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'{{Short description|Region in India}} {{About|the region in India|the supercontinent|Gondwana}} {{other uses|Gondwana (disambiguation)}} {{Multiple issues| {{More citations needed|date=April 2012}} {{Copy edit|date=July 2023}} }} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Gondwana | official_name = | type = [[Proposed states and union territories of India|Proposed state]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|81|display=title,inline}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = India | subdivision_type2 = Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Central India]] | blank_name_sec1 = Language | blank_info_sec1 = [[Gondi language|Gondi]] | seat_type = Proposed [[Capital (political)|capital]] | seat = [[Nagpur]] | parts_type = Proposed Divisions | parts_style = list | p1 = [[Vidarbha]] of [[Maharashtra]] | p2 = Parts of [[Madhya Pradesh|MP]] | p3 = West of [[Chhattisgarh]] | p4 = Northern [[Telangana]] | p5 = western [[Odisha]] and | p6 = southern [[Uttar Pradesh]] | image_skyline = | image_map = India in 1525 Joppen.jpg | map_caption = Gondwana kingdom 1525, as depicted in central India, on a map drawn in 1907 }} '''Gondwana''', also known as '''Gondaranya, the land of Gondwana''', is a region of India named after the [[Gondi people]] who live there (though they can also be found in other parts of India). The name of the ancient continent of [[Gondwana]]land was derived from Gondwana, because some of the earliest rock formations of this continent were first investigated in part of the region in modern [[Odisha]]. As Gondi people are spread widely across central India and are a minority almost everywhere, the region has no unambiguous boundary. However, the core region can be considered to be the eastern part of the [[Vidarbha]] region of [[Maharashtra]], [[Garha Kingdom]] the parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]] immediately to the north of it, and parts of the west of [[Chhattisgarh]]. The wider region extends into parts of northern [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], western [[Odisha]] and southern [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The region is part of the northern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan plateau]], with an average height of about 600&ndash;700 metres. Geologically it is mostly Pre-Cambrian rock, with some areas dated to [[Permian]] and [[Triassic]] periods. Part of it is overlaid with alluvium, and in the west, it is overlaid with the igneous rocks of the [[Deccan Traps]]. The landscape is generally rugged and hilly. The climate is hot and semi-arid. Large sections are forest, specifically dry monsoon forest and monsoon scrub forest. Gondwana contains several national parks with [[tiger]] populations. Gondwana has a relatively high proportion of people of the "scheduled tribes" of India, including the Gonds. The scheduled tribes are recognised as economically and socially disadvantaged, forming most of the population in many districts. Gonds are followers of religion based on Gondi, koitur, according to nature [[Gondi people]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2gpF5bsAjUC&pg=PA155|title = Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands|last1 = Mehta|first1 = Behram H.|year = 1984}}</ref> ==History== A number of old kingdoms were established by, or together with, ruling families of the Gondis and other scheduled tribes in this region. The first of these is mentioned in 1398, when [[Narsingh Rai]], King of Kherla, Madhya Pradesh, is said by a [[Ferishta]] to have ruled all the hills of Gondwana. He was finally overthrown and killed by [[Hoshang Shah]], king of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]]. Between the 14th and the 18th centuries, three main Gond kingdoms existed; [[Garha]]-[[Mandla]] occupied the upper [[Narmada River]] Valley, [[Deogarh, Madhya Pradesh|Deogarh]]-[[Nagpur]] occupied the [[Kanhan River]] and upper [[Wainganga River]] valleys, and Chandra-Sirpur occupied present-day [[Chandrapur District|Chandrapur]], [[Gadchiroli District|Gadchiroli]], and eastern [[Adilabad District|Adilabad]] districts.<nowiki><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/storygondwana00tempgoog/storygondwana00tempgoog_djvu.txt|title=Full text of "The story of Gondwana"|website=archive.org|language=en|access-date=2017-07-03}}</ref></nowiki> The three Gondi principalities of [[Garha Kingdom|Garha-Mandla]], [[Gonds of Deogarh|Deogarh]], and [[Kingdom of Chanda|Chanda-Sirpur]] were nominally subject to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperors. In addition to the acquisitions made in the north at the expense of Garha-Mandla, the Mughals, after the annexation of [[Berar Subah|Berar]] in 1595, established governors at Paunar in [[Wardha District]] and Kherla in [[Betul District]]. Having thus hemmed in the Gond states, however, they could not assert any effective sovereignty over them; the Gond kings enjoyed practical independence within their dominions. After the defeat and subsequent fall of the Mughals, Gondwana came under the rule of the [[Bundela]] and [[Maratha]] empires. In the 17th century [[Chhatar Sal]], the Bundela chieftain, deprived the [[Garha Kingdom|Mandla principality]] of part of the [[Vindhya|Vindhyan Plateau]] and the Narmada Valley. In 1733 the Maratha [[Peshwa]] won [[Bundelkhand]]; and in 1735 the Marathas had [[Marathas of Saugor|established their power in Saugor]]. In 1742 the Peshwa advanced to Mandla and exacted tribute, and from this time until 1781, when Gond dynasty of Garha-Mandla was finally overthrown, Garha-Mandla remained practically a Maratha dependency. Meanwhile, the other independent principalities of Gondwana had in turn succumbed. In 1743 [[Raghoji Bhonsle]] of Berar established himself at Nagpur and by 1751 had conquered the territories of Deogarh, Chanda, and [[Chhattisgarh]]. The economic disadvantage to which the tribal people are now subject is often ascribed to the [[Maratha]] conquest of the region in the 18th century {{Citation needed|date=March 2021|reason=By who and on what basis?}}, followed by the [[British East India Company|British]] imposition of the permanent settlement in the 19th century. A number of rebellions against British rule took place throughout the 19th century. Some of these rebellions focused on the protection of forests against commercial logging. ==Emblem of Gondwana State== {{South Asia in 1525 CE|right|Gondwana circa 1525, with neighbouring polities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.4 (a)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186}}</ref>}} For over a millennium in South Asia, the visual trope of a triumphant lion vanquishing one or several elephants has been common in architectural sculpture, both in the round and in relief. In the rather limited scholarship on this motif, diverse interpretations have been offered. Although its presence has remained fairly stable through time, there exist many minor variations on this motif, including the use of leonine creatures variously described as vyālas or yālīs, and the incorporation of other fantastic creatures known popularly as makaras in such combats. In [[South India]], the myth of the fantastic composite animal called the Śarabha furthers this imagery. Yet, the simple image of a lion victorious over one or more elephants was strategically situated within specific architectural programs for periods and places. For example, [[Gondwana Kingdom]] forts, Deccani forts constructed between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries carried this representation on their barbicans and gateways. While tracing the history of this visual motif. == Gondwana Express == The [[Raigarh–Hazrat Nizamuddin Gondwana Express|Gondwana express]] train runs between [[Raigarh]] and [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]] in India. It is a 5-day service. It operates as train number 12409 from Raigarh to Hazrat Nizamuddin and as train number 12410 in the reverse direction after the name of Gondwana kingdom. ==Popular movements== Political and communal movements against the dominant political structure still occur in the region, including the Gondwana Praja Party, founded in 2014 in [[Maharashtra]] state. Gondwana Praja Party was founded to demand the new formation of the old Gondwana State for the tribal people of central India instead of the old Vidarbha region. [[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]] is also established. The founder of Gondwana Gadtantra Party is Heera Singh Markam. He is the only Member of Parliament of this party. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Sources== * McEldowney, Philip F. (1980) [http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/CP/intro.html ''Colonial Administration and Social Developments in middle India: The Central Provinces, 1861-1921'']. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia. * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Gondwana}} {{Proposed states and territories of India}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Regions of India]] [[Category:Regions of Madhya Pradesh]] [[Category:Regions of Odisha]] [[Category:Proposed states and union territories of India]] [[Category:Regions of Maharashtra]]'