Edit count of the user (user_editcount) | null |
Name of the user account (user_name) | '76.153.233.141' |
Age of the user account (user_age) | 0 |
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups) | [
0 => '*'
] |
Rights that the user has (user_rights) | [
0 => 'createaccount',
1 => 'read',
2 => 'edit',
3 => 'createtalk',
4 => 'writeapi',
5 => 'viewmyprivateinfo',
6 => 'editmyprivateinfo',
7 => 'editmyoptions',
8 => 'abusefilter-log-detail',
9 => 'urlshortener-create-url',
10 => 'centralauth-merge',
11 => 'abusefilter-view',
12 => 'abusefilter-log',
13 => 'vipsscaler-test'
] |
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile) | false |
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app) | false |
Page ID (page_id) | 1546516 |
Page namespace (page_namespace) | 0 |
Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Sailfish' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Sailfish' |
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit) | [] |
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors) | [
0 => 'The Herald',
1 => '37.244.90.196',
2 => 'Geardona',
3 => 'Ankylodactylus27',
4 => '2601:342:102:E580:4043:466A:E44D:30E4',
5 => 'Citation bot',
6 => 'Mothman1997',
7 => '179.50.191.107',
8 => 'Yamla',
9 => 'CaesarsTopGuyngl'
] |
Page age in seconds (page_age) | 604520214 |
Action (action) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason (summary) | 'I deleted unessesary things.' |
Time since last page edit in seconds (page_last_edit_age) | 5313825 |
Old content model (old_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
New content model (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Sailfish
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|59|0}}[[Paleogene]] to present<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2002 |title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera |url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology |volume=364 |page=560 |access-date=2008-01-08}}</ref>
| image = Sailfish (Duane Raver).png
| image_caption = Atlantic sailfish
| image2 = Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.ART.194 - Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw and Nodder) - Kawahara Keiga - 1823 - 1829 - Siebold Collection - new version.jpeg
| image2_caption =Indo-Pacific sailfish
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite journal |author1=Collette, B. |author2=Acero, A. |author3=Amorim, A.F. |author4=Boustany, A. |author5=Canales Ramirez, C. |author6=Cardenas, G. |author7=Carpenter, K.E. |author8=de Oliveira Leite Jr. N. |author9=Di Natale, A. |author10=Die, D. |author11=Fox, W. |author12=Fredou, F.L. |author13=Graves, J. |author14=Guzman-Mora, A. |author15=Viera Hazin, F.H. |author16=Hinton, M. |author17=Juan Jorda, M. |author18=Minte Vera, C. |author19=Miyabe, N. |author20=Montano Cruz, R. |author21=Nelson, R. |author22=Oxenford, H. |author23=Restrepo, V. |author24=Salas, E. |author25=Schaefer, K. |author26=Schratwieser, J. |author27=Serra, R. |author28=Sun, C. |author29=Teixeira Lessa, R.P. |author30=Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. |author31=Uozumi, Y. |author32=Yanez, E. |display-authors=3 |year=2022 |title=''Istiophorus platypterus'' |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |volume=2022 |page=e.T170338A46649664 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022.RLTS.T170338A46649664.en|doi-broken-date=31 January 2024 }}</ref><br/>(Note that the IUCN recognises one sailfish species)
| taxon = Istiophorus
| authority = [[Bernard Germain Étienne comte de La Ville-sur-Illon La Cépède|Lacépède]], 1801
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = *''[[Istiophorus albicans]]'' {{small|([[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1804)}}l
*''[[Istiophorus platypterus]]'' {{small|([[George Shaw (biologist)|G. Shaw]], 1792)}}
| synonyms =
* ''Histiophorus'' {{small|G. Cuvier, 1832}}
* ''Nothistium'' {{small|Hermann, 1804}}
* ''Zanclurus'' {{small|Swainson, 1839}}
| type_species = ''[[Istiophorus platypterus]]''
| type_species_authority = {{small|([[George Shaw (biologist)|G. Shaw]], 1792)}}
}}
[[File:Pacific-sailfish.jpg|thumb|An [[Indo-Pacific sailfish]] raising its sail]]
[[File:Portrait of author Ernest Hemingway posing with sailfish Key West, Florida.jpg|thumb|upright|Author [[Ernest Hemingway]] (middle) in [[Key West]], Florida, USA, in the 1940s, with a sailfish he had caught ]]
The '''sailfish''' is one of two [[species]] of [[marine fish]] in the [[genus]] '''''Istiophorus''''', which belong to the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Istiophoridae]] ([[marlin]]s). They are predominantly blue to gray in colour and have a characteristically large [[dorsal fin]] known as the [[sail (anatomy)|sail]], which often stretches the entire length of the back. Another notable characteristic is the elongated [[Rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]] (bill) consistent with that of other marlins and the [[swordfish]], which together constitute what are known as [[billfish]] in [[sport fishing]] circles. Sailfish live in colder [[pelagic]] waters of all [[Earth]]'s oceans, and hold the record for the highest speed of any marine animal.
==Species==
There is a dispute based on the taxonomy of the sailfish, and either one or two species have been recognized.<ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase genus | genus = Istiophorus | month = April | year = 2013}}</ref><ref name=australianmuseum>McGrouther, M. (2013). ''[https://australian.museum/learn/animals/fishes/sailfish-istiophorus-platypterus/ Sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus.]'' Australian Museum. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</ref> No differences have been found in [[mtDNA]], [[morphometrics]] or [[meristics]] between the two supposed species and most authorities now only recognize a single species, ''Istiophorus platypterus'', found in warmer oceans around the world.<ref name=australianmuseum/><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Collette, B. | author2 = Acero, A. | author3 = Amorim, A.F. | author4 = Boustany, A. | author5 = Canales Ramirez, C. | author6 = Cardenas, G. | author7 = Carpenter, K.E. | author8 = de Oliveira Leite Jr., N. | author9 = Di Natale, A. | author10 = Die, D. | display-authors = etal | title = ''Istiophorus platypterus'' | volume = 2011 | page = e.T170338A6754507 | date = 2011 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170338A6754507.en }}</ref><ref name=flmnh>Gardieff, S: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20040501190625/http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Sailfish/Sailfish.html Sailfish.]'' Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</ref><ref>Collette, B.B., McDowell, J.R. and Graves, J.E. (2006). ''Phylogeny of Recent billfishes (Xiphioidei).'' Bull. Mar. Sci. 79(3): 455-468.</ref> [[FishBase]] continues to recognize two species:<ref name=fishbase/>
* [[Atlantic sailfish]] (''I. albicans'').
* [[Indo-Pacific sailfish]] (''I. platypterus'').
==Description ==
Considered by many scientists the fastest fish in the ocean,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/fastest-fish.html|title=What is the fastest fish in the ocean?|last=US Department of Commerce|first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|website=oceanservice.noaa.gov|language=EN-US|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> sailfish grow quickly, reaching {{convert|1.2|-|1.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in length in a single year, and feed on the surface or at middle depths on smaller [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]] [[forage fish]] and [[squid]]. Sailfish were previously estimated to reach maximum swimming speeds of {{convert|35|m/s|km/h|round=5|abbr=on}}, but research published in 2015 and 2016 indicate sailfish do not exceed speeds between {{convert|10-15|m/s|km/h|round=5|abbr=on}}. During predator–prey interactions, sailfish reached burst speeds of {{convert|7|m/s|km/h|round=5|abbr=on}} and did not surpass {{convert|10|m/s|km/h|round=5|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Marras2015>Marras S, Noda T, Steffensen JF, Svendsen MBS, Krause J, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Herbert-Read J & Domenic P 2015) [https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/55/4/719/634534/Not-So-Fast-Swimming-Behavior-of-Sailfish-during?searchresult=1 "Not so fast: swimming behavior of sailfish during predator–prey interactions using high-speed video and accelerometry"]. ''Integrative and Comparative Biology'' '''55''': 718-727.</ref><ref name="Svendsen2016">Svendsen MBS, Domenici P, Marras S, Krause J, Boswell KM, Rodriguez-Pinto I, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Viblanc PE, Finger JS & Steffensen JF (2016) [https://journals.biologists.com/bio/article/5/10/1415/1485/Maximum-swimming-speeds-of-sailfish-and-three "Maximum swimming speeds of sailfish and other large marine predatory fish species based on muscle contraction time: A myth revisited"]. ''Biology Open'', '''5''': 1415-1419.</ref>
Generally, sailfish do not grow to more than {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in length and rarely weigh over {{convert|90|kg|lb|abbr=off}}.
Some sources indicate that sailfish are capable of changing colours as a method of confusing prey, displaying emotion, and/or communicating with other sailfish.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shadravan |first1=Soudeh |last2=Naji |first2=Hamid Reza |last3=Bardsiri |first3=Vahid Khatibi |title=The Sailfish Optimizer: A novel nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm for solving constrained engineering optimization problems |journal=Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence |pages=21 |url=http://text2fa.ir/wp-content/uploads/Text2fa.ir-The-Sailfish-Optimizer-A-novel-nature-inspired-metaheuristic-algorithm-1.pdf |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gardieff |first1=Susie |title=Istiophorus platypterus |url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/istiophorus-platypterus/ |website=Florida Museum of Natural History |date=9 May 2017 |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sailfish |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/group/sailfish/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708230440/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/group/sailfish/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 8, 2017 |website=National Geographic |date=11 November 2010 |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mohammed |first1=Nicholas J. |title=Istiophorus albicans (Atlantic Sailfish) |journal=The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago |date=2015 |url=https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/documents/ogatt/Istiophorus_albicans%20-%20Atlantic%20Sailfish.pdf |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>
Sailfish have been documented attacking humans in self-defense; a {{convert|100|lb|kg|abbr=off|adj=on}} sailfish stabbed a woman in the groin when her party tried to catch it.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Hannah Sarisohn and Carlos Suarez |title=Woman on fishing boat off Florida coast stabbed by 100-pound fish |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/24/us/florida-sailfish-stabs-woman/index.html |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=CNN|date=24 July 2022 }}</ref>
==Hunting behaviour==
Sailfish have been reported to use their bills for hitting schooling fish by tapping (short-range movement) or slashing (horizontal large-range movement) at them.<ref name="Domenici2014">Domenici P, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Marras S, Herbert-Read JE, Steffensen JF, Krause S, Viblanc PE, Couillaud P & Krause J (2014) [http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1784/20140444 "How sailfish use their bill to capture schooling prey"]. ''Proceedings of the Royal Society London B'', '''281''': 20140444.</ref>
The sail is normally kept folded down when swimming and only raised when the sailfish attack their prey. The raised sail has been shown to reduce sideways oscillations of the head, which is likely to make the bill less detectable by prey fish.<ref name="Marras2015" /> This strategy allows sailfish to put their bills close to fish schools or even into them without being noticed by the prey before hitting them.<ref name="Domenici2014" /><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VISEHbpHkn4 Sailfish Hunting Sardines] – ''Youtube''.</ref>
Sailfish usually attack one at a time, and the small teeth on their bills inflict injuries on their prey fish in terms of scale and tissue removal. Typically, about two prey fish are injured during a sailfish attack, but only 24% of attacks result in capture. As a result, injured fish increase in number over time in a fish school under attack. Given that injured fish are easier to catch, sailfish benefit from the attacks of their [[Biological specificity#Conspecific|conspecifics]] but only up to a particular group size.<ref name=Herbert-Read2016>Herbert-Read JE, Romanczuk P, Krause S, Strömbom D, Couillaud P, Domenici P, Kurvers RHJM, Marras S, Steffensen JF, Wilson ADM & Krause J (2016) [http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/283/1842/20161671 "Group hunting sailfish alternate their attacks on their grouping prey to facilitate hunting success"]. ''Proceedings of the Royal Society London B'', '''283''': 20161671.</ref> A mathematical model showed that sailfish in groups of up to 70 individuals should gain benefits in this way. The underlying mechanism was termed proto-cooperation because it does not require any spatial coordination of attacks and could be a precursor to more complex forms of group hunting.<ref name=Herbert-Read2016 />
The bill movement of sailfish during attacks on fish is usually either to the left or to the right side. Identification of individual sailfish based on the shape of their dorsal fins identified individual preferences for hitting to the right or left side. The strength of this side preference was positively correlated with capture success.<ref name=Kurvers2017>Kurvers RHJM, Krause S, Viblanc PE, Herbert-Read JE, Zalansky P, Domenici P, Marras S, Steffensen JF, Wilson ADM, Couillaud P & Krause J (2017) [http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)31525-1 "The evolution of lateralisation in group hunting sailfish"]. ''Current Biology''.</ref> These side-preferences are believed to be a form of behavioural specialization that improves performance. However, a possibility exists that sailfish with strong side preferences could become predictable to their prey because fish could learn after repeated interactions in which direction the predator will hit. Given that individuals with right- and left-sided preferences are about equally frequent in sailfish populations, living in groups possibly offers a way out of this predictability. The larger the sailfish group, the greater the possibility that individuals with right- and left-sided preferences are about equally frequent. Therefore, prey fish should find it hard to predict in which direction the next attack will take place. Taken together, these results suggest a potential novel benefit of group hunting which allows individual predators to specialize in their hunting strategy without becoming predictable to their prey.<ref name=Kurvers2017 />
The injuries that sailfish inflict on their prey appear to reduce their swimming speeds, with injured fish being more frequently found in the back (compared with the front) of the school than uninjured ones. When a sardine school is approached by a sailfish, the sardines usually turn away and flee in the opposite direction. As a result, the sailfish usually attacks sardine schools from behind, putting at risk those fish that are the rear of the school because of their reduced swimming speeds.<ref name=Krause2017>Krause J and Ruxton GD (2002) [https://books.google.com/books?id=HAoUFfVFtMcC&q=Living+in+Groups ''Living in Groups''] Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|9780198508182}}</ref>
== Habitat ==
The sailfish is an epipelagic and oceanic species and shows a strong tendency to approach continental coasts, islands and reefs tropical and temperate waters of the Pacific and Indian oceans.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
Sailfish in some areas are reliant on coral reefs as areas for feeding and breeding. As witnessed in the [[Persian Gulf]], the disappearance of coral reefs in a sailfish's habitat may be followed by the disappearance of the species from that area.<ref>{{Cite web|last=John|first=Smithson|date=1 January 2009|title=Sailfish disappearance|url=https://www.timeoutdubai.com/sports-wellbeing/sport-wellbeing-features/3716-the-end-of-fishing-in-dubai|website=Timeoutdubai}}</ref>
== Predators ==
When freshly hatched, sailfish are hunted by other fishes that mainly survive on eating plankton. The size of their predators increases as they grow, and adult sailfish are not eaten by anything other than larger predatory fish like open ocean shark species and [[orca]]s.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
==Timeline==
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px
PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px
Period = from:-65.5 till:10
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:-65.5
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-65.5
TimeAxis = orientation:hor
AlignBars = justify
Colors =
#legends
id:CAR value:claret
id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196)
id:HER value:teal
id:HAD value:green
id:OMN value:blue
id:purple value:purple
id:white value:white
id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258)
id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32)
id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37)
id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42)
id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48)
id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1)
id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0)
id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68)
id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5)
id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68)
id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88)
BarData=
bar:eratop
bar:space
bar:periodtop
bar:space
bar:NAM1
bar:NAM2
bar:NAM3
bar:NAM4
bar:space
bar:period
bar:space
bar:era
PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25
shift:(7,-4)
bar:periodtop
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:[[Paleocene]]
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:[[Eocene]]
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:[[Oligocene]]
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:[[Miocene]]
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:[[Plio.]]
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:[[Pleist.]]
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:[[Holocene|H.]]
bar:eratop
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]]
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:[[Neogene]]
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:[[Quaternary|Q.]]
PlotData=
align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left
color:eocene bar:NAM1 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: [[Pseudohistiophorus]]
color:miocene bar:NAM2 from: -23.03 till: 0 text: [[Tetrapterus]]
color:miocene bar:NAM3 from: -15.97 till: 0 text: [[Istiophorus]]
color:miocene bar:NAM4 from: -11.608 till: 0 text: [[Makaira]]
PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25
bar:period
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:[[Paleocene]]
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:[[Eocene]]
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:[[Oligocene]]
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:[[Miocene]]
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:[[Plio.]]
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:[[Pleist.]]
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:[[Holocene|H.]]
bar:era
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]]
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:[[Neogene]]
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:[[Quaternary|Q.]]
</timeline>
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
* Schultz, Ken (2003) [https://books.google.com/books?id=09SA7lO-DJwC&dq=sailfish&pg=PA162 ''Ken Schultz's Field Guide to Saltwater Fish''] pp. 162–163, John Wiley & Sons. {{ISBN|9780471449959}}.
==External links==
{{Commons category|Istiophorus}}
{{Wikispecies|Istiophorus}}
''[[National Geographic]]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20170708230440/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/group/sailfish/ story on sailfish]
{{Billfish}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q127497}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Istiophorus]]
[[Category:Extant Paleogene first appearances]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '
==Description ==
Considered by many scientists the fastest fish in the ocean,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/fastest-fish.html|title=What is the fastest fish in the ocean?|last=US Department of Commerce|first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|website=oceanservice.noaa.gov|language=EN-US|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> sailfish grow quickly, reaching {{convert|1.2|-|1.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in length in a single year, and feed on the surface or at middle depths on smaller [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]] [[forage fish]] and [[squid]]. Sailfish were previously estimated to reach maximum swimming speeds of {{convert|35|m/s|km/h|round=5|abbr=on}}, but research published in 2015 and 2016 indicate sailfish do not exceed speeds between {{convert|10-15|m/s|km/h|round=5|abbr=on}}. During predator–prey interactions, sailfish reached burst speeds of {{convert|7|m/s|km/h|round=5|abbr=on}} and did not surpass {{convert|10|m/s|km/h|round=5|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Marras2015>Marras S, Noda T, Steffensen JF, Svendsen MBS, Krause J, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Herbert-Read J & Domenic P 2015) [https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/55/4/719/634534/Not-So-Fast-Swimming-Behavior-of-Sailfish-during?searchresult=1 "Not so fast: swimming behavior of sailfish during predator–prey interactions using high-speed video and accelerometry"]. ''Integrative and Comparative Biology'' '''55''': 718-727.</ref><ref name="Svendsen2016">Svendsen MBS, Domenici P, Marras S, Krause J, Boswell KM, Rodriguez-Pinto I, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Viblanc PE, Finger JS & Steffensen JF (2016) [https://journals.biologists.com/bio/article/5/10/1415/1485/Maximum-swimming-speeds-of-sailfish-and-three "Maximum swimming speeds of sailfish and other large marine predatory fish species based on muscle contraction time: A myth revisited"]. ''Biology Open'', '''5''': 1415-1419.</ref>
Generally, sailfish do not grow to more than {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in length and rarely weigh over {{convert|90|kg|lb|abbr=off}}.
Some sources indicate that sailfish are capable of changing colours as a method of confusing prey, displaying emotion, and/or communicating with other sailfish.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shadravan |first1=Soudeh |last2=Naji |first2=Hamid Reza |last3=Bardsiri |first3=Vahid Khatibi |title=The Sailfish Optimizer: A novel nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm for solving constrained engineering optimization problems |journal=Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence |pages=21 |url=http://text2fa.ir/wp-content/uploads/Text2fa.ir-The-Sailfish-Optimizer-A-novel-nature-inspired-metaheuristic-algorithm-1.pdf |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gardieff |first1=Susie |title=Istiophorus platypterus |url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/istiophorus-platypterus/ |website=Florida Museum of Natural History |date=9 May 2017 |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sailfish |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/group/sailfish/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708230440/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/group/sailfish/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 8, 2017 |website=National Geographic |date=11 November 2010 |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mohammed |first1=Nicholas J. |title=Istiophorus albicans (Atlantic Sailfish) |journal=The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago |date=2015 |url=https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/documents/ogatt/Istiophorus_albicans%20-%20Atlantic%20Sailfish.pdf |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>
Sailfish have been documented attacking humans in self-defense; a {{convert|100|lb|kg|abbr=off|adj=on}} sailfish stabbed a woman in the groin when her party tried to catch it.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Hannah Sarisohn and Carlos Suarez |title=Woman on fishing boat off Florida coast stabbed by 100-pound fish |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/24/us/florida-sailfish-stabs-woman/index.html |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=CNN|date=24 July 2022 }}</ref>
==Hunting behaviour==
Sailfish have been reported to use their bills for hitting schooling fish by tapping (short-range movement) or slashing (horizontal large-range movement) at them.<ref name="Domenici2014">Domenici P, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Marras S, Herbert-Read JE, Steffensen JF, Krause S, Viblanc PE, Couillaud P & Krause J (2014) [http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1784/20140444 "How sailfish use their bill to capture schooling prey"]. ''Proceedings of the Royal Society London B'', '''281''': 20140444.</ref>
The sail is normally kept folded down when swimming and only raised when the sailfish attack their prey. The raised sail has been shown to reduce sideways oscillations of the head, which is likely to make the bill less detectable by prey fish.<ref name="Marras2015" /> This strategy allows sailfish to put their bills close to fish schools or even into them without being noticed by the prey before hitting them.<ref name="Domenici2014" /><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VISEHbpHkn4 Sailfish Hunting Sardines] – ''Youtube''.</ref>
Sailfish usually attack one at a time, and the small teeth on their bills inflict injuries on their prey fish in terms of scale and tissue removal. Typically, about two prey fish are injured during a sailfish attack, but only 24% of attacks result in capture. As a result, injured fish increase in number over time in a fish school under attack. Given that injured fish are easier to catch, sailfish benefit from the attacks of their [[Biological specificity#Conspecific|conspecifics]] but only up to a particular group size.<ref name=Herbert-Read2016>Herbert-Read JE, Romanczuk P, Krause S, Strömbom D, Couillaud P, Domenici P, Kurvers RHJM, Marras S, Steffensen JF, Wilson ADM & Krause J (2016) [http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/283/1842/20161671 "Group hunting sailfish alternate their attacks on their grouping prey to facilitate hunting success"]. ''Proceedings of the Royal Society London B'', '''283''': 20161671.</ref> A mathematical model showed that sailfish in groups of up to 70 individuals should gain benefits in this way. The underlying mechanism was termed proto-cooperation because it does not require any spatial coordination of attacks and could be a precursor to more complex forms of group hunting.<ref name=Herbert-Read2016 />
The bill movement of sailfish during attacks on fish is usually either to the left or to the right side. Identification of individual sailfish based on the shape of their dorsal fins identified individual preferences for hitting to the right or left side. The strength of this side preference was positively correlated with capture success.<ref name=Kurvers2017>Kurvers RHJM, Krause S, Viblanc PE, Herbert-Read JE, Zalansky P, Domenici P, Marras S, Steffensen JF, Wilson ADM, Couillaud P & Krause J (2017) [http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)31525-1 "The evolution of lateralisation in group hunting sailfish"]. ''Current Biology''.</ref> These side-preferences are believed to be a form of behavioural specialization that improves performance. However, a possibility exists that sailfish with strong side preferences could become predictable to their prey because fish could learn after repeated interactions in which direction the predator will hit. Given that individuals with right- and left-sided preferences are about equally frequent in sailfish populations, living in groups possibly offers a way out of this predictability. The larger the sailfish group, the greater the possibility that individuals with right- and left-sided preferences are about equally frequent. Therefore, prey fish should find it hard to predict in which direction the next attack will take place. Taken together, these results suggest a potential novel benefit of group hunting which allows individual predators to specialize in their hunting strategy without becoming predictable to their prey.<ref name=Kurvers2017 />
The injuries that sailfish inflict on their prey appear to reduce their swimming speeds, with injured fish being more frequently found in the back (compared with the front) of the school than uninjured ones. When a sardine school is approached by a sailfish, the sardines usually turn away and flee in the opposite direction. As a result, the sailfish usually attacks sardine schools from behind, putting at risk those fish that are the rear of the school because of their reduced swimming speeds.<ref name=Krause2017>Krause J and Ruxton GD (2002) [https://books.google.com/books?id=HAoUFfVFtMcC&q=Living+in+Groups ''Living in Groups''] Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|9780198508182}}</ref>
== Habitat ==
The sailfish is an epipelagic and oceanic species and shows a strong tendency to approach continental coasts, islands and reefs tropical and temperate waters of the Pacific and Indian oceans.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
Sailfish in some areas are reliant on coral reefs as areas for feeding and breeding. As witnessed in the [[Persian Gulf]], the disappearance of coral reefs in a sailfish's habitat may be followed by the disappearance of the species from that area.<ref>{{Cite web|last=John|first=Smithson|date=1 January 2009|title=Sailfish disappearance|url=https://www.timeoutdubai.com/sports-wellbeing/sport-wellbeing-features/3716-the-end-of-fishing-in-dubai|website=Timeoutdubai}}</ref>
== Predators ==
When freshly hatched, sailfish are hunted by other fishes that mainly survive on eating plankton. The size of their predators increases as they grow, and adult sailfish are not eaten by anything other than larger predatory fish like open ocean shark species and [[orca]]s.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
==Timeline==
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px
PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px
Period = from:-65.5 till:10
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:-65.5
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-65.5
TimeAxis = orientation:hor
AlignBars = justify
Colors =
#legends
id:CAR value:claret
id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196)
id:HER value:teal
id:HAD value:green
id:OMN value:blue
id:purple value:purple
id:white value:white
id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258)
id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32)
id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37)
id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42)
id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48)
id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1)
id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0)
id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68)
id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5)
id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68)
id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88)
BarData=
bar:eratop
bar:space
bar:periodtop
bar:space
bar:NAM1
bar:NAM2
bar:NAM3
bar:NAM4
bar:space
bar:period
bar:space
bar:era
PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25
shift:(7,-4)
bar:periodtop
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:[[Paleocene]]
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:[[Eocene]]
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:[[Oligocene]]
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:[[Miocene]]
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:[[Plio.]]
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:[[Pleist.]]
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:[[Holocene|H.]]
bar:eratop
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]]
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:[[Neogene]]
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:[[Quaternary|Q.]]
PlotData=
align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left
color:eocene bar:NAM1 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: [[Pseudohistiophorus]]
color:miocene bar:NAM2 from: -23.03 till: 0 text: [[Tetrapterus]]
color:miocene bar:NAM3 from: -15.97 till: 0 text: [[Istiophorus]]
color:miocene bar:NAM4 from: -11.608 till: 0 text: [[Makaira]]
PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25
bar:period
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:[[Paleocene]]
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:[[Eocene]]
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:[[Oligocene]]
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:[[Miocene]]
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:[[Plio.]]
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:[[Pleist.]]
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:[[Holocene|H.]]
bar:era
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[PalReferences==
{{R
{{Taxonbar|from=Q127497}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Istiophorus]]
[[Category:Extant Paleogene first appearances]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,36 +1,7 @@
-{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}
-{{Other uses}}
-{{Automatic taxobox
-| name = Sailfish
-| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|59|0}}[[Paleogene]] to present<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2002 |title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera |url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology |volume=364 |page=560 |access-date=2008-01-08}}</ref>
-| image = Sailfish (Duane Raver).png
-| image_caption = Atlantic sailfish
-| image2 = Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.ART.194 - Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw and Nodder) - Kawahara Keiga - 1823 - 1829 - Siebold Collection - new version.jpeg
-| image2_caption =Indo-Pacific sailfish
-| status = VU
-| status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref>{{cite journal |author1=Collette, B. |author2=Acero, A. |author3=Amorim, A.F. |author4=Boustany, A. |author5=Canales Ramirez, C. |author6=Cardenas, G. |author7=Carpenter, K.E. |author8=de Oliveira Leite Jr. N. |author9=Di Natale, A. |author10=Die, D. |author11=Fox, W. |author12=Fredou, F.L. |author13=Graves, J. |author14=Guzman-Mora, A. |author15=Viera Hazin, F.H. |author16=Hinton, M. |author17=Juan Jorda, M. |author18=Minte Vera, C. |author19=Miyabe, N. |author20=Montano Cruz, R. |author21=Nelson, R. |author22=Oxenford, H. |author23=Restrepo, V. |author24=Salas, E. |author25=Schaefer, K. |author26=Schratwieser, J. |author27=Serra, R. |author28=Sun, C. |author29=Teixeira Lessa, R.P. |author30=Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. |author31=Uozumi, Y. |author32=Yanez, E. |display-authors=3 |year=2022 |title=''Istiophorus platypterus'' |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |volume=2022 |page=e.T170338A46649664 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022.RLTS.T170338A46649664.en|doi-broken-date=31 January 2024 }}</ref><br/>(Note that the IUCN recognises one sailfish species)
-| taxon = Istiophorus
-| authority = [[Bernard Germain Étienne comte de La Ville-sur-Illon La Cépède|Lacépède]], 1801
-| subdivision_ranks = Species
-| subdivision = *''[[Istiophorus albicans]]'' {{small|([[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1804)}}l
-*''[[Istiophorus platypterus]]'' {{small|([[George Shaw (biologist)|G. Shaw]], 1792)}}
-| synonyms =
-* ''Histiophorus'' {{small|G. Cuvier, 1832}}
-* ''Nothistium'' {{small|Hermann, 1804}}
-* ''Zanclurus'' {{small|Swainson, 1839}}
-| type_species = ''[[Istiophorus platypterus]]''
-| type_species_authority = {{small|([[George Shaw (biologist)|G. Shaw]], 1792)}}
-}}
-[[File:Pacific-sailfish.jpg|thumb|An [[Indo-Pacific sailfish]] raising its sail]]
-[[File:Portrait of author Ernest Hemingway posing with sailfish Key West, Florida.jpg|thumb|upright|Author [[Ernest Hemingway]] (middle) in [[Key West]], Florida, USA, in the 1940s, with a sailfish he had caught ]]
-The '''sailfish''' is one of two [[species]] of [[marine fish]] in the [[genus]] '''''Istiophorus''''', which belong to the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Istiophoridae]] ([[marlin]]s). They are predominantly blue to gray in colour and have a characteristically large [[dorsal fin]] known as the [[sail (anatomy)|sail]], which often stretches the entire length of the back. Another notable characteristic is the elongated [[Rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]] (bill) consistent with that of other marlins and the [[swordfish]], which together constitute what are known as [[billfish]] in [[sport fishing]] circles. Sailfish live in colder [[pelagic]] waters of all [[Earth]]'s oceans, and hold the record for the highest speed of any marine animal.
-==Species==
-There is a dispute based on the taxonomy of the sailfish, and either one or two species have been recognized.<ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase genus | genus = Istiophorus | month = April | year = 2013}}</ref><ref name=australianmuseum>McGrouther, M. (2013). ''[https://australian.museum/learn/animals/fishes/sailfish-istiophorus-platypterus/ Sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus.]'' Australian Museum. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</ref> No differences have been found in [[mtDNA]], [[morphometrics]] or [[meristics]] between the two supposed species and most authorities now only recognize a single species, ''Istiophorus platypterus'', found in warmer oceans around the world.<ref name=australianmuseum/><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Collette, B. | author2 = Acero, A. | author3 = Amorim, A.F. | author4 = Boustany, A. | author5 = Canales Ramirez, C. | author6 = Cardenas, G. | author7 = Carpenter, K.E. | author8 = de Oliveira Leite Jr., N. | author9 = Di Natale, A. | author10 = Die, D. | display-authors = etal | title = ''Istiophorus platypterus'' | volume = 2011 | page = e.T170338A6754507 | date = 2011 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170338A6754507.en }}</ref><ref name=flmnh>Gardieff, S: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20040501190625/http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Sailfish/Sailfish.html Sailfish.]'' Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</ref><ref>Collette, B.B., McDowell, J.R. and Graves, J.E. (2006). ''Phylogeny of Recent billfishes (Xiphioidei).'' Bull. Mar. Sci. 79(3): 455-468.</ref> [[FishBase]] continues to recognize two species:<ref name=fishbase/>
-* [[Atlantic sailfish]] (''I. albicans'').
-* [[Indo-Pacific sailfish]] (''I. platypterus'').
+
+
==Description ==
@@ -148,20 +119,6 @@
bar:era
- from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]]
- from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:[[Neogene]]
- from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:[[Quaternary|Q.]]
-
-</timeline>
-
-==References==
-{{Reflist|30em}}
-* Schultz, Ken (2003) [https://books.google.com/books?id=09SA7lO-DJwC&dq=sailfish&pg=PA162 ''Ken Schultz's Field Guide to Saltwater Fish''] pp. 162–163, John Wiley & Sons. {{ISBN|9780471449959}}.
-
-==External links==
-{{Commons category|Istiophorus}}
-{{Wikispecies|Istiophorus}}
-''[[National Geographic]]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20170708230440/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/group/sailfish/ story on sailfish]
-
-{{Billfish}}
+ from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[PalReferences==
+{{R
{{Taxonbar|from=Q127497}}
{{Authority control}}
' |
New page size (new_size) | 12846 |
Old page size (old_size) | 18657 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | -5811 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => '',
1 => '',
2 => ' from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[PalReferences==',
3 => '{{R'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}',
1 => '{{Other uses}}',
2 => '{{Automatic taxobox',
3 => '| name = Sailfish',
4 => '| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|59|0}}[[Paleogene]] to present<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2002 |title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera |url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology |volume=364 |page=560 |access-date=2008-01-08}}</ref>',
5 => '| image = Sailfish (Duane Raver).png',
6 => '| image_caption = Atlantic sailfish',
7 => '| image2 = Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.ART.194 - Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw and Nodder) - Kawahara Keiga - 1823 - 1829 - Siebold Collection - new version.jpeg',
8 => '| image2_caption =Indo-Pacific sailfish',
9 => '| status = VU',
10 => '| status_system = IUCN3.1',
11 => '| status_ref = <ref>{{cite journal |author1=Collette, B. |author2=Acero, A. |author3=Amorim, A.F. |author4=Boustany, A. |author5=Canales Ramirez, C. |author6=Cardenas, G. |author7=Carpenter, K.E. |author8=de Oliveira Leite Jr. N. |author9=Di Natale, A. |author10=Die, D. |author11=Fox, W. |author12=Fredou, F.L. |author13=Graves, J. |author14=Guzman-Mora, A. |author15=Viera Hazin, F.H. |author16=Hinton, M. |author17=Juan Jorda, M. |author18=Minte Vera, C. |author19=Miyabe, N. |author20=Montano Cruz, R. |author21=Nelson, R. |author22=Oxenford, H. |author23=Restrepo, V. |author24=Salas, E. |author25=Schaefer, K. |author26=Schratwieser, J. |author27=Serra, R. |author28=Sun, C. |author29=Teixeira Lessa, R.P. |author30=Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. |author31=Uozumi, Y. |author32=Yanez, E. |display-authors=3 |year=2022 |title=''Istiophorus platypterus'' |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |volume=2022 |page=e.T170338A46649664 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022.RLTS.T170338A46649664.en|doi-broken-date=31 January 2024 }}</ref><br/>(Note that the IUCN recognises one sailfish species)',
12 => '| taxon = Istiophorus',
13 => '| authority = [[Bernard Germain Étienne comte de La Ville-sur-Illon La Cépède|Lacépède]], 1801',
14 => '| subdivision_ranks = Species',
15 => '| subdivision = *''[[Istiophorus albicans]]'' {{small|([[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1804)}}l',
16 => '*''[[Istiophorus platypterus]]'' {{small|([[George Shaw (biologist)|G. Shaw]], 1792)}}',
17 => '| synonyms =',
18 => '* ''Histiophorus'' {{small|G. Cuvier, 1832}}',
19 => '* ''Nothistium'' {{small|Hermann, 1804}}',
20 => '* ''Zanclurus'' {{small|Swainson, 1839}}',
21 => '| type_species = ''[[Istiophorus platypterus]]''',
22 => '| type_species_authority = {{small|([[George Shaw (biologist)|G. Shaw]], 1792)}}',
23 => '}}',
24 => '[[File:Pacific-sailfish.jpg|thumb|An [[Indo-Pacific sailfish]] raising its sail]]',
25 => '[[File:Portrait of author Ernest Hemingway posing with sailfish Key West, Florida.jpg|thumb|upright|Author [[Ernest Hemingway]] (middle) in [[Key West]], Florida, USA, in the 1940s, with a sailfish he had caught ]]',
26 => 'The '''sailfish''' is one of two [[species]] of [[marine fish]] in the [[genus]] '''''Istiophorus''''', which belong to the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Istiophoridae]] ([[marlin]]s). They are predominantly blue to gray in colour and have a characteristically large [[dorsal fin]] known as the [[sail (anatomy)|sail]], which often stretches the entire length of the back. Another notable characteristic is the elongated [[Rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]] (bill) consistent with that of other marlins and the [[swordfish]], which together constitute what are known as [[billfish]] in [[sport fishing]] circles. Sailfish live in colder [[pelagic]] waters of all [[Earth]]'s oceans, and hold the record for the highest speed of any marine animal.',
27 => '==Species==',
28 => 'There is a dispute based on the taxonomy of the sailfish, and either one or two species have been recognized.<ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase genus | genus = Istiophorus | month = April | year = 2013}}</ref><ref name=australianmuseum>McGrouther, M. (2013). ''[https://australian.museum/learn/animals/fishes/sailfish-istiophorus-platypterus/ Sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus.]'' Australian Museum. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</ref> No differences have been found in [[mtDNA]], [[morphometrics]] or [[meristics]] between the two supposed species and most authorities now only recognize a single species, ''Istiophorus platypterus'', found in warmer oceans around the world.<ref name=australianmuseum/><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Collette, B. | author2 = Acero, A. | author3 = Amorim, A.F. | author4 = Boustany, A. | author5 = Canales Ramirez, C. | author6 = Cardenas, G. | author7 = Carpenter, K.E. | author8 = de Oliveira Leite Jr., N. | author9 = Di Natale, A. | author10 = Die, D. | display-authors = etal | title = ''Istiophorus platypterus'' | volume = 2011 | page = e.T170338A6754507 | date = 2011 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170338A6754507.en }}</ref><ref name=flmnh>Gardieff, S: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20040501190625/http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Sailfish/Sailfish.html Sailfish.]'' Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</ref><ref>Collette, B.B., McDowell, J.R. and Graves, J.E. (2006). ''Phylogeny of Recent billfishes (Xiphioidei).'' Bull. Mar. Sci. 79(3): 455-468.</ref> [[FishBase]] continues to recognize two species:<ref name=fishbase/>',
29 => '* [[Atlantic sailfish]] (''I. albicans'').',
30 => '* [[Indo-Pacific sailfish]] (''I. platypterus'').',
31 => ' from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]]',
32 => ' from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:[[Neogene]]',
33 => ' from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:[[Quaternary|Q.]]',
34 => '',
35 => '</timeline>',
36 => '',
37 => '==References==',
38 => '{{Reflist|30em}}',
39 => '* Schultz, Ken (2003) [https://books.google.com/books?id=09SA7lO-DJwC&dq=sailfish&pg=PA162 ''Ken Schultz's Field Guide to Saltwater Fish''] pp. 162–163, John Wiley & Sons. {{ISBN|9780471449959}}.',
40 => '',
41 => '==External links==',
42 => '{{Commons category|Istiophorus}}',
43 => '{{Wikispecies|Istiophorus}}',
44 => '''[[National Geographic]]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20170708230440/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/group/sailfish/ story on sailfish]',
45 => '',
46 => '{{Billfish}}'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.fishbase.org/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Istiophorus',
1 => 'https://australian.museum/learn/animals/fishes/sailfish-istiophorus-platypterus/',
2 => 'http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class',
3 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20040501190625/http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Sailfish/Sailfish.html',
4 => 'https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170338/6754507',
5 => 'https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022.RLTS.T170338A46649664.en',
6 => 'https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170338A6754507.en',
7 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=09SA7lO-DJwC&dq=sailfish&pg=PA162'
] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127497#identifiers',
1 => 'https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Istiophorus/',
2 => 'https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Istiophorus',
3 => 'http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=3703',
4 => 'https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/55RH',
5 => 'https://www.gbif.org/species/2397970',
6 => 'https://inaturalist.org/taxa/89166',
7 => 'https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=172487',
8 => 'https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0001745597',
9 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=13574',
10 => 'https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/a3482403-1c21-4b36-9e78-f93049b51b7a',
11 => 'https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=954299',
12 => 'https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36055',
13 => 'https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=126012',
14 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551058805171',
15 => 'https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/fastest-fish.html',
16 => 'https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/55/4/719/634534/Not-So-Fast-Swimming-Behavior-of-Sailfish-during?searchresult=1',
17 => 'https://journals.biologists.com/bio/article/5/10/1415/1485/Maximum-swimming-speeds-of-sailfish-and-three',
18 => 'http://text2fa.ir/wp-content/uploads/Text2fa.ir-The-Sailfish-Optimizer-A-novel-nature-inspired-metaheuristic-algorithm-1.pdf',
19 => 'https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/istiophorus-platypterus/',
20 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170708230440/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/group/sailfish/',
21 => 'https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/group/sailfish/',
22 => 'https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/documents/ogatt/Istiophorus_albicans%20-%20Atlantic%20Sailfish.pdf',
23 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/24/us/florida-sailfish-stabs-woman/index.html',
24 => 'http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1784/20140444',
25 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VISEHbpHkn4',
26 => 'http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/283/1842/20161671',
27 => 'http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)31525-1',
28 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=HAoUFfVFtMcC&q=Living+in+Groups',
29 => 'https://www.timeoutdubai.com/sports-wellbeing/sport-wellbeing-features/3716-the-end-of-fishing-in-dubai'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.fishbase.org/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Istiophorus',
1 => 'http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1784/20140444',
2 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VISEHbpHkn4',
3 => 'http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/283/1842/20161671',
4 => 'http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)31525-1',
5 => 'https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Istiophorus/',
6 => 'https://www.gbif.org/species/2397970',
7 => 'https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=172487',
8 => 'https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0001745597',
9 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=13574',
10 => 'https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/group/sailfish/',
11 => 'https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=126012',
12 => 'https://australian.museum/learn/animals/fishes/sailfish-istiophorus-platypterus/',
13 => 'http://text2fa.ir/wp-content/uploads/Text2fa.ir-The-Sailfish-Optimizer-A-novel-nature-inspired-metaheuristic-algorithm-1.pdf',
14 => 'https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/istiophorus-platypterus/',
15 => 'https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/documents/ogatt/Istiophorus_albicans%20-%20Atlantic%20Sailfish.pdf',
16 => 'http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=3703',
17 => 'http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class',
18 => 'https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/fastest-fish.html',
19 => 'https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/55/4/719/634534/Not-So-Fast-Swimming-Behavior-of-Sailfish-during?searchresult=1',
20 => 'https://www.timeoutdubai.com/sports-wellbeing/sport-wellbeing-features/3716-the-end-of-fishing-in-dubai',
21 => 'https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Istiophorus',
22 => 'https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/a3482403-1c21-4b36-9e78-f93049b51b7a',
23 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20040501190625/http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Sailfish/Sailfish.html',
24 => 'https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/55RH',
25 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/24/us/florida-sailfish-stabs-woman/index.html',
26 => 'https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170338/6754507',
27 => 'https://journals.biologists.com/bio/article/5/10/1415/1485/Maximum-swimming-speeds-of-sailfish-and-three',
28 => 'https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022.RLTS.T170338A46649664.en',
29 => 'https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170338A6754507.en',
30 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=HAoUFfVFtMcC&q=Living+in+Groups',
31 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=09SA7lO-DJwC&dq=sailfish&pg=PA162',
32 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127497#identifiers',
33 => 'https://inaturalist.org/taxa/89166',
34 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170708230440/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/group/sailfish/',
35 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551058805171',
36 => 'https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=954299',
37 => 'https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36055'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><br />
</p><p><br />
</p><p><br />
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Description"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Hunting_behaviour"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Hunting behaviour</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Habitat"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Habitat</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Predators"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Predators</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Timeline"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Timeline</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sailfish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Considered by many scientists the fastest fish in the ocean,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> sailfish grow quickly, reaching 1.2–1.5 m (4–5 ft) in length in a single year, and feed on the surface or at middle depths on smaller <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a> <a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">forage fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>. Sailfish were previously estimated to reach maximum swimming speeds of 35 m/s (125 km/h), but research published in 2015 and 2016 indicate sailfish do not exceed speeds between 10–15 m/s (35–55 km/h). During predator–prey interactions, sailfish reached burst speeds of 7 m/s (25 km/h) and did not surpass 10 m/s (35 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-Marras2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marras2015-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Svendsen2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svendsen2016-3">[3]</a></sup>
Generally, sailfish do not grow to more than 3 m (10 ft) in length and rarely weigh over 90 kilograms (200 pounds).
</p><p>Some sources indicate that sailfish are capable of changing colours as a method of confusing prey, displaying emotion, and/or communicating with other sailfish.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>Sailfish have been documented attacking humans in self-defense; a 100-pound (45-kilogram) sailfish stabbed a woman in the groin when her party tried to catch it.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Hunting_behaviour">Hunting behaviour</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sailfish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hunting behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Sailfish have been reported to use their bills for hitting schooling fish by tapping (short-range movement) or slashing (horizontal large-range movement) at them.<sup id="cite_ref-Domenici2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domenici2014-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>The sail is normally kept folded down when swimming and only raised when the sailfish attack their prey. The raised sail has been shown to reduce sideways oscillations of the head, which is likely to make the bill less detectable by prey fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Marras2015_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marras2015-2">[2]</a></sup> This strategy allows sailfish to put their bills close to fish schools or even into them without being noticed by the prey before hitting them.<sup id="cite_ref-Domenici2014_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domenici2014-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>Sailfish usually attack one at a time, and the small teeth on their bills inflict injuries on their prey fish in terms of scale and tissue removal. Typically, about two prey fish are injured during a sailfish attack, but only 24% of attacks result in capture. As a result, injured fish increase in number over time in a fish school under attack. Given that injured fish are easier to catch, sailfish benefit from the attacks of their <a href="/wiki/Biological_specificity#Conspecific" title="Biological specificity">conspecifics</a> but only up to a particular group size.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert-Read2016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert-Read2016-11">[11]</a></sup> A mathematical model showed that sailfish in groups of up to 70 individuals should gain benefits in this way. The underlying mechanism was termed proto-cooperation because it does not require any spatial coordination of attacks and could be a precursor to more complex forms of group hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert-Read2016_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert-Read2016-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>The bill movement of sailfish during attacks on fish is usually either to the left or to the right side. Identification of individual sailfish based on the shape of their dorsal fins identified individual preferences for hitting to the right or left side. The strength of this side preference was positively correlated with capture success.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurvers2017_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurvers2017-12">[12]</a></sup> These side-preferences are believed to be a form of behavioural specialization that improves performance. However, a possibility exists that sailfish with strong side preferences could become predictable to their prey because fish could learn after repeated interactions in which direction the predator will hit. Given that individuals with right- and left-sided preferences are about equally frequent in sailfish populations, living in groups possibly offers a way out of this predictability. The larger the sailfish group, the greater the possibility that individuals with right- and left-sided preferences are about equally frequent. Therefore, prey fish should find it hard to predict in which direction the next attack will take place. Taken together, these results suggest a potential novel benefit of group hunting which allows individual predators to specialize in their hunting strategy without becoming predictable to their prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurvers2017_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurvers2017-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>The injuries that sailfish inflict on their prey appear to reduce their swimming speeds, with injured fish being more frequently found in the back (compared with the front) of the school than uninjured ones. When a sardine school is approached by a sailfish, the sardines usually turn away and flee in the opposite direction. As a result, the sailfish usually attacks sardine schools from behind, putting at risk those fish that are the rear of the school because of their reduced swimming speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Krause2017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krause2017-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Habitat">Habitat</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sailfish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The sailfish is an epipelagic and oceanic species and shows a strong tendency to approach continental coasts, islands and reefs tropical and temperate waters of the Pacific and Indian oceans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Sailfish in some areas are reliant on coral reefs as areas for feeding and breeding. As witnessed in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, the disappearance of coral reefs in a sailfish's habitat may be followed by the disappearance of the species from that area.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Predators">Predators</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sailfish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Predators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>When freshly hatched, sailfish are hunted by other fishes that mainly survive on eating plankton. The size of their predators increases as they grow, and adult sailfish are not eaten by anything other than larger predatory fish like open ocean shark species and <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orcas</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Timeline">Timeline</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sailfish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><timeline>
ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px
PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px
</p><p>Period = from:-65.5 till:10
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:-65.5
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-65.5
TimeAxis = orientation:hor
AlignBars = justify
</p><p>Colors =
</p>
<pre>#legends
id:CAR value:claret
id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196)
id:HER value:teal
id:HAD value:green
id:OMN value:blue
id:purple value:purple
id:white value:white
id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258)
id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32)
id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37)
id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42)
id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48)
id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1)
id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0)
id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68)
id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5)
id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68)
id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88)
</pre>
<p>BarData=
</p>
<pre>bar:eratop
bar:space
bar:periodtop
bar:space
bar:NAM1
bar:NAM2
bar:NAM3
bar:NAM4
</pre>
<pre>bar:space
bar:period
bar:space
bar:era
</pre>
<p>PlotData=
</p>
<pre>align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25
shift:(7,-4)
</pre>
<pre>bar:periodtop
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:<a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a>
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:<a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:<a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:<a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plio.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plio. (page does not exist)">Plio.</a>
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:<a href="/wiki/Pleist." class="mw-redirect" title="Pleist.">Pleist.</a>
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">H.</a>
</pre>
<pre>bar:eratop
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:<a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a>
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:<a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a>
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:<a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Q.</a>
</pre>
<p>PlotData=
</p>
<pre>align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left
</pre>
<pre>color:eocene bar:NAM1 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudohistiophorus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudohistiophorus (page does not exist)">Pseudohistiophorus</a>
color:miocene bar:NAM2 from: -23.03 till: 0 text: <a href="/wiki/Tetrapterus" title="Tetrapterus">Tetrapterus</a>
color:miocene bar:NAM3 from: -15.97 till: 0 text: <a href="/wiki/Istiophorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Istiophorus">Istiophorus</a>
color:miocene bar:NAM4 from: -11.608 till: 0 text: <a href="/wiki/Makaira" title="Makaira">Makaira</a>
</pre>
<p>PlotData=
</p>
<pre>align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25
</pre>
<pre>bar:period
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:<a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a>
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:<a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:<a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:<a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plio.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plio. (page does not exist)">Plio.</a>
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:<a href="/wiki/Pleist." class="mw-redirect" title="Pleist.">Pleist.</a>
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">H.</a>
</pre>
<pre>bar:era
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[PalReferences==
</pre>
<p>{{R
</p>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Istiophorus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="/wiki/Q127497" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q127497">Q127497</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="/wiki/Istiophorus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Istiophorus">Istiophorus</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Istiophorus/">Istiophorus</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Istiophorus">Istiophorus</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=3703">3703</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/55RH">55RH</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2397970">2397970</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/89166">89166</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=172487">172487</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0001745597">NHMSYS0001745597</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=13574">13574</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/a3482403-1c21-4b36-9e78-f93049b51b7a">a3482403-1c21-4b36-9e78-f93049b51b7a</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=954299">954299</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36055">36055</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=126012">126012</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Q127497#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551058805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUS_Department_of_Commerce" class="citation web cs1">US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/fastest-fish.html">"What is the fastest fish in the ocean?"</a>. <i>oceanservice.noaa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oceanservice.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=What+is+the+fastest+fish+in+the+ocean%3F&rft.aulast=US+Department+of+Commerce&rft.aufirst=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foceanservice.noaa.gov%2Ffacts%2Ffastest-fish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASailfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Marras2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marras2015_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marras2015_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marras S, Noda T, Steffensen JF, Svendsen MBS, Krause J, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Herbert-Read J & Domenic P 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/55/4/719/634534/Not-So-Fast-Swimming-Behavior-of-Sailfish-during?searchresult=1">"Not so fast: swimming behavior of sailfish during predator–prey interactions using high-speed video and accelerometry"</a>. <i>Integrative and Comparative Biology</i> <b>55</b>: 718-727.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Svendsen2016-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Svendsen2016_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Svendsen MBS, Domenici P, Marras S, Krause J, Boswell KM, Rodriguez-Pinto I, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Viblanc PE, Finger JS & Steffensen JF (2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.biologists.com/bio/article/5/10/1415/1485/Maximum-swimming-speeds-of-sailfish-and-three">"Maximum swimming speeds of sailfish and other large marine predatory fish species based on muscle contraction time: A myth revisited"</a>. <i>Biology Open</i>, <b>5</b>: 1415-1419.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShadravanNajiBardsiri" class="citation journal cs1">Shadravan, Soudeh; Naji, Hamid Reza; Bardsiri, Vahid Khatibi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://text2fa.ir/wp-content/uploads/Text2fa.ir-The-Sailfish-Optimizer-A-novel-nature-inspired-metaheuristic-algorithm-1.pdf">"The Sailfish Optimizer: A novel nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm for solving constrained engineering optimization problems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence</i>: 21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Engineering+Applications+of+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.atitle=The+Sailfish+Optimizer%3A+A+novel+nature-inspired+metaheuristic+algorithm+for+solving+constrained+engineering+optimization+problems&rft.pages=21&rft.aulast=Shadravan&rft.aufirst=Soudeh&rft.au=Naji%2C+Hamid+Reza&rft.au=Bardsiri%2C+Vahid+Khatibi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftext2fa.ir%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FText2fa.ir-The-Sailfish-Optimizer-A-novel-nature-inspired-metaheuristic-algorithm-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASailfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGardieff2017" class="citation web cs1">Gardieff, Susie (9 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/istiophorus-platypterus/">"Istiophorus platypterus"</a>. <i>Florida Museum of Natural History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Florida+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=Istiophorus+platypterus&rft.date=2017-05-09&rft.aulast=Gardieff&rft.aufirst=Susie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.floridamuseum.ufl.edu%2Fdiscover-fish%2Fspecies-profiles%2Fistiophorus-platypterus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASailfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708230440/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/group/sailfish/">"Sailfish"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. 11 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/group/sailfish/">the original</a> on July 8, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Sailfish&rft.date=2010-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fanimals%2Ffish%2Fgroup%2Fsailfish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASailfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mohammed, Nicholas J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/documents/ogatt/Istiophorus_albicans%20-%20Atlantic%20Sailfish.pdf">"Istiophorus albicans (Atlantic Sailfish)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Online+Guide+to+the+Animals+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago&rft.atitle=Istiophorus+albicans+%28Atlantic+Sailfish%29&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Mohammed&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsta.uwi.edu%2Ffst%2Flifesciences%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Flifesciences%2Fdocuments%2Fogatt%2FIstiophorus_albicans%2520-%2520Atlantic%2520Sailfish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASailfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHannah_Sarisohn_and_Carlos_Suarez2022" class="citation web cs1">Hannah Sarisohn and Carlos Suarez (24 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/24/us/florida-sailfish-stabs-woman/index.html">"Woman on fishing boat off Florida coast stabbed by 100-pound fish"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Woman+on+fishing+boat+off+Florida+coast+stabbed+by+100-pound+fish&rft.date=2022-07-24&rft.au=Hannah+Sarisohn+and+Carlos+Suarez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F07%2F24%2Fus%2Fflorida-sailfish-stabs-woman%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASailfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Domenici2014-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Domenici2014_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Domenici2014_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Domenici P, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Marras S, Herbert-Read JE, Steffensen JF, Krause S, Viblanc PE, Couillaud P & Krause J (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1784/20140444">"How sailfish use their bill to capture schooling prey"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society London B</i>, <b>281</b>: 20140444.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VISEHbpHkn4">Sailfish Hunting Sardines</a> – <i>Youtube</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Herbert-Read2016-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herbert-Read2016_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herbert-Read2016_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert-Read JE, Romanczuk P, Krause S, Strömbom D, Couillaud P, Domenici P, Kurvers RHJM, Marras S, Steffensen JF, Wilson ADM & Krause J (2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/283/1842/20161671">"Group hunting sailfish alternate their attacks on their grouping prey to facilitate hunting success"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society London B</i>, <b>283</b>: 20161671.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kurvers2017-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kurvers2017_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurvers2017_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurvers RHJM, Krause S, Viblanc PE, Herbert-Read JE, Zalansky P, Domenici P, Marras S, Steffensen JF, Wilson ADM, Couillaud P & Krause J (2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)31525-1">"The evolution of lateralisation in group hunting sailfish"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Krause2017-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krause2017_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krause J and Ruxton GD (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HAoUFfVFtMcC&q=Living+in+Groups"><i>Living in Groups</i></a> Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198508182" title="Special:BookSources/9780198508182">9780198508182</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJohn2009" class="citation web cs1">John, Smithson (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeoutdubai.com/sports-wellbeing/sport-wellbeing-features/3716-the-end-of-fishing-in-dubai">"Sailfish disappearance"</a>. <i>Timeoutdubai</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timeoutdubai&rft.atitle=Sailfish+disappearance&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Smithson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeoutdubai.com%2Fsports-wellbeing%2Fsport-wellbeing-features%2F3716-the-end-of-fishing-in-dubai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASailfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1713920253' |
