopold Cafe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x16px&#124;Emblem_of_Maharashtra_State_of_Maharashtra" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maharashtra" title="Template:Maharashtra"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maharashtra" title="Template talk:Maharashtra"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maharashtra" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maharashtra"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x16px&#124;Emblem_of_Maharashtra_State_of_Maharashtra" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:..Maharashtra_Flag(INDIA).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Maharashtra"><img alt="Emblem of Maharashtra" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/..Maharashtra_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/24px-..Maharashtra_Flag%28INDIA%29.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/..Maharashtra_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/36px-..Maharashtra_Flag%28INDIA%29.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/..Maharashtra_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/48px-..Maharashtra_Flag%28INDIA%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li>Capital: <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mumbai</a></b></li>
<li>Second capital: <b><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Maharashtra" title="Category:Maharashtra">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maharashtra" title="History of Maharashtra">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Maharashtra" title="Geography of Maharashtra">Geography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Maharashtra" title="Tourism in Maharashtra">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kalsubai" title="Kalsubai">Highest point</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Maharashtra" title="Culture of Maharashtra">Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi people</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Marathi literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Maharashtra" title="Sports in Maharashtra">Sports</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Maharashtra" title="Category:Maharashtra">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desh_region" title="Desh region">Desh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khandesh" title="Khandesh">Khandesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai Metropolitan Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marathwada" title="Marathwada">Marathwada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Maharashtra" title="North Maharashtra">North Maharashtra</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Maharashtra" title="List of districts of Maharashtra">Divisions and <br />Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amravati_division" title="Amravati division">Amravati division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akola_district" title="Akola district">Akola</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amravati_district" title="Amravati district">Amravati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buldhana_district" title="Buldhana district">Buldhana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Washim_district" title="Washim district">Washim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yavatmal_district" title="Yavatmal district">Yavatmal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Konkan_division" title="Konkan division">Konkan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_City_district" title="Mumbai City district">Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Suburban_district" title="Mumbai Suburban district">Mumbai Suburban</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palghar_district" title="Palghar district">Palghar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raigad_district" title="Raigad district">Raigad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ratnagiri_district" title="Ratnagiri district">Ratnagiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudurg_district" title="Sindhudurg district">Sindhudurg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thane_district" title="Thane district">Thane</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurangabad division">Aurangabad division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beed_district" title="Beed district">Beed</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad_district,_Maharashtra" title="Aurangabad district, Maharashtra">Aurangabad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Osmanabad_district" title="Osmanabad district">Osmanabad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hingoli_district" title="Hingoli district">Hingoli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jalna_district" title="Jalna district">Jalna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latur_district" title="Latur district">Latur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nanded_district" title="Nanded district">Nanded</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parbhani_district" title="Parbhani district">Parbhani</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nagpur_division" title="Nagpur division">Nagpur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhandara_district" title="Bhandara district">Bhandara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chandrapur_district" title="Chandrapur district">Chandrapur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gadchiroli_district" title="Gadchiroli district">Gadchiroli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gondia_district" title="Gondia district">Gondia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur_district" title="Nagpur district">Nagpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wardha_district" title="Wardha district">Wardha</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nashik_division" title="Nashik division">Nashik division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmednagar_district" title="Ahmednagar district">Ahmednagar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dhule_district" title="Dhule district">Dhule</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jalgaon_district" title="Jalgaon district">Jalgaon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nandurbar_district" title="Nandurbar district">Nandurbar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nashik_district" title="Nashik district">Nashik</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pune_division" title="Pune division">Pune division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolhapur_district" title="Kolhapur district">Kolhapur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pune_district" title="Pune district">Pune</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sangli_district" title="Sangli district">Sangli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Satara_district" title="Satara district">Satara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solapur_district" title="Solapur district">Solapur</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Million-plus cities <br /> in Maharashtra</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thane" title="Thane">Thane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pimpri-Chinchwad" title="Pimpri-Chinchwad">Pimpri-Chinchwad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan-Dombivli" title="Kalyan-Dombivli">Kalyan-Dombivli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vasai-Virar" title="Vasai-Virar">Vasai-Virar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad" title="Aurangabad">Aurangabad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Navi_Mumbai" title="Navi Mumbai">Navi Mumbai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cities with <br /> municipal corporations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmednagar" title="Ahmednagar">Ahmednagar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Akola" title="Akola">Akola</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amravati" title="Amravati">Amravati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bhiwandi" title="Bhiwandi">Bhiwandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chandrapur" title="Chandrapur">Chandrapur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dhule" title="Dhule">Dhule</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jalgaon" title="Jalgaon">Jalgaon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kolhapur" title="Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latur" title="Latur">Latur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malegaon" title="Malegaon">Malegaon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mira-Bhayandar" title="Mira-Bhayandar">Mira-Bhayandar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nanded" title="Nanded">Nanded</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panvel" title="Panvel">Panvel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parbhani" title="Parbhani">Parbhani</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sangli" title="Sangli">Sangli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solapur" title="Solapur">Solapur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ulhasnagar" title="Ulhasnagar">Ulhasnagar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">Portal:India</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" title="Template:State and Union Territory capitals of India"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" title="Template talk:State and Union Territory capitals of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:State and Union Territory capitals of India"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State and Union Territory</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">capitals</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aizawl" title="Aizawl">Aizawl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daman,_India" title="Daman, India">Daman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dispur" title="Dispur">Dispur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Itanagar" title="Itanagar">Itanagar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> (<i>winter</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kargil" title="Kargil">Kargil</a> (<i>winter</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kavaratti" title="Kavaratti">Kavaratti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kohima" title="Kohima">Kohima</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a> (<i>summer</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panaji" title="Panaji">Panaji</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Port_Blair" title="Port Blair">Port Blair</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> (<i>summer</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aizawl" title="Aizawl">Aizawl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> (<i>summer</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belgaum" title="Belgaum">Belgaum</a> (<i>winter</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bhararisain" title="Bhararisain">Bhararisain</a> (<i>summer</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dharamshala" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a> (<i>winter</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a> (<i>winter</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Itanagar" title="Itanagar">Itanagar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> (<i>winter</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kohima" title="Kohima">Kohima</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mumbai</a> (<i>summer</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a> (<i>winter</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Porvorim" title="Porvorim">Porvorim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a> (<i>summer</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> (<i>summer</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judicial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh">Bilaspur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> (<i>winter</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> (<i>summer</i>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" title="Template:Million-plus agglomerations in India"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" title="Template talk:Million-plus agglomerations in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Million-plus agglomerations in India"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_urban_agglomerations_in_India" title="List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India">Million-plus agglomerations</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Zonal_Council" title="Northern Zonal Council">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li>
<li><i>Haryana</i>: <a href="/wiki/Faridabad" title="Faridabad">Faridabad</a></li>
<li><i>Jammu and Kashmir</i>: <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a></li>
<li><i>Punjab</i>: <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a></li>
<li><i>Rajasthan</i>: <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kota,_Rajasthan" title="Kota, Rajasthan">Kota</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Zonal_Council" title="Central Zonal Council">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Chhattisgarh</i>: <a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bhilai" title="Bhilai">Bhilai</a></li>
<li><i>Madhya Pradesh</i>: <a href="/wiki/Indore" title="Indore">Indore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a></li>
<li><i>Uttar Pradesh</i>:</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghaziabad" title="Ghaziabad">Ghaziabad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zonal_Council" title="Eastern Zonal Council">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Bihar</i>: <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li>
<li><i>Jharkhand</i>: <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li>
<li><i>West Bengal</i>: <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Zonal_Council" title="Western Zonal Council">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Gujarat</i>: <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rajkot" title="Rajkot">Rajkot</a></li>
<li><i>Maharashtra</i>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vasai-Virar" title="Vasai-Virar">Vasai-Virar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad" title="Aurangabad">Aurangabad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Zonal_Council" title="Southern Zonal Council">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Andhra Pradesh</i>: <a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a></li>
<li><i>Karnataka</i>: <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li>
<li><i>Kerala</i>: <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a></li>
<li><i>Tamil Nadu</i>: <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a></li>
<li><i>Telangana</i>: <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mumbai_metropolitan_area" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mumbai_metropolitan_area" title="Template:Mumbai metropolitan area"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mumbai_metropolitan_area" title="Template talk:Mumbai metropolitan area"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mumbai_metropolitan_area" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mumbai metropolitan area"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mumbai_metropolitan_area" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai metropolitan area</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Mumbai" title="South Mumbai">South Mumbai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altamount_Road" title="Altamount Road">Altamount Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Byculla" title="Byculla">Byculla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carmichael_Road" title="Carmichael Road">Carmichael Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinchpokli" title="Chinchpokli">Chinchpokli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Churchgate" title="Churchgate">Churchgate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colaba" title="Colaba">Colaba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuffe_Parade" title="Cuffe Parade">Cuffe Parade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dadar" title="Dadar">Dadar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dharavi" title="Dharavi">Dharavi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Girgaon" title="Girgaon">Girgaon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kala_Ghoda" title="Kala Ghoda">Kala Ghoda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kalbadevi" title="Kalbadevi">Kalbadevi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kemps_Corner" title="Kemps Corner">Kemps Corner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Parel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Parel">Lower Parel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahalaxmi,_Mumbai" title="Mahalaxmi, Mumbai">Mahalaxmi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahim" title="Mahim">Mahim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Hill" title="Malabar Hill">Malabar Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Lines" title="Marine Lines">Marine Lines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Matunga" title="Matunga">Matunga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mazagaon" title="Mazagaon">Mazagaon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Central_railway_station" title="Mumbai Central railway station">Mumbai Central</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nariman_Point" title="Nariman Point">Nariman Point</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parel" title="Parel">Parel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prabhadevi" title="Prabhadevi">Prabhadevi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sewri" title="Sewri">Sewri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Mumbai" title="Sion, Mumbai">Sion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wadala" title="Wadala">Wadala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Walkeshwar" title="Walkeshwar">Walkeshwar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Worli" title="Worli">Worli</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Navi_Mumbai" title="Navi Mumbai">Navi Mumbai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airoli" title="Airoli">Airoli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CBD_Belapur" title="CBD Belapur">Belapur (CBD)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghansoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghansoli">Ghansoli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juinagar" title="Juinagar">Juinagar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kharghar" title="Kharghar">Kharghar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koparkhairane" class="mw-redirect" title="Koparkhairane">Koparkhairane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahape" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahape">Mahape</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Panvel" title="New Panvel">New Panvel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nerul" title="Nerul">Nerul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanpada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanpada">Sanpada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seawoods" class="mw-redirect" title="Seawoods">Seawoods</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taloja" class="mw-redirect" title="Taloja">Taloja</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vashi" title="Vashi">Vashi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Suburbs_(Mumbai)" title="Eastern Suburbs (Mumbai)">Eastern Suburbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhandup" title="Bhandup">Bhandup</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chembur" title="Chembur">Chembur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghatkopar" title="Ghatkopar">Ghatkopar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Govandi" title="Govandi">Govandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hiranandani_Gardens,_Mumbai" title="Hiranandani Gardens, Mumbai">Hiranandani Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kanjurmarg" title="Kanjurmarg">Kanjurmarg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kurla" title="Kurla">Kurla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mankhurd" title="Mankhurd">Mankhurd</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mulund" title="Mulund">Mulund</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nahur" title="Nahur">Nahur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Powai" title="Powai">Powai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trombay" title="Trombay">Trombay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vidyavihar" title="Vidyavihar">Vidyavihar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vikhroli" title="Vikhroli">Vikhroli</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Suburbs_(Mumbai)" title="Western Suburbs (Mumbai)">Western Suburbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andheri" title="Andheri">Andheri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bandra" title="Bandra">Bandra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Borivali" title="Borivali">Borivali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dahisar" title="Dahisar">Dahisar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gorai" title="Gorai">Gorai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goregaon" title="Goregaon">Goregaon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khar,_Mumbai" title="Khar, Mumbai">Khar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jogeshwari" title="Jogeshwari">Jogeshwari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juhu" title="Juhu">Juhu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kandivali" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandivali">Kandivali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madh_Island" title="Madh Island">Madh Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marol" title="Marol">Marol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malad" title="Malad">Malad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oshiwara" title="Oshiwara">Oshiwara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saki_Naka" title="Saki Naka">Saki Naka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Santacruz,_Mumbai" title="Santacruz, Mumbai">Santacruz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Versova,_Mumbai" title="Versova, Mumbai">Versova</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vile_Parle" title="Vile Parle">Vile Parle</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mira-Bhayandar" title="Mira-Bhayandar">Mira-Bhayandar</a> (Thane district)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhayandar" title="Bhayandar">Bhayandar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mira_Road" title="Mira Road">Mira Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uttan" title="Uttan">Uttan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thane" title="Thane">Thane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thane_district" title="Thane district">Thane district</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Diva</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghodbunder_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghodbunder Road">Ghodbunder Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kopri" title="Kopri">Kopri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kolshet" title="Kolshet">Kolshet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kausa" title="Kausa">Kausa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kalwa,_Thane" title="Kalwa, Thane">Kalwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Majiwada" class="mw-redirect" title="Majiwada">Majiwada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbra" title="Mumbra">Mumbra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shil_Phata" title="Shil Phata">Shil Phata</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thane" title="Thane">Thane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wagle_Estate" title="Wagle Estate">Wagle Estate</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalyan-Dombivali" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyan-Dombivali">Kalyan-Dombivali</a> (Thane district)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dombivli" title="Dombivli">Dombivli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyan, India">Kalyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mohone" title="Mohone">Mohone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thakurli" title="Thakurli">Thakurli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Titwala" title="Titwala">Titwala</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulhasnagar" title="Ulhasnagar">Ulhasnagar</a> (Thane district)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambernath" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambernath">Ambernath</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Badlapur" title="Badlapur">Badlapur</a></li>
<li>Kulgaon</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shahad" title="Shahad">Shahad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ulhasnagar" title="Ulhasnagar">Ulhasnagar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vithalwadi" title="Vithalwadi">Vithalwadi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bhiwandi-Nizampur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhiwandi-Nizampur">Bhiwandi-Nizampur</a> (Thane district)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhiwandi" title="Bhiwandi">Bhiwandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bhiwandi-Nizampur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhiwandi-Nizampur">Nizampur</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vasai-Virar" title="Vasai-Virar">Vasai-Virar</a> (Palghar district)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boisar" title="Boisar">Boisar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manickpur" title="Manickpur">Manickpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naigaon" title="Naigaon">Naigaon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nala_Sopara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nala Sopara">Nala Sopara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Navghar" title="Navghar">Navghar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palghar" title="Palghar">Palghar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vasai" title="Vasai">Vasai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vasai_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasai Road">Vasai Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Virar" title="Virar">Virar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suburbs in <a href="/wiki/Raigad_district" title="Raigad district">Raigad district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alibag" title="Alibag">Alibag</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karjat" title="Karjat">Karjat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khalapur" title="Khalapur">Khalapur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khopoli" title="Khopoli">Khopoli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Matheran" title="Matheran">Matheran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neral,_India" title="Neral, India">Neral</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pen,_India" title="Pen, India">Pen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rasayani" title="Rasayani">Rasayani</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template talk:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World's 50 <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">most-populous urban areas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:20em;"><div>
<div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area" title="Greater Tokyo Area">Tokyo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">Jakarta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(India)" title="National Capital Region (India)">Delhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manila_Area" title="Greater Manila Area">Manila</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Capital_Area" title="Seoul Capital Area">Seoul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Greater São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ol></div>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:20em;"><div>
<div><ol start="11"><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>–<a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Dhaka" title="Greater Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Cairo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_metropolitan_area" title="Moscow metropolitan area">Moscow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Region">Bangkok</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata metropolitan area">Kolkata</a></li></ol></div>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:20em;"><div>
<div><ol start="21"><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Buenos_Aires" title="Greater Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tehran" title="Greater Tehran">Tehran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Greater Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li></ol></div>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:20em;"><div>
<div><ol start="31"><li><a href="/wiki/Lima_metropolitan_area" title="Lima metropolitan area">Lima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangalore" title="Greater Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area" title="Paris metropolitan area">Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_metropolitan_area" title="Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Metropolitan Area of Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_metropolitan_area" title="Chennai metropolitan area">Chennai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABky%C5%8D_metropolitan_area" title="Chūkyō metropolitan area">Nagoya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Metropolitan_Region" title="Hyderabad Metropolitan Region">Hyderabad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li></ol></div>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:20em;"><div>
<div><ol start="41"><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taipei%E2%80%93Keelung_metropolitan_area" title="Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area">Taipei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Capital_Region" title="Hanoi Capital Region">Hanoi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Onitsha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Klang_Valley" title="Klang Valley">Kuala Lumpur</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></li></ol></div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Megacities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Megacities" title="Template:Megacities"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Megacities" title="Template talk:Megacities"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Megacities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Megacities"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Megacities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Africa (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Asia (33)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Europe (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">North America (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">South America (5)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Q1156#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000112661998">ISNI</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145957840">VIAF</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/289830025">2</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg8HkRtmJwbWbPVBFRqcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4007629-5">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007382817205171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2012073713">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00649681">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bombaj (Indie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge163498&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/e24de96f-81de-4021-8af3-1b656b6b1e42">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044397">NARA</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/bombay">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
