Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Canadian citizens of Ukrainian descent}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Ukrainian Canadians<br />Canadiens d'origine ukrainienne
| native_name = українські канадці
| native_name_lang = ua
| flag = {{flagicon|Ukraine}} {{flagicon|Canada}}
| image = Ukrainian Canadian population by province.svg
| image_caption = <div style="text-align: center>Ukrainian Canadians as percent of population by province & territory</div>
| population = 1,258,635 (by ancestry, <small>[[Canada 2021 Census|2021 Census]]</small>)<ref name="population2021"> {{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories and census divisions |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035701 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| region1 = {{flag|Alberta}}
| pop1 = 343,640 (8.1%)
| region2 = {{flag|Ontario}}
| pop2 = 342,260 (2.4%)
| region3 = {{flag|British Columbia}}
| pop3 = 210,100 (4.2%)
| region4 = {{flag|Manitoba}}
| pop4 = 165,305 (12.3%)
| region5 = {{flag|Saskatchewan}}
| pop5 = 138,705 (12.2%)
| langs = [[Canadian English]], [[Canadian Ukrainian]]<br><small>(also [[Quebec French]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Russian language|Russian]])</small>
| rels = [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada|Ukrainian Orthodox]], [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian Catholic]], [[Catholic Church in Canada|Roman Catholic]], [[Irreligion in Canada|Irreligious]]<ref>Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1863; Martynowych 2011; Swyripa, "Canada", p. 348.</ref>
| related = [[Polish Canadians]], [[Ukrainian Americans]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Slavs]]
}}
'''Ukrainian Canadians'''{{refn|{{lang-uk|Українські канадці, Україноканадці|translit=Ukraïns'kì kanadcì, Ukraïnokanadcì}}; {{lang-fr|Canadiens d'origine ukrainienne}}|name=Multilingual|group="N"}} are [[Canadians|Canadian citizens]] of [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] descent or [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]]-born people who immigrated to [[Canada]].
In the late 19th century, the first Ukrainian immigrants arrived in Canada. They were primarily farmers and laborers looking for a better life and economic opportunities. Most settled in the western provinces of Canada, particularly in [[Manitoba]], [[Saskatchewan]], and [[Alberta]]. These provinces offered fertile land and economic opportunities for farming, which was a familiar occupation for most Ukrainians. Ukrainian immigrants were able to establish a strong community in Canada. They built churches, community centers, and cultural organizations to preserve their language and traditions. After 1920 many moved to urban [[Ontario]].
During the early years of Ukrainian immigration to Canada, many immigrants faced discrimination and prejudice. Ukrainian immigrants were interned during [[World War I]] as a part of the confinement of those deemed to be "enemy aliens." Between 1914 and 1920, thousands of Ukrainian Canadians were interned in camps.
Today, Ukrainian Canadians continue to be an important part of Canada's cultural mosaic. They have made significant contributions to Canadian society and continue to preserve and celebrate their rich cultural heritage. In 2021, there were an estimated 1,258,635 persons of full or partial Ukrainian origin residing in Canada (the majority being Canadian-born citizens), making them [[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|Canada's eleventh largest ethnic group]]<ref name="population2021"/> and giving Canada the world's third-largest Ukrainian population behind [[Ukraine]] itself and [[Russia]]. Self-identified Ukrainians are the plurality in several rural areas of [[Canadian Prairies|Western Canada]].<ref>[http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E 2006 Census Community Profiles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824212152/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E |date=August 24, 2020 }}, see for example [[Division No. 12, Manitoba]].</ref> According to the 2011 census, of the 1,251,170 who identified as Ukrainian, only 144,260 (or 11.5%) could speak the [[Ukrainian language]] (including the [[Canadian Ukrainian]] dialect).<ref>[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1, National Household Survey Profile, Canada, 2011]</ref>
==History==
{{Historical populations
| title = Ukrainian Canadian<br>Population History
| type = Canada
| footnote = ''Source: [[Statistics Canada]]''<br /><ref name="population1871to1971">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=1999-07-29 |title=Historical statistics of Canada, section A: Population and migration - Archived |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/11-516-X |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{rp|17}}<ref name="population1901to1961">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title=1961 Census of Canada: population : vol. I - part 2 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : vol. I - partie 2. Ethnic groups. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.831160/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population1921to1971">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title=1971 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 3 = Recensement du Canada 1971 : population : vol. I - partie 3. Ethnic groups. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.834326/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population1981">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title=1981 Census of Canada : volume 1 - national series : population = Recensement du Canada de 1981 : volume 1 - série nationale : population. Ethnic origin. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.837638/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population1986">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title=Census Canada 1986 Profile of ethnic groups |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.676331/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population1986B">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= 1986 Census of Canada: Ethnic Diversity In Canada. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.576036/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population1991">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= 1991 Census: The nation. Ethnic origin. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.676069/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population1996">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-06-04 |title= Data tables, 1996 Census Population by Ethnic Origin (188) and Sex (3), Showing Single and Multiple Responses (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census96/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=5216&PRID=0&PTYPE=89103&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=9&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population2001">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-12-23
|title= Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas, and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=62911&PRID=0&PTYPE=55440&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=44&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population2006">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2020-05-01
|title= Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=92333&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population2011">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-01-23
|title= Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population2016">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-06-17
|title= Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population2021"/><br>{{smaller|''Note1: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus population is an undercount.''<br>''Note2: 1996-present census populations are undercounts, due to the creation of the "Canadian" ethnic origin category.''}}
|1901|5682
|1911|75432
|1921|106721
|1931|225113
|1941|305929
|1951|395043
|1961|473337
|1971|580660
|1981|529615
|1986|961310
|1991|1054295
|1996|1026475
|2001|1071060
|2006|1209090
|2011|1251170
|2016|1359655
|2021|1258635
}}
===Unconfirmed settlement before 1891===
Minority opinions among historians of Ukrainians in Canada surround theories that a small number of Ukrainians settled in Canada before 1891. Most controversial is the claim that Ukrainians may have been [[infantry]]men alongside [[Polish Canadians|Poles]] in the [[Swiss French people|Swiss French]] “[[De Watteville's Regiment]]” who fought for the [[George Prévost|British]] on the [[Niagara campaign|Niagara Peninsula]] during the [[War of 1812]] – it has been theorized that Ukrainians were among those soldiers who decided to stay in [[Upper Canada]] ([[southern Ontario]]).<ref name="Swyripa-1862">Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862.</ref> Other Ukrainians supposedly arrived as part of other immigrant groups; it has been claimed that individual Ukrainian families may have settled in [[Manitoba#Confederation|southern Manitoba]] in the mid- to late 1870s alongside [[block settlement]]s of [[Russian Mennonite|Mennonites]] and [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union|other Germans]] from the [[Russian Empire]].<ref name="Swyripa-1862" /> "[[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicians]]" are noted as being among the miners of the [[British Columbia gold rushes]] and figure prominently in some towns in that [[1871 in Canada#Events|new province]]'s first census in 1871 (these may have been Poles and [[Belarusians]] as well as Ukrainians).<ref>Canadian census, 1871</ref> Because there is so little definitive documentary evidence of individual Ukrainians among these three groups, they are not generally regarded as among the first Ukrainians in Canada.
===First wave: Settlers, 1891–1914===
[[File:Stamp of Ukraine s12 (1).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Post-independence [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] fifteen-[[Ukrainian karbovanets|kopiyka]] stamp commemorating the centennial of Ukrainian settlement in Canada, 1891–1991]]
{{see also|Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)#Immigration to the West|Block settlement#Ukrainian}}
{{further|Dominion Lands Act|Dominion Land Survey}}
During the nineteenth century, the territory inhabited by Ukrainians in Europe was divided between the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] and [[Russian Empire|Russian]] empires. The [[Cisleithania|Austrian crownlands]] of [[Galicia (eastern Europe)|Galicia]] and [[Bukovina]] were home to many Ukrainian speakers. Austrian Galicia was [[Poverty in Austrian Galicia|one of the poorest and most overpopulated regions in Europe]], and had experienced [[Famines in Austrian Galicia|a series of blights and famines]]. Emigration on a large scale from Galicia to the [[Balkans]] (the [[Slavonian Military Frontier|north-south border region]] of [[commons:File:Ukrainians in Croatia 2011.gif|Croatia]] and [[commons:File:Українці в Боснії і Герцеговині.JPG|Bosnia]]) and even to [[Ukrainian Brazilians|Brazil]] was already underway by 1891.
The first wave of Ukrainian immigration to Canada began with [[Iwan Pylypow|Iwan (''Ivan'') Pylypow]] and [[Wasyl Eleniak|Wasyl (''Vasyl{{'}}'') Eleniak]], who arrived in 1891, and brought several families to settle in 1892. Pylypow helped found the [[Edna-Star colony|Edna-Star Settlement]] east of [[Edmonton]], the first and largest Ukrainian [[block settlement]]. However, it is Dr [[Joseph Oleskiw|Josef Oleskow]],{{refn|Dr. Oleskow, who had a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in [[agronomy]], wrote two [[pamphlet]]s – "About Free Lands" (''Pro Vilni Zemli'', spring 1895), and "On Emigration" (''O emigrating'', December 1895) – which were widely read in the [[Prosvita]] halls of the Ukrainian areas of the Austrian Empire.|name=Oleskow|group="N"}} along with [[Cyril Genik]], who is considered responsible for the large Ukrainian Canadian population through their promotion of Canada as a destination for immigrants from western (Austrian-ruled) Ukraine in the late 1890s. Ukrainians from [[Central Ukraine]], which was ruled by the [[Russian Empire|Russian monarchy]], also came to Canada<ref name="Kukushkin-Luciuk-Kordan">Kukushkin, p. 30-54; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 3.</ref> – but in smaller numbers than those from Galicia and Bukovina. Approximately 170,000 Ukrainians from the Austro-Hungarian Empire arrived in Canada from September 1891 to August 1914.<ref name="Isajiw-Makuch-Swyripa">Isajiw and Makuch, p. 333; Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862.</ref>
[[Clifford Sifton]], Canada's [[Minister of the Interior (Canada)|Minister of the Interior]] from [[8th Canadian Ministry|1896 to 1905]], also encouraged Ukrainians from [[Austria-Hungary]] to immigrate to Canada since he wanted new [[Farmer|agricultural immigrants]] to populate [[Canadian Prairies|Canada's prairies]]. After retirement, Sifton defended the new Ukrainian and East European immigrants to Canada – who were not from the United Kingdom, the United States, Scandinavia, Iceland, France or Germany – by stating: {{cquote|I think that a stalwart peasant in a [[Kozhushanka|sheepskin coat]], born to the soil, whose forefathers have been farmers for ten generations, with a stout wife and a half-dozen children, is good quality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Quebec History Encyclopedia: Clifford Sifton |url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/CliffordSifton-CanadianHistory.htm |access-date=8 January 2017 |publisher=faculty.marianopolis.edu}}</ref>}}
This Ukrainian immigration to Canada was largely [[Farmer|agrarian]], and at first, Ukrainian Canadians concentrated in distinct block settlements in the [[parkland belt]] of the [[Canadian Prairies|prairie provinces]]: [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]], and [[Manitoba]]. While the Canadian Prairies are often compared to the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe|steppes of Ukraine]], the settlers came largely from Galicia and Bukovina – which are not steppe lands but are [[forest steppe|semi-wooded areas]] in the [[Eastern Carpathian Foothills|foothills of the Carpathian Mountains]]. This is why Ukrainians coming to Canada settled in the wooded [[aspen parkland]]s – in an arch from [[Winnipeg]] and [[Stuartburn, Manitoba]] to [[Edmonton]] and [[Leduc, Alberta]] – rather than the open prairies further south. Furthermore, the [[Manorialism|semi-feudal nature]] of land ownership in the Austrian Empire meant that in the "Old Country" people had to pay the ''pan'' (landlord) for all their firewood and lumber for building. Upon arriving in Canada, the settlers often demanded wooded land from federal ''[[Dominion Lands Act]]'' registry officials so that they could supply their own needs, even if this meant taking land that was less productive for crops. They also attached deep importance to settling near family, people from nearby villages, or other culturally similar groups, furthering the growth of the block settlements.
Fraternal and [[Friendly society|benevolent]] organizations established by these settlers include the [[Association of United Ukrainian Canadians|Ukrainian Labour Farmer Temple Association]] (ULFTA, affiliated with the [[Communist Party of Canada]]),<ref name="Swyripa-Luciuk-Kordan-Isajiw-Makuch">Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-47, 345.</ref> the Ukrainian Catholic Brotherhood (UCB, affiliated with the [[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Winnipeg|Ukrainian Catholic Church in Canada]]),<ref name="Swyripa-Luciuk-Kordan-Isajiw-Makuch" /> and the Ukrainian Self-Reliance League (USRL, affiliated with the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada]]).<ref name="Swyripa-Luciuk-Kordan-Isajiw-Makuch" /> The ULFTA transformed itself into the [[Association of United Ukrainian Canadians]] in 1946,<ref>Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1863; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-47, 345.</ref> the UCB and USRL are member organizations of the [[Ukrainian Canadian Congress]] today.<ref>Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1863; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 19; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-48.</ref>
By 1914, there were also growing communities of Ukrainian immigrants in eastern Canadian cities, such as [[Toronto]], [[Montreal]], [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], and [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]]. Many of them arrived from the provinces of [[Podolia#Russian Empire|Podillia]], [[Volhynia]], [[Kiev Governorate|Kyiv]] and [[Bessarabia#Population|Bessarabia]] in Russian-ruled Ukraine.<ref name="Kukushkin-Luciuk-Kordan" /> In the early years of settlement, Ukrainian immigrants faced considerable amounts of discrimination at the hands of [[Northwestern Europe|Northern European]] Canadians, an example of which was the [[Ukrainian Canadian internment|internment]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Satzewich, V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97gr-mzyWBsC&pg=PP1 |title=The Ukrainian Diaspora |date=2004 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780203217498 |access-date=January 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Allahar, A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlj5GaXXY3EC&pg=PA70 |title=Richer and Poorer: The Structure of Inequality in Canada |last2=Côté, J.E. |date=1998 |publisher=James Lorimer Limited, Publishers |isbn=9781550286106 |page=70 |access-date=January 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Subtelny |first=Orest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA547 |title=Ukraine: A History |date=2000 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9780802083906 |page=547 |access-date=January 8, 2017}}</ref>
===Internment (1914–1920)===
{{Main|Ukrainian Canadian internment}}
[[File:Castle mountain internment camp.jpg|thumb|235px|left|Commemorative plaque and a statue entitled ''"Why?" / "Pourquoi?" / "Чому (Chomu)?"'', by John Boxtel at the location of the [[Castle Mountain Internment Camp]], Banff National Park]]
[[File:Kapuskasing ON 3.JPG|thumb|265px|right|Commemorative statue entitled ''"Never Forget" / "Ne Jamais Oublier" / "Ніколи Не Забути (Nikoly Ne Zabuty)"'', by John Boxtel; and damaged plaque at the cemetery of the [[Kapuskasing#Internment camp|Kapuskasing Internment Camp]], Kapuskasing, northern Ontario<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 3, 2015 |title=100 years since first death in Kapuskasing internment camp |publisher=[[CBC News]] |location=[[Greater Sudbury|Sudbury]] |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/sudbury/100-years-since-first-death-in-kapuskasing-internment-camp-1.3095314 |access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>]]
From 1914 to 1920, the political climate of the [[World War I|First World War]] allowed the [[Government of Canada|Canadian Government]] to classify immigrants with [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] [[citizenship]] as "aliens of enemy nationality". This classification, authorized by the August 1914 ''[[War Measures Act]]'', permitted the government to legally compel thousands of Ukrainians in Canada to register with federal authorities. About 5,000 Ukrainian men, and some women and children, were [[Internment|interned]] at government camps and work sites. Although many Ukrainians were "[[Parole#Criminal justice|paroled]]" into jobs for private companies by 1917, the internment continued until June 20, 1920 – almost a year after the [[Treaty of Versailles]] was signed by Canada on June 28, 1919.
There are some two dozen Ukrainian-specific plaques and memorials in Canada commemorating Canada's first national internment operations, including several statues – on the fairgrounds of Canada's National Ukrainian Festival south of [[Dauphin, Manitoba|Dauphin]], [[Manitoba]], the grounds of the [[Manitoba Legislative Building]] in [[Winnipeg]]; and at the locations of the former internment camps in [[Castle Mountain Internment Camp|Banff National Park]], [[Alberta]], [[Trécesson, Quebec|Spirit Lake (La Ferme)]], [[Quebec]], and [[Kapuskasing#Internment camp|Kapuskasing]], [[Ontario]]. Most were placed by the [[Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association]] (UCCLA) and its supporters. On August 24, 2005, Prime Minister [[Paul Martin]] recognized the Ukrainian Canadian internment as a "dark chapter"<ref name="Globe+Mail">[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/ArticleNews/TPStory/LAC/20050825/UKRANIANS25/TPNational/TopStories PM Reaches out to Ukrainians] – The Globe and Mail, August 25, 2005</ref> in [[History of Canada|Canadian history]], and pledged $2.5 million to fund memorials and educational exhibits<ref name="Globe+Mail" /> although that funding was never provided.
On May 9, 2008, following the 2005 passage of [[Inky Mark]]'s Bill C-331, the Government of Canada, under Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]], established a $10 million fund<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=About the Fund |url=http://www.internmentcanada.ca/about-the-fund.cfm |access-date=April 15, 2014 |publisher=The Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund and The Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko |format=official website}}</ref> following several months of negotiation with the Ukrainian Canadian community's representatives, including the UCCLA, [[Ukrainian Canadian Congress]] and Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko (also known as the Shevchenko Foundation), establishing the Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund (CFWWIRF). The Endowment Council of the CFWWIRF uses the interest earned on that amount to fund projects that commemorate the experience of Ukrainians and other Europeans interned between 1914 and 1920. The funds are held in trust by the Shevchenko Foundation. Amongst the commemorative projects funded by the Endowment Council was the unveiling, simultaneously across Canada, of 115 bilingual plaques on August 24, 2014, recalling the 100th anniversary of the first implementation of the ''War Measures Act''. This was known as Project "Сто" ({{small|[[Romanization of Ukrainian|translit.]]}} ''Sto''; meaning "one hundred"), and organized by the UCCLA.
===Second wave: Settlers, workers and professionals, 1923–1939===
{{see also|Polonization#Ukrainians}}
[[File:A group of Ukrainian Canadians at a celebraton, Old Fort York, Toronto (I0001778).tif|alt=A group of male and female Ukrainian Canadians wearing cultural clothing.|thumb|A group of Ukrainian Canadians pictured at a celebration inside Toronto's [[Fort York|Old Fort York]], taken in May 1934. Photograph from the [[c:Category:Images from Archives of Ontario - F 1075 M. O. Hammond fonds|M.O. Hammond fonds]] held at the Archives of Ontario.]]
In 1923, the Canadian government modified the ''[[History of Canadian nationality law|Immigration Act]]'' to allow former subjects of the Austrian Empire to once again enter Canada – and Ukrainian immigration started anew.<ref>Swyripa, "Canada", p. 344.</ref> Ukrainians from western [[Volhynia]] – the [[Polesie Voivodeship|Polesie]] and [[Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939)|Wołyń Voivodeships]] (under Polish rule), and southern [[Bessarabia]] – also known as the [[Budjak]] (under Romanian rule), joined a new wave of emigrants from Polish-governed [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] and Romanian-governed [[Bukovina#Kingdom of Romania|Bukovina]]. Around 70,000 Ukrainians from [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], and [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]] arrived in Canada from 1923 to September 1939,<ref name="Isajiw-Makuch-Swyripa" />. However, the flow decreased severely after 1930 due to the [[Great Depression]].
Relatively little farmland remained unclaimed – the majority in the [[Peace River Country|Peace River region]] of northwestern Alberta – and less than half of this group settled as farmers in the [[Canadian Prairies|Prairie provinces]].<ref name="Isajiw-Makuch">Isajiw and Makuch, p. 333.</ref> The majority became workers in the growing industrial centers of [[southern Ontario]], the [[Montreal]] region, and the [[Eastern Townships]] of Quebec; the [[Underground mining (hard rock)|mines]], [[Smelting|smelters]] and [[Lumberjack|forests]] of [[Northern Ontario]]; and the small heavy industries of urban [[western Canada]].<ref name="Isajiw-Makuch" /> A few Ukrainian professionals and intellectuals were accepted into Canada at this time; they later became leaders in the Ukrainian Canadian community.<ref name="Isajiw-Makuch-Swyripa" />
The second wave was heavily influenced by the [[Ukrainian War of Independence|struggle for Ukrainian independence during the Russian Civil War]], and established two competing fraternal / [[Friendly society|benevolent]] organizations in Canada: the United Hetman Organization (UHO) in 1934<ref>Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-47, 345.</ref> – which supported the idea of a Ukrainian "[[Ukrainian State|Cossack kingdom]]" led by [[Pavlo Skoropadskyi]];<ref>Swyripa, "Canada", p. 351; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18.</ref> and the rival [[Ukrainian National Federation of Canada|Ukrainian National Federation]] (UNF) in 1932<ref>Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-48, 345; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18.</ref> – which supported the idea of an [[Ukrainian People's Republic|independent Ukrainian republic]] and politically supported the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists|armed Ukrainian nationalist insurgency]] in Polish-occupied Western Ukraine.<ref>Swyripa, "Canada", p. 351-52.</ref><ref name="Swyripa-TCE-EOU">Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862–63; Swyripa, "Canada", p. 352.</ref> The UHO ceased to exist by 1960, while the UNF continued to expand and became the largest and most influential Ukrainian organization in Canada, spearheading the creation of the coordinating Ukrainian Canadian Committee (later [[Ukrainian Canadian Congress]]) during World War II.{{refn|The UCC was the driving force in organizing the global umbrella World Congress of Free Ukrainians in the immediate postwar period; the WCFU would expand and be renamed the [[Ukrainian World Congress]] after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].|name=WorldCongress|group="N"}}
===Third wave: Workers, professionals, and political refugees, 1945–1980s===
{{see also|Ostarbeiter|Displaced persons camps in post–World War II Europe|Deschênes Commission}}
From 1945 to 1952, most Ukrainians coming to Canada were political refugees and Displaced Persons. In the aftermath of the Second World War, many Ukrainians who had been displaced by the war began to immigrate to Canada. These immigrants were often refugees who had been forced to flee their homes and were looking for a haven. In the 1950s and 1960s, many Ukrainians who had been living in displaced persons camps in Europe were allowed to immigrate to Canada. These immigrants were often highly skilled and educated, and they contributed to the growth and development of Canada's economy.
Another wave of Ukrainian immigration occurred in the 1970s and 1980s, driven by political and economic factors. Many Ukrainians were dissatisfied with the Soviet regime and its policies and were looking for greater freedoms and opportunities. Additionally, economic factors such as a shortage of jobs and a declining standard of living also played a role in driving migration.
During this period, many Ukrainian immigrants settled in urban areas, such as Toronto and Montreal, and found work in manufacturing and other industries. Despite facing some challenges with discrimination and prejudice, Ukrainian immigrants were able to establish strong communities in Canada and preserve their culture and heritage. The result was large Ukrainian communities in Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. They established several new organizations and affiliated newspapers, women's and youth groups, the most prominent of which was the Canadian League for the Liberation of Ukraine (renamed the League of Ukrainian Canadians after the collapse of the USSR in 1991). The League joined the Ukrainian Canadian Committee (later [[Ukrainian Canadian Congress]]) as a member organization in 1959.<ref>Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18.</ref>
===Fourth wave: Post-independence immigrants and recent refugees, 1991–present===
After the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, emigration from Ukraine increased. Rising levels of corruption, the dismantlement of some social services, low-paying employment as well as a loss of jobs in Ukraine, made immigration attractive once again. Many Ukrainians saw Canada as a land of opportunity and a place where they could build a better life for themselves and their families. The Canadian government also made it easier for Ukrainians to immigrate, offering various programs and initiatives designed to attract skilled workers and entrepreneurs. One of the most popular programs for Ukrainian immigrants was the Federal Skilled Worker Program, which allowed skilled workers to immigrate to Canada based on their education, work experience, language proficiency, and other factors. Many Ukrainians also immigrated to Canada through family sponsorship, as they had family members already living in Canada.<ref>Vibha Kaushik, and Julie Drolet, "Settlement and integration needs of skilled immigrants in Canada." ''Social Sciences'' 7.5 (2018): 76.</ref> In addition to economic opportunities, Ukrainians were also attracted to Canada's multicultural society and the freedom and rights afforded to its citizens. Many Ukrainian immigrants have made significant contributions to Canadian society in various fields, including business, academia, politics, and the arts.
==Participation in the Canadian economy==
In the first half of the twentieth century, Ukrainian Canadians overwhelmingly earned their livings in [[primary industry]] – predominantly in [[agriculture]], but also in [[mining]], [[logging]], [[construction]], and the extension of the [[Railways in Canada|Canadian railway system]];<ref name="UkrCanEncycdotcom">{{Cite web |title=Ukrainians of Canada |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ukrainians-canada |access-date=2 April 2022 |website=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |publisher=[[Cengage|Cengage Group]]}}</ref> most importantly as labor in completing the [[Transcontinental railroad#Canada|transcontinental mainlines]] of the [[Canadian Northern Railway]] and [[Grand Trunk Pacific Railway|Grand Trunk Pacific]], both then [[nationalization|nationalized]] and consolidated into the [[Canadian National Railway]] (CN). As agriculture became more mechanized and consolidated, male Ukrainian Canadians shifted into non-farm primary and [[secondary industry]] jobs, while women took jobs in [[domestic work]] and unskilled [[service industry|service industries]].<ref name="SwyripaLambertEncyc">{{Cite web |last1=Swyripa |first1=Frances A |last2=Lambert |first2=Maude-Emmanuelle |date=December 10, 2021 |title=Ukrainian Canadians |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ukrainian-canadians |access-date=2 April 2022 |website=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Historica Canada]]}}</ref> By 1971, only slightly more Ukrainian Canadians worked in agriculture than in the wider Canadian labor force. While they remain somewhat over-represented in agriculture today (7% versus 4% of all working Canadians) and underrepresented in elite managerial positions,<ref name="UkrCanEncycdotcom" /> Ukrainian Canadians have largely assimilated more into the broader economy, such that the Ukrainian Canadian workforce is now similar to that of Canada as a whole in nearly all other respects.<ref name="UkrCanEncycdotcom" /><ref name="SwyripaLambertEncyc" />
== Demography ==
{{image frame
|content={{Graph:Chart
|height=333
|width=666
|xAxisTitle=Year
|yAxisMin=0
|yAxisMax=2719310<!-- Max is based on a double ethnic Ukrainian population as per the latest census data (2016). -->
|xGrid=
|yAxisTitle=Population
|yGrid=
|y1Title=Canada
|type=line
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|x=1901, 1911, 1921, 1931, 1941, 1951, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016
|y1=5682, 75432, 106721, 225113, 305929, 395043, 473337, 580660, 529615, 961310, 1054295, 1026475, 1071060, 1209090, 1251170, 1359655
|colors=red,light blue,pink, blue,light green,orange}}
|caption=Canadians of Ukrainian descent total population (1901−2016)<br>{{smaller|''Note1: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus the population is an undercount.''<br>''Note2: 1996-present census populations are undercounts, due to the creation of the "Canadian" ethnic origin category.''}}
|border=no
}}
{{image frame
|content={{Graph:Chart
|height=333
|width=666
|xAxisTitle=Year
|yAxisMin=0
|yAxisMax=7.892<!-- Max is based on double ethnic Ukrainian percentage as per the latest census data (2016). -->
|xGrid=
|yAxisTitle=Percentage
|yGrid=
|y1Title=Canada
|type=line
|showSymbols=
|x=1901, 1911, 1921, 1931, 1941, 1951, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016
|y1=0.106, 1.047, 1.214, 2.169, 2.659, 2.820, 2.595, 2.692, 2.199, 3.842, 3.906, 3.598, 3.614, 3.870, 3.808, 3.946
|colors=red,light blue,pink,blue,light green,orange}}
|caption=Canadians of Ukrainian descent percentage of the total population (1901−2016)<br>{{smaller|''Note1: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus the population is an undercount.''<br>''Note2: 1996-present census populations are undercounts, due to the creation of the "Canadian" ethnic origin category.''}}
|border=no
}}
=== Population ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Ukrainian Canadian Population History<br>1901−2016
|-
!Year
!Population
!% of the total population
|-
|1901<br><ref name="population1871to1971"/>{{rp|17}}<ref name="population1901to1961"/>
| align="right" |5,682
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 5682 | 5371315 | 3 }}
|-
|1911<br><ref name="population1871to1971"/>{{rp|17}}<ref name="population1901to1961"/>
| align="right" |75,432
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 75432 | 7206643 | 3 }}
|-
|1921<br><ref name="population1871to1971"/>{{rp|17}}<ref name="population1901to1961"/><ref name="population1921to1971"/>
| align="right" |106,721
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 106721 | 8787949 | 3 }}
|-
|1931<br><ref name="population1871to1971"/>{{rp|17}}<ref name="population1901to1961"/><ref name="population1921to1971"/>
| align="right" |225,113
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 225113 | 10376786 | 3 }}
|-
|1941<br><ref name="population1871to1971"/>{{rp|17}}<ref name="population1901to1961"/><ref name="population1921to1971"/>
| align="right" |305,929
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 305929 | 11506655 | 3 }}
|-
|1951<br><ref name="population1871to1971"/>{{rp|17}}<ref name="population1901to1961"/><ref name="population1921to1971"/>
| align="right" |395,043
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 395043 | 14009429 | 3 }}
|-
|1961<br><ref name="population1871to1971"/>{{rp|17}}<ref name="population1901to1961"/><ref name="population1921to1971"/>
| align="right" |473,337
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 473337 | 18238247 | 3 }}
|-
|1971<br><ref name="population1871to1971"/>{{rp|17}}<ref name="population1921to1971"/>
| align="right" |580,660
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 580660 | 21568310 | 3 }}
|-
|1981<br><ref name="population1981"/>
| align="right" |529,615
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 529615 | 24083495 | 3 }}
|-
|1986<br><ref name="population1986"/><ref name="population1986B"/>
| align="right" |961,310
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 961310 | 25022010 | 3 }}
|-
|1991<br><ref name="population1991"/>
| align="right" |1,054,295
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 1054295 | 26994045 | 3 }}
|-
|1996<br><ref name="population1996"/>
| align="right" |1,026,475
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 1026475 | 28528125 | 3 }}
|-
|2001<br><ref name="population2001"/>
| align="right" |1,071,060
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 1071060 | 29639035 | 3 }}
|-
|2006<br><ref name="population2006"/>
| align="right" |1,209,090
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 1209090 | 31241030 | 3 }}
|-
|2011<br><ref name="population2011"/>
| align="right" |1,251,170
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 1251170 | 32852325 | 3 }}
|-
|2016<br><ref name="population2016"/>
| align="right" |1,359,655
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 1359655 | 34460065 |3}}
|-
|2021<br><ref name="population2021"/>
| align="right" |1,258,635
| align="right" |{{Percentage |1258635|36991981|3}}
|}
=== Language ===
{{see also|Ukrainian language}}
{{further|Canadian Ukrainian}}
[[File:Ukrainian Sign Hafford Saskatchewan 2011.jpg|thumb|right|Ukrainian language street signs alongside English ones in [[Hafford]], [[Saskatchewan]]]]
In addition to the official [[Canadian English|English]] and [[Quebec French|French]] languages, many [[Canadian Prairies|prairie]] public schools offer [[Ukrainian language]] education for children, including immersion programs. Generally, second language students are taught the local [[Canadian Ukrainian]] dialect, rather than Standard Ukrainian.
The Canadian Ukrainian dialect is based on the Ukrainian spoken by the first wave of immigrants from the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] from 1891 to 1914. Because the Ukrainian language of this era had no words for such things as [[agricultural machinery]] other than a plow, words for wildlife or vegetation common to North America and uncommon in Ukraine, words related to the [[Car|automobile]] or other self-propelled vehicles on roads, or words for [[internal combustion engine]]-powered or [[Electric motor|electrically]]-powered [[Power tool|tools]] or [[home appliance]]s of any kind, extensive borrowings and adaptations from [[Canadian English]] were independently made by Ukrainian settlers in the [[block settlement]]s of the [[Canadian Prairies|Prairies]] during their first decades in Canada. The decline of regular communication with relatives in Ukraine, especially the severe restrictions between [[German invasion of Poland|1939]] and [[Glasnost#Gorbachev|1989]], further isolated the Western Canadian Ukrainian dialect from an evolving Ukrainian language in [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Ukraine]]. Now, immigrants from Ukraine to Western Canada since 1991, speaking Ukrainian, find the Canadian Ukrainian dialect old-fashioned and sometimes strange, for modern Ukrainian no longer uses some of the expressions and vocabulary common to the Canadian dialect – or, in the case of the Canadian loan words and adaptations, never did use, because Standard Ukrainian either invented other terms or borrowed and adapted from other languages, such as [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]] or Russian.
There are a few [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Toronto and Eastern Canada|Ukrainian Catholic]] elementary schools in the [[Greater Toronto Area]], including [[Demetrius of Thessaloniki|St. Demetrius]] [[Toronto Catholic District School Board|Catholic Elementary school]], [[Josaphat Kuntsevych|St. Josaphat]] Catholic Elementary school, and [[Josyf Slipyj|Josef Cardinal Slipyj]] Elementary school, all in [[Etobicoke]]; as well as [[Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv|St. Sofia]] [[Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board|Catholic Elementary school]] in [[Mississauga]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Callan |first1=Isaac |last2=Rocca |first2=Ryan |title=Students attend Toronto Ukrainian schools after fleeing war with Russia |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8740558/ukrainian-students-toronto-school-boards/ |date=April 6, 2022 |publisher=[[CIII-DT|Global Toronto]] |access-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref>
=== Religion ===
{{See also|History of Christianity in Ukraine}}
{{further|Byzantine Rite Christianity in Canada|Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Winnipeg|Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada|Tin Can Cathedral|Ukrainian Evangelical Baptist Convention of Canada}}
[[File:St Georges.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Cathedral of St. George (Saskatoon)|St. George's Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral, Saskatoon]].]]
[[File:St Volodymyr's (Toronto).JPG|thumb|200px|right|[[St. Volodymyr's Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral (Toronto)|St. Volodymyr's Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral, Toronto]].]]
Most Ukrainians who came to Canada from Galicia were [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian Catholic]] and those from Bukovina were [[Orthodox Church of Ukraine|Ukrainian Orthodox]]. However, the people of both churches faced a [[Eastern Catholic clergy in Ukraine|shortage of priests]] in Canada. The Ukrainian Catholic clergy came into conflict with the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Edmonton|Roman Catholic hierarchy]] because they were not celibate and wanted a separate governing structure. At the time, the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] was the only [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] church that operated in North America – because they had arrived first via [[Russian America|Alaska]], and traditionally Orthodox churches are [[Eastern Orthodox Church organization|territorially exclusive]]. However, Ukrainians in Canada were suspicious of being controlled by Russia, first by the [[Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality|Tsarist government]] and later by the Soviets. Partially in response to this, the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada]] was created as a wholly Ukrainian Canadian-controlled alternative. Also, the Ukrainian Catholic clergy were eventually given a [[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Winnipeg|separate structure]] from the [[Catholic Church in Canada|Roman Church]].
{{clear}}
== Geographical distribution ==
:{{small|1=''Information in this section taken from Statistics Canada, 2016.''}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2020 |title=2016 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations | Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/index-eng.cfm |access-date=January 11, 2020 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref>
=== Provinces & territories ===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Province / Territory !! Percent Ukrainian
!Total Ukrainians
|-
| {{flag|Alberta}} || 9.3%
|369,090
|-
| {{flag|British Columbia}} || 5.0%
|229,205
|-
| {{flag|Manitoba}} || 14.5%
|180,055
|-
| {{flag|New Brunswick}} || 0.5%
|3,535
|-
| {{flag|Newfoundland and Labrador}} || 0.3%
|1,350
|-
| {{flag|Northwest Territories}} || 3.2%
|1,290
|-
| {{flag|Nova Scotia}} ||1.0%
|9,115
|-
| {{flag|Nunavut}} ||0.5%
|190
|-
| {{flag|Ontario}} || 2.8%
|376,440
|-
| {{flag|Prince Edward Island}} || 0.7%
|930
|-
| {{flag|Quebec}} || 0.5%
|42,550
|-
| {{flag|Saskatchewan}} || 13.4%
|143,700
|-
| {{flag|Yukon}} || 6.3%
|2,205
|-
! ''Total'' || 3.9% || 1,359,655
|}
=== Cities ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="height:42px; background-color:#E9E9E9"
! style="width:60px;" rowspan=2 | City
! style="width:60px;" rowspan=2 | Population
! style="width:60px;" rowspan=2 | Ukrainian Population
! style="width:60px;" rowspan=2 | Percentage of Ukrainians<br />(out of total population)
! style="width:60px;" rowspan=2 | Percentage of all Canadian Ukrainians
|-
| [[Calgary]]
| 1,239,220
| 77,670
| 6.4%
| 5.7%
|-
| [[Edmonton]]
| 932,546
| 98,820
| 10.8%
| 7.3%
|-
| [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]
| 536,917
| 18,990
| 3.6%
| 1.4%
|-
| [[Montreal]]
| 1,704,694
| 18,010
| 1.1%
| 1.3%
|-
| [[Ottawa]]
| 923,243
| 24,965
| 2.7%
| 1.8%
|-
| [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]]
| 215,106
| 26,590
| 12.6%
| 2.0%
|-
| [[Saskatoon]]
| 246,376
| 38,600
| 16.0%
| 2.8%
|-
| [[Toronto]]
| 2,721,571
| 72,345
| 2.7%
| 5.3%
|-
| [[Vancouver]] ([[Metro Vancouver Regional District|Metro Vancouver]])
| 2,463,431
| 94,400
| 3.9%
| 6.9%
|-
| [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]
| 85,792
| 5,015
| 6.1%
| 0.4%
|-
| [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]]
| 217,188
| 6,165
| 2.9%
| 0.5%
|-
| [[Winnipeg]]
| 705,244
| 99,365
| 14.4%
| 7.3%
|}
[[File:Canada ethnic origin map 2021.png|thumb|right|300px|Map of the dominant self-identified ethnic origins of ancestors per [[census division]]. The actual physical origins of ancestors may be different. Ukrainian plurality areas are highlighted in [[teal]]. Note that Ukrainians are a significant minority elsewhere, and that, numerically, most Ukrainian Canadians live in cities.]]
:{{small|1=''Information in this section taken from both [http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E 2006 Census Community Profiles], and Statistics Canada, 2016.''}}
The provinces with the largest Ukrainian populations (single and multiple origins, 2006) are Ontario, 336,355; Alberta, 332,180; British Columbia, 197,265; Manitoba, 167,175; Saskatchewan 129,265; and Quebec, 31,955. In terms of proportion of the total population, the most Ukrainian provinces and territories are Manitoba (15%), Saskatchewan (13%), Alberta (10%), Yukon (5%), British Columbia (5%), and Ontario (3%).
The metropolitan regions with the largest Ukrainian populations (single and multiple origins, 2006) are Edmonton, 144,620; Toronto, 122,510; Winnipeg, 110,335; Vancouver, 81,725; Calgary, 76,240; Saskatoon, 38,825; Hamilton, 27,080; Montreal, 26,150; Regina, 25,725; Ottawa-[[Gatineau, Quebec|Gatineau]], 21,520; [[St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines]]-[[Niagara Falls, Ontario|Niagara]], 20,990; [[Thunder Bay, Ontario|Thunder Bay]], 17,620; [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], 15,020; [[Kelowna, British Columbia|Kelowna]], 13,425; [[Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa]], 12,555; [[London, Ontario|London]], 10,765; and [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]], 10,425.
The Census Divisions with the largest percentage of Ukrainians (single and multiple origins, 2006) are Manitoba #12 (25%), Alberta #10 (20%), Alberta #12 (19%), Manitoba #11 (15%), Manitoba #7 (13%), Manitoba #10 (12%), Manitoba #9 (12%), Manitoba #2 (10%).
There are several smaller rural communities in Western Canada with significant proportions of Ukrainians (single and multiple origins, 2016), including: [[Canora, Saskatchewan]] (52.6%), [[Speers, Saskatchewan]] (50%), [[Andrew, Alberta]] (48%), [[Mundare|Mundare, Alberta]] (46%), [[Bradwell, Saskatchewan]] (41%), [[Vilna, Alberta]] (40%), [[Smoky Lake|Smoky Lake, Alberta]] (39%), [[Hafford|Hafford, Saskatchewan]] (39%).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=8 February 2017 |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
== Culture ==
{{See also|Ukrainian culture}}
Having been separated from Ukraine, Ukrainian Canadians have developed their own distinctive Ukrainian culture in Canada. To showcase their unique hybrid culture, Ukrainian Canadians have created institutions that showcase Ukrainian Canadian culture such as [[Edmonton]]'s [[Cheremosh Ukrainian Dance Company|Cheremosh]] and [[Ukrainian Shumka Dancers|Shumka]] troupes – among the world's elite [[Ukrainian dance]]rs; or the [[Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village]] – a living-history museum approximately 39 kilometers east of Edmonton where Ukrainian [[Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)#Immigration to the West|pioneer buildings]] are displayed along with extensive cultural exhibits.
Ukrainian Canadians have also contributed to [[Culture of Canada|Canadian culture]] as a whole. Actress and comedian [[Luba Goy]], singer [[Gloria Kaye]],<ref>Czuboka, p. 211-212.</ref> ''[[Jeopardy!]]'' host [[Alex Trebek]], hockey executive [[Kyle Dubas]], and painter [[William Kurelek]], for example, are well-known outside the Ukrainian community.
Perhaps one of the most lasting contributions Ukrainian Canadians have made to the wider culture of Canada is the concept of [[multiculturalism]],<ref name="SwyripaLambertEncyc" /><ref name="Cuenco2021">{{Cite journal |last=Cuenco |first=Michael |date=Spring 2021 |title=A Tale of Two Immigration Systems: Canada and the United States |url=https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2021/02/a-tale-of-two-immigration-systems-canada-and-the-united-states/ |journal=[[American Affairs]] |publisher=American Affairs Foundation Inc |volume=V |issue=1}}</ref> which was promoted as early as 1963 by [[Senate of Canada|Senator]] [[Paul Yuzyk]].<ref name=Cuenco2021/> During and after the debates surrounding the [[Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism]], Ukrainian leaders, such as linguist [[Jaroslav Rudnyckyj]], came out in force against the idea of [[Constitutional debate in Canada|English – French]] [[biculturalism]],<ref name=Cuenco2021/> which they believed denied the contributions other peoples had made to Canada. Partly in response to this, Prime Minister [[Pierre Trudeau]] shifted Canada to a policy of official multiculturalism; notably, the day after the [[Canadian Multiculturalism Policy of 1971]] was officially announced, Trudeau gave a forceful speech in support of the policy at a national assembly of the [[Ukrainian Canadian Congress]] in Winnipeg.<ref name=Cuenco2021/>
===Architecture===
{{see also|Vernacular architecture of the Carpathians}}
The Western Ukrainian agricultural settlers brought with them a style of folk architecture dominated by buildings made of unprocessed logs, which were much better suited to the wooded [[aspen parkland|parkland belt]] rather than the "bald prairie". The first house built – usually a ''[[burdei]]'' – used some sod; but was not exactly a [[sod house|sod hut]], more like a [[dugout (shelter)|dugout]]. The second house was often a white-washed and plastered [[log cabin]] usually with a thatched roof, very similar to those seen in Ukraine. Barns, chicken coops, [[granary|granaries]], and so on were all built using the same techniques as the houses. By the 1930s most Ukrainian Canadians adopted the building styles of the North American mainstream including [[framing (construction)|framed homes and barns]] built from commercial plans and using milled lumber.
Early churches, built by pioneer farmers rather than trained builders, were log cabins with a few added decorations. They aspired to the designs of [[wooden churches in Ukraine|Ukraine's wooden churches]] but were much more humble. Latter churches – such as the "prairie cathedral" style of Father [[Philip Ruh]], using a mixture of Byzantine and Western influences – were much more decorative.
===Politics===
Many Ukrainians fled [[Tsarist autocracy|Russia]], [[Polonization#Ukrainians|Poland]],<ref name="Swyripa-TCE-EOU" /> and later, the Soviet Union, to find freedom and a better life in Canada. For them, Canada became "an anti-Russia", where they could realize their political and economic ideas. Most Ukrainian Canadians were [[Anti-Sovietism|anti-Soviet]], yet a minor group of Ukrainians has [[Ukrainian Social Democratic Party (Canada)|since 1910]] supported [[Socialism and social democracy in Canada|Canadian socialism]] and contributed to the formation of the [[Communist Party of Canada]], and formed a significant bloc within that group. They were also active in other [[Marxism|Marxist]] organizations like the [[Association of United Ukrainian Canadians|Ukrainian Labour Farmer Temple Association]] (ULFTA). Ukrainians also played a central role in the 1930s formation of the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] (CCF) and the 1960s formation of the [[New Democratic Party]]. Ukrainians were a notable portion of the [[Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion]] of Canadians who volunteered and fought in the [[Spanish Civil War]] on the side of the [[Second Spanish Republic|leftist republican government]] against the nationalist troops of [[Generalissimo|Generalísimo]] [[Francisco Franco]].
Ukrainians in Canada at first supported the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]] federally and [[Liberalism in Canada#Liberal parties|provincially]], a minority moved towards the [[Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years#New parties|1930s protest parties]] of [[Social Credit Party of Canada|Social Credit]] and the CCF federally and provincially. The vocal anti-communism of [[John Diefenbaker]] in the 1950s led the more nationalist-minded to support the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|federal Progressive Conservatives]]. Today's Ukrainian community tends to vote based on economic class interests and [[List of regions of Canada|regional]] preferences.<ref>Swyripa, "Canada", p. 348.</ref>
The nationalist movement, through the [[Ukrainian National Federation of Canada|Ukrainian National Federation]] and the Canadian League for the Liberation of Ukraine, was also an important part of the community. After Ukraine became independent Canada was one of the first nations to recognize Ukraine. From 1992 to 1994, Ukrainian Canadians were vital in fundraising to purchase a building in [[Ottawa]] to house the [[Embassy of Ukraine, Ottawa|Embassy of Ukraine]]. As well, Canada has recognized the ''[[Holodomor]]'' (Ukrainian Famine) as an act of genocide. Canada also sent many observers to Ukraine during the disputed [[2004 Ukrainian presidential election|2004 presidential election]] (see: [[Orange Revolution]]). The [[Global Affairs Canada|Government of Canada]] as well as its provincial governments – especially the Ukrainian strongholds in [[Alberta]], [[Manitoba]], and [[Saskatchewan]] – do much to support Ukraine's economic and political development.
The Ukrainian Canadians had and have much more influence in Canadian society and policy than any other East European group; therefore they have had several prominent figures in top positions. [[Ray Hnatyshyn]] was the 24th [[List of Governors-General of Canada#Under Elizabeth II (1952–present)|Governor General of Canada]] (1990–1995) and the first Governor General of Ukrainian descent. Ukrainians were also elected leaders of Canada's prairie provinces: [[Gary Filmon]] was [[List of premiers of Manitoba|Premier of Manitoba]] (1988–1999), nearly simultaneously with Hnatyshyn, and [[Roy Romanow]] was [[List of premiers of Saskatchewan|Premier of Saskatchewan]] (1991–2001), also partly at the same time as Filmon and Hnatyshyn.<ref name="Hans-Joachim Hoppe">[[Hans-Joachim Hoppe]]: {{in lang|de}} "[http://www.nzz.ch/nachrichten/kultur/literatur_und_kunst/ukrainische_weiten_1.3544822.html Ukrainian vastnesses – Canada was and is for many East Europeans a country of prophecy]", in: [[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]], no. 211, September 12/13, 2009, p. B3.</ref>
[[Ed Stelmach]] became [[List of premiers of Alberta|Premier of Alberta]] in 2006 as the third [[Premier (Canada)|provincial premier]] of Ukrainian descent. He succeeded [[Ralph Klein]] (1992–2006), who had [[Cabinet (government)|cabinets]] with many Ukrainian ministers. Stelmach himself is the grandson of Ukrainian immigrants and speaks fluent Ukrainian.<ref name="Hans-Joachim Hoppe" /> He left office in October 2011.
[[Chrystia Freeland]], the Liberal [[Deputy Prime Minister of Canada]], is of Ukrainian descent and speaks Ukrainian. [[Rona Ambrose]] ([[Birth name#Maiden and married names|née]] Chapchuk), who was [[Leader of the Opposition (Canada)|Leader of the Opposition]] and interim Conservative party leader from 2015 to 2017, is of Ukrainian descent.
===Arts===
{{See also|Ukrainian dance}}
[[File:UkrainianDance.jpg|thumb|200px|left|A Ukrainian dance troupe at the [[British Columbia|BC]] Ukrainian Cultural Festival]]
[[File:VegrevillePysanka.JPG|thumb|right|In 1974, what was then the world's largest ''[[pysanka]]'' was erected in [[Vegreville]], [[Alberta]], commemorating the 100th anniversary of the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]]. It has since been exceeded by a pysanka built in Ukraine.]]
Canada is home to some very vibrant [[Ukrainian dance]] groups. Some examples of Ukrainian dance ensembles in Canada are the [[Ukrainian Shumka Dancers]] and the [[Cheremosh Ukrainian Dance Company]] in [[Edmonton]], the ''Rusalka'' Ukrainian Dance Ensemble and ''Rozmai'' Ukrainian Dance Company in [[Winnipeg]], the [[Svitanok Ukrainian Dance Ensemble]] in [[Ottawa]], [[Saskatoon]]'s [[Rushnychok Ukrainian Folk Dance Association]], and hundreds of other groups.
The Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko provides some financial support for Ukrainian Canadian performing, [[Literature|literary]] and [[visual arts]].
Ukrainians in general are noted for their elaborately decorated Easter Eggs or ''[[Pysanka|pysanky]]'', and that is also true in Canada. The world's second-largest pysanka is in [[Vegreville]], [[Alberta]].
Ukrainian Canadian churches are also famous for their [[onion dome]]s, which have elaborately painted [[mural]]s on their interior and for their [[iconostasis]], or [[icon]] walls.
=== Literature and academia ===
Ukrainian Canadians have contributed to the literature of Canada and the field of folklore.
Professor of folklore and Kule Chair Emerita at the [[University of Alberta]], [[Natalie Kononenko]], is well respected and has made numerous contributions to her field.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Paths of Folklore: Essays in Honor of Natalie Kononenko {{!}} Slavica Publishers |url=https://slavica.indiana.edu/bookListings/literature/The_Paths_of_Folklore |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=slavica.indiana.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Natalie Kononenko {{!}} Kule Centre for Ukrainian and Canadian Folklore |url=https://www.ualberta.ca/kule-folklore-centre/people/natalie-kononenko.html |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=www.Alberta.ca}}</ref> In 2023, [[Natalie Kononenko|Kononenko]] published a book entitled, "Ukrainian Ritual on the Prairies: Growing a Ukrainian Canadian Identity.".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kononenko |first=Natalie |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.3078916 |title=Ukrainian Ritual on the Prairies: Growing a Ukrainian Canadian Identity |date=2023 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |doi=10.2307/jj.3078916 |isbn=978-0-2280-1681-6|s2cid=258683362 }}</ref>
From [[British Columbia]], Ukrainian Canadian author Danny Evanishen wrote and published more than eleven books retelling [[Ukrainian fairy tale|Ukrainian folk tales]] in [[English language|English]] and sharing stories from his childhood and travel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Herald |first=Special to The |date=2022-03-30 |title=Rock star volunteer, meet Danny Evanishen |url=https://www.pentictonherald.ca/life/article_fe1a899c-b04f-11ec-91f5-6375f2378de7.html |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Penticton Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Danny Evanishen |url=http://www.canadianauthors.net/e/evanishen_danny/ |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Canadian Books & Authors}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Danny Evanishen's home page |url=http://www.ethnic.bc.ca/devanishen/index.html |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=www.ethnic.bc.ca}}</ref>
===Music===
Ukrainian Canadian musicians and groups include [[Randy Bachman]], the [[Canadian Bandurist Capella]], [[Ron Cahute]], [[Rick Danko]], Victor Mishalow, [[Chantal Kreviazuk]], [[Gordie Johnson]], ''[[Canadian Idol]]'' season 2 runner-up [[Theresa Sokyrka]], [[Zirka (band)|Zirka]] from Toronto, [[D-Drifters-5|D-Drifters]] from Winnipeg, [[Cheremshyna (ensemble)]] from Montreal, [[Sons of the Steppes|Sons of the Steppes (known as '''Сини степів''' or '''''Syny Stepiv''''')]] from Montreal, Wasyl Kohut of the progressive rock band [[CANO]], and [[Rushnychok]] from Montreal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rushnychok |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/3970692-Rushnychok |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Discogs |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Рушничок {{!}} Золотий Фонд української естради |url=http://www.uaestrada.org/ansambli/rushnychok/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Рушничок - пісні, біографія - Українські пісні |url=https://www.pisni.org.ua/persons/1830.html |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=www.pisni.org.ua |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Rushnychok- Ukrainian Music and Friends |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OsTHB9AK43w |access-date=2023-08-07 |language=en}}</ref> The Edmonton-based group the [[Kubasonics]] focuses on a [[folk fusion]] of traditional Ukrainian music with modern touches.
===Food===
{{See also|Ukrainian cuisine}}
Cultural food is an important part of Ukrainian culture. Special foods used at Easter as well as Christmas are not made at any other time of the year. In fact on Christmas Eve (January 6{{refn|Because Ukrainian Canadians are the largest [[Eastern Church|Eastern Christian]] group in Canada, January 6–7 is commonly referred to by Canadians of all origins as "Ukrainian Christmas".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Popeski |first=Ron |date=January 6, 2016 |title=Opinion – Should Ukrainians do away with Ukrainian Christmas? |publisher=[[CBWT-DT|CBC Manitoba]] |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/ukrainian-christmas-comment-1.3392177 |access-date=December 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Joyous, family celebration marks Ukrainian Christmas |work=[[Winnipeg Sun]] |url=http://www.winnipegsun.com/news/winnipeg/2009/01/07/7940171-sun.html |access-date=January 8, 2017}}</ref>|name=Christmas|group="N"}} in the [[Gregorian calendar]]), a [[Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper|special twelve-dish meatless meal]] is served. The best-known foods are ''[[Borscht|borshch]]'' (a vegetable soup, usually with beets), ''[[Cabbage roll|holobtsi]]'' (cabbage rolls), ''[[Pierogi|pyrohy]]'' or ''varenyky'' (dumplings often called "perogies"), and ''[[Kielbasa|kovbasa]]'' ([[sausage]]).
Several items of Ukrainian food and culture have been enshrined with [[roadside attraction]]s throughout the Prairie provinces. These are celebrated in the polka ''[[Giants of the Prairies]]'' by the [[Kubasonics]]. For example, the world's largest perogy is in [[Glendon, Alberta]],<ref>[https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/giant-perogy Giant Perogy – Glendon, Canada – Atlas Obscura]</ref> and the world's biggest ''kovbasa'' is in [[Mundare|Mundare, Alberta]].<ref>[https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-world-s-largest-sausage The World's Largest Sausage – Mundare, Canada – Atlas Obscura]</ref>
===Institutions===
There are several Ukrainian Canadian institutions, mostly affiliated with an umbrella organization or with a university, such as:
* '''[[Association of United Ukrainian Canadians]]''' – established in 1918; historically, the other largest Ukrainian Canadian institution, previously called the [[Association of United Ukrainian Canadians|Ukrainian Labour Farmer Temple Association]] and connected with [[socialism in Canada]] and the labor movement, including:
** [[Ivan Franko Museum]] in [[Winnipeg]]
** [[Taras Shevchenko Museum]] in [[Toronto]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Infoukes.com |title=Taras Shevchenko Museum – the only Shevchenko Museum in the Americas |url=http://www.infoukes.com/shevchenkomuseum}}</ref>
** [[Ukrainian Labour Temple]] in Winnipeg
* [[Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association]], an independent group dedicated to the articulation and defense of the Ukrainian Canadian community's interests
* '''[[Ukrainian Canadian Congress]]''' – established in 1940; the largest of any Ukrainian Canadian institutions, an umbrella organization of nationalist and historically anti-Soviet organizations; including provincial councils, local branches, and member organizations such as:
** [[Plast]] Ukrainian Youth Association in Canada
** [[Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre]]
** [[SUSK|Ukrainian Canadian Students’ Union]]
** [[Ukrainian Museum of Canada]], based in [[Saskatoon]] with branches in the other major cities
** [[Ukrainian National Federation of Canada]], and its [[Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Centre]] in Winnipeg
* Various institutions at Canadian universities, including:
** [[University of Alberta#Arts and humanities research|Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies]] ([[University of Alberta]] and [[University of Toronto]])
** [[Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies]] ([[University of Manitoba]])
** [[Kule Folklore Centre]] (University of Alberta)
** [[Prairie Centre for the Study of Ukrainian Heritage]] ([[University of Saskatchewan]])
** [[St. Andrew's College, Manitoba|St. Andrew's College]] ([[University of Manitoba]]), seminary of the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada]]
** [[St. Petro Mohyla Institute]], student residence in [[Saskatoon]]
==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File: Dr. Joseph Oleskow.jpg|Dr. Joseph Oleskow in 1896, before his second voyage to Canada
File:Ukranian Museum of Canada.JPG|Ukrainian Museum of Canada, [[Saskatoon]]
File:Ukrainians in Saskatoon.JPG|Ukrainian Museum of Canada workers in traditional dress outside the Saskatoon museum
File:Ukrainian Cultural & Educational Centre - Winnipeg 2010.jpg|Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Centre "''Oseredok''", [[Winnipeg]]
File:Edmonton Ukrainian orchestra.jpg|A Ukrainian folk music "orchestra" associated with the then Mykhailo Hrushevsky Institute of [[Edmonton]], now known as St John's Institute
File:St. Petro Mohyla Institute.JPG|St Petro Mohyla Institute, Saskatoon
File:St. Vladimir Institute, Toronto.jpg|St Vladimir Institute, [[Toronto]]
File:Sheptytsky Institute.JPG|Former Sheptytsky Institute building at the [[University of Saskatchewan]] in [[Saskatoon]]
</gallery>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Ukraine|Canada}}
{{commons category|Ukrainian diaspora in Canada}}
* [[List of Ukrainian Canadians]]
* [[List of Canadian place names of Ukrainian origin]]
* [[Canada–Ukraine relations]]
* [[European Canadians]]
* [[Ukrainian Americans]]
* [[Toronto Ukrainian Genealogy Group]]
== Notes ==
{{reflist|group="N"}}
== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|2}}
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1985 |title=Ukrainians |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=Hurtig Publishers |location=Edmonton, Alberta |last=Swyripa |first=Frances A. |editor-last=[[Mel Hurtig]] |edition=1st |volume=3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclo03mars/page/1863 1863] |isbn=0-88830-272-X |quote=''In 1981 only 30.0% and 18.6% of Ukrainian Canadians belonged to the Ukrainian Catholic and Ukrainian Orthodox churches, respectively; 16.8% were Roman Catholic and 13.3% [[United Church of Canada|United Church]] adherents.''}}
* Martynowych, Orest (2011). "[http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/departments/ukrainian_canadian_studies/media/05_The_Seraphimite_Independent_Greek_Presbyterian_and_United_Churches.pdf The Seraphimite, Independent Greek, Presbyterian and United Churches]". Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies, University of Manitoba.
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1984 |title=Canada |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto |last=Swyripa |first=Frances |editor-last=[[Volodymyr Kubiyovych]] |volume=1, A-F |pages=352 |isbn=0-8020-3362-8 |quote=''A unique religious experiment originated with a Russian Orthodox priest, S. Ustvolsky. As the monk Seraphim, self-proclaimed [[Bishop (Eastern Orthodox Church)|bishop]] and [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] of the Orthodox Russian church for America, he arrived in Canada in 1903 and [[Tin Can Cathedral|began to ordain priests]]. In 1904, alarmed by Seraphim's growing eccentricities, several priests, led by I. Bodrug, broke with him and formed the Ruthenian Independent Greek church. The new church retained the [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern rite and liturgy]] but was supervised and financially supported by the [[Presbyterian Church in Canada|Presbyterian church]], with which Bodrug had contacts. At its height, the Independent Greek Church claimed 60,000 adherents. It declined after 1907 when Presbyterian pressure forced genuine Protestant reform; it became part of the Presbyterian church and then of the [[United Church of Canada|United church]]. Bodrug remained within the Ukrainian evangelical movement, working closely with the ''Ukrainian Evangelical Alliance in North America'' (est. 1922). In 1931, 1.6 percent of Ukrainian Canadians were United church adherents. By 1971 intermarriage and assimilation had increased the figure to 13.9 percent, the fourth-largest denomination among Ukrainian Canadians.''}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1985 |title=Ukrainians |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=Hurtig Publishers |location=Edmonton, Alberta |last=Swyripa |first=Frances A. |editor-last=[[Mel Hurtig]] |edition=1st |volume=3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclo03mars/page/1862 1862] |isbn=0-88830-272-X |quote=''Isolated individuals of Ukrainian background may have come to Canada during the ''War of 1812'' as mercenaries in the ''de Meuron'' and [[De Watteville's Regiment|de Watteville regiments]]. It is possible that others participated in Russian exploration and colonization on the West Coast, came with ''Mennonite'' and other German immigrants in the 1870s, or entered Canada from the US.''}} [United States – ed.]
* {{Cite book |last1=Luciuk |first1=Lubomyr |title=Creating a Landscape: A Geography of Ukrainians in Canada |last2=Kordan |first2=Bohdan |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |year=1989 |isbn=0-8020-5823-X |location=Toronto |page=Map 3 |quote=''Only about one-fifth of the Ukrainians in Canada would come from Ukrainian lands controlled by the tsarist empire until 1917 and by the Soviets thereafter.'' |author-link=Lubomyr Luciuk}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1994 |title=Ukrainians in Canada |encyclopedia=Ukraine and Ukrainians Throughout the World |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto |editor-last=Ann Lencyk Pawliczko |page=333 |isbn=0-8020-0595-0 |quote=''Because most of the 'free' lands available for agricultural settlement had already been granted to earlier immigrants, the incoming population tended not to establish themselves as farmers. A substantial number settled in the Prairie provinces and worked as farm hands, while some took advantage of land grants being offered in the northern Peace River region of Alberta. Eventually, some of these immigrants started up their farming operations in and around the main areas of Ukrainian settlement. The majority of Ukrainians in this second wave, however, worked as laborers in the mining and forestry regions of northern Ontario and the cities of central Canada and the Prairies. A small portion of the incoming immigration consisted of individuals with a higher level of education than that possessed by the earlier immigrants, allowing them to exact a different entry-level status. Among this group were skilled individuals who could assume critical positions in the Ukrainian press and the community's cultural-educational institutions.'' |last2=Makuch |first2=Andrij |last1=Isajiw |first1=Wsevolod}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1985 |title=Ukrainians |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=Hurtig Publishers |location=Edmonton, Alberta |last=Swyripa |first=Frances A. |editor-last=[[Mel Hurtig]] |edition=1st |volume=3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclo03mars/page/1862 1862] |isbn=0-88830-272-X |quote=''Between the 2 world wars some 70,000 Ukrainians immigrated to Canada for political and economic reasons. They included war veterans, intellectuals and professionals, as well as peasants''}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1984 |title=Canada |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto |last=Swyripa |first=Frances |editor-last=[[Volodymyr Kubiyovych]] |volume=1, A-F |pages=351–52 |isbn=0-8020-3362-8 |quote=''Interwar immigrants introduced a number of new organizations. The paramilitary sporting Sitch ''[sic]'' (renamed the ''Canadian Sitch Organization'' in 1928) was founded in 1924 with official support from the [[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Winnipeg|Ukrainian Catholic church]]. It declined with the appearance of the Ukrainian Catholic Brotherhood and in 1934 was reorganized without church backing as the ''United Hetman Organization'', a conservative monarchist movement that favored [[Pavlo Skoropadskyi|P. Skoropadsky]] as hetman of Ukraine. After the death of his son, [[Danylo Skoropadskyi|D. Skoropadsky]], in 1957 the movement, never too popular, rapidly declined. In 1928 the republican-inclined [[Ukrainian War of Independence|veterans of the Ukrainian independence struggle]] formed the ''Ukrainian War Veterans' Association'' (UWVA). In 1932 it provided the base for the ''[[Ukrainian National Federation of Canada|Ukrainian National Federation]]'', which espoused the militant nationalism of the ''[[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]].}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1985 |title=Ukrainians |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=Hurtig Publishers |location=Edmonton, Alberta |last=Swyripa |first=Frances A. |editor-last=[[Mel Hurtig]] |edition=1st |volume=3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclo03mars/page/1862 1862–63] |isbn=0-88830-272-X |quote=''National organizations emerged in the interwar years. The pro-communist [[Association of United Ukrainian Canadians|Ukrainian Labour-Farmer Temple Association]] (est. 1924) attracted the unemployed in the 1930s. The Ukrainian Self-Reliance League (est. 1927) and the Ukrainian Catholic Brotherhood (est. 1932) represented Orthodox and Catholic laity, respectively. Organizations introduced by the second immigration reflected [[Ukrainian War of Independence|Ukrainian revolutionary trends]] in Europe. The small conservative, monarchical United Hetman Organization (est 1934) was counterbalanced by the influential nationalistic, republican [[Ukrainian National Federation of Canada|Ukrainian National Federation]] (est. 1932). Despite tensions, all groups publicized [[Polonization#Ukrainians|Polish pacification]] and [[Stalinism#Stalinist policies|Stalinist terror]] in Ukraine in the 1930s; only the Ukrainian Labour-Farmer Temple Association condoned the Soviet purges and the [[Holodomor|artificial famine of 1932–33]] that killed 6 million people; its successor, the [[Association of United Ukrainian Canadians]] (est. 1946), has declined steadily.''}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1984 |title=Canada |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto |last=Swyripa |first=Frances |editor-last=[[Volodymyr Kubiyovych]] |volume=1, A-F |pages=352 |isbn=0-8020-3362-8 |quote=''During the 1930s there was considerable friction between the Canadian-oriented Ukrainian Catholic Brotherhood and Ukrainian Self-Reliance League and such Ukraine-oriented organizations as the [[Ukrainian National Federation of Canada|Ukrainian National Federation]]. Despite rivalries, Ukrainian-Canadian organizations gave moral and financial assistance to Ukrainian émigré centers in Western Europe and Ukrainian veterans, war orphans, and numerous causes in [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] and neighboring countries. In the 1930s [[Polonization#Ukrainians|Polish pacification]] in Western Ukraine and [[Stalinism#Stalinist policies|Stalinist terror in the Soviet Union]] were widely publicized. The [[Association of United Ukrainian Canadians|ULFTA]], which extolled the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Ukrainian state]] and especially its [[Ukrainization#1923–1931: early years of Soviet Ukraine|cultural flowering in the 1920s]], failed to question the purges, forced collectivization, and [[Holodomor|artificial famine]] of the 1930s.''}}
* {{Cite book |last=Czuboka |first=Michael |title=Ukrainian Canadian, Eh?: The Ukrainians of Canada and Elsewhere As Perceived By Themselves And Others |publisher=Communigraphics / Printers' Aid Group |year=1983 |isbn=0-920073-00-X |location=Winnipeg, Manitoba |pages=211–12 |quote=''Gloria Kaye was born in northern Alberta as Gloria Slavka Kolmatycki on March 10, 1956, the youngest of five children of Mike and Annie Kolmatycki. ''[...]'' Kolmatycki changed her Ukrainian name to 'Kaye' for 'ease in handling.' As Gloria Kaye, she sang on Canadian television on the [[Tommy Hunter|Tommy Hunter Show]], It's Happening, Show of the Week, [[Juliette (TV series)|Juliette]], [[Music Hop]], [[Robbie Lane and the Disciples|Robbie Lane]], and the [[Merv Griffin Show|Merv Griffin show]] in the United States.''}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1984 |title=Canada |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto |last=Swyripa |first=Frances |editor-last=[[Volodymyr Kubiyovych]] |volume=1, A-F |pages=348 |isbn=0-8020-3362-8 |quote=''For many years Ukrainians supported the Liberal party, which was [[8th Canadian Ministry|in power when they first arrived]]. Together with other Canadians from the lower socioeconomic strata, Ukrainians have shown considerable support for Canadian protest parties, which emerged in the 1930s – the Social Credit party and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (subsequently the New Democratic party). During the Great Depression the Ukrainians, [[History of the Jews in Canada|Jews]], and [[Finnish Canadians|Finns]] were the most prominent ethnic groups within the ''Communist Party of Canada''. In the late 1950s many Ukrainians turned to the Progressive Conservative party, approving J. Diefenbaker's anticommunism and his [[Michael Starr (politician)|appointment of the first Ukrainian Canadian]] to [[18th Canadian Ministry|the federal cabinet]]. Increasingly, the voting habits of Ukrainians reflect their economic class or region rather than any common ethnic pattern.''}}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* Darcovich, W. and P. Yuzyk, ''A Statistical Compendium on the Ukrainians in Canada''. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980.
* Hinther, Rhonda L., and Jim Mochoruk, eds. ''Re-Imagining Ukrainian-Canadians: History, Politics, and Identity'' (University of Toronto Press, 2011).
* [[Hans-Joachim Hoppe|Hoppe, Hans-Joachim]] [http://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op-ed/hans-joachim-hoppe-ukraines-conflict-and-the-ukrainian-diaspora-in-canada-397247.html ''Ukraine's conflict and the Ukrainian diaspora in Canada''], [[Kyiv Post]], September 5, 2015.
* Kordan, Bohdan (2000). ''Ukrainian Canadians and the Canada Census, 1981–1996'', Saskatoon: Heritage Press. {{ISBN|0-88880-422-9}}.
* Kordan, Bohdan (2001). ''Canada and the Ukrainian Question, 1939–1945'', Montreal-Kingston: [[McGill-Queen's University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-7735-2230-1}}.
* Kukushkin, Vadim (2007). ''From Peasants to Labourers: Ukrainian and Belarusian Immigration from the Russian Empire to Canada'', Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MblmN1z37m0C excerpt and text search]
* [[Janice Kulyk Keefer|Kulyk-Keefer, Janice]] (2005). ''Dark Ghost in the Corner: Imagining Ukrainian-Canadian Identity'', Saskatoon: Heritage Press. {{ISBN|0-88880-497-0}}.
* {{Cite journal |last=Luciuk |first=Kassandra |date=Spring 2019 |title=More Dangerous Than Many a Pamphlet or Propaganda Book: The Ukrainian Canadian Left, Theatre, and Propaganda in the 1920s |url=http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1061035ar |journal=[[Labour / Le Travail]] |publisher=Canadian Committee on Labour History |volume=89 |pages=77–104 |doi=10.1353/llt.2019.0003 |jstor=26741322 |s2cid=164950170}}
* Luciuk, Lubomyr and Kordan, Bohdan (1989). ''Creating a Landscape: A Geography of Ukrainians in Canada'', Toronto: [[University of Toronto Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8020-5823-X}}.
* Luciuk, Lubomyr and [[Stella Hryniuk|Hryniuk, Stella]], eds. (1991). ''Canada's Ukrainians: Negotiating an Identity'', Toronto: University of Toronto Press. {{ISBN|0-8020-5978-3}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Luciuk |first=Lubomyr Y. |title=Searching For Place: Ukrainian Displaced Persons, Canada, and the Migration of Memory |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=0-8020-8088-X |doi=10.3138/9781442679672}}
* Lupul, Manoly, ed. (1984). ''Visible Symbols: Cultural Expression Among Canada's Ukrainians'', Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. {{ISBN|0-920862-27-6}}.
* Lupul, Manoly, (1982) ''A Heritage in Transition: Essays on the History of Ukrainians in Canada''
* Martynowych, Orest (1991). ''Ukrainians in Canada: The formative period, 1891–1924''. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. {{ISBN|0-920862-76-4}}.
* Martynowych, Orest (ed.) (2011). [http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/departments/ukrainian_canadian_studies/media/Ukrainian_Canadian_History_biblio.pdf "Ukrainian-Canadian History, 1891–Present: A List of English-language Secondary Sources (Monographs, Book chapters, Collections, Articles)."] Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies University of Manitoba.
* Melnycky, Peter. "'Canadians and Ukrainians Inseparably': Recent Writing on the History of Ukrainian Settlement in Canada," ''Manitoba History,'' Number 24, Autumn 1992 [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/24/ukrainians.shtml online edition], historiography
* Prymak, Thomas M. (1988). ''Maple Leaf and Trident: The Ukrainian Canadians During the Second World War''. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario.
* Satzewich, Vic (2002). ''The Ukrainian Diaspora''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-29658-7}}.
* Swyripa, Frances (1993). ''Wedded to the Cause: Ukrainian-Canadian Women and Ethnic Identity, 1891–1991''
* Swyripa, Frances A. (2022) "Ukrainian Canadians" ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'' (2022) [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ukrainian-canadians online]
* Swyripa, Frances (1999). [http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/u1 Ukrainians]{{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20121226085859/http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/u1/9 |date=December 26, 2012 }}. ''Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples''. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario.
* Swyripa, Frances and John Herd Thompson, eds. (1983) ''Loyalties in Conflict: Ukrainians in Canada During the Great War'' 213pp; 8 essays by scholars
* Yuzyk, Paul. "The First Ukrainians in Manitoba" ''Manitoba Historical Society Transactions,'' Series 3, 1951–52
===Primary sources===
* Kordan, Bohdan and Luciuk, Lubomyr, eds. (1986). ''A Delicate and Difficult Question: Documents in the History of Ukrainians in Canada, 1899–1962'', Kingston: Limestone Press. {{ISBN|0-919642-08-X}}.
{{refend}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.ucc.ca/ Ukrainian Canadian Congress]
* [http://www.ukrainiandiaspora.ca/ Ukrainian diaspora in Canada and U.S.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209124848/http://www.ukrainiandiaspora.ca/ |date=December 9, 2014 }}
* [http://www.uccla.ca Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association]
* [http://www.internmentcanada.ca Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund]
* [http://www.umc.sk.ca/ Ukrainian Museum of Canada in Saskatoon]
* [http://www.ukrainianwinnipeg.ca/oseredok/ Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Centre "Oseredok", Winnipeg]
* [http://www.cius.ca/ Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies]
* [http://www.ukrfolk.ualberta.ca/ Kule Folklore Centre at the University of Alberta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320184134/http://www.ukrfolk.ualberta.ca/ |date=March 20, 2018 }}
* [https://www.ualberta.ca/ulec/ Ukrainian Language Education Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton]
* [http://www.ucama.ca Ukrainian Canadian Archives & Museum of Alberta, Edmonton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417042044/http://www.ucama.ca/ |date=April 17, 2016 }}
* [http://www.history.alberta.ca/ukrainianvillage/default.aspx Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village, Alberta]
* [http://www.shevchenkofoundation.com/ Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko]
* [http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/departments/ukrainian_canadian_studies/ Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg]
* [http://www.cuias.org/ Canadian Ukrainian Immigrant Aid Society]
* [http://www.ucss.info/ Ukrainian Canadian Social Services]
* [http://multiculturalcanada.ca/jl The John Luczkiw Collection, University of Toronto]
* [http://multiculturalcanada.ca/ukr The Ukrainian Collection of the University of Calgary]
* [http://www.infoukes.com/shevchenkomuseum Taras Shevchenko Museum in Toronto]
* [http://publications.gc.ca/site/archivee-archived.html?url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2014/bcp-pco/CP32-52-1986-1-eng.pdf Final Report of the 1985–1986 Deschênes Commission]
{{Ukrainian Canadian topics}}{{Navboxes
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{{People of Canada}}
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}}
{{Portal bar|Canada|Ukraine}}
[[Category:European diaspora in Canada]]
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[[Category:Ukrainian diaspora by country|Canada]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Canadian citizens of Ukrainian descent}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Ukrainian Canadians<br />Canadiens d'origine ukrainienne
| native_name = українські канадці
| native_name_lang = ua
| flag = {{flagicon|Ukraine}} {{flagicon|Canada}}
| image = Ukrainian Canadian population by province.svg
| image_caption = <div style="text-align: center>Ukrainian Canadians as percent of population by province & territory</div>
| population = 1,258,635 (by ancestry, <small>[[Canada 2021 Census|2021 Census]]</small>)<ref name="population2021"> {{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories and census divisions |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035701 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| region1 = {{flag|Alberta}}
| pop1 = 343,640 (8.1%)
| region2 = {{flag|Ontario}}
| pop2 = 342,260 (2.4%)
| region3 = {{flag|British Columbia}}
| pop3 = 210,100 (4.2%)
| region4 = {{flag|Manitoba}}
| pop4 = 165,305 (12.3%)
| region5 = {{flag|Saskatchewan}}
| pop5 = 138,705 (12.2%)
| langs = [[Canadian English]], [[Canadian Ukrainian]]<br><small>(also [[Quebec French]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Russian language|Russian]])</small>
| rels = [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada|Ukrainian Orthodox]], [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian Catholic]], [[Catholic Church in Canada|Roman Catholic]], [[Irreligion in Canada|Irreligious]]<ref>Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1863; Martynowych 2011; Swyripa, "Canada", p. 348.</ref>
| related = [[Polish Canadians]], [[Ukrainian Americans]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Slavs]]
}}
'''Ukrainian Canadians'''{{refn|{{lang-uk|Українські канадці, Україноканадці|translit=Ukraïns'kì kanadcì, Ukraïnokanadcì}}; {{lang-fr|Canadiens d'origine ukrainienne}}|name=Multilingual|group="N"}} are [[Canadians|Canadian citizens]] of [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] descent or [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]]-born people who immigrated to [[Canada]].
In the late 19th century, the first Ukrainian immigrants arrived in Canada. They were primarily farmers and laborers looking for a better life and economic opportunities. Most settled in the western provinces of Canada, particularly in [[Manitoba]], [[Saskatchewan]], and [[Alberta]]. These provinces offered fertile land and economic opportunities for farming, which was a familiar occupation for most Ukrainians. Ukrainian immigrants were able to establish a strong community in Canada. They built churches, community centers, and cultural organizations to preserve their language and traditions. After 1920 many moved to urban [[Ontario]].
During the early years of Ukrainian immigration to Canada, many immigrants faced discrimination and prejudice. Ukrainian immigrants were interned during [[World War I]] as a part of the confinement of those deemed to be "enemy aliens." Between 1914 and 1920, thousands of Ukrainian Canadians were interned in camps.
Today, Ukrainian Canadians continue to be an important part of Canada's cultural mosaic. They have made significant contributions to Canadian society and continue to preserve and celebrate their rich cultural heritage. In 2021, there were an estimated 1,258,635 persons of full or partial Ukrainian origin residing in Canada (the majority being Canadian-born citizens), making them [[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|Canada's eleventh largest ethnic group]]<ref name="population2021"/> and giving Canada the world's third-largest Ukrainian population behind [[Ukraine]] itself and [[Russia]]. Self-identified Ukrainians are the plurality in several rural areas of [[Canadian Prairies|Western Canada]].<ref>[http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E 2006 Census Community Profiles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824212152/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E |date=August 24, 2020 }}, see for example [[Division No. 12, Manitoba]].</ref> According to the 2011 census, of the 1,251,170 who identified as Ukrainian, only 144,260 (or 11.5%) could speak the [[Ukrainian language]] (including the [[Canadian Ukrainian]] dialect).<ref>[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1, National Household Survey Profile, Canada, 2011]</ref>
==History==
{{Historical populations
| title = Ukrainian Canadian<br>Population History
| type = Canada
| footnote = ''Source: [[Statistics Canada]]''<br /><ref name="population1871to1971">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=1999-07-29 |title=Historical statistics of Canada, section A: Population and migration - Archived |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/11-516-X |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{rp|17}}<ref name="population1901to1961">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title=1961 Census of Canada: population : vol. I - part 2 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : vol. I - partie 2. Ethnic groups. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.831160/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population1921to1971">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title=1971 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 3 = Recensement du Canada 1971 : population : vol. I - partie 3. Ethnic groups. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.834326/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population1981">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title=1981 Census of Canada : volume 1 - national series : population = Recensement du Canada de 1981 : volume 1 - série nationale : population. Ethnic origin. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.837638/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population1986">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title=Census Canada 1986 Profile of ethnic groups |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.676331/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population1986B">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= 1986 Census of Canada: Ethnic Diversity In Canada. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.576036/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population1991">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= 1991 Census: The nation. Ethnic origin. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.676069/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population1996">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-06-04 |title= Data tables, 1996 Census Population by Ethnic Origin (188) and Sex (3), Showing Single and Multiple Responses (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census96/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=5216&PRID=0&PTYPE=89103&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=9&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population2001">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-12-23
|title= Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas, and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=62911&PRID=0&PTYPE=55440&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=44&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population2006">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2020-05-01
|title= Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=92333&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population2011">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-01-23
|title= Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population2016">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-06-17
|title= Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population2021"/><br>{{smaller|''Note1: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus population is an undercount.''<br>''Note2: 1996-present census populations are undercounts, due to the creation of the "Canadian" ethnic origin category.''}}
|1901|5682
|1911|75432
|1921|106721
|1931|225113
|1941|305929
|1951|395043
|1961|473337
|1971|580660
|1981|529615
|1986|961310
|1991|1054295
|1996|1026475
|2001|1071060
|2006|1209090
|2011|1251170
|2016|1359655
|2021|1258635
}}
===Unconfirmed settlement before 1891===
Minority opinions among historians of Ukrainians in Canada surround theories that a small number of Ukrainians settled in Canada before 1891. Most controversial is the claim that Ukrainians may have been [[infantry]]men alongside [[Polish Canadians|Poles]] in the [[Swiss French people|Swiss French]] “[[De Watteville's Regiment]]” who fought for the [[George Prévost|British]] on the [[Niagara campaign|Niagara Peninsula]] during the [[War of 1812]] – it has been theorized that Ukrainians were among those soldiers who decided to stay in [[Upper Canada]] ([[southern Ontario]]).<ref name="Swyripa-1862">Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862.</ref> Other Ukrainians supposedly arrived as part of other immigrant groups; it has been claimed that individual Ukrainian families may have settled in [[Manitoba#Confederation|southern Manitoba]] in the mid- to late 1870s alongside [[block settlement]]s of [[Russian Mennonite|Mennonites]] and [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union|other Germans]] from the [[Russian Empire]].<ref name="Swyripa-1862" /> "[[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicians]]" are noted as being among the miners of the [[British Columbia gold rushes]] and figure prominently in some towns in that [[1871 in Canada#Events|new province]]'s first census in 1871 (these may have been Poles and [[Belarusians]] as well as Ukrainians).<ref>Canadian census, 1871</ref> Because there is so little definitive documentary evidence of individual Ukrainians among these three groups, they are not generally regarded as among the first Ukrainians in Canada.
===First wave: Settlers, 1891–1914===
[[File:Stamp of Ukraine s12 (1).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Post-independence [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] fifteen-[[Ukrainian karbovanets|kopiyka]] stamp commemorating the centennial of Ukrainian settlement in Canada, 1891–1991]]
{{see also|Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)#Immigration to the West|Block settlement#Ukrainian}}
{{further|Dominion Lands Act|Dominion Land Survey}}
During the nineteenth century, the territory inhabited by Ukrainians in Europe was divided between the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] and [[Russian Empire|Russian]] empires. The [[Cisleithania|Austrian crownlands]] of [[Galicia (eastern Europe)|Galicia]] and [[Bukovina]] were home to many Ukrainian speakers. Austrian Galicia was [[Poverty in Austrian Galicia|one of the poorest and most overpopulated regions in Europe]], and had experienced [[Famines in Austrian Galicia|a series of blights and famines]]. Emigration on a large scale from Galicia to the [[Balkans]] (the [[Slavonian Military Frontier|north-south border region]] of [[commons:File:Ukrainians in Croatia 2011.gif|Croatia]] and [[commons:File:Українці в Боснії і Герцеговині.JPG|Bosnia]]) and even to [[Ukrainian Brazilians|Brazil]] was already underway by 1891.
The first wave of Ukrainian immigration to Canada began with [[Iwan Pylypow|Iwan (''Ivan'') Pylypow]] and [[Wasyl Eleniak|Wasyl (''Vasyl{{'}}'') Eleniak]], who arrived in 1891, and brought several families to settle in 1892. Pylypow helped found the [[Edna-Star colony|Edna-Star Settlement]] east of [[Edmonton]], the first and largest Ukrainian [[block settlement]]. However, it is Dr [[Joseph Oleskiw|Josef Oleskow]],{{refn|Dr. Oleskow, who had a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in [[agronomy]], wrote two [[pamphlet]]s – "About Free Lands" (''Pro Vilni Zemli'', spring 1895), and "On Emigration" (''O emigrating'', December 1895) – which were widely read in the [[Prosvita]] halls of the Ukrainian areas of the Austrian Empire.|name=Oleskow|group="N"}} along with [[Cyril Genik]], who is considered responsible for the large Ukrainian Canadian population through their promotion of Canada as a destination for immigrants from western (Austrian-ruled) Ukraine in the late 1890s. Ukrainians from [[Central Ukraine]], which was ruled by the [[Russian Empire|Russian monarchy]], also came to Canada<ref name="Kukushkin-Luciuk-Kordan">Kukushkin, p. 30-54; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 3.</ref> – but in smaller numbers than those from Galicia and Bukovina. Approximately 170,000 Ukrainians from the Austro-Hungarian Empire arrived in Canada from September 1891 to August 1914.<ref name="Isajiw-Makuch-Swyripa">Isajiw and Makuch, p. 333; Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862.</ref>
[[Clifford Sifton]], Canada's [[Minister of the Interior (Canada)|Minister of the Interior]] from [[8th Canadian Ministry|1896 to 1905]], also encouraged Ukrainians from [[Austria-Hungary]] to immigrate to Canada since he wanted new [[Farmer|agricultural immigrants]] to populate [[Canadian Prairies|Canada's prairies]]. After retirement, Sifton defended the new Ukrainian and East European immigrants to Canada – who were not from the United Kingdom, the United States, Scandinavia, Iceland, France or Germany – by stating: {{cquote|I think that a stalwart peasant in a [[Kozhushanka|sheepskin coat]], born to the soil, whose forefathers have been farmers for ten generations, with a stout wife and a half-dozen children, is good quality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Quebec History Encyclopedia: Clifford Sifton |url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/CliffordSifton-CanadianHistory.htm |access-date=8 January 2017 |publisher=faculty.marianopolis.edu}}</ref>}}
This Ukrainian immigration to Canada was largely [[Farmer|agrarian]], and at first, Ukrainian Canadians concentrated in distinct block settlements in the [[parkland belt]] of the [[Canadian Prairies|prairie provinces]]: [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]], and [[Manitoba]]. While the Canadian Prairies are often compared to the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe|steppes of Ukraine]], the settlers came largely from Galicia and Bukovina – which are not steppe lands but are [[forest steppe|semi-wooded areas]] in the [[Eastern Carpathian Foothills|foothills of the Carpathian Mountains]]. This is why Ukrainians coming to Canada settled in the wooded [[aspen parkland]]s – in an arch from [[Winnipeg]] and [[Stuartburn, Manitoba]] to [[Edmonton]] and [[Leduc, Alberta]] – rather than the open prairies further south. Furthermore, the [[Manorialism|semi-feudal nature]] of land ownership in the Austrian Empire meant that in the "Old Country" people had to pay the ''pan'' (landlord) for all their firewood and lumber for building. Upon arriving in Canada, the settlers often demanded wooded land from federal ''[[Dominion Lands Act]]'' registry officials so that they could supply their own needs, even if this meant taking land that was less productive for crops. They also attached deep importance to settling near family, people from nearby villages, or other culturally similar groups, furthering the growth of the block settlements.
Fraternal and [[Friendly society|benevolent]] organizations established by these settlers include the [[Association of United Ukrainian Canadians|Ukrainian Labour Farmer Temple Association]] (ULFTA, affiliated with the [[Communist Party of Canada]]),<ref name="Swyripa-Luciuk-Kordan-Isajiw-Makuch">Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-47, 345.</ref> the Ukrainian Catholic Brotherhood (UCB, affiliated with the [[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Winnipeg|Ukrainian Catholic Church in Canada]]),<ref name="Swyripa-Luciuk-Kordan-Isajiw-Makuch" /> and the Ukrainian Self-Reliance League (USRL, affiliated with the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada]]).<ref name="Swyripa-Luciuk-Kordan-Isajiw-Makuch" /> The ULFTA transformed itself into the [[Association of United Ukrainian Canadians]] in 1946,<ref>Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1863; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-47, 345.</ref> the UCB and USRL are member organizations of the [[Ukrainian Canadian Congress]] today.<ref>Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1863; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 19; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-48.</ref>
By 1914, there were also growing communities of Ukrainian immigrants in eastern Canadian cities, such as [[Toronto]], [[Montreal]], [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], and [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]]. Many of them arrived from the provinces of [[Podolia#Russian Empire|Podillia]], [[Volhynia]], [[Kiev Governorate|Kyiv]] and [[Bessarabia#Population|Bessarabia]] in Russian-ruled Ukraine.<ref name="Kukushkin-Luciuk-Kordan" /> In the early years of settlement, Ukrainian immigrants faced considerable amounts of discrimination at the hands of [[Northwestern Europe|Northern European]] Canadians, an example of which was the [[Ukrainian Canadian internment|internment]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Satzewich, V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97gr-mzyWBsC&pg=PP1 |title=The Ukrainian Diaspora |date=2004 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780203217498 |access-date=January 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Allahar, A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlj5GaXXY3EC&pg=PA70 |title=Richer and Poorer: The Structure of Inequality in Canada |last2=Côté, J.E. |date=1998 |publisher=James Lorimer Limited, Publishers |isbn=9781550286106 |page=70 |access-date=January 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Subtelny |first=Orest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA547 |title=Ukraine: A History |date=2000 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9780802083906 |page=547 |access-date=January 8, 2017}}</ref>
===Internment (1914–1920)===
{{Main|Ukrainian Canadian internment}}
[[File:Castle mountain internment camp.jpg|thumb|235px|left|Commemorative plaque and a statue entitled ''"Why?" / "Pourquoi?" / "Чому (Chomu)?"'', by John Boxtel at the location of the [[Castle Mountain Internment Camp]], Banff National Park]]
[[File:Kapuskasing ON 3.JPG|thumb|265px|right|Commemorative statue entitled ''"Never Forget" / "Ne Jamais Oublier" / "Ніколи Не Забути (Nikoly Ne Zabuty)"'', by John Boxtel; and damaged plaque at the cemetery of the [[Kapuskasing#Internment camp|Kapuskasing Internment Camp]], Kapuskasing, northern Ontario<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 3, 2015 |title=100 years since first death in Kapuskasing internment camp |publisher=[[CBC News]] |location=[[Greater Sudbury|Sudbury]] |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/sudbury/100-years-since-first-death-in-kapuskasing-internment-camp-1.3095314 |access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>]]
From 1914 to 1920, the political climate of the [[World War I|First World War]] allowed the [[Government of Canada|Canadian Government]] to classify immigrants with [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] [[citizenship]] as "aliens of enemy nationality". This classification, authorized by the August 1914 ''[[War Measures Act]]'', permitted the government to legally compel thousands of Ukrainians in Canada to register with federal authorities. About 5,000 Ukrainian men, and some women and children, were [[Internment|interned]] at government camps and work sites. Although many Ukrainians were "[[Parole#Criminal justice|paroled]]" into jobs for private companies by 1917, the internment continued until June 20, 1920 – almost a year after the [[Treaty of Versailles]] was signed by Canada on June 28, 1919.
There are some two dozen Ukrainian-specific plaques and memorials in Canada commemorating Canada's first national internment operations, including several statues – on the fairgrounds of Canada's National Ukrainian Festival south of [[Dauphin, Manitoba|Dauphin]], [[Manitoba]], the grounds of the [[Manitoba Legislative Building]] in [[Winnipeg]]; and at the locations of the former internment camps in [[Castle Mountain Internment Camp|Banff National Park]], [[Alberta]], [[Trécesson, Quebec|Spirit Lake (La Ferme)]], [[Quebec]], and [[Kapuskasing#Internment camp|Kapuskasing]], [[Ontario]]. Most were placed by the [[Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association]] (UCCLA) and its supporters. On August 24, 2005, Prime Minister [[Paul Martin]] recognized the Ukrainian Canadian internment as a "dark chapter"<ref name="Globe+Mail">[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/ArticleNews/TPStory/LAC/20050825/UKRANIANS25/TPNational/TopStories PM Reaches out to Ukrainians] – The Globe and Mail, August 25, 2005</ref> in [[History of Canada|Canadian history]], and pledged $2.5 million to fund memorials and educational exhibits<ref name="Globe+Mail" /> although that funding was never provided.
On May 9, 2008, following the 2005 passage of [[Inky Mark]]'s Bill C-331, the Government of Canada, under Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]], established a $10 million fund<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=About the Fund |url=http://www.internmentcanada.ca/about-the-fund.cfm |access-date=April 15, 2014 |publisher=The Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund and The Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko |format=official website}}</ref> following several months of negotiation with the Ukrainian Canadian community's representatives, including the UCCLA, [[Ukrainian Canadian Congress]] and Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko (also known as the Shevchenko Foundation), establishing the Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund (CFWWIRF). The Endowment Council of the CFWWIRF uses the interest earned on that amount to fund projects that commemorate the experience of Ukrainians and other Europeans interned between 1914 and 1920. The funds are held in trust by the Shevchenko Foundation. Amongst the commemorative projects funded by the Endowment Council was the unveiling, simultaneously across Canada, of 115 bilingual plaques on August 24, 2014, recalling the 100th anniversary of the first implementation of the ''War Measures Act''. This was known as Project "Сто" ({{small|[[Romanization of Ukrainian|translit.]]}} ''Sto''; meaning "one hundred"), and organized by the UCCLA.
===Second wave: Settlers, workers and professionals, 1923–1939===
{{see also|Polonization#Ukrainians}}
[[File:A group of Ukrainian Canadians at a celebraton, Old Fort York, Toronto (I0001778).tif|alt=A group of male and female Ukrainian Canadians wearing cultural clothing.|thumb|A group of Ukrainian Canadians pictured at a celebration inside Toronto's [[Fort York|Old Fort York]], taken in May 1934. Photograph from the [[c:Category:Images from Archives of Ontario - F 1075 M. O. Hammond fonds|M.O. Hammond fonds]] held at the Archives of Ontario.]]
In 1923, the Canadian government modified the ''[[History of Canadian nationality law|Immigration Act]]'' to allow former subjects of the Austrian Empire to once again enter Canada – and Ukrainian immigration started anew.<ref>Swyripa, "Canada", p. 344.</ref> Ukrainians from western [[Volhynia]] – the [[Polesie Voivodeship|Polesie]] and [[Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939)|Wołyń Voivodeships]] (under Polish rule), and southern [[Bessarabia]] – also known as the [[Budjak]] (under Romanian rule), joined a new wave of emigrants from Polish-governed [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] and Romanian-governed [[Bukovina#Kingdom of Romania|Bukovina]]. Around 70,000 Ukrainians from [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], and [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]] arrived in Canada from 1923 to September 1939,<ref name="Isajiw-Makuch-Swyripa" />. However, the flow decreased severely after 1930 due to the [[Great Depression]].
Relatively little farmland remained unclaimed – the majority in the [[Peace River Country|Peace River region]] of northwestern Alberta – and less than half of this group settled as farmers in the [[Canadian Prairies|Prairie provinces]].<ref name="Isajiw-Makuch">Isajiw and Makuch, p. 333.</ref> The majority became workers in the growing industrial centers of [[southern Ontario]], the [[Montreal]] region, and the [[Eastern Townships]] of Quebec; the [[Underground mining (hard rock)|mines]], [[Smelting|smelters]] and [[Lumberjack|forests]] of [[Northern Ontario]]; and the small heavy industries of urban [[western Canada]].<ref name="Isajiw-Makuch" /> A few Ukrainian professionals and intellectuals were accepted into Canada at this time; they later became leaders in the Ukrainian Canadian community.<ref name="Isajiw-Makuch-Swyripa" />
The second wave was heavily influenced by the [[Ukrainian War of Independence|struggle for Ukrainian independence during the Russian Civil War]], and established two competing fraternal / [[Friendly society|benevolent]] organizations in Canada: the United Hetman Organization (UHO) in 1934<ref>Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-47, 345.</ref> – which supported the idea of a Ukrainian "[[Ukrainian State|Cossack kingdom]]" led by [[Pavlo Skoropadskyi]];<ref>Swyripa, "Canada", p. 351; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18.</ref> and the rival [[Ukrainian National Federation of Canada|Ukrainian National Federation]] (UNF) in 1932<ref>Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-48, 345; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18.</ref> – which supported the idea of an [[Ukrainian People's Republic|independent Ukrainian republic]] and politically supported the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists|armed Ukrainian nationalist insurgency]] in Polish-occupied Western Ukraine.<ref>Swyripa, "Canada", p. 351-52.</ref><ref name="Swyripa-TCE-EOU">Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862–63; Swyripa, "Canada", p. 352.</ref> The UHO ceased to exist by 1960, while the UNF continued to expand and became the largest and most influential Ukrainian organization in Canada, spearheading the creation of the coordinating Ukrainian Canadian Committee (later [[Ukrainian Canadian Congress]]) during World War II.{{refn|The UCC was the driving force in organizing the global umbrella World Congress of Free Ukrainians in the immediate postwar period; the WCFU would expand and be renamed the [[Ukrainian World Congress]] after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].|name=WorldCongress|group="N"}}
===Third wave: Workers, professionals, and political refugees, 1945–1980s===
{{see also|Ostarbeiter|Displaced persons camps in post–World War II Europe|Deschênes Commission}}
From 1945 to 1952, most Ukrainians coming to Canada were political refugees and Displaced Persons. In the aftermath of the Second World War, many Ukrainians who had been displaced by the war began to immigrate to Canada. These immigrants were often refugees who had been forced to flee their homes and were looking for a haven. In the 1950s and 1960s, many Ukrainians who had been living in displaced persons camps in Europe were allowed to immigrate to Canada. These immigrants were often highly skilled and educated, and they contributed to the growth and development of Canada's economy.
Another wave of Ukrainian immigration occurred in the 1970s and 1980s, driven by political and economic factors. Many Ukrainians were dissatisfied with the Soviet regime and its policies and were looking for greater freedoms and opportunities. Additionally, economic factors such as a shortage of jobs and a declining standard of living also played a role in driving migration.
During this period, many Ukrainian immigrants settled in urban areas, such as Toronto and Montreal, and found work in manufacturing and other industries. Despite facing some challenges with discrimination and prejudice, Ukrainian immigrants were able to establish strong communities in Canada and preserve their culture and heritage. The result was large Ukrainian communities in Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. They established several new organizations and affiliated newspapers, women's and youth groups, the most prominent of which was the Canadian League for the Liberation of Ukraine (renamed the League of Ukrainian Canadians after the collapse of the USSR in 1991). The League joined the Ukrainian Canadian Committee (later [[Ukrainian Canadian Congress]]) as a member organization in 1959.<ref>Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18.</ref>
===Fourth wave: Post-independence immigrants and recent refugees, 1991–present===
After the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, emigration from Ukraine increased. Rising levels of corruption, the dismantlement of some social services, low-paying employment as well as a loss of jobs in Ukraine, made immigration attractive once again. Many Ukrainians saw Canada as a land of opportunity and a place where they could build a better life for themselves and their families. The Canadian government also made it easier for Ukrainians to immigrate, offering various programs and initiatives designed to attract skilled workers and entrepreneurs. One of the most popular programs for Ukrainian immigrants was the Federal Skilled Worker Program, which allowed skilled workers to immigrate to Canada based on their education, work experience, language proficiency, and other factors. Many Ukrainians also immigrated to Canada through family sponsorship, as they had family members already living in Canada.<ref>Vibha Kaushik, and Julie Drolet, "Settlement and integration needs of skilled immigrants in Canada." ''Social Sciences'' 7.5 (2018): 76.</ref> In addition to economic opportunities, Ukrainians were also attracted to Canada's multicultural society and the freedom and rights afforded to its citizens. Many Ukrainian immigrants have made significant contributions to Canadian society in various fields, including business, academia, politics, and the arts.
==Participation in the Canadian economy==
In the first half of the twentieth century, Ukrainian Canadians overwhelmingly earned their livings in [[primary industry]] – predominantly in [[agriculture]], but also in [[mining]], [[logging]], [[construction]], and the extension of the [[Railways in Canada|Canadian railway system]];<ref name="UkrCanEncycdotcom">{{Cite web |title=Ukrainians of Canada |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ukrainians-canada |access-date=2 April 2022 |website=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |publisher=[[Cengage|Cengage Group]]}}</ref> most importantly as labor in completing the [[Transcontinental railroad#Canada|transcontinental mainlines]] of the [[Canadian Northern Railway]] and [[Grand Trunk Pacific Railway|Grand Trunk Pacific]], both then [[nationalization|nationalized]] and consolidated into the [[Canadian National Railway]] (CN). As agriculture became more mechanized and consolidated, male Ukrainian Canadians shifted into non-farm primary and [[secondary industry]] jobs, while women took jobs in [[domestic work]] and unskilled [[service industry|service industries]].<ref name="SwyripaLambertEncyc">{{Cite web |last1=Swyripa |first1=Frances A |last2=Lambert |first2=Maude-Emmanuelle |date=December 10, 2021 |title=Ukrainian Canadians |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ukrainian-canadians |access-date=2 April 2022 |website=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Historica Canada]]}}</ref> By 1971, only slightly more Ukrainian Canadians worked in agriculture than in the wider Canadian labor force. While they remain somewhat over-represented in agriculture today (7% versus 4% of all working Canadians) and underrepresented in elite managerial positions,<ref name="UkrCanEncycdotcom" /> Ukrainian Canadians have largely assimilated more into the broader economy, such that the Ukrainian Canadian workforce is now similar to that of Canada as a whole in nearly all other respects.<ref name="UkrCanEncycdotcom" /><ref name="SwyripaLambertEncyc" />
== Demography ==
{{image frame
|content={{Graph:Chart
|height=333
|width=666
|xAxisTitle=Year
|yAxisMin=0
|yAxisMax=2719310<!-- Max is based on a double ethnic Ukrainian population as per the latest census data (2016). -->
|xGrid=
|yAxisTitle=Population
|yGrid=
|y1Title=Canada
|type=line
|showSymbols=
|x=1901, 1911, 1921, 1931, 1941, 1951, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016
|y1=5682, 75432, 106721, 225113, 305929, 395043, 473337, 580660, 529615, 961310, 1054295, 1026475, 1071060, 1209090, 1251170, 1359655
|colors=red,light blue,pink, blue,light green,orange}}
|caption=Canadians of Ukrainian descent total population (1901−2016)<br>{{smaller|''Note1: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus the population is an undercount.''<br>''Note2: 1996-present census populations are undercounts, due to the creation of the "Canadian" ethnic origin category.''}}
|border=no
}}
{{image frame
|content={{Graph:Chart
|height=333
|width=666
|xAxisTitle=Year
|yAxisMin=0
|yAxisMax=7.892<!-- Max is based on double ethnic Ukrainian percentage as per the latest census data (2016). -->
|xGrid=
|yAxisTitle=Percentage
|yGrid=
|y1Title=Canada
|type=line
|showSymbols=
|x=1901, 1911, 1921, 1931, 1941, 1951, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016
|y1=0.106, 1.047, 1.214, 2.169, 2.659, 2.820, 2.595, 2.692, 2.199, 3.842, 3.906, 3.598, 3.614, 3.870, 3.808, 3.946
|colors=red,light blue,pink,blue,light green,orange}}
|caption=Canadians of Ukrainian descent percentage of the total population (1901−2016)<br>{{smaller|''Note1: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus the population is an undercount.''<br>''Note2: 1996-present census populations are undercounts, due to the creation of the "Canadian" ethnic origin category.''}}
|border=no
}}
=== Population ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Ukrainian Canadian Population History<br>1901−2016
|-
!Year
!Population
!% of the total population
|-
|1901<br><ref name="population1871to1971"/>{{rp|17}}<ref name="population1901to1961"/>
| align="right" |5,682
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 5682 | 5371315 | 3 }}
|-
|1911<br><ref name="population1871to1971"/>{{rp|17}}<ref name="population1901to1961"/>
| align="right" |75,432
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 75432 | 7206643 | 3 }}
|-
|1921<br><ref name="population1871to1971"/>{{rp|17}}<ref name="population1901to1961"/><ref name="population1921to1971"/>
| align="right" |106,721
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 106721 | 8787949 | 3 }}
|-
|1931<br><ref name="population1871to1971"/>{{rp|17}}<ref name="population1901to1961"/><ref name="population1921to1971"/>
| align="right" |225,113
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 225113 | 10376786 | 3 }}
|-
|1941<br><ref name="population1871to1971"/>{{rp|17}}<ref name="population1901to1961"/><ref name="population1921to1971"/>
| align="right" |305,929
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 305929 | 11506655 | 3 }}
|-
|1951<br><ref name="population1871to1971"/>{{rp|17}}<ref name="population1901to1961"/><ref name="population1921to1971"/>
| align="right" |395,043
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 395043 | 14009429 | 3 }}
|-
|1961<br><ref name="population1871to1971"/>{{rp|17}}<ref name="population1901to1961"/><ref name="population1921to1971"/>
| align="right" |473,337
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 473337 | 18238247 | 3 }}
|-
|1971<br><ref name="population1871to1971"/>{{rp|17}}<ref name="population1921to1971"/>
| align="right" |580,660
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 580660 | 21568310 | 3 }}
|-
|1981<br><ref name="population1981"/>
| align="right" |529,615
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 529615 | 24083495 | 3 }}
|-
|1986<br><ref name="population1986"/><ref name="population1986B"/>
| align="right" |961,310
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 961310 | 25022010 | 3 }}
|-
|1991<br><ref name="population1991"/>
| align="right" |1,054,295
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 1054295 | 26994045 | 3 }}
|-
|1996<br><ref name="population1996"/>
| align="right" |1,026,475
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 1026475 | 28528125 | 3 }}
|-
|2001<br><ref name="population2001"/>
| align="right" |1,071,060
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 1071060 | 29639035 | 3 }}
|-
|2006<br><ref name="population2006"/>
| align="right" |1,209,090
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 1209090 | 31241030 | 3 }}
|-
|2011<br><ref name="population2011"/>
| align="right" |1,251,170
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 1251170 | 32852325 | 3 }}
|-
|2016<br><ref name="population2016"/>
| align="right" |1,359,655
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 1359655 | 34460065 |3}}
|-
|2021<br><ref name="population2021"/>
| align="right" |1,258,635
| align="right" |{{Percentage |1258635|36991981|3}}
|}
=== Language ===
{{see also|Ukrainian language}}
{{further|Canadian Ukrainian}}
[[File:Ukrainian Sign Hafford Saskatchewan 2011.jpg|thumb|right|Ukrainian language street signs alongside English ones in [[Hafford]], [[Saskatchewan]]]]
In addition to the official [[Canadian English|English]] and [[Quebec French|French]] languages, many [[Canadian Prairies|prairie]] public schools offer [[Ukrainian language]] education for children, including immersion programs. Generally, second language students are taught the local [[Canadian Ukrainian]] dialect, rather than Standard Ukrainian.
The Canadian Ukrainian dialect is based on the Ukrainian spoken by the first wave of immigrants from the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] from 1891 to 1914. Because the Ukrainian language of this era had no words for such things as [[agricultural machinery]] other than a plow, words for wildlife or vegetation common to North America and uncommon in Ukraine, words related to the [[Car|automobile]] or other self-propelled vehicles on roads, or words for [[internal combustion engine]]-powered or [[Electric motor|electrically]]-powered [[Power tool|tools]] or [[home appliance]]s of any kind, extensive borrowings and adaptations from [[Canadian English]] were independently made by Ukrainian settlers in the [[block settlement]]s of the [[Canadian Prairies|Prairies]] during their first decades in Canada. The decline of regular communication with relatives in Ukraine, especially the severe restrictions between [[German invasion of Poland|1939]] and [[Glasnost#Gorbachev|1989]], further isolated the Western Canadian Ukrainian dialect from an evolving Ukrainian language in [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Ukraine]]. Now, immigrants from Ukraine to Western Canada since 1991, speaking Ukrainian, find the Canadian Ukrainian dialect old-fashioned and sometimes strange, for modern Ukrainian no longer uses some of the expressions and vocabulary common to the Canadian dialect – or, in the case of the Canadian loan words and adaptations, never did use, because Standard Ukrainian either invented other terms or borrowed and adapted from other languages, such as [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]] or Russian.
There are a few [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Toronto and Eastern Canada|Ukrainian Catholic]] elementary schools in the [[Greater Toronto Area]], including [[Demetrius of Thessaloniki|St. Demetrius]] [[Toronto Catholic District School Board|Catholic Elementary school]], [[Josaphat Kuntsevych|St. Josaphat]] Catholic Elementary school, and [[Josyf Slipyj|Josef Cardinal Slipyj]] Elementary school, all in [[Etobicoke]]; as well as [[Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv|St. Sofia]] [[Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board|Catholic Elementary school]] in [[Mississauga]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Callan |first1=Isaac |last2=Rocca |first2=Ryan |title=Students attend Toronto Ukrainian schools after fleeing war with Russia |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8740558/ukrainian-students-toronto-school-boards/ |date=April 6, 2022 |publisher=[[CIII-DT|Global Toronto]] |access-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref>
=== Religion ===
{{See also|History of Christianity in Ukraine}}
{{further|Byzantine Rite Christianity in Canada|Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Winnipeg|Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada|Tin Can Cathedral|Ukrainian Evangelical Baptist Convention of Canada}}
[[File:St Georges.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Cathedral of St. George (Saskatoon)|St. George's Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral, Saskatoon]].]]
[[File:St Volodymyr's (Toronto).JPG|thumb|200px|right|[[St. Volodymyr's Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral (Toronto)|St. Volodymyr's Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral, Toronto]].]]
Most Ukrainians who came to Canada from Galicia were [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian Catholic]] and those from Bukovina were [[Orthodox Church of Ukraine|Ukrainian Orthodox]]. However, the people of both churches faced a [[Eastern Catholic clergy in Ukraine|shortage of priests]] in Canada. The Ukrainian Catholic clergy came into conflict with the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Edmonton|Roman Catholic hierarchy]] because they were not celibate and wanted a separate governing structure. At the time, the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] was the only [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] church that operated in North America – because they had arrived first via [[Russian America|Alaska]], and traditionally Orthodox churches are [[Eastern Orthodox Church organization|territorially exclusive]]. However, Ukrainians in Canada were suspicious of being controlled by Russia, first by the [[Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality|Tsarist government]] and later by the Soviets. Partially in response to this, the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada]] was created as a wholly Ukrainian Canadian-controlled alternative. Also, the Ukrainian Catholic clergy were eventually given a [[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Winnipeg|separate structure]] from the [[Catholic Church in Canada|Roman Church]].
{{clear}}
== Geographical distribution ==
:{{small|1=''Information in this section taken from Statistics Canada, 2016.''}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2020 |title=2016 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations | Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/index-eng.cfm |access-date=January 11, 2020 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref>
=== Provinces & territories ===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Province / Territory !! Percent Ukrainian
!Total Ukrainians
|-
| {{flag|Alberta}} || 9.3%
|369,090
|-
| {{flag|British Columbia}} || 5.0%
|229,205
|-
| {{flag|Manitoba}} || 14.5%
|180,055
|-
| {{flag|New Brunswick}} || 0.5%
|3,535
|-
| {{flag|Newfoundland and Labrador}} || 0.3%
|1,350
|-
| {{flag|Northwest Territories}} || 3.2%
|1,290
|-
| {{flag|Nova Scotia}} ||1.0%
|9,115
|-
| {{flag|Nunavut}} ||0.5%
|190
|-
| {{flag|Ontario}} || 2.8%
|376,440
|-
| {{flag|Prince Edward Island}} || 0.7%
|930
|-
| {{flag|Quebec}} || 0.5%
|42,550
|-
| {{flag|Saskatchewan}} || 13.4%
|143,700
|-
| {{flag|Yukon}} || 6.3%
|2,205
|-
! ''Total'' || 3.9% || 1,359,655
|}
=== Cities ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="height:42px; background-color:#E9E9E9"
! style="width:60px;" rowspan=2 | City
! style="width:60px;" rowspan=2 | Population
! style="width:60px;" rowspan=2 | Ukrainian Population
! style="width:60px;" rowspan=2 | Percentage of Ukrainians<br />(out of total population)
! style="width:60px;" rowspan=2 | Percentage of all Canadian Ukrainians
|-
| [[Calgary]]
| 1,239,220
| 77,670
| 6.4%
| 5.7%
|-
| [[Edmonton]]
| 932,546
| 98,820
| 10.8%
| 7.3%
|-
| [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]
| 536,917
| 18,990
| 3.6%
| 1.4%
|-
| [[Montreal]]
| 1,704,694
| 18,010
| 1.1%
| 1.3%
|-
| [[Ottawa]]
| 923,243
| 24,965
| 2.7%
| 1.8%
|-
| [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]]
| 215,106
| 26,590
| 12.6%
| 2.0%
|-
| [[Saskatoon]]
| 246,376
| 38,600
| 16.0%
| 2.8%
|-
| [[Toronto]]
| 2,721,571
| 72,345
| 2.7%
| 5.3%
|-
| [[Vancouver]] ([[Metro Vancouver Regional District|Metro Vancouver]])
| 2,463,431
| 94,400
| 3.9%
| 6.9%
|-
| [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]
| 85,792
| 5,015
| 6.1%
| 0.4%
|-
| [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]]
| 217,188
| 6,165
| 2.9%
| 0.5%
|-
| [[Winnipeg]]
| 705,244
| 99,365
| 14.4%
| 7.3%
|}
[[File:Canada ethnic origin map 2021.png|thumb|right|300px|Map of the dominant self-identified ethnic origins of ancestors per [[census division]]. The actual physical origins of ancestors may be different. Ukrainian plurality areas are highlighted in [[teal]]. Note that Ukrainians are a significant minority elsewhere, and that, numerically, most Ukrainian Canadians live in cities.]]
:{{small|1=''Information in this section taken from both [http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E 2006 Census Community Profiles], and Statistics Canada, 2016.''}}
The provinces with the largest Ukrainian populations (single and multiple origins, 2006) are Ontario, 336,355; Alberta, 332,180; British Columbia, 197,265; Manitoba, 167,175; Saskatchewan 129,265; and Quebec, 31,955. In terms of proportion of the total population, the most Ukrainian provinces and territories are Manitoba (15%), Saskatchewan (13%), Alberta (10%), Yukon (5%), British Columbia (5%), and Ontario (3%).
The metropolitan regions with the largest Ukrainian populations (single and multiple origins, 2006) are Edmonton, 144,620; Toronto, 122,510; Winnipeg, 110,335; Vancouver, 81,725; Calgary, 76,240; Saskatoon, 38,825; Hamilton, 27,080; Montreal, 26,150; Regina, 25,725; Ottawa-[[Gatineau, Quebec|Gatineau]], 21,520; [[St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines]]-[[Niagara Falls, Ontario|Niagara]], 20,990; [[Thunder Bay, Ontario|Thunder Bay]], 17,620; [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], 15,020; [[Kelowna, British Columbia|Kelowna]], 13,425; [[Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa]], 12,555; [[London, Ontario|London]], 10,765; and [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]], 10,425.
The Census Divisions with the largest percentage of Ukrainians (single and multiple origins, 2006) are Manitoba #12 (25%), Alberta #10 (20%), Alberta #12 (19%), Manitoba #11 (15%), Manitoba #7 (13%), Manitoba #10 (12%), Manitoba #9 (12%), Manitoba #2 (10%).
There are several smaller rural communities in Western Canada with significant proportions of Ukrainians (single and multiple origins, 2016), including: [[Canora, Saskatchewan]] (52.6%), [[Speers, Saskatchewan]] (50%), [[Andrew, Alberta]] (48%), [[Mundare|Mundare, Alberta]] (46%), [[Bradwell, Saskatchewan]] (41%), [[Vilna, Alberta]] (40%), [[Smoky Lake|Smoky Lake, Alberta]] (39%), [[Hafford|Hafford, Saskatchewan]] (39%).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=8 February 2017 |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
== Culture ==
{{See also|Ukrainian culture}}
Having been separated from Ukraine, Ukrainian Canadians have developed their own distinctive Ukrainian culture in Canada. To showcase their unique hybrid culture, Ukrainian Canadians have created institutions that showcase Ukrainian Canadian culture such as [[Edmonton]]'s [[Cheremosh Ukrainian Dance Company|Cheremosh]] and [[Ukrainian Shumka Dancers|Shumka]] troupes – among the world's elite [[Ukrainian dance]]rs; or the [[Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village]] – a living-history museum approximately 39 kilometers east of Edmonton where Ukrainian [[Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)#Immigration to the West|pioneer buildings]] are displayed along with extensive cultural exhibits.
Ukrainian Canadians have also contributed to [[Culture of Canada|Canadian culture]] as a whole. Actress and comedian [[Luba Goy]], singer [[Gloria Kaye]],<ref>Czuboka, p. 211-212.</ref> ''[[Jeopardy!]]'' host [[Alex Trebek]], hockey executive [[Kyle Dubas]], and painter [[William Kurelek]], for example, are well-known outside the Ukrainian community.
Perhaps one of the most lasting contributions Ukrainian Canadians have made to the wider culture of Canada is the concept of [[multiculturalism]],<ref name="SwyripaLambertEncyc" /><ref name="Cuenco2021">{{Cite journal |last=Cuenco |first=Michael |date=Spring 2021 |title=A Tale of Two Immigration Systems: Canada and the United States |url=https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2021/02/a-tale-of-two-immigration-systems-canada-and-the-united-states/ |journal=[[American Affairs]] |publisher=American Affairs Foundation Inc |volume=V |issue=1}}</ref> which was promoted as early as 1963 by [[Senate of Canada|Senator]] [[Paul Yuzyk]].<ref name=Cuenco2021/> During and after the debates surrounding the [[Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism]], Ukrainian leaders, such as linguist [[Jaroslav Rudnyckyj]], came out in force against the idea of [[Constitutional debate in Canada|English – French]] [[biculturalism]],<ref name=Cuenco2021/> which they believed denied the contributions other peoples had made to Canada. Partly in response to this, Prime Minister [[Pierre Trudeau]] shifted Canada to a policy of official multiculturalism; notably, the day after the [[Canadian Multiculturalism Policy of 1971]] was officially announced, Trudeau gave a forceful speech in support of the policy at a national assembly of the [[Ukrainian Canadian Congress]] in Winnipeg.<ref name=Cuenco2021/>
===Architecture===
{{see also|Vernacular architecture of the Carpathians}}
The Western Ukrainian agricultural settlers brought with them a style of folk architecture dominated by buildings made of unprocessed logs, which were much better suited to the wooded [[aspen parkland|parkland belt]] rather than the "bald prairie". The first house built – usually a ''[[burdei]]'' – used some sod; but was not exactly a [[sod house|sod hut]], more like a [[dugout (shelter)|dugout]]. The second house was often a white-washed and plastered [[log cabin]] usually with a thatched roof, very similar to those seen in Ukraine. Barns, chicken coops, [[granary|granaries]], and so on were all built using the same techniques as the houses. By the 1930s most Ukrainian Canadians adopted the building styles of the North American mainstream including [[framing (construction)|framed homes and barns]] built from commercial plans and using milled lumber.
Early churches, built by pioneer farmers rather than trained builders, were log cabins with a few added decorations. They aspired to the designs of [[wooden churches in Ukraine|Ukraine's wooden churches]] but were much more humble. Latter churches – such as the "prairie cathedral" style of Father [[Philip Ruh]], using a mixture of Byzantine and Western influences – were much more decorative.
===Politics===
Many Ukrainians fled [[Tsarist autocracy|Russia]], [[Polonization#Ukrainians|Poland]],<ref name="Swyripa-TCE-EOU" /> and later, the Soviet Union, to find freedom and a better life in Canada. For them, Canada became "an anti-Russia", where they could realize their political and economic ideas. Most Ukrainian Canadians were [[Anti-Sovietism|anti-Soviet]], yet a minor group of Ukrainians has [[Ukrainian Social Democratic Party (Canada)|since 1910]] supported [[Socialism and social democracy in Canada|Canadian socialism]] and contributed to the formation of the [[Communist Party of Canada]], and formed a significant bloc within that group. They were also active in other [[Marxism|Marxist]] organizations like the [[Association of United Ukrainian Canadians|Ukrainian Labour Farmer Temple Association]] (ULFTA). Ukrainians also played a central role in the 1930s formation of the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] (CCF) and the 1960s formation of the [[New Democratic Party]]. Ukrainians were a notable portion of the [[Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion]] of Canadians who volunteered and fought in the [[Spanish Civil War]] on the side of the [[Second Spanish Republic|leftist republican government]] against the nationalist troops of [[Generalissimo|Generalísimo]] [[Francisco Franco]].
Ukrainians in Canada at first supported the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]] federally and [[Liberalism in Canada#Liberal parties|provincially]], a minority moved towards the [[Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years#New parties|1930s protest parties]] of [[Social Credit Party of Canada|Social Credit]] and the CCF federally and provincially. The vocal anti-communism of [[John Diefenbaker]] in the 1950s led the more nationalist-minded to support the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|federal Progressive Conservatives]]. Today's Ukrainian community tends to vote based on economic class interests and [[List of regions of Canada|regional]] preferences.<ref>Swyripa, "Canada", p. 348.</ref>
The nationalist movement, through the [[Ukrainian National Federation of Canada|Ukrainian National Federation]] and the Canadian League for the Liberation of Ukraine, was also an important part of the community. After Ukraine became independent Canada was one of the first nations to recognize Ukraine. From 1992 to 1994, Ukrainian Canadians were vital in fundraising to purchase a building in [[Ottawa]] to house the [[Embassy of Ukraine, Ottawa|Embassy of Ukraine]]. As well, Canada has recognized the ''[[Holodomor]]'' (Ukrainian Famine) as an act of genocide. Canada also sent many observers to Ukraine during the disputed [[2004 Ukrainian presidential election|2004 presidential election]] (see: [[Orange Revolution]]). The [[Global Affairs Canada|Government of Canada]] as well as its provincial governments – especially the Ukrainian strongholds in [[Alberta]], [[Manitoba]], and [[Saskatchewan]] – do much to support Ukraine's economic and political development.
The Ukrainian Canadians had and have much more influence in Canadian society and policy than any other East European group; therefore they have had several prominent figures in top positions. [[Ray Hnatyshyn]] was the 24th [[List of Governors-General of Canada#Under Elizabeth II (1952–present)|Governor General of Canada]] (1990–1995) and the first Governor General of Ukrainian descent. Ukrainians were also elected leaders of Canada's prairie provinces: [[Gary Filmon]] was [[List of premiers of Manitoba|Premier of Manitoba]] (1988–1999), nearly simultaneously with Hnatyshyn, and [[Roy Romanow]] was [[List of premiers of Saskatchewan|Premier of Saskatchewan]] (1991–2001), also partly at the same time as Filmon and Hnatyshyn.<ref name="Hans-Joachim Hoppe">[[Hans-Joachim Hoppe]]: {{in lang|de}} "[http://www.nzz.ch/nachrichten/kultur/literatur_und_kunst/ukrainische_weiten_1.3544822.html Ukrainian vastnesses – Canada was and is for many East Europeans a country of prophecy]", in: [[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]], no. 211, September 12/13, 2009, p. B3.</ref>
[[Ed Stelmach]] became [[List of premiers of Alberta|Premier of Alberta]] in 2006 as the third [[Premier (Canada)|provincial premier]] of Ukrainian descent. He succeeded [[Ralph Klein]] (1992–2006), who had [[Cabinet (government)|cabinets]] with many Ukrainian ministers. Stelmach himself is the grandson of Ukrainian immigrants and speaks fluent Ukrainian.<ref name="Hans-Joachim Hoppe" /> He left office in October 2011.
[[Chrystia Freeland]], the Liberal [[Deputy Prime Minister of Canada]], is of Ukrainian descent and speaks Ukrainian. [[Rona Ambrose]] ([[Birth name#Maiden and married names|née]] Chapchuk), who was [[Leader of the Opposition (Canada)|Leader of the Opposition]] and interim Conservative party leader from 2015 to 2017, is of Ukrainian descent.
===Arts===
{{See also|Ukrainian dance}}
[[File: UkrainianDance.jpg|thumb|200px|left|A Ukrainian dance troupe at the [[British Columbia|BC]] Ukrainian Cultural Festival]]
[[File: VegrevillePysanka.JPG|thumb|right|In 1974, what was then the world's largest ''[[pysanka]]'' was erected in [[Vegreville]], [[Alberta]], commemorating the 100th anniversary of the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]]. It has since been exceeded by a pysanka built in Ukraine.]]
Canada is home to some very vibrant [[Ukrainian dance]] groups. Some examples of Ukrainian dance ensembles in Canada are the [[Ukrainian Shumka Dancers]] and the [[Cheremosh Ukrainian Dance Company]] in [[Edmonton]], the ''Rusalka'' Ukrainian Dance Ensemble and ''Rozmai'' Ukrainian Dance Company in [[Winnipeg]], the [[Svitanok Ukrainian Dance Ensemble]] in [[Ottawa]], [[Saskatoon]]'s [[Rushnychok Ukrainian Folk Dance Association]], and hundreds of other groups.
The Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko provides some financial support for Ukrainian Canadian performing, [[Literature|literary]] and [[visual arts]].
Ukrainians in general are noted for their elaborately decorated Easter Eggs or ''[[Pysanka|pysanky]]'', and that is also true in Canada. The world's second-largest pysanka is in [[Vegreville]], [[Alberta]].
Ukrainian Canadian churches are also famous for their [[onion domes]], which have elaborately painted [[murals]] on their interior and for their [[iconostasis]], or [[icon]] walls.
=== Literature and academia ===
Ukrainian Canadians have contributed to the literature of Canada and the field of folklore.
Professor of folklore and Kule Chair Emerita at the [[University of Alberta]], [[Natalie Kononenko]], is well respected and has made numerous contributions to her field.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Paths of Folklore: Essays in Honor of Natalie Kononenko {{!}} Slavica Publishers |url=https://slavica.indiana.edu/bookListings/literature/The_Paths_of_Folklore |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=slavica.indiana.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Natalie Kononenko {{!}} Kule Centre for Ukrainian and Canadian Folklore |url=https://www.ualberta.ca/kule-folklore-centre/people/natalie-kononenko.html |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=www.Alberta.ca}}</ref> In 2023, [[Natalie Kononenko|Kononenko]] published a book entitled, "Ukrainian Ritual on the Prairies: Growing a Ukrainian Canadian Identity.".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kononenko |first=Natalie |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.3078916 |title=Ukrainian Ritual on the Prairies: Growing a Ukrainian Canadian Identity |date=2023 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |doi=10.2307/jj.3078916 |isbn=978-0-2280-1681-6|s2cid=258683362 }}</ref>
From [[British Columbia]], Ukrainian Canadian author Danny Evanishen wrote and published more than eleven books retelling [[Ukrainian fairy tale|Ukrainian folk tales]] in [[English language|English]] and sharing stories from his childhood and travel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Herald |first=Special to The |date=2022-03-30 |title=Rock star volunteer, meet Danny Evanishen |url=https://www.pentictonherald.ca/life/article_fe1a899c-b04f-11ec-91f5-6375f2378de7.html |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Penticton Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Danny Evanishen |url=http://www.canadianauthors.net/e/evanishen_danny/ |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Canadian Books & Authors}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Danny Evanishen's home page |url=http://www.ethnic.bc.ca/devanishen/index.html |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=www.ethnic.bc.ca}}</ref>
===Music===
Ukrainian Canadian musicians and groups include [[Randy Bachman]], the [[Canadian Bandurist Capella]], [[Ron Cahute]], [[Rick Danko]], Victor Mishalow, [[Chantal Kreviazuk]], [[Gordie Johnson]], ''[[Canadian Idol]]'' season 2 runner-up [[Theresa Sokyrka]], [[Zirka (band)|Zirka]] from Toronto, [[D-Drifters-5|D-Drifters]] from Winnipeg, [[Cheremshyna (ensemble)]] from Montreal, [[Sons of the Steppes|Sons of the Steppes (known as '''Сини степів''' or '''''Syny Stepiv''''')]] from Montreal, Wasyl Kohut of the progressive rock band [[CANO]], and [[Rushnychok]] from Montreal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rushnychok |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/3970692-Rushnychok |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Discogs |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Рушничок {{!}} Золотий Фонд української естради |url=http://www.uaestrada.org/ansambli/rushnychok/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Рушничок - пісні, біографія - Українські пісні |url=https://www.pisni.org.ua/persons/1830.html |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=www.pisni.org.ua |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Rushnychok- Ukrainian Music and Friends |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OsTHB9AK43w |access-date=2023-08-07 |language=en}}</ref> The Edmonton-based group the [[Kubasonics]] focuses on a [[folk fusion]] of traditional Ukrainian music with modern touches.
===Food===
{{See also|Ukrainian cuisine}}
Cultural food is an important part of Ukrainian culture. Special foods used at Easter as well as Christmas are not made at any other time of the year. In fact on Christmas Eve (January 6{{refn|Because Ukrainian Canadians are the largest [[Eastern Church|Eastern Christian]] group in Canada, January 6–7 is commonly referred to by Canadians of all origins as "Ukrainian Christmas".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Popeski |first=Ron |date=January 6, 2016 |title=Opinion – Should Ukrainians do away with Ukrainian Christmas? |publisher=[[CBWT-DT|CBC Manitoba]] |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/ukrainian-christmas-comment-1.3392177 |access-date=December 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Joyous, family celebration marks Ukrainian Christmas |work=[[Winnipeg Sun]] |url=http://www.winnipegsun.com/news/winnipeg/2009/01/07/7940171-sun.html |access-date=January 8, 2017}}</ref>|name=Christmas|group="N"}} in the [[Gregorian calendar]]), a [[Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper|special twelve-dish meatless meal]] is served. The best-known foods are ''[[Borscht|borshch]]'' (a vegetable soup, usually with beets), ''[[Cabbage roll|holobtsi]]'' (cabbage rolls), ''[[Pierogi|pyrohy]]'' or ''varenyky'' (dumplings often called "perogies"), and ''[[Kielbasa|kovbasa]]'' ([[sausage]]).
Several items of Ukrainian food and culture have been enshrined with [[roadside attraction]]s throughout the Prairie provinces. These are celebrated in the polka ''[[Giants of the Prairies]]'' by the [[Kubasonics]]. For example, the world's largest perogy is in [[Glendon, Alberta]],<ref>[https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/giant-perogy Giant Perogy – Glendon, Canada – Atlas Obscura]</ref> and the world's biggest ''kovbasa'' is in [[Mundare|Mundare, Alberta]].<ref>[https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-world-s-largest-sausage The World's Largest Sausage – Mundare, Canada – Atlas Obscura]</ref>
===Institutions===
There are several Ukrainian Canadian institutions, mostly affiliated with an umbrella organization or with a university, such as:
* '''[[Association of United Ukrainian Canadians]]''' – established in 1918; historically, the other largest Ukrainian Canadian institution, previously called the [[Association of United Ukrainian Canadians|Ukrainian Labour Farmer Temple Association]] and connected with [[socialism in Canada]] and the labor movement, including:
** [[Ivan Franko Museum]] in [[Winnipeg]]
** [[Taras Shevchenko Museum]] in [[Toronto]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Infoukes.com |title=Taras Shevchenko Museum – the only Shevchenko Museum in the Americas |url=http://www.infoukes.com/shevchenkomuseum}}</ref>
** [[Ukrainian Labour Temple]] in Winnipeg
* [[Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association]], an independent group dedicated to the articulation and defense of the Ukrainian Canadian community's interests
* '''[[Ukrainian Canadian Congress]]''' – established in 1940; the largest of any Ukrainian Canadian institutions, an umbrella organization of nationalist and historically anti-Soviet organizations; including provincial councils, local branches, and member organizations such as:
** [[Plast]] Ukrainian Youth Association in Canada
** [[Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre]]
** [[SUSK|Ukrainian Canadian Students’ Union]]
** [[Ukrainian Museum of Canada]], based in [[Saskatoon]] with branches in the other major cities
** [[Ukrainian National Federation of Canada]], and its [[Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Centre]] in Winnipeg
* Various institutions at Canadian universities, including:
** [[University of Alberta#Arts and humanities research|Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies]] ([[University of Alberta]] and [[University of Toronto]])
** [[Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies]] ([[University of Manitoba]])
** [[Kule Folklore Centre]] (University of Alberta)
** [[Prairie Centre for the Study of Ukrainian Heritage]] ([[University of Saskatchewan]])
** [[St. Andrew's College, Manitoba|St. Andrew's College]] ([[University of Manitoba]]), seminary of the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada]]
** [[St. Petro Mohyla Institute]], student residence in [[Saskatoon]]
==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File: Dr. Joseph Oleskow.jpg|Dr. Joseph Oleskow in 1896, before his second voyage to Canada
File:Ukranian Museum of Canada.JPG|Ukrainian Museum of Canada, [[Saskatoon]]
File:Ukrainians in Saskatoon.JPG|Ukrainian Museum of Canada workers in traditional dress outside the Saskatoon museum
File:Ukrainian Cultural & Educational Centre - Winnipeg 2010.jpg|Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Centre "''Oseredok''", [[Winnipeg]]
File:Edmonton Ukrainian orchestra.jpg|A Ukrainian folk music "orchestra" associated with the then Mykhailo Hrushevsky Institute of [[Edmonton]], now known as St John's Institute
File:St. Petro Mohyla Institute.JPG|St Petro Mohyla Institute, Saskatoon
File:St. Vladimir Institute, Toronto.jpg|St Vladimir Institute, [[Toronto]]
File:Sheptytsky Institute.JPG|Former Sheptytsky Institute building at the [[University of Saskatchewan]] in [[Saskatoon]]
</gallery>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Ukraine|Canada}}
{{commons category|Ukrainian diaspora in Canada}}
* [[List of Ukrainian Canadians]]
* [[List of Canadian place names of Ukrainian origin]]
* [[Canada–Ukraine relations]]
* [[European Canadians]]
* [[Ukrainian Americans]]
* [[Toronto Ukrainian Genealogy Group]]
== Notes ==
{{reflist|group="N"}}
== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|2}}
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1985 |title=Ukrainians |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=Hurtig Publishers |location=Edmonton, Alberta |last=Swyripa |first=Frances A. |editor-last=[[Mel Hurtig]] |edition=1st |volume=3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclo03mars/page/1863 1863] |isbn=0-88830-272-X |quote=''In 1981 only 30.0% and 18.6% of Ukrainian Canadians belonged to the Ukrainian Catholic and Ukrainian Orthodox churches, respectively; 16.8% were Roman Catholic and 13.3% [[United Church of Canada|United Church]] adherents.''}}
* Martynowych, Orest (2011). "[http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/departments/ukrainian_canadian_studies/media/05_The_Seraphimite_Independent_Greek_Presbyterian_and_United_Churches.pdf The Seraphimite, Independent Greek, Presbyterian and United Churches]". Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies, University of Manitoba.
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1984 |title=Canada |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto |last=Swyripa |first=Frances |editor-last=[[Volodymyr Kubiyovych]] |volume=1, A-F |pages=352 |isbn=0-8020-3362-8 |quote=''A unique religious experiment originated with a Russian Orthodox priest, S. Ustvolsky. As the monk Seraphim, self-proclaimed [[Bishop (Eastern Orthodox Church)|bishop]] and [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] of the Orthodox Russian church for America, he arrived in Canada in 1903 and [[Tin Can Cathedral|began to ordain priests]]. In 1904, alarmed by Seraphim's growing eccentricities, several priests, led by I. Bodrug, broke with him and formed the Ruthenian Independent Greek church. The new church retained the [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern rite and liturgy]] but was supervised and financially supported by the [[Presbyterian Church in Canada|Presbyterian church]], with which Bodrug had contacts. At its height, the Independent Greek Church claimed 60,000 adherents. It declined after 1907 when Presbyterian pressure forced genuine Protestant reform; it became part of the Presbyterian church and then of the [[United Church of Canada|United church]]. Bodrug remained within the Ukrainian evangelical movement, working closely with the ''Ukrainian Evangelical Alliance in North America'' (est. 1922). In 1931, 1.6 percent of Ukrainian Canadians were United church adherents. By 1971 intermarriage and assimilation had increased the figure to 13.9 percent, the fourth-largest denomination among Ukrainian Canadians.''}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1985 |title=Ukrainians |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=Hurtig Publishers |location=Edmonton, Alberta |last=Swyripa |first=Frances A. |editor-last=[[Mel Hurtig]] |edition=1st |volume=3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclo03mars/page/1862 1862] |isbn=0-88830-272-X |quote=''Isolated individuals of Ukrainian background may have come to Canada during the ''War of 1812'' as mercenaries in the ''de Meuron'' and [[De Watteville's Regiment|de Watteville regiments]]. It is possible that others participated in Russian exploration and colonization on the West Coast, came with ''Mennonite'' and other German immigrants in the 1870s, or entered Canada from the US.''}} [United States – ed.]
* {{Cite book |last1=Luciuk |first1=Lubomyr |title=Creating a Landscape: A Geography of Ukrainians in Canada |last2=Kordan |first2=Bohdan |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |year=1989 |isbn=0-8020-5823-X |location=Toronto |page=Map 3 |quote=''Only about one-fifth of the Ukrainians in Canada would come from Ukrainian lands controlled by the tsarist empire until 1917 and by the Soviets thereafter.'' |author-link=Lubomyr Luciuk}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1994 |title=Ukrainians in Canada |encyclopedia=Ukraine and Ukrainians Throughout the World |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto |editor-last=Ann Lencyk Pawliczko |page=333 |isbn=0-8020-0595-0 |quote=''Because most of the 'free' lands available for agricultural settlement had already been granted to earlier immigrants, the incoming population tended not to establish themselves as farmers. A substantial number settled in the Prairie provinces and worked as farm hands, while some took advantage of land grants being offered in the northern Peace River region of Alberta. Eventually, some of these immigrants started up their farming operations in and around the main areas of Ukrainian settlement. The majority of Ukrainians in this second wave, however, worked as laborers in the mining and forestry regions of northern Ontario and the cities of central Canada and the Prairies. A small portion of the incoming immigration consisted of individuals with a higher level of education than that possessed by the earlier immigrants, allowing them to exact a different entry-level status. Among this group were skilled individuals who could assume critical positions in the Ukrainian press and the community's cultural-educational institutions.'' |last2=Makuch |first2=Andrij |last1=Isajiw |first1=Wsevolod}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1985 |title=Ukrainians |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=Hurtig Publishers |location=Edmonton, Alberta |last=Swyripa |first=Frances A. |editor-last=[[Mel Hurtig]] |edition=1st |volume=3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclo03mars/page/1862 1862] |isbn=0-88830-272-X |quote=''Between the 2 world wars some 70,000 Ukrainians immigrated to Canada for political and economic reasons. They included war veterans, intellectuals and professionals, as well as peasants''}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1984 |title=Canada |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto |last=Swyripa |first=Frances |editor-last=[[Volodymyr Kubiyovych]] |volume=1, A-F |pages=351–52 |isbn=0-8020-3362-8 |quote=''Interwar immigrants introduced a number of new organizations. The paramilitary sporting Sitch ''[sic]'' (renamed the ''Canadian Sitch Organization'' in 1928) was founded in 1924 with official support from the [[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Winnipeg|Ukrainian Catholic church]]. It declined with the appearance of the Ukrainian Catholic Brotherhood and in 1934 was reorganized without church backing as the ''United Hetman Organization'', a conservative monarchist movement that favored [[Pavlo Skoropadskyi|P. Skoropadsky]] as hetman of Ukraine. After the death of his son, [[Danylo Skoropadskyi|D. Skoropadsky]], in 1957 the movement, never too popular, rapidly declined. In 1928 the republican-inclined [[Ukrainian War of Independence|veterans of the Ukrainian independence struggle]] formed the ''Ukrainian War Veterans' Association'' (UWVA). In 1932 it provided the base for the ''[[Ukrainian National Federation of Canada|Ukrainian National Federation]]'', which espoused the militant nationalism of the ''[[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]].}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1985 |title=Ukrainians |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=Hurtig Publishers |location=Edmonton, Alberta |last=Swyripa |first=Frances A. |editor-last=[[Mel Hurtig]] |edition=1st |volume=3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclo03mars/page/1862 1862–63] |isbn=0-88830-272-X |quote=''National organizations emerged in the interwar years. The pro-communist [[Association of United Ukrainian Canadians|Ukrainian Labour-Farmer Temple Association]] (est. 1924) attracted the unemployed in the 1930s. The Ukrainian Self-Reliance League (est. 1927) and the Ukrainian Catholic Brotherhood (est. 1932) represented Orthodox and Catholic laity, respectively. Organizations introduced by the second immigration reflected [[Ukrainian War of Independence|Ukrainian revolutionary trends]] in Europe. The small conservative, monarchical United Hetman Organization (est 1934) was counterbalanced by the influential nationalistic, republican [[Ukrainian National Federation of Canada|Ukrainian National Federation]] (est. 1932). Despite tensions, all groups publicized [[Polonization#Ukrainians|Polish pacification]] and [[Stalinism#Stalinist policies|Stalinist terror]] in Ukraine in the 1930s; only the Ukrainian Labour-Farmer Temple Association condoned the Soviet purges and the [[Holodomor|artificial famine of 1932–33]] that killed 6 million people; its successor, the [[Association of United Ukrainian Canadians]] (est. 1946), has declined steadily.''}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1984 |title=Canada |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto |last=Swyripa |first=Frances |editor-last=[[Volodymyr Kubiyovych]] |volume=1, A-F |pages=352 |isbn=0-8020-3362-8 |quote=''During the 1930s there was considerable friction between the Canadian-oriented Ukrainian Catholic Brotherhood and Ukrainian Self-Reliance League and such Ukraine-oriented organizations as the [[Ukrainian National Federation of Canada|Ukrainian National Federation]]. Despite rivalries, Ukrainian-Canadian organizations gave moral and financial assistance to Ukrainian émigré centers in Western Europe and Ukrainian veterans, war orphans, and numerous causes in [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] and neighboring countries. In the 1930s [[Polonization#Ukrainians|Polish pacification]] in Western Ukraine and [[Stalinism#Stalinist policies|Stalinist terror in the Soviet Union]] were widely publicized. The [[Association of United Ukrainian Canadians|ULFTA]], which extolled the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Ukrainian state]] and especially its [[Ukrainization#1923–1931: early years of Soviet Ukraine|cultural flowering in the 1920s]], failed to question the purges, forced collectivization, and [[Holodomor|artificial famine]] of the 1930s.''}}
* {{Cite book |last=Czuboka |first=Michael |title=Ukrainian Canadian, Eh?: The Ukrainians of Canada and Elsewhere As Perceived By Themselves And Others |publisher=Communigraphics / Printers' Aid Group |year=1983 |isbn=0-920073-00-X |location=Winnipeg, Manitoba |pages=211–12 |quote=''Gloria Kaye was born in northern Alberta as Gloria Slavka Kolmatycki on March 10, 1956, the youngest of five children of Mike and Annie Kolmatycki. ''[...]'' Kolmatycki changed her Ukrainian name to 'Kaye' for 'ease in handling.' As Gloria Kaye, she sang on Canadian television on the [[Tommy Hunter|Tommy Hunter Show]], It's Happening, Show of the Week, [[Juliette (TV series)|Juliette]], [[Music Hop]], [[Robbie Lane and the Disciples|Robbie Lane]], and the [[Merv Griffin Show|Merv Griffin show]] in the United States.''}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1984 |title=Canada |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto |last=Swyripa |first=Frances |editor-last=[[Volodymyr Kubiyovych]] |volume=1, A-F |pages=348 |isbn=0-8020-3362-8 |quote=''For many years Ukrainians supported the Liberal party, which was [[8th Canadian Ministry|in power when they first arrived]]. Together with other Canadians from the lower socioeconomic strata, Ukrainians have shown considerable support for Canadian protest parties, which emerged in the 1930s – the Social Credit party and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (subsequently the New Democratic party). During the Great Depression the Ukrainians, [[History of the Jews in Canada|Jews]], and [[Finnish Canadians|Finns]] were the most prominent ethnic groups within the ''Communist Party of Canada''. In the late 1950s many Ukrainians turned to the Progressive Conservative party, approving J. Diefenbaker's anticommunism and his [[Michael Starr (politician)|appointment of the first Ukrainian Canadian]] to [[18th Canadian Ministry|the federal cabinet]]. Increasingly, the voting habits of Ukrainians reflect their economic class or region rather than any common ethnic pattern.''}}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* Darcovich, W. and P. Yuzyk, ''A Statistical Compendium on the Ukrainians in Canada''. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980.
* Hinther, Rhonda L., and Jim Mochoruk, eds. ''Re-Imagining Ukrainian-Canadians: History, Politics, and Identity'' (University of Toronto Press, 2011).
* [[Hans-Joachim Hoppe|Hoppe, Hans-Joachim]] [http://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op-ed/hans-joachim-hoppe-ukraines-conflict-and-the-ukrainian-diaspora-in-canada-397247.html ''Ukraine's conflict and the Ukrainian diaspora in Canada''], [[Kyiv Post]], September 5, 2015.
* Kordan, Bohdan (2000). ''Ukrainian Canadians and the Canada Census, 1981–1996'', Saskatoon: Heritage Press. {{ISBN|0-88880-422-9}}.
* Kordan, Bohdan (2001). ''Canada and the Ukrainian Question, 1939–1945'', Montreal-Kingston: [[McGill-Queen's University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-7735-2230-1}}.
* Kukushkin, Vadim (2007). ''From Peasants to Labourers: Ukrainian and Belarusian Immigration from the Russian Empire to Canada'', Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MblmN1z37m0C excerpt and text search]
* [[Janice Kulyk Keefer|Kulyk-Keefer, Janice]] (2005). ''Dark Ghost in the Corner: Imagining Ukrainian-Canadian Identity'', Saskatoon: Heritage Press. {{ISBN|0-88880-497-0}}.
* {{Cite journal |last=Luciuk |first=Kassandra |date=Spring 2019 |title=More Dangerous Than Many a Pamphlet or Propaganda Book: The Ukrainian Canadian Left, Theatre, and Propaganda in the 1920s |url=http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1061035ar |journal=[[Labour / Le Travail]] |publisher=Canadian Committee on Labour History |volume=89 |pages=77–104 |doi=10.1353/llt.2019.0003 |jstor=26741322 |s2cid=164950170}}
* Luciuk, Lubomyr and Kordan, Bohdan (1989). ''Creating a Landscape: A Geography of Ukrainians in Canada'', Toronto: [[University of Toronto Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8020-5823-X}}.
* Luciuk, Lubomyr and [[Stella Hryniuk|Hryniuk, Stella]], eds. (1991). ''Canada's Ukrainians: Negotiating an Identity'', Toronto: University of Toronto Press. {{ISBN|0-8020-5978-3}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Luciuk |first=Lubomyr Y. |title=Searching For Place: Ukrainian Displaced Persons, Canada, and the Migration of Memory |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=0-8020-8088-X |doi=10.3138/9781442679672}}
* Lupul, Manoly, ed. (1984). ''Visible Symbols: Cultural Expression Among Canada's Ukrainians'', Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. {{ISBN|0-920862-27-6}}.
* Lupul, Manoly, (1982) ''A Heritage in Transition: Essays on the History of Ukrainians in Canada''
* Martynowych, Orest (1991). ''Ukrainians in Canada: The formative period, 1891–1924''. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. {{ISBN|0-920862-76-4}}.
* Martynowych, Orest (ed.) (2011). [http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/departments/ukrainian_canadian_studies/media/Ukrainian_Canadian_History_biblio.pdf "Ukrainian-Canadian History, 1891–Present: A List of English-language Secondary Sources (Monographs, Book chapters, Collections, Articles)."] Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies University of Manitoba.
* Melnycky, Peter. "'Canadians and Ukrainians Inseparably': Recent Writing on the History of Ukrainian Settlement in Canada," ''Manitoba History,'' Number 24, Autumn 1992 [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/24/ukrainians.shtml online edition], historiography
* Prymak, Thomas M. (1988). ''Maple Leaf and Trident: The Ukrainian Canadians During the Second World War''. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario.
* Satzewich, Vic (2002). ''The Ukrainian Diaspora''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-29658-7}}.
* Swyripa, Frances (1993). ''Wedded to the Cause: Ukrainian-Canadian Women and Ethnic Identity, 1891–1991''
* Swyripa, Frances A. (2022) "Ukrainian Canadians" ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'' (2022) [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ukrainian-canadians online]
* Swyripa, Frances (1999). [http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/u1 Ukrainians]{{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20121226085859/http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/u1/9 |date=December 26, 2012 }}. ''Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples''. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario.
* Swyripa, Frances and John Herd Thompson, eds. (1983) ''Loyalties in Conflict: Ukrainians in Canada During the Great War'' 213pp; 8 essays by scholars
* Yuzyk, Paul. "The First Ukrainians in Manitoba" ''Manitoba Historical Society Transactions,'' Series 3, 1951–52
===Primary sources===
* Kordan, Bohdan and Luciuk, Lubomyr, eds. (1986). ''A Delicate and Difficult Question: Documents in the History of Ukrainians in Canada, 1899–1962'', Kingston: Limestone Press. {{ISBN|0-919642-08-X}}.
{{refend}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.ucc.ca/ Ukrainian Canadian Congress]
* [http://www.ukrainiandiaspora.ca/ Ukrainian diaspora in Canada and U.S.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209124848/http://www.ukrainiandiaspora.ca/ |date=December 9, 2014 }}
* [http://www.uccla.ca Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association]
* [http://www.internmentcanada.ca Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund]
* [http://www.umc.sk.ca/ Ukrainian Museum of Canada in Saskatoon]
* [http://www.ukrainianwinnipeg.ca/oseredok/ Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Centre "Oseredok", Winnipeg]
* [http://www.cius.ca/ Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies]
* [http://www.ukrfolk.ualberta.ca/ Kule Folklore Centre at the University of Alberta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320184134/http://www.ukrfolk.ualberta.ca/ |date=March 20, 2018 }}
* [https://www.ualberta.ca/ulec/ Ukrainian Language Education Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton]
* [http://www.ucama.ca Ukrainian Canadian Archives & Museum of Alberta, Edmonton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417042044/http://www.ucama.ca/ |date=April 17, 2016 }}
* [http://www.history.alberta.ca/ukrainianvillage/default.aspx Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village, Alberta]
* [http://www.shevchenkofoundation.com/ Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko]
* [http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/departments/ukrainian_canadian_studies/ Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg]
* [http://www.cuias.org/ Canadian Ukrainian Immigrant Aid Society]
* [http://www.ucss.info/ Ukrainian Canadian Social Services]
* [http://multiculturalcanada.ca/jl The John Luczkiw Collection, University of Toronto]
* [http://multiculturalcanada.ca/ukr The Ukrainian Collection of the University of Calgary]
* [http://www.infoukes.com/shevchenkomuseum Taras Shevchenko Museum in Toronto]
* [http://publications.gc.ca/site/archivee-archived.html?url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2014/bcp-pco/CP32-52-1986-1-eng.pdf Final Report of the 1985–1986 Deschênes Commission]
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canadian citizens of Ukrainian descent</div>
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<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1228707490">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ukrainian Canadians<br />Canadiens d'origine ukrainienne</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="ua">українські канадці</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukrainian_Canadian_population_by_province.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ukrainian_Canadian_population_by_province.svg/220px-Ukrainian_Canadian_population_by_province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ukrainian_Canadian_population_by_province.svg/330px-Ukrainian_Canadian_population_by_province.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ukrainian_Canadian_population_by_province.svg/440px-Ukrainian_Canadian_population_by_province.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="942" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="text-align: center">Ukrainian Canadians as percent of population by province & territory</div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">1,258,635 (by ancestry, <small><a href="/wiki/Canada_2021_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2021 Census">2021 Census</a></small>)<sup id="cite_ref-population2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2021-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/46px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></th><td class="infobox-data">343,640 (8.1%)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></th><td class="infobox-data">342,260 (2.4%)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">210,100 (4.2%)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></th><td class="infobox-data">165,305 (12.3%)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">138,705 (12.2%)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a><br /><small>(also <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_Canada" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada">Ukrainian Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Canada" title="Catholic Church in Canada">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">Irreligious</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Canadians" title="Polish Canadians">Polish Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> </td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Ukrainian Canadians</b><sup id="cite_ref-Multilingual_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Multilingual-3">[N 1]</a></sup> are <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian citizens</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> descent or <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a>-born people who immigrated to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.
</p><p>In the late 19th century, the first Ukrainian immigrants arrived in Canada. They were primarily farmers and laborers looking for a better life and economic opportunities. Most settled in the western provinces of Canada, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>. These provinces offered fertile land and economic opportunities for farming, which was a familiar occupation for most Ukrainians. Ukrainian immigrants were able to establish a strong community in Canada. They built churches, community centers, and cultural organizations to preserve their language and traditions. After 1920 many moved to urban <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>.
</p><p>During the early years of Ukrainian immigration to Canada, many immigrants faced discrimination and prejudice. Ukrainian immigrants were interned during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> as a part of the confinement of those deemed to be "enemy aliens." Between 1914 and 1920, thousands of Ukrainian Canadians were interned in camps.
</p><p>Today, Ukrainian Canadians continue to be an important part of Canada's cultural mosaic. They have made significant contributions to Canadian society and continue to preserve and celebrate their rich cultural heritage. In 2021, there were an estimated 1,258,635 persons of full or partial Ukrainian origin residing in Canada (the majority being Canadian-born citizens), making them <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Canada's eleventh largest ethnic group</a><sup id="cite_ref-population2021_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2021-1">[1]</a></sup> and giving Canada the world's third-largest Ukrainian population behind <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> itself and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. Self-identified Ukrainians are the plurality in several rural areas of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Western Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></sup> According to the 2011 census, of the 1,251,170 who identified as Ukrainian, only 144,260 (or 11.5%) could speak the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a> dialect).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Unconfirmed_settlement_before_1891"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Unconfirmed settlement before 1891</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#First_wave:_Settlers,_1891–1914"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">First wave: Settlers, 1891–1914</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Internment_(1914–1920)"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Internment (1914–1920)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Second_wave:_Settlers,_workers_and_professionals,_1923–1939"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Second wave: Settlers, workers and professionals, 1923–1939</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Third_wave:_Workers,_professionals,_and_political_refugees,_1945–1980s"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Third wave: Workers, professionals, and political refugees, 1945–1980s</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Fourth_wave:_Post-independence_immigrants_and_recent_refugees,_1991–present"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Fourth wave: Post-independence immigrants and recent refugees, 1991–present</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Participation_in_the_Canadian_economy"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Participation in the Canadian economy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Demography"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Demography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Population"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Population</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Language"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Language</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Geographical_distribution"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Geographical distribution</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Provinces_&_territories"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Provinces & territories</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Cities"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cities</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Architecture"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Architecture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Arts"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Arts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Literature_and_academia"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Literature and academia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Food"><span class="tocnumber">5.6</span> <span class="toctext">Food</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Institutions"><span class="tocnumber">5.7</span> <span class="toctext">Institutions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Primary_sources"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Primary sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="toccolours" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;border-left:1px #aaa solid;border-right:1px #aaa solid;background-color:lavender;padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Ukrainian Canadian<br />Population History</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,682</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">75,432</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1227.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">106,721</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+41.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">225,113</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+110.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">305,929</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+35.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">395,043</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+29.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">473,337</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">580,660</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">529,615</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−8.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1986</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">961,310</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+81.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,054,295</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1996</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,026,475</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,071,060</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2006</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,209,090</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,251,170</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+3.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2016</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,359,655</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,258,635</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−7.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><i>Source: <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a></i><br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-6">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1901to1961_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1901to1961-7">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1921to1971_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1921to1971-8">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1981_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1981-9">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1986_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1986-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1986B_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1986B-11">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1991_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1991-12">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1996_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1996-13">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2001_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2001-14">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2006-15">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2011_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2011-16">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2016-17">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2021_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2021-1">[1]</a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Note1: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus population is an undercount.</i><br /><i>Note2: 1996-present census populations are undercounts, due to the creation of the "Canadian" ethnic origin category.</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Unconfirmed_settlement_before_1891">Unconfirmed settlement before 1891</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Unconfirmed settlement before 1891"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Minority opinions among historians of Ukrainians in Canada surround theories that a small number of Ukrainians settled in Canada before 1891. Most controversial is the claim that Ukrainians may have been <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantrymen</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Polish_Canadians" title="Polish Canadians">Poles</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_French_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss French people">Swiss French</a> “<a href="/wiki/De_Watteville%27s_Regiment" title="De Watteville's Regiment">De Watteville's Regiment</a>” who fought for the <a href="/wiki/George_Pr%C3%A9vost" class="mw-redirect" title="George Prévost">British</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_campaign" title="Niagara campaign">Niagara Peninsula</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> – it has been theorized that Ukrainians were among those soldiers who decided to stay in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">southern Ontario</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Swyripa-1862_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swyripa-1862-18">[17]</a></sup> Other Ukrainians supposedly arrived as part of other immigrant groups; it has been claimed that individual Ukrainian families may have settled in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba#Confederation" title="Manitoba">southern Manitoba</a> in the mid- to late 1870s alongside <a href="/wiki/Block_settlement" title="Block settlement">block settlements</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Mennonites</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union">other Germans</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Swyripa-1862_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swyripa-1862-18">[17]</a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicians</a>" are noted as being among the miners of the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_gold_rushes" title="British Columbia gold rushes">British Columbia gold rushes</a> and figure prominently in some towns in that <a href="/wiki/1871_in_Canada#Events" title="1871 in Canada">new province</a>'s first census in 1871 (these may have been Poles and <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> as well as Ukrainians).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup> Because there is so little definitive documentary evidence of individual Ukrainians among these three groups, they are not generally regarded as among the first Ukrainians in Canada.
</p>
<h3><span id="First_wave:_Settlers.2C_1891.E2.80.931914"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="First_wave:_Settlers,_1891–1914">First wave: Settlers, 1891–1914</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First wave: Settlers, 1891–1914"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_of_Ukraine_s12_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Stamp_of_Ukraine_s12_%281%29.jpg/200px-Stamp_of_Ukraine_s12_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Stamp_of_Ukraine_s12_%281%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Post-independence <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> fifteen-<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_karbovanets" title="Ukrainian karbovanets">kopiyka</a> stamp commemorating the centennial of Ukrainian settlement in Canada, 1891–1991</figcaption></figure>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)#Immigration_to_the_West" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914) § Immigration to the West</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Block_settlement#Ukrainian" title="Block settlement">Block settlement § Ukrainian</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Lands_Act" title="Dominion Lands Act">Dominion Lands Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Land_Survey" title="Dominion Land Survey">Dominion Land Survey</a></div>
<p>During the nineteenth century, the territory inhabited by Ukrainians in Europe was divided between the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> empires. The <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Austrian crownlands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(eastern_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> were home to many Ukrainian speakers. Austrian Galicia was <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Austrian_Galicia" title="Poverty in Austrian Galicia">one of the poorest and most overpopulated regions in Europe</a>, and had experienced <a href="/wiki/Famines_in_Austrian_Galicia" title="Famines in Austrian Galicia">a series of blights and famines</a>. Emigration on a large scale from Galicia to the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Slavonian_Military_Frontier" title="Slavonian Military Frontier">north-south border region</a> of <a href="/wiki/File:Ukrainians_in_Croatia_2011.gif" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Ukrainians in Croatia 2011.gif">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97_%D1%96_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96.JPG" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Українці в Боснії і Герцеговині.JPG">Bosnia</a>) and even to <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Brazilians" title="Ukrainian Brazilians">Brazil</a> was already underway by 1891.
</p><p>The first wave of Ukrainian immigration to Canada began with <a href="/wiki/Iwan_Pylypow" title="Iwan Pylypow">Iwan (<i>Ivan</i>) Pylypow</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wasyl_Eleniak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wasyl Eleniak (page does not exist)">Wasyl (<i>Vasyl<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>) Eleniak</a>, who arrived in 1891, and brought several families to settle in 1892. Pylypow helped found the <a href="/wiki/Edna-Star_colony" title="Edna-Star colony">Edna-Star Settlement</a> east of <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, the first and largest Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Block_settlement" title="Block settlement">block settlement</a>. However, it is Dr <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Oleskiw" title="Joseph Oleskiw">Josef Oleskow</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Oleskow_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oleskow-20">[N 2]</a></sup> along with <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Genik" title="Cyril Genik">Cyril Genik</a>, who is considered responsible for the large Ukrainian Canadian population through their promotion of Canada as a destination for immigrants from western (Austrian-ruled) Ukraine in the late 1890s. Ukrainians from <a href="/wiki/Central_Ukraine" title="Central Ukraine">Central Ukraine</a>, which was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian monarchy</a>, also came to Canada<sup id="cite_ref-Kukushkin-Luciuk-Kordan_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kukushkin-Luciuk-Kordan-21">[19]</a></sup> – but in smaller numbers than those from Galicia and Bukovina. Approximately 170,000 Ukrainians from the Austro-Hungarian Empire arrived in Canada from September 1891 to August 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-Isajiw-Makuch-Swyripa_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isajiw-Makuch-Swyripa-22">[20]</a></sup>
</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Sifton" title="Clifford Sifton">Clifford Sifton</a>, Canada's <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(Canada)" title="Minister of the Interior (Canada)">Minister of the Interior</a> from <a href="/wiki/8th_Canadian_Ministry" title="8th Canadian Ministry">1896 to 1905</a>, also encouraged Ukrainians from <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> to immigrate to Canada since he wanted new <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">agricultural immigrants</a> to populate <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canada's prairies</a>. After retirement, Sifton defended the new Ukrainian and East European immigrants to Canada – who were not from the United Kingdom, the United States, Scandinavia, Iceland, France or Germany – by stating: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I think that a stalwart peasant in a <a href="/wiki/Kozhushanka" title="Kozhushanka">sheepskin coat</a>, born to the soil, whose forefathers have been farmers for ten generations, with a stout wife and a half-dozen children, is good quality.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>This Ukrainian immigration to Canada was largely <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">agrarian</a>, and at first, Ukrainian Canadians concentrated in distinct block settlements in the <a href="/wiki/Parkland_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkland belt">parkland belt</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">prairie provinces</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>. While the Canadian Prairies are often compared to the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">steppes of Ukraine</a>, the settlers came largely from Galicia and Bukovina – which are not steppe lands but are <a href="/wiki/Forest_steppe" title="Forest steppe">semi-wooded areas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Carpathian_Foothills" title="Eastern Carpathian Foothills">foothills of the Carpathian Mountains</a>. This is why Ukrainians coming to Canada settled in the wooded <a href="/wiki/Aspen_parkland" title="Aspen parkland">aspen parklands</a> – in an arch from <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuartburn,_Manitoba" title="Stuartburn, Manitoba">Stuartburn, Manitoba</a> to <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leduc,_Alberta" title="Leduc, Alberta">Leduc, Alberta</a> – rather than the open prairies further south. Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">semi-feudal nature</a> of land ownership in the Austrian Empire meant that in the "Old Country" people had to pay the <i>pan</i> (landlord) for all their firewood and lumber for building. Upon arriving in Canada, the settlers often demanded wooded land from federal <i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Lands_Act" title="Dominion Lands Act">Dominion Lands Act</a></i> registry officials so that they could supply their own needs, even if this meant taking land that was less productive for crops. They also attached deep importance to settling near family, people from nearby villages, or other culturally similar groups, furthering the growth of the block settlements.
</p><p>Fraternal and <a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">benevolent</a> organizations established by these settlers include the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_United_Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Association of United Ukrainian Canadians">Ukrainian Labour Farmer Temple Association</a> (ULFTA, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist Party of Canada</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Swyripa-Luciuk-Kordan-Isajiw-Makuch_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swyripa-Luciuk-Kordan-Isajiw-Makuch-24">[22]</a></sup> the Ukrainian Catholic Brotherhood (UCB, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Winnipeg" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Winnipeg">Ukrainian Catholic Church in Canada</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Swyripa-Luciuk-Kordan-Isajiw-Makuch_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swyripa-Luciuk-Kordan-Isajiw-Makuch-24">[22]</a></sup> and the Ukrainian Self-Reliance League (USRL, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_Canada" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada">Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Swyripa-Luciuk-Kordan-Isajiw-Makuch_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swyripa-Luciuk-Kordan-Isajiw-Makuch-24">[22]</a></sup> The ULFTA transformed itself into the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_United_Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Association of United Ukrainian Canadians">Association of United Ukrainian Canadians</a> in 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></sup> the UCB and USRL are member organizations of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_Congress" title="Ukrainian Canadian Congress">Ukrainian Canadian Congress</a> today.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>By 1914, there were also growing communities of Ukrainian immigrants in eastern Canadian cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a>. Many of them arrived from the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Podolia#Russian_Empire" title="Podolia">Podillia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Governorate" title="Kiev Governorate">Kyiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia#Population" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> in Russian-ruled Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-Kukushkin-Luciuk-Kordan_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kukushkin-Luciuk-Kordan-21">[19]</a></sup> In the early years of settlement, Ukrainian immigrants faced considerable amounts of discrimination at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northern European</a> Canadians, an example of which was the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">internment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Internment_.281914.E2.80.931920.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Internment_(1914–1920)">Internment (1914–1920)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Internment (1914–1920)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a></div>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_mountain_internment_camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Castle_mountain_internment_camp.jpg/235px-Castle_mountain_internment_camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Castle_mountain_internment_camp.jpg/353px-Castle_mountain_internment_camp.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Castle_mountain_internment_camp.jpg/470px-Castle_mountain_internment_camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative plaque and a statue entitled <i>"Why?" / "Pourquoi?" / "Чому (Chomu)?"</i>, by John Boxtel at the location of the <a href="/wiki/Castle_Mountain_Internment_Camp" title="Castle Mountain Internment Camp">Castle Mountain Internment Camp</a>, Banff National Park</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapuskasing_ON_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kapuskasing_ON_3.JPG/265px-Kapuskasing_ON_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="265" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kapuskasing_ON_3.JPG/398px-Kapuskasing_ON_3.JPG 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kapuskasing_ON_3.JPG/530px-Kapuskasing_ON_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative statue entitled <i>"Never Forget" / "Ne Jamais Oublier" / "Ніколи Не Забути (Nikoly Ne Zabuty)"</i>, by John Boxtel; and damaged plaque at the cemetery of the <a href="/wiki/Kapuskasing#Internment_camp" title="Kapuskasing">Kapuskasing Internment Camp</a>, Kapuskasing, northern Ontario<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>From 1914 to 1920, the political climate of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> allowed the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Canadian Government</a> to classify immigrants with <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a> as "aliens of enemy nationality". This classification, authorized by the August 1914 <i><a href="/wiki/War_Measures_Act" title="War Measures Act">War Measures Act</a></i>, permitted the government to legally compel thousands of Ukrainians in Canada to register with federal authorities. About 5,000 Ukrainian men, and some women and children, were <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">interned</a> at government camps and work sites. Although many Ukrainians were "<a href="/wiki/Parole#Criminal_justice" title="Parole">paroled</a>" into jobs for private companies by 1917, the internment continued until June 20, 1920 – almost a year after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> was signed by Canada on June 28, 1919.
</p><p>There are some two dozen Ukrainian-specific plaques and memorials in Canada commemorating Canada's first national internment operations, including several statues – on the fairgrounds of Canada's National Ukrainian Festival south of <a href="/wiki/Dauphin,_Manitoba" title="Dauphin, Manitoba">Dauphin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Legislative_Building" title="Manitoba Legislative Building">Manitoba Legislative Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>; and at the locations of the former internment camps in <a href="/wiki/Castle_Mountain_Internment_Camp" title="Castle Mountain Internment Camp">Banff National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9cesson,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Trécesson, Quebec">Spirit Lake (La Ferme)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kapuskasing#Internment_camp" title="Kapuskasing">Kapuskasing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. Most were placed by the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_Civil_Liberties_Association" title="Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association">Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association</a> (UCCLA) and its supporters. On August 24, 2005, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a> recognized the Ukrainian Canadian internment as a "dark chapter"<sup id="cite_ref-Globe+Mail_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Globe+Mail-31">[29]</a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">Canadian history</a>, and pledged $2.5 million to fund memorials and educational exhibits<sup id="cite_ref-Globe+Mail_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Globe+Mail-31">[29]</a></sup> although that funding was never provided.
</p><p>On May 9, 2008, following the 2005 passage of <a href="/wiki/Inky_Mark" title="Inky Mark">Inky Mark</a>'s Bill C-331, the Government of Canada, under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>, established a $10 million fund<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a></sup> following several months of negotiation with the Ukrainian Canadian community's representatives, including the UCCLA, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_Congress" title="Ukrainian Canadian Congress">Ukrainian Canadian Congress</a> and Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko (also known as the Shevchenko Foundation), establishing the Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund (CFWWIRF). The Endowment Council of the CFWWIRF uses the interest earned on that amount to fund projects that commemorate the experience of Ukrainians and other Europeans interned between 1914 and 1920. The funds are held in trust by the Shevchenko Foundation. Amongst the commemorative projects funded by the Endowment Council was the unveiling, simultaneously across Canada, of 115 bilingual plaques on August 24, 2014, recalling the 100th anniversary of the first implementation of the <i>War Measures Act</i>. This was known as Project "Сто" (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">translit.</a></span> <i>Sto</i>; meaning "one hundred"), and organized by the UCCLA.
</p>
<h3><span id="Second_wave:_Settlers.2C_workers_and_professionals.2C_1923.E2.80.931939"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Second_wave:_Settlers,_workers_and_professionals,_1923–1939">Second wave: Settlers, workers and professionals, 1923–1939</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second wave: Settlers, workers and professionals, 1923–1939"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Polonization#Ukrainians" title="Polonization">Polonization § Ukrainians</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_group_of_Ukrainian_Canadians_at_a_celebraton,_Old_Fort_York,_Toronto_(I0001778).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of male and female Ukrainian Canadians wearing cultural clothing." src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/A_group_of_Ukrainian_Canadians_at_a_celebraton%2C_Old_Fort_York%2C_Toronto_%28I0001778%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-A_group_of_Ukrainian_Canadians_at_a_celebraton%2C_Old_Fort_York%2C_Toronto_%28I0001778%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/A_group_of_Ukrainian_Canadians_at_a_celebraton%2C_Old_Fort_York%2C_Toronto_%28I0001778%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-A_group_of_Ukrainian_Canadians_at_a_celebraton%2C_Old_Fort_York%2C_Toronto_%28I0001778%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/A_group_of_Ukrainian_Canadians_at_a_celebraton%2C_Old_Fort_York%2C_Toronto_%28I0001778%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-A_group_of_Ukrainian_Canadians_at_a_celebraton%2C_Old_Fort_York%2C_Toronto_%28I0001778%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1263" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>A group of Ukrainian Canadians pictured at a celebration inside Toronto's <a href="/wiki/Fort_York" title="Fort York">Old Fort York</a>, taken in May 1934. Photograph from the <a href="/wiki/Category:Images_from_Archives_of_Ontario_-_F_1075_M._O._Hammond_fonds" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Images from Archives of Ontario - F 1075 M. O. Hammond fonds">M.O. Hammond fonds</a> held at the Archives of Ontario.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1923, the Canadian government modified the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_nationality_law" title="History of Canadian nationality law">Immigration Act</a></i> to allow former subjects of the Austrian Empire to once again enter Canada – and Ukrainian immigration started anew.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a></sup> Ukrainians from western <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Polesie_Voivodeship" title="Polesie Voivodeship">Polesie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wo%C5%82y%C5%84_Voivodeship_(1921%E2%80%931939)" title="Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939)">Wołyń Voivodeships</a> (under Polish rule), and southern <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> – also known as the <a href="/wiki/Budjak" title="Budjak">Budjak</a> (under Romanian rule), joined a new wave of emigrants from Polish-governed <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> and Romanian-governed <a href="/wiki/Bukovina#Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>. Around 70,000 Ukrainians from <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> arrived in Canada from 1923 to September 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-Isajiw-Makuch-Swyripa_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isajiw-Makuch-Swyripa-22">[20]</a></sup>. However, the flow decreased severely after 1930 due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.
</p><p>Relatively little farmland remained unclaimed – the majority in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_River_Country" title="Peace River Country">Peace River region</a> of northwestern Alberta – and less than half of this group settled as farmers in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Prairie provinces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Isajiw-Makuch_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isajiw-Makuch-34">[32]</a></sup> The majority became workers in the growing industrial centers of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">southern Ontario</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> region, and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Townships" title="Eastern Townships">Eastern Townships</a> of Quebec; the <a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (hard rock)">mines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">forests</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ontario" title="Northern Ontario">Northern Ontario</a>; and the small heavy industries of urban <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">western Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Isajiw-Makuch_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isajiw-Makuch-34">[32]</a></sup> A few Ukrainian professionals and intellectuals were accepted into Canada at this time; they later became leaders in the Ukrainian Canadian community.<sup id="cite_ref-Isajiw-Makuch-Swyripa_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isajiw-Makuch-Swyripa-22">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>The second wave was heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">struggle for Ukrainian independence during the Russian Civil War</a>, and established two competing fraternal / <a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">benevolent</a> organizations in Canada: the United Hetman Organization (UHO) in 1934<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a></sup> – which supported the idea of a Ukrainian "<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Cossack kingdom</a>" led by <a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadskyi" title="Pavlo Skoropadskyi">Pavlo Skoropadskyi</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a></sup> and the rival <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Federation_of_Canada" title="Ukrainian National Federation of Canada">Ukrainian National Federation</a> (UNF) in 1932<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a></sup> – which supported the idea of an <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">independent Ukrainian republic</a> and politically supported the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">armed Ukrainian nationalist insurgency</a> in Polish-occupied Western Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swyripa-TCE-EOU_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swyripa-TCE-EOU-39">[37]</a></sup> The UHO ceased to exist by 1960, while the UNF continued to expand and became the largest and most influential Ukrainian organization in Canada, spearheading the creation of the coordinating Ukrainian Canadian Committee (later <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_Congress" title="Ukrainian Canadian Congress">Ukrainian Canadian Congress</a>) during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldCongress_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldCongress-40">[N 3]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Third_wave:_Workers.2C_professionals.2C_and_political_refugees.2C_1945.E2.80.931980s"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Third_wave:_Workers,_professionals,_and_political_refugees,_1945–1980s">Third wave: Workers, professionals, and political refugees, 1945–1980s</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Third wave: Workers, professionals, and political refugees, 1945–1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ostarbeiter" title="Ostarbeiter">Ostarbeiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Displaced_persons_camps_in_post%E2%80%93World_War_II_Europe" title="Displaced persons camps in post–World War II Europe">Displaced persons camps in post–World War II Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Desch%C3%AAnes_Commission" title="Deschênes Commission">Deschênes Commission</a></div>
<p>From 1945 to 1952, most Ukrainians coming to Canada were political refugees and Displaced Persons. In the aftermath of the Second World War, many Ukrainians who had been displaced by the war began to immigrate to Canada. These immigrants were often refugees who had been forced to flee their homes and were looking for a haven. In the 1950s and 1960s, many Ukrainians who had been living in displaced persons camps in Europe were allowed to immigrate to Canada. These immigrants were often highly skilled and educated, and they contributed to the growth and development of Canada's economy.
</p><p>Another wave of Ukrainian immigration occurred in the 1970s and 1980s, driven by political and economic factors. Many Ukrainians were dissatisfied with the Soviet regime and its policies and were looking for greater freedoms and opportunities. Additionally, economic factors such as a shortage of jobs and a declining standard of living also played a role in driving migration.
</p><p>During this period, many Ukrainian immigrants settled in urban areas, such as Toronto and Montreal, and found work in manufacturing and other industries. Despite facing some challenges with discrimination and prejudice, Ukrainian immigrants were able to establish strong communities in Canada and preserve their culture and heritage. The result was large Ukrainian communities in Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. They established several new organizations and affiliated newspapers, women's and youth groups, the most prominent of which was the Canadian League for the Liberation of Ukraine (renamed the League of Ukrainian Canadians after the collapse of the USSR in 1991). The League joined the Ukrainian Canadian Committee (later <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_Congress" title="Ukrainian Canadian Congress">Ukrainian Canadian Congress</a>) as a member organization in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Fourth_wave:_Post-independence_immigrants_and_recent_refugees.2C_1991.E2.80.93present"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Fourth_wave:_Post-independence_immigrants_and_recent_refugees,_1991–present">Fourth wave: Post-independence immigrants and recent refugees, 1991–present</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fourth wave: Post-independence immigrants and recent refugees, 1991–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>After the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, emigration from Ukraine increased. Rising levels of corruption, the dismantlement of some social services, low-paying employment as well as a loss of jobs in Ukraine, made immigration attractive once again. Many Ukrainians saw Canada as a land of opportunity and a place where they could build a better life for themselves and their families. The Canadian government also made it easier for Ukrainians to immigrate, offering various programs and initiatives designed to attract skilled workers and entrepreneurs. One of the most popular programs for Ukrainian immigrants was the Federal Skilled Worker Program, which allowed skilled workers to immigrate to Canada based on their education, work experience, language proficiency, and other factors. Many Ukrainians also immigrated to Canada through family sponsorship, as they had family members already living in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a></sup> In addition to economic opportunities, Ukrainians were also attracted to Canada's multicultural society and the freedom and rights afforded to its citizens. Many Ukrainian immigrants have made significant contributions to Canadian society in various fields, including business, academia, politics, and the arts.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Participation_in_the_Canadian_economy">Participation in the Canadian economy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Participation in the Canadian economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In the first half of the twentieth century, Ukrainian Canadians overwhelmingly earned their livings in <a href="/wiki/Primary_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary industry">primary industry</a> – predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, but also in <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>, and the extension of the <a href="/wiki/Railways_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways in Canada">Canadian railway system</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-UkrCanEncycdotcom_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UkrCanEncycdotcom-43">[40]</a></sup> most importantly as labor in completing the <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad#Canada" title="Transcontinental railroad">transcontinental mainlines</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Northern_Railway" title="Canadian Northern Railway">Canadian Northern Railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Pacific_Railway" title="Grand Trunk Pacific Railway">Grand Trunk Pacific</a>, both then <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalized</a> and consolidated into the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">Canadian National Railway</a> (CN). As agriculture became more mechanized and consolidated, male Ukrainian Canadians shifted into non-farm primary and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary industry">secondary industry</a> jobs, while women took jobs in <a href="/wiki/Domestic_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic work">domestic work</a> and unskilled <a href="/wiki/Service_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Service industry">service industries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SwyripaLambertEncyc_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SwyripaLambertEncyc-44">[41]</a></sup> By 1971, only slightly more Ukrainian Canadians worked in agriculture than in the wider Canadian labor force. While they remain somewhat over-represented in agriculture today (7% versus 4% of all working Canadians) and underrepresented in elite managerial positions,<sup id="cite_ref-UkrCanEncycdotcom_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UkrCanEncycdotcom-43">[40]</a></sup> Ukrainian Canadians have largely assimilated more into the broader economy, such that the Ukrainian Canadian workforce is now similar to that of Canada as a whole in nearly all other respects.<sup id="cite_ref-UkrCanEncycdotcom_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UkrCanEncycdotcom-43">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SwyripaLambertEncyc_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SwyripaLambertEncyc-44">[41]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demography">Demography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="center noresize" style="width:auto;">
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Canadians of Ukrainian descent total population (1901−2016)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Note1: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus the population is an undercount.</i><br /><i>Note2: 1996-present census populations are undercounts, due to the creation of the "Canadian" ethnic origin category.</i></span></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="center noresize" style="width:auto;">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Canadians of Ukrainian descent percentage of the total population (1901−2016)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Note1: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus the population is an undercount.</i><br /><i>Note2: 1996-present census populations are undercounts, due to the creation of the "Canadian" ethnic origin category.</i></span></div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Population">Population</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable sortable">
<caption>Ukrainian Canadian Population History<br />1901−2016
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Year
</th>
<th>Population
</th>
<th>% of the total population
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>1901<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-6">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1901to1961_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1901to1961-7">[6]</a></sup>
</td>
<td align="right">5,682
</td>
<td align="right"><span data-sort-value="6999105784151553204♠" style="display:none"></span>0.106%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1911<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-6">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1901to1961_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1901to1961-7">[6]</a></sup>
</td>
<td align="right">75,432
</td>
<td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000104670093967468♠" style="display:none"></span>1.047%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1921<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-6">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1901to1961_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1901to1961-7">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1921to1971_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1921to1971-8">[7]</a></sup>
</td>
<td align="right">106,721
</td>
<td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000121440167665970♠" style="display:none"></span>1.214%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1931<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-6">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1901to1961_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1901to1961-7">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1921to1971_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1921to1971-8">[7]</a></sup>
</td>
<td align="right">225,113
</td>
<td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000216939040662494♠" style="display:none"></span>2.169%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1941<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-6">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1901to1961_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1901to1961-7">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1921to1971_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1921to1971-8">[7]</a></sup>
</td>
<td align="right">305,929
</td>
<td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000265871358791933♠" style="display:none"></span>2.659%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1951<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-6">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1901to1961_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1901to1961-7">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1921to1971_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1921to1971-8">[7]</a></sup>
</td>
<td align="right">395,043
</td>
<td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000281983655436634♠" style="display:none"></span>2.82%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1961<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-6">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1901to1961_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1901to1961-7">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1921to1971_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1921to1971-8">[7]</a></sup>
</td>
<td align="right">473,337
</td>
<td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000259529876966794♠" style="display:none"></span>2.595%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1971<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-6">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1921to1971_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1921to1971-8">[7]</a></sup>
</td>
<td align="right">580,660
</td>
<td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000269219053324066♠" style="display:none"></span>2.692%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1981<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1981_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1981-9">[8]</a></sup>
</td>
<td align="right">529,615
</td>
<td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000219907866362419♠" style="display:none"></span>2.199%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1986<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1986_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1986-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1986B_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1986B-11">[10]</a></sup>
</td>
<td align="right">961,310
</td>
<td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000384185762854383♠" style="display:none"></span>3.842%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1991<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1991_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1991-12">[11]</a></sup>
</td>
<td align="right">1,054,295
</td>
<td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000390565771080251♠" style="display:none"></span>3.906%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1996<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1996_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1996-13">[12]</a></sup>
</td>
<td align="right">1,026,475
</td>
<td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000359811589440245♠" style="display:none"></span>3.598%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2001<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population2001_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2001-14">[13]</a></sup>
</td>
<td align="right">1,071,060
</td>
<td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000361368040491196♠" style="display:none"></span>3.614%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2006<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population2006_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2006-15">[14]</a></sup>
</td>
<td align="right">1,209,090
</td>
<td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000387019890189279♠" style="display:none"></span>3.87%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2011<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population2011_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2011-16">[15]</a></sup>
</td>
<td align="right">1,251,170
</td>
<td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000380846713284371♠" style="display:none"></span>3.808%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2016<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population2016_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2016-17">[16]</a></sup>
</td>
<td align="right">1,359,655
</td>
<td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000394559615601421♠" style="display:none"></span>3.946%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2021<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population2021_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2021-1">[1]</a></sup>
</td>
<td align="right">1,258,635
</td>
<td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000340245362907166♠" style="display:none"></span>3.402%
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Language">Language</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukrainian_Sign_Hafford_Saskatchewan_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ukrainian_Sign_Hafford_Saskatchewan_2011.jpg/220px-Ukrainian_Sign_Hafford_Saskatchewan_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ukrainian_Sign_Hafford_Saskatchewan_2011.jpg/330px-Ukrainian_Sign_Hafford_Saskatchewan_2011.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ukrainian_Sign_Hafford_Saskatchewan_2011.jpg/440px-Ukrainian_Sign_Hafford_Saskatchewan_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>Ukrainian language street signs alongside English ones in <a href="/wiki/Hafford" title="Hafford">Hafford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>In addition to the official <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">French</a> languages, many <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">prairie</a> public schools offer <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a> education for children, including immersion programs. Generally, second language students are taught the local <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a> dialect, rather than Standard Ukrainian.
</p><p>The Canadian Ukrainian dialect is based on the Ukrainian spoken by the first wave of immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> from 1891 to 1914. Because the Ukrainian language of this era had no words for such things as <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_machinery" title="Agricultural machinery">agricultural machinery</a> other than a plow, words for wildlife or vegetation common to North America and uncommon in Ukraine, words related to the <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">automobile</a> or other self-propelled vehicles on roads, or words for <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>-powered or <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electrically</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/Power_tool" title="Power tool">tools</a> or <a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">home appliances</a> of any kind, extensive borrowings and adaptations from <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a> were independently made by Ukrainian settlers in the <a href="/wiki/Block_settlement" title="Block settlement">block settlements</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Prairies</a> during their first decades in Canada. The decline of regular communication with relatives in Ukraine, especially the severe restrictions between <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of Poland">1939</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glasnost#Gorbachev" title="Glasnost">1989</a>, further isolated the Western Canadian Ukrainian dialect from an evolving Ukrainian language in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Ukraine</a>. Now, immigrants from Ukraine to Western Canada since 1991, speaking Ukrainian, find the Canadian Ukrainian dialect old-fashioned and sometimes strange, for modern Ukrainian no longer uses some of the expressions and vocabulary common to the Canadian dialect – or, in the case of the Canadian loan words and adaptations, never did use, because Standard Ukrainian either invented other terms or borrowed and adapted from other languages, such as <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> or Russian.
</p><p>There are a few <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Toronto_and_Eastern_Canada" title="Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Toronto and Eastern Canada">Ukrainian Catholic</a> elementary schools in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Thessaloniki" title="Demetrius of Thessaloniki">St. Demetrius</a> <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Catholic_District_School_Board" title="Toronto Catholic District School Board">Catholic Elementary school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josaphat_Kuntsevych" title="Josaphat Kuntsevych">St. Josaphat</a> Catholic Elementary school, and <a href="/wiki/Josyf_Slipyj" title="Josyf Slipyj">Josef Cardinal Slipyj</a> Elementary school, all in <a href="/wiki/Etobicoke" title="Etobicoke">Etobicoke</a>; as well as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral,_Kyiv" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv">St. Sofia</a> <a href="/wiki/Dufferin-Peel_Catholic_District_School_Board" title="Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board">Catholic Elementary school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mississauga" title="Mississauga">Mississauga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">History of Christianity in Ukraine</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite_Christianity_in_Canada" title="Byzantine Rite Christianity in Canada">Byzantine Rite Christianity in Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Winnipeg" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Winnipeg">Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_Canada" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada">Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin_Can_Cathedral" title="Tin Can Cathedral">Tin Can Cathedral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Evangelical_Baptist_Convention_of_Canada" title="Ukrainian Evangelical Baptist Convention of Canada">Ukrainian Evangelical Baptist Convention of Canada</a></div>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Georges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/St_Georges.jpg/200px-St_Georges.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/St_Georges.jpg/300px-St_Georges.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/St_Georges.jpg/400px-St_Georges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._George_(Saskatoon)" title="Cathedral of St. George (Saskatoon)">St. George's Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral, Saskatoon</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Volodymyr%27s_(Toronto).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/St_Volodymyr%27s_%28Toronto%29.JPG/200px-St_Volodymyr%27s_%28Toronto%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/St_Volodymyr%27s_%28Toronto%29.JPG/300px-St_Volodymyr%27s_%28Toronto%29.JPG 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/St_Volodymyr%27s_%28Toronto%29.JPG/400px-St_Volodymyr%27s_%28Toronto%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Volodymyr%27s_Ukrainian_Orthodox_Cathedral_(Toronto)" title="St. Volodymyr's Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral (Toronto)">St. Volodymyr's Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral, Toronto</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Most Ukrainians who came to Canada from Galicia were <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Catholic</a> and those from Bukovina were <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukrainian Orthodox</a>. However, the people of both churches faced a <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_clergy_in_Ukraine" title="Eastern Catholic clergy in Ukraine">shortage of priests</a> in Canada. The Ukrainian Catholic clergy came into conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Edmonton" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Edmonton">Roman Catholic hierarchy</a> because they were not celibate and wanted a separate governing structure. At the time, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> was the only <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christian</a> church that operated in North America – because they had arrived first via <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Alaska</a>, and traditionally Orthodox churches are <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church organization">territorially exclusive</a>. However, Ukrainians in Canada were suspicious of being controlled by Russia, first by the <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy,_Autocracy,_and_Nationality" title="Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality">Tsarist government</a> and later by the Soviets. Partially in response to this, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_Canada" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada">Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada</a> was created as a wholly Ukrainian Canadian-controlled alternative. Also, the Ukrainian Catholic clergy were eventually given a <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Winnipeg" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Winnipeg">separate structure</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Canada" title="Catholic Church in Canada">Roman Church</a>.
</p>
<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Information in this section taken from Statistics Canada, 2016.</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a></sup></dd></dl>
<h3><span id="Provinces_.26_territories"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Provinces_&_territories">Provinces & territories</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Provinces & territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Province / Territory</th>
<th>Percent Ukrainian
</th>
<th>Total Ukrainians
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/46px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></td>
<td>9.3%
</td>
<td>369,090
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></td>
<td>5.0%
</td>
<td>229,205
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></td>
<td>14.5%
</td>
<td>180,055
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></td>
<td>0.5%
</td>
<td>3,535
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/46px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></td>
<td>0.3%
</td>
<td>1,350
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></td>
<td>3.2%
</td>
<td>1,290
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td>
<td>1.0%
</td>
<td>9,115
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></td>
<td>0.5%
</td>
<td>190
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td>
<td>2.8%
</td>
<td>376,440
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/22px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/34px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/44px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></td>
<td>0.7%
</td>
<td>930
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></td>
<td>0.5%
</td>
<td>42,550
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></td>
<td>13.4%
</td>
<td>143,700
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></td>
<td>6.3%
</td>
<td>2,205
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><i>Total</i></th>
<th>3.9%</th>
<th>1,359,655
</th></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cities">Cities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable sortable">
<tbody><tr style="height:42px; background-color:#E9E9E9">
<th style="width:60px;" rowspan="2">City
</th>
<th style="width:60px;" rowspan="2">Population
</th>
<th style="width:60px;" rowspan="2">Ukrainian Population
</th>
<th style="width:60px;" rowspan="2">Percentage of Ukrainians<br />(out of total population)
</th>
<th style="width:60px;" rowspan="2">Percentage of all Canadian Ukrainians
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>
</td>
<td>1,239,220
</td>
<td>77,670
</td>
<td>6.4%
</td>
<td>5.7%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>
</td>
<td>932,546
</td>
<td>98,820
</td>
<td>10.8%
</td>
<td>7.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>
</td>
<td>536,917
</td>
<td>18,990
</td>
<td>3.6%
</td>
<td>1.4%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>
</td>
<td>1,704,694
</td>
<td>18,010
</td>
<td>1.1%
</td>
<td>1.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>
</td>
<td>923,243
</td>
<td>24,965
</td>
<td>2.7%
</td>
<td>1.8%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a>
</td>
<td>215,106
</td>
<td>26,590
</td>
<td>12.6%
</td>
<td>2.0%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a>
</td>
<td>246,376
</td>
<td>38,600
</td>
<td>16.0%
</td>
<td>2.8%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>
</td>
<td>2,721,571
</td>
<td>72,345
</td>
<td>2.7%
</td>
<td>5.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metro_Vancouver_Regional_District" title="Metro Vancouver Regional District">Metro Vancouver</a>)
</td>
<td>2,463,431
</td>
<td>94,400
</td>
<td>3.9%
</td>
<td>6.9%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a>
</td>
<td>85,792
</td>
<td>5,015
</td>
<td>6.1%
</td>
<td>0.4%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a>
</td>
<td>217,188
</td>
<td>6,165
</td>
<td>2.9%
</td>
<td>0.5%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>
</td>
<td>705,244
</td>
<td>99,365
</td>
<td>14.4%
</td>
<td>7.3%
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png/300px-Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png/450px-Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png/600px-Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="1735" /></a><figcaption>Map of the dominant self-identified ethnic origins of ancestors per <a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">census division</a>. The actual physical origins of ancestors may be different. Ukrainian plurality areas are highlighted in <a href="/wiki/Teal" title="Teal">teal</a>. Note that Ukrainians are a significant minority elsewhere, and that, numerically, most Ukrainian Canadians live in cities.</figcaption></figure>
<dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Information in this section taken from both <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E">2006 Census Community Profiles</a>, and Statistics Canada, 2016.</i></span></dd></dl>
<p>The provinces with the largest Ukrainian populations (single and multiple origins, 2006) are Ontario, 336,355; Alberta, 332,180; British Columbia, 197,265; Manitoba, 167,175; Saskatchewan 129,265; and Quebec, 31,955. In terms of proportion of the total population, the most Ukrainian provinces and territories are Manitoba (15%), Saskatchewan (13%), Alberta (10%), Yukon (5%), British Columbia (5%), and Ontario (3%).
</p><p>The metropolitan regions with the largest Ukrainian populations (single and multiple origins, 2006) are Edmonton, 144,620; Toronto, 122,510; Winnipeg, 110,335; Vancouver, 81,725; Calgary, 76,240; Saskatoon, 38,825; Hamilton, 27,080; Montreal, 26,150; Regina, 25,725; Ottawa-<a href="/wiki/Gatineau,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatineau, Quebec">Gatineau</a>, 21,520; <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Catharines, Ontario">St. Catharines</a>-<a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario" title="Niagara Falls, Ontario">Niagara</a>, 20,990; <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunder Bay, Ontario">Thunder Bay</a>, 17,620; <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a>, 15,020; <a href="/wiki/Kelowna,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelowna, British Columbia">Kelowna</a>, 13,425; <a href="/wiki/Oshawa,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Oshawa, Ontario">Oshawa</a>, 12,555; <a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a>, 10,765; and <a href="/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario" title="Kitchener, Ontario">Kitchener</a>, 10,425.
</p><p>The Census Divisions with the largest percentage of Ukrainians (single and multiple origins, 2006) are Manitoba #12 (25%), Alberta #10 (20%), Alberta #12 (19%), Manitoba #11 (15%), Manitoba #7 (13%), Manitoba #10 (12%), Manitoba #9 (12%), Manitoba #2 (10%).
</p><p>There are several smaller rural communities in Western Canada with significant proportions of Ukrainians (single and multiple origins, 2016), including: <a href="/wiki/Canora,_Saskatchewan" title="Canora, Saskatchewan">Canora, Saskatchewan</a> (52.6%), <a href="/wiki/Speers,_Saskatchewan" title="Speers, Saskatchewan">Speers, Saskatchewan</a> (50%), <a href="/wiki/Andrew,_Alberta" title="Andrew, Alberta">Andrew, Alberta</a> (48%), <a href="/wiki/Mundare" title="Mundare">Mundare, Alberta</a> (46%), <a href="/wiki/Bradwell,_Saskatchewan" title="Bradwell, Saskatchewan">Bradwell, Saskatchewan</a> (41%), <a href="/wiki/Vilna,_Alberta" title="Vilna, Alberta">Vilna, Alberta</a> (40%), <a href="/wiki/Smoky_Lake" title="Smoky Lake">Smoky Lake, Alberta</a> (39%), <a href="/wiki/Hafford" title="Hafford">Hafford, Saskatchewan</a> (39%).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a></sup>
</p>
<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian culture">Ukrainian culture</a></div>
<p>Having been separated from Ukraine, Ukrainian Canadians have developed their own distinctive Ukrainian culture in Canada. To showcase their unique hybrid culture, Ukrainian Canadians have created institutions that showcase Ukrainian Canadian culture such as <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cheremosh_Ukrainian_Dance_Company" title="Cheremosh Ukrainian Dance Company">Cheremosh</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Shumka_Dancers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukrainian Shumka Dancers (page does not exist)">Shumka</a> troupes – among the world's elite <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Ukrainian dancers</a>; or the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Cultural_Heritage_Village" title="Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village">Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village</a> – a living-history museum approximately 39 kilometers east of Edmonton where Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)#Immigration_to_the_West" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">pioneer buildings</a> are displayed along with extensive cultural exhibits.
</p><p>Ukrainian Canadians have also contributed to <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Canadian culture</a> as a whole. Actress and comedian <a href="/wiki/Luba_Goy" title="Luba Goy">Luba Goy</a>, singer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloria_Kaye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gloria Kaye (page does not exist)">Gloria Kaye</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Jeopardy!" title="Jeopardy!">Jeopardy!</a></i> host <a href="/wiki/Alex_Trebek" title="Alex Trebek">Alex Trebek</a>, hockey executive <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Dubas" title="Kyle Dubas">Kyle Dubas</a>, and painter <a href="/wiki/William_Kurelek" title="William Kurelek">William Kurelek</a>, for example, are well-known outside the Ukrainian community.
</p><p>Perhaps one of the most lasting contributions Ukrainian Canadians have made to the wider culture of Canada is the concept of <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SwyripaLambertEncyc_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SwyripaLambertEncyc-44">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cuenco2021_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuenco2021-49">[46]</a></sup> which was promoted as early as 1963 by <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Yuzyk" title="Paul Yuzyk">Paul Yuzyk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cuenco2021_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuenco2021-49">[46]</a></sup> During and after the debates surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Bilingualism_and_Biculturalism" title="Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism">Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism</a>, Ukrainian leaders, such as linguist <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Rudnyckyj" title="Jaroslav Rudnyckyj">Jaroslav Rudnyckyj</a>, came out in force against the idea of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_debate_in_Canada" title="Constitutional debate in Canada">English – French</a> <a href="/wiki/Biculturalism" title="Biculturalism">biculturalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cuenco2021_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuenco2021-49">[46]</a></sup> which they believed denied the contributions other peoples had made to Canada. Partly in response to this, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> shifted Canada to a policy of official multiculturalism; notably, the day after the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Multiculturalism_Policy_of_1971&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Multiculturalism Policy of 1971 (page does not exist)">Canadian Multiculturalism Policy of 1971</a> was officially announced, Trudeau gave a forceful speech in support of the policy at a national assembly of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_Congress" title="Ukrainian Canadian Congress">Ukrainian Canadian Congress</a> in Winnipeg.<sup id="cite_ref-Cuenco2021_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuenco2021-49">[46]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Architecture">Architecture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture_of_the_Carpathians" title="Vernacular architecture of the Carpathians">Vernacular architecture of the Carpathians</a></div>
<p>The Western Ukrainian agricultural settlers brought with them a style of folk architecture dominated by buildings made of unprocessed logs, which were much better suited to the wooded <a href="/wiki/Aspen_parkland" title="Aspen parkland">parkland belt</a> rather than the "bald prairie". The first house built – usually a <i><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">burdei</a></i> – used some sod; but was not exactly a <a href="/wiki/Sod_house" title="Sod house">sod hut</a>, more like a <a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">dugout</a>. The second house was often a white-washed and plastered <a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">log cabin</a> usually with a thatched roof, very similar to those seen in Ukraine. Barns, chicken coops, <a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">granaries</a>, and so on were all built using the same techniques as the houses. By the 1930s most Ukrainian Canadians adopted the building styles of the North American mainstream including <a href="/wiki/Framing_(construction)" title="Framing (construction)">framed homes and barns</a> built from commercial plans and using milled lumber.
</p><p>Early churches, built by pioneer farmers rather than trained builders, were log cabins with a few added decorations. They aspired to the designs of <a href="/wiki/Wooden_churches_in_Ukraine" title="Wooden churches in Ukraine">Ukraine's wooden churches</a> but were much more humble. Latter churches – such as the "prairie cathedral" style of Father <a href="/wiki/Philip_Ruh" title="Philip Ruh">Philip Ruh</a>, using a mixture of Byzantine and Western influences – were much more decorative.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Many Ukrainians fled <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polonization#Ukrainians" title="Polonization">Poland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Swyripa-TCE-EOU_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swyripa-TCE-EOU-39">[37]</a></sup> and later, the Soviet Union, to find freedom and a better life in Canada. For them, Canada became "an anti-Russia", where they could realize their political and economic ideas. Most Ukrainian Canadians were <a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">anti-Soviet</a>, yet a minor group of Ukrainians has <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Social_Democratic_Party_(Canada)" title="Ukrainian Social Democratic Party (Canada)">since 1910</a> supported <a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_social_democracy_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and social democracy in Canada">Canadian socialism</a> and contributed to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist Party of Canada</a>, and formed a significant bloc within that group. They were also active in other <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_United_Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Association of United Ukrainian Canadians">Ukrainian Labour Farmer Temple Association</a> (ULFTA). Ukrainians also played a central role in the 1930s formation of the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> (CCF) and the 1960s formation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a>. Ukrainians were a notable portion of the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie%E2%80%93Papineau_Battalion" title="Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion">Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion</a> of Canadians who volunteered and fought in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">leftist republican government</a> against the nationalist troops of <a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">Generalísimo</a> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>.
</p><p>Ukrainians in Canada at first supported the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> federally and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada#Liberal_parties" title="Liberalism in Canada">provincially</a>, a minority moved towards the <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_World_Wars_and_Interwar_Years#New_parties" title="Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years">1930s protest parties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit</a> and the CCF federally and provincially. The vocal anti-communism of <a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a> in the 1950s led the more nationalist-minded to support the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">federal Progressive Conservatives</a>. Today's Ukrainian community tends to vote based on economic class interests and <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">regional</a> preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a></sup>
</p><p>The nationalist movement, through the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Federation_of_Canada" title="Ukrainian National Federation of Canada">Ukrainian National Federation</a> and the Canadian League for the Liberation of Ukraine, was also an important part of the community. After Ukraine became independent Canada was one of the first nations to recognize Ukraine. From 1992 to 1994, Ukrainian Canadians were vital in fundraising to purchase a building in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> to house the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Ukraine,_Ottawa" title="Embassy of Ukraine, Ottawa">Embassy of Ukraine</a>. As well, Canada has recognized the <i><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></i> (Ukrainian Famine) as an act of genocide. Canada also sent many observers to Ukraine during the disputed <a href="/wiki/2004_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="2004 Ukrainian presidential election">2004 presidential election</a> (see: <a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Global_Affairs_Canada" title="Global Affairs Canada">Government of Canada</a> as well as its provincial governments – especially the Ukrainian strongholds in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> – do much to support Ukraine's economic and political development.
</p><p>The Ukrainian Canadians had and have much more influence in Canadian society and policy than any other East European group; therefore they have had several prominent figures in top positions. <a href="/wiki/Ray_Hnatyshyn" title="Ray Hnatyshyn">Ray Hnatyshyn</a> was the 24th <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors-General_of_Canada#Under_Elizabeth_II_(1952–present)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors-General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> (1990–1995) and the first Governor General of Ukrainian descent. Ukrainians were also elected leaders of Canada's prairie provinces: <a href="/wiki/Gary_Filmon" title="Gary Filmon">Gary Filmon</a> was <a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_Manitoba" title="List of premiers of Manitoba">Premier of Manitoba</a> (1988–1999), nearly simultaneously with Hnatyshyn, and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Romanow" title="Roy Romanow">Roy Romanow</a> was <a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_Saskatchewan" title="List of premiers of Saskatchewan">Premier of Saskatchewan</a> (1991–2001), also partly at the same time as Filmon and Hnatyshyn.<sup id="cite_ref-Hans-Joachim_Hoppe_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hans-Joachim_Hoppe-51">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Ed_Stelmach" title="Ed Stelmach">Ed Stelmach</a> became <a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_Alberta" title="List of premiers of Alberta">Premier of Alberta</a> in 2006 as the third <a href="/wiki/Premier_(Canada)" title="Premier (Canada)">provincial premier</a> of Ukrainian descent. He succeeded <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Klein" title="Ralph Klein">Ralph Klein</a> (1992–2006), who had <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinets</a> with many Ukrainian ministers. Stelmach himself is the grandson of Ukrainian immigrants and speaks fluent Ukrainian.<sup id="cite_ref-Hans-Joachim_Hoppe_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hans-Joachim_Hoppe-51">[48]</a></sup> He left office in October 2011.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Chrystia Freeland</a>, the Liberal <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Canada">Deputy Prime Minister of Canada</a>, is of Ukrainian descent and speaks Ukrainian. <a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Rona Ambrose</a> (<a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Chapchuk), who was <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a> and interim Conservative party leader from 2015 to 2017, is of Ukrainian descent.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Arts">Arts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Ukrainian dance</a></div>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UkrainianDance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/UkrainianDance.jpg/200px-UkrainianDance.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/UkrainianDance.jpg/300px-UkrainianDance.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/UkrainianDance.jpg/400px-UkrainianDance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>A Ukrainian dance troupe at the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a> Ukrainian Cultural Festival</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VegrevillePysanka.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/VegrevillePysanka.JPG/220px-VegrevillePysanka.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/VegrevillePysanka.JPG/330px-VegrevillePysanka.JPG 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/VegrevillePysanka.JPG/440px-VegrevillePysanka.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>In 1974, what was then the world's largest <i><a href="/wiki/Pysanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pysanka">pysanka</a></i> was erected in <a href="/wiki/Vegreville" title="Vegreville">Vegreville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, commemorating the 100th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a>. It has since been exceeded by a pysanka built in Ukraine.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Canada is home to some very vibrant <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Ukrainian dance</a> groups. Some examples of Ukrainian dance ensembles in Canada are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Shumka_Dancers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukrainian Shumka Dancers (page does not exist)">Ukrainian Shumka Dancers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cheremosh_Ukrainian_Dance_Company" title="Cheremosh Ukrainian Dance Company">Cheremosh Ukrainian Dance Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, the <i>Rusalka</i> Ukrainian Dance Ensemble and <i>Rozmai</i> Ukrainian Dance Company in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Svitanok_Ukrainian_Dance_Ensemble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svitanok Ukrainian Dance Ensemble (page does not exist)">Svitanok Ukrainian Dance Ensemble</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rushnychok_Ukrainian_Folk_Dance_Association" title="Rushnychok Ukrainian Folk Dance Association">Rushnychok Ukrainian Folk Dance Association</a>, and hundreds of other groups.
</p><p>The Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko provides some financial support for Ukrainian Canadian performing, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a>.
</p><p>Ukrainians in general are noted for their elaborately decorated Easter Eggs or <i><a href="/wiki/Pysanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pysanka">pysanky</a></i>, and that is also true in Canada. The world's second-largest pysanka is in <a href="/wiki/Vegreville" title="Vegreville">Vegreville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>.
</p><p>Ukrainian Canadian churches are also famous for their <a href="/wiki/Onion_domes" class="mw-redirect" title="Onion domes">onion domes</a>, which have elaborately painted <a href="/wiki/Murals" class="mw-redirect" title="Murals">murals</a> on their interior and for their <a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">iconostasis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> walls.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Literature_and_academia">Literature and academia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Literature and academia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Ukrainian Canadians have contributed to the literature of Canada and the field of folklore.
</p><p>Professor of folklore and Kule Chair Emerita at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Kononenko" title="Natalie Kononenko">Natalie Kononenko</a>, is well respected and has made numerous contributions to her field.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a></sup> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Kononenko" title="Natalie Kononenko">Kononenko</a> published a book entitled, "Ukrainian Ritual on the Prairies: Growing a Ukrainian Canadian Identity.".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a></sup>
</p><p>From <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Ukrainian Canadian author Danny Evanishen wrote and published more than eleven books retelling <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_fairy_tale" title="Ukrainian fairy tale">Ukrainian folk tales</a> in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and sharing stories from his childhood and travel.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Ukrainian Canadian musicians and groups include <a href="/wiki/Randy_Bachman" title="Randy Bachman">Randy Bachman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Bandurist_Capella" title="Canadian Bandurist Capella">Canadian Bandurist Capella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Cahute" title="Ron Cahute">Ron Cahute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rick_Danko" title="Rick Danko">Rick Danko</a>, Victor Mishalow, <a href="/wiki/Chantal_Kreviazuk" title="Chantal Kreviazuk">Chantal Kreviazuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordie_Johnson" title="Gordie Johnson">Gordie Johnson</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Idol" title="Canadian Idol">Canadian Idol</a></i> season 2 runner-up <a href="/wiki/Theresa_Sokyrka" title="Theresa Sokyrka">Theresa Sokyrka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirka_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zirka (band) (page does not exist)">Zirka</a> from Toronto, <a href="/wiki/D-Drifters-5" title="D-Drifters-5">D-Drifters</a> from Winnipeg, <a href="/wiki/Cheremshyna_(ensemble)" title="Cheremshyna (ensemble)">Cheremshyna (ensemble)</a> from Montreal, <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Steppes" title="Sons of the Steppes">Sons of the Steppes (known as <b>Сини степів</b> or <i><b>Syny Stepiv</b></i>)</a> from Montreal, Wasyl Kohut of the progressive rock band <a href="/wiki/CANO" title="CANO">CANO</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rushnychok" title="Rushnychok">Rushnychok</a> from Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a></sup> The Edmonton-based group the <a href="/wiki/Kubasonics" title="Kubasonics">Kubasonics</a> focuses on a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_fusion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folk fusion (page does not exist)">folk fusion</a> of traditional Ukrainian music with modern touches.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Food">Food</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian cuisine</a></div>
<p>Cultural food is an important part of Ukrainian culture. Special foods used at Easter as well as Christmas are not made at any other time of the year. In fact on Christmas Eve (January 6<sup id="cite_ref-Christmas_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christmas-64">[N 4]</a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">special twelve-dish meatless meal</a> is served. The best-known foods are <i><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">borshch</a></i> (a vegetable soup, usually with beets), <i><a href="/wiki/Cabbage_roll" title="Cabbage roll">holobtsi</a></i> (cabbage rolls), <i><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">pyrohy</a></i> or <i>varenyky</i> (dumplings often called "perogies"), and <i><a href="/wiki/Kielbasa" title="Kielbasa">kovbasa</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">sausage</a>).
</p><p>Several items of Ukrainian food and culture have been enshrined with <a href="/wiki/Roadside_attraction" title="Roadside attraction">roadside attractions</a> throughout the Prairie provinces. These are celebrated in the polka <i><a href="/wiki/Giants_of_the_Prairies" title="Giants of the Prairies">Giants of the Prairies</a></i> by the <a href="/wiki/Kubasonics" title="Kubasonics">Kubasonics</a>. For example, the world's largest perogy is in <a href="/wiki/Glendon,_Alberta" title="Glendon, Alberta">Glendon, Alberta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a></sup> and the world's biggest <i>kovbasa</i> is in <a href="/wiki/Mundare" title="Mundare">Mundare, Alberta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Institutions">Institutions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>There are several Ukrainian Canadian institutions, mostly affiliated with an umbrella organization or with a university, such as:
</p>
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Association_of_United_Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Association of United Ukrainian Canadians">Association of United Ukrainian Canadians</a></b> – established in 1918; historically, the other largest Ukrainian Canadian institution, previously called the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_United_Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Association of United Ukrainian Canadians">Ukrainian Labour Farmer Temple Association</a> and connected with <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">socialism in Canada</a> and the labor movement, including:
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Franko_Museum" title="Ivan Franko Museum">Ivan Franko Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taras_Shevchenko_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taras Shevchenko Museum (page does not exist)">Taras Shevchenko Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Labour_Temple" title="Ukrainian Labour Temple">Ukrainian Labour Temple</a> in Winnipeg</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_Civil_Liberties_Association" title="Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association">Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association</a>, an independent group dedicated to the articulation and defense of the Ukrainian Canadian community's interests</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_Congress" title="Ukrainian Canadian Congress">Ukrainian Canadian Congress</a></b> – established in 1940; the largest of any Ukrainian Canadian institutions, an umbrella organization of nationalist and historically anti-Soviet organizations; including provincial councils, local branches, and member organizations such as:
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plast" title="Plast">Plast</a> Ukrainian Youth Association in Canada</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_Research_and_Documentation_Centre" title="Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre">Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SUSK" title="SUSK">Ukrainian Canadian Students’ Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Museum_of_Canada" title="Ukrainian Museum of Canada">Ukrainian Museum of Canada</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a> with branches in the other major cities</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Federation_of_Canada" title="Ukrainian National Federation of Canada">Ukrainian National Federation of Canada</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Cultural_and_Educational_Centre" title="Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Centre">Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Centre</a> in Winnipeg</li></ul></li>
<li>Various institutions at Canadian universities, including:
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta#Arts_and_humanities_research" title="University of Alberta">Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Ukrainian_Canadian_Studies" title="Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies">Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kule_Folklore_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kule Folklore Centre (page does not exist)">Kule Folklore Centre</a> (University of Alberta)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Centre_for_the_Study_of_Ukrainian_Heritage" title="Prairie Centre for the Study of Ukrainian Heritage">Prairie Centre for the Study of Ukrainian Heritage</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">University of Saskatchewan</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_College,_Manitoba" title="St. Andrew's College, Manitoba">St. Andrew's College</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a>), seminary of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_Canada" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada">Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Petro_Mohyla_Institute" title="St. Petro Mohyla Institute">St. Petro Mohyla Institute</a>, student residence in <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Joseph_Oleskow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dr. Joseph Oleskow in 1896, before his second voyage to Canada"><img alt="Dr. Joseph Oleskow in 1896, before his second voyage to Canada" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dr._Joseph_Oleskow.jpg/97px-Dr._Joseph_Oleskow.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dr._Joseph_Oleskow.jpg/146px-Dr._Joseph_Oleskow.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Dr._Joseph_Oleskow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Dr. Joseph Oleskow in 1896, before his second voyage to Canada</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukranian_Museum_of_Canada.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ukrainian Museum of Canada, Saskatoon"><img alt="Ukrainian Museum of Canada, Saskatoon" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ukranian_Museum_of_Canada.JPG/120px-Ukranian_Museum_of_Canada.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ukranian_Museum_of_Canada.JPG/180px-Ukranian_Museum_of_Canada.JPG 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ukranian_Museum_of_Canada.JPG/240px-Ukranian_Museum_of_Canada.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2128" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Ukrainian Museum of Canada, <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:Error mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Ukrainians_in_Saskatoon.JPG" class="new" title="File:Ukrainians in Saskatoon.JPG"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="120" data-height="120">Ukrainian Museum of Canada workers in traditional dress outside the Saskatoon museum</span></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Ukrainian Museum of Canada workers in traditional dress outside the Saskatoon museum</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukrainian_Cultural_%26_Educational_Centre_-_Winnipeg_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Centre "Oseredok", Winnipeg"><img alt="Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Centre "Oseredok", Winnipeg" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ukrainian_Cultural_%26_Educational_Centre_-_Winnipeg_2010.jpg/90px-Ukrainian_Cultural_%26_Educational_Centre_-_Winnipeg_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ukrainian_Cultural_%26_Educational_Centre_-_Winnipeg_2010.jpg/135px-Ukrainian_Cultural_%26_Educational_Centre_-_Winnipeg_2010.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ukrainian_Cultural_%26_Educational_Centre_-_Winnipeg_2010.jpg/180px-Ukrainian_Cultural_%26_Educational_Centre_-_Winnipeg_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Centre "<i>Oseredok</i>", <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmonton_Ukrainian_orchestra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Ukrainian folk music "orchestra" associated with the then Mykhailo Hrushevsky Institute of Edmonton, now known as St John's Institute"><img alt="A Ukrainian folk music "orchestra" associated with the then Mykhailo Hrushevsky Institute of Edmonton, now known as St John's Institute" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Edmonton_Ukrainian_orchestra.jpg/120px-Edmonton_Ukrainian_orchestra.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Edmonton_Ukrainian_orchestra.jpg/180px-Edmonton_Ukrainian_orchestra.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Edmonton_Ukrainian_orchestra.jpg/240px-Edmonton_Ukrainian_orchestra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">A Ukrainian folk music "orchestra" associated with the then Mykhailo Hrushevsky Institute of <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, now known as St John's Institute</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Petro_Mohyla_Institute.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="St Petro Mohyla Institute, Saskatoon"><img alt="St Petro Mohyla Institute, Saskatoon" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/St._Petro_Mohyla_Institute.JPG/120px-St._Petro_Mohyla_Institute.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/St._Petro_Mohyla_Institute.JPG/180px-St._Petro_Mohyla_Institute.JPG 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/St._Petro_Mohyla_Institute.JPG/240px-St._Petro_Mohyla_Institute.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2128" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">St Petro Mohyla Institute, Saskatoon</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Vladimir_Institute,_Toronto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Vladimir Institute, Toronto"><img alt="St Vladimir Institute, Toronto" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/St._Vladimir_Institute%2C_Toronto.jpg/120px-St._Vladimir_Institute%2C_Toronto.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/St._Vladimir_Institute%2C_Toronto.jpg/180px-St._Vladimir_Institute%2C_Toronto.jpg 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/St._Vladimir_Institute%2C_Toronto.jpg/240px-St._Vladimir_Institute%2C_Toronto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">St Vladimir Institute, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheptytsky_Institute.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Sheptytsky Institute building at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon"><img alt="Former Sheptytsky Institute building at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sheptytsky_Institute.JPG/91px-Sheptytsky_Institute.JPG" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sheptytsky_Institute.JPG/137px-Sheptytsky_Institute.JPG 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sheptytsky_Institute.JPG/182px-Sheptytsky_Institute.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Former Sheptytsky Institute building at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">University of Saskatchewan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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</div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ukrainian_Canadians" title="List of Ukrainian Canadians">List of Ukrainian Canadians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_place_names_of_Ukrainian_origin" title="List of Canadian place names of Ukrainian origin">List of Canadian place names of Ukrainian origin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Canada–Ukraine relations">Canada–Ukraine relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">European Canadians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Ukrainian_Genealogy_Group" title="Toronto Ukrainian Genealogy Group">Toronto Ukrainian Genealogy Group</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Multilingual-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Multilingual_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Українські канадці, Україноканадці</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Ukraïns'kì kanadcì, Ukraïnokanadcì</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Canadiens d'origine ukrainienne</i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Oleskow-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oleskow_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Oleskow, who had a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">agronomy</a>, wrote two <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlets</a> – "About Free Lands" (<i>Pro Vilni Zemli</i>, spring 1895), and "On Emigration" (<i>O emigrating</i>, December 1895) – which were widely read in the <a href="/wiki/Prosvita" title="Prosvita">Prosvita</a> halls of the Ukrainian areas of the Austrian Empire.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WorldCongress-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WorldCongress_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The UCC was the driving force in organizing the global umbrella World Congress of Free Ukrainians in the immediate postwar period; the WCFU would expand and be renamed the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_World_Congress" title="Ukrainian World Congress">Ukrainian World Congress</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Christmas-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christmas_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Because Ukrainian Canadians are the largest <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Church">Eastern Christian</a> group in Canada, January 6–7 is commonly referred to by Canadians of all origins as "Ukrainian Christmas".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-population2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population2021_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2021_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2021_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2021_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035701">"Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories and census divisions"</a>. <i>www150.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www150.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Ethnic+or+cultural+origin+by+gender+and+age%3A+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories+and+census+divisions&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D9810035701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1863; Martynowych 2011; Swyripa, "Canada", p. 348.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E">2006 Census Community Profiles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824212152/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E">Archived</a> August 24, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, see for example <a href="/wiki/Division_No._12,_Manitoba" title="Division No. 12, Manitoba">Division No. 12, Manitoba</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1,">National Household Survey Profile, Canada, 2011</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-population1871to1971-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population1871to1971_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1871to1971_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1871to1971_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1871to1971_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1871to1971_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1871to1971_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1871to1971_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1871to1971_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1871to1971_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada1999" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (July 29, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/11-516-X">"Historical statistics of Canada, section A: Population and migration - Archived"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Historical+statistics+of+Canada%2C+section+A%3A+Population+and+migration+-+Archived&rft.date=1999-07-29&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Fn1%2Fen%2Fcatalogue%2F11-516-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-population1901to1961-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population1901to1961_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1901to1961_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1901to1961_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1901to1961_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1901to1961_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1901to1961_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1901to1961_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1901to1961_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2013" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.831160/publication.html">"1961 Census of Canada: population : vol. I - part 2 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : vol. I - partie 2. Ethnic groups"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=1961+Census+of+Canada%3A+population+%3A+vol.+I+-+part+2+%3D+1961+Recensement+du+Canada+%3A+population+%3A+vol.+I+-+partie+2.+Ethnic+groups.&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fsite%2Feng%2F9.831160%2Fpublication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-population1921to1971-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population1921to1971_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1921to1971_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1921to1971_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1921to1971_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1921to1971_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1921to1971_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1921to1971_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2013" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.834326/publication.html">"1971 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 3 = Recensement du Canada 1971 : population : vol. I - partie 3. Ethnic groups"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=1971+Census+of+Canada+%3A+population+%3A+vol.+I+-+part+3+%3D+Recensement+du+Canada+1971+%3A+population+%3A+vol.+I+-+partie+3.+Ethnic+groups.&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fsite%2Feng%2F9.834326%2Fpublication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-population1981-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population1981_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1981_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2013" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.837638/publication.html">"1981 Census of Canada : volume 1 - national series : population = Recensement du Canada de 1981 : volume 1 - série nationale : population. Ethnic origin"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=1981+Census+of+Canada+%3A+volume+1+-+national+series+%3A+population+%3D+Recensement+du+Canada+de+1981+%3A+volume+1+-+s%C3%A9rie+nationale+%3A+population.+Ethnic+origin.&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fsite%2Feng%2F9.837638%2Fpublication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-population1986-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population1986_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1986_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2013" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.676331/publication.html">"Census Canada 1986 Profile of ethnic groups"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Canada+1986+Profile+of+ethnic+groups&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fsite%2Feng%2F9.676331%2Fpublication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-population1986B-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population1986B_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1986B_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2013" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.576036/publication.html">"1986 Census of Canada: Ethnic Diversity In Canada"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=1986+Census+of+Canada%3A+Ethnic+Diversity+In+Canada.&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fsite%2Feng%2F9.576036%2Fpublication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-population1991-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population1991_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1991_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2013" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.676069/publication.html">"1991 Census: The nation. Ethnic origin"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=1991+Census%3A+The+nation.+Ethnic+origin.&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fsite%2Feng%2F9.676069%2Fpublication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-population1996-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population1996_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1996_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2019" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (June 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census96/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=5216&PRID=0&PTYPE=89103&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=9&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Data tables, 1996 Census Population by Ethnic Origin (188) and Sex (3), Showing Single and Multiple Responses (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data)"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Data+tables%2C+1996+Census+Population+by+Ethnic+Origin+%28188%29+and+Sex+%283%29%2C+Showing+Single+and+Multiple+Responses+%283%29%2C+for+Canada%2C+Provinces%2C+Territories+and+Census+Metropolitan+Areas%2C+1996+Census+%2820%25+Sample+Data%29&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2FEnglish%2Fcensus96%2Fdata%2Ftables%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D1%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D1%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D5216%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D89103%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3DNo%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2006%26THEME%3D9%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-population2001-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population2001_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2001_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2013" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (December 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=62911&PRID=0&PTYPE=55440&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=44&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas, and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Origin+%28232%29%2C+Sex+%283%29+and+Single+and+Multiple+Responses+%283%29+for+Population%2C+for+Canada%2C+Provinces%2C+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas%2C+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2001+Census+-+20%25+Sample+Data&rft.date=2013-12-23&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2FEnglish%2Fcensus01%2Fproducts%2Fstandard%2Fthemes%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D1%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D1%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D62911%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D55440%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3DNo%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2006%26THEME%3D44%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-population2006-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population2006_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2006_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2020" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (May 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=92333&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Origin+%28247%29%2C+Single+and+Multiple+Ethnic+Origin+Responses+%283%29+and+Sex+%283%29+for+the+Population+of+Canada%2C+Provinces%2C+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2006+Census+-+20%25+Sample+Data&rft.date=2020-05-01&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2006%2Fdp-pd%2Ftbt%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D1%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D1%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D92333%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D88971%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3DNo%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2006%26THEME%3D80%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-population2011-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population2011_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2011_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2019" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (January 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Origin+%28264%29%2C+Single+and+Multiple+Ethnic+Origin+Responses+%283%29%2C+Generation+Status+%284%29%2C+Age+Groups+%2810%29+and+Sex+%283%29+for+the+Population+in+Private+Households+of+Canada%2C+Provinces%2C+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2011+National+Household+Survey&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fnhs-enm%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fdt-td%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D0%26PID%3D105396%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D105277%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2013%26THEME%3D95%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-population2016-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population2016_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2016_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2019" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (June 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Origin+%28279%29%2C+Single+and+Multiple+Ethnic+Origin+Responses+%283%29%2C+Generation+Status+%284%29%2C+Age+%2812%29+and+Sex+%283%29+for+the+Population+in+Private+Households+of+Canada%2C+Provinces%2C+and+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2016+Census+-+25%25+Sample+Data&rft.date=2019-06-17&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fdt-td%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D110528%26PRID%3D10%26PTYPE%3D109445%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2017%26THEME%3D120%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Swyripa-1862-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swyripa-1862_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swyripa-1862_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canadian census, 1871</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kukushkin-Luciuk-Kordan-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kukushkin-Luciuk-Kordan_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kukushkin-Luciuk-Kordan_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kukushkin, p. 30-54; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Isajiw-Makuch-Swyripa-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Isajiw-Makuch-Swyripa_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isajiw-Makuch-Swyripa_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isajiw-Makuch-Swyripa_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Isajiw and Makuch, p. 333; Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/CliffordSifton-CanadianHistory.htm">"The Quebec History Encyclopedia: Clifford Sifton"</a>. faculty.marianopolis.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Quebec+History+Encyclopedia%3A+Clifford+Sifton&rft.pub=faculty.marianopolis.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.marianopolis.edu%2Fc.belanger%2Fquebechistory%2Fencyclopedia%2FCliffordSifton-CanadianHistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Swyripa-Luciuk-Kordan-Isajiw-Makuch-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swyripa-Luciuk-Kordan-Isajiw-Makuch_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swyripa-Luciuk-Kordan-Isajiw-Makuch_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swyripa-Luciuk-Kordan-Isajiw-Makuch_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-47, 345.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1863; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-47, 345.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1863; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 19; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-48.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSatzewich,_V.2004" class="citation book cs1">Satzewich, V. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=97gr-mzyWBsC&pg=PP1"><i>The Ukrainian Diaspora</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203217498" title="Special:BookSources/9780203217498"><bdi>9780203217498</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ukrainian+Diaspora&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780203217498&rft.au=Satzewich%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D97gr-mzyWBsC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAllahar,_A.Côté,_J.E.1998" class="citation book cs1">Allahar, A.; Côté, J.E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nlj5GaXXY3EC&pg=PA70"><i>Richer and Poorer: The Structure of Inequality in Canada</i></a>. James Lorimer Limited, Publishers. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781550286106" title="Special:BookSources/9781550286106"><bdi>9781550286106</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richer+and+Poorer%3A+The+Structure+of+Inequality+in+Canada&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=James+Lorimer+Limited%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781550286106&rft.au=Allahar%2C+A.&rft.au=C%C3%B4t%C3%A9%2C+J.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnlj5GaXXY3EC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSubtelny2000" class="citation book cs1">Subtelny, Orest (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA547"><i>Ukraine: A History</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 547. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802083906" title="Special:BookSources/9780802083906"><bdi>9780802083906</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+A+History&rft.pages=547&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780802083906&rft.aulast=Subtelny&rft.aufirst=Orest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHNIs9O3EmtQC%26pg%3DPA547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/sudbury/100-years-since-first-death-in-kapuskasing-internment-camp-1.3095314">"100 years since first death in Kapuskasing internment camp"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Sudbury</a>: <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. June 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=100+years+since+first+death+in+Kapuskasing+internment+camp&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fsudbury%2F100-years-since-first-death-in-kapuskasing-internment-camp-1.3095314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Globe+Mail-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Globe+Mail_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Globe+Mail_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/ArticleNews/TPStory/LAC/20050825/UKRANIANS25/TPNational/TopStories">PM Reaches out to Ukrainians</a> – The Globe and Mail, August 25, 2005</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internmentcanada.ca/about-the-fund.cfm">"About the Fund"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(official website)</span>. The Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund and The Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Fund&rft.pub=The+Canadian+First+World+War+Internment+Recognition+Fund+and+The+Ukrainian+Canadian+Foundation+of+Taras+Shevchenko&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internmentcanada.ca%2Fabout-the-fund.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swyripa, "Canada", p. 344.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Isajiw-Makuch-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Isajiw-Makuch_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isajiw-Makuch_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Isajiw and Makuch, p. 333.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-47, 345.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swyripa, "Canada", p. 351; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-48, 345; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swyripa, "Canada", p. 351-52.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Swyripa-TCE-EOU-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swyripa-TCE-EOU_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swyripa-TCE-EOU_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862–63; Swyripa, "Canada", p. 352.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vibha Kaushik, and Julie Drolet, "Settlement and integration needs of skilled immigrants in Canada." <i>Social Sciences</i> 7.5 (2018): 76.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-UkrCanEncycdotcom-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UkrCanEncycdotcom_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UkrCanEncycdotcom_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UkrCanEncycdotcom_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ukrainians-canada">"Ukrainians of Canada"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage">Cengage Group</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Ukrainians+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhumanities%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fukrainians-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-SwyripaLambertEncyc-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SwyripaLambertEncyc_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SwyripaLambertEncyc_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SwyripaLambertEncyc_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSwyripaLambert2021" class="citation web cs1">Swyripa, Frances A; Lambert, Maude-Emmanuelle (December 10, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ukrainian-canadians">"Ukrainian Canadians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Historica_Canada" title="Historica Canada">Historica Canada</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+Canadians&rft.date=2021-12-10&rft.aulast=Swyripa&rft.aufirst=Frances+A&rft.au=Lambert%2C+Maude-Emmanuelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fukrainian-canadians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCallanRocca2022" class="citation news cs1">Callan, Isaac; Rocca, Ryan (April 6, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/8740558/ukrainian-students-toronto-school-boards/">"Students attend Toronto Ukrainian schools after fleeing war with Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIII-DT" title="CIII-DT">Global Toronto</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Students+attend+Toronto+Ukrainian+schools+after+fleeing+war+with+Russia&rft.date=2022-04-06&rft.aulast=Callan&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft.au=Rocca%2C+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F8740558%2Fukrainian-students-toronto-school-boards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/index-eng.cfm">"2016 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations | Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data"</a>. Statistics Canada. January 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+Census+of+Canada%3A+Topic-based+tabulations+%26%23124%3B+Ethnic+Origin+%28247%29%2C+Single+and+Multiple+Ethnic+Origin+Responses+%283%29+and+Sex+%283%29+for+the+Population+of+Canada%2C+Provinces%2C+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2006+Census+%E2%80%93+20%25+Sample+Data&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2020-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt-fst%2Fimm%2Findex-eng.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2017" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 8, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E">"Census Profile, 2016 Census"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2016+Census&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Findex.cfm%3FLang%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Czuboka, p. 211-212.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cuenco2021-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cuenco2021_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cuenco2021_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cuenco2021_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cuenco2021_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCuenco2021" class="citation journal cs1">Cuenco, Michael (Spring 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2021/02/a-tale-of-two-immigration-systems-canada-and-the-united-states/">"A Tale of Two Immigration Systems: Canada and the United States"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i>. <b>V</b> (1). American Affairs Foundation Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Affairs&rft.atitle=A+Tale+of+Two+Immigration+Systems%3A+Canada+and+the+United+States&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=V&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Cuenco&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanaffairsjournal.org%2F2021%2F02%2Fa-tale-of-two-immigration-systems-canada-and-the-united-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swyripa, "Canada", p. 348.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hans-Joachim_Hoppe-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hans-Joachim_Hoppe_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hans-Joachim_Hoppe_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Hoppe" title="Hans-Joachim Hoppe">Hans-Joachim Hoppe</a>: <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzz.ch/nachrichten/kultur/literatur_und_kunst/ukrainische_weiten_1.3544822.html">Ukrainian vastnesses – Canada was and is for many East Europeans a country of prophecy</a>", in: <a href="/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung" title="Neue Zürcher Zeitung">Neue Zürcher Zeitung</a>, no. 211, September 12/13, 2009, p. B3.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slavica.indiana.edu/bookListings/literature/The_Paths_of_Folklore">"The Paths of Folklore: Essays in Honor of Natalie Kononenko | Slavica Publishers"</a>. <i>slavica.indiana.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=slavica.indiana.edu&rft.atitle=The+Paths+of+Folklore%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Natalie+Kononenko+%7C+Slavica+Publishers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslavica.indiana.edu%2FbookListings%2Fliterature%2FThe_Paths_of_Folklore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ualberta.ca/kule-folklore-centre/people/natalie-kononenko.html">"Natalie Kononenko | Kule Centre for Ukrainian and Canadian Folklore"</a>. <i>www.Alberta.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.Alberta.ca&rft.atitle=Natalie+Kononenko+%7C+Kule+Centre+for+Ukrainian+and+Canadian+Folklore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ualberta.ca%2Fkule-folklore-centre%2Fpeople%2Fnatalie-kononenko.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKononenko2023" class="citation book cs1">Kononenko, Natalie (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.3078916"><i>Ukrainian Ritual on the Prairies: Growing a Ukrainian Canadian Identity</i></a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjj.3078916">10.2307/jj.3078916</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2280-1681-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2280-1681-6"><bdi>978-0-2280-1681-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258683362">258683362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukrainian+Ritual+on+the+Prairies%3A+Growing+a+Ukrainian+Canadian+Identity&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258683362%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fjj.3078916&rft.isbn=978-0-2280-1681-6&rft.aulast=Kononenko&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.3078916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHerald2022" class="citation web cs1">Herald, Special to The (March 30, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pentictonherald.ca/life/article_fe1a899c-b04f-11ec-91f5-6375f2378de7.html">"Rock star volunteer, meet Danny Evanishen"</a>. <i>Penticton Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penticton+Herald&rft.atitle=Rock+star+volunteer%2C+meet+Danny+Evanishen&rft.date=2022-03-30&rft.aulast=Herald&rft.aufirst=Special+to+The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pentictonherald.ca%2Flife%2Farticle_fe1a899c-b04f-11ec-91f5-6375f2378de7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadianauthors.net/e/evanishen_danny/">"Danny Evanishen"</a>. <i>Canadian Books & Authors</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Books+%26+Authors&rft.atitle=Danny+Evanishen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadianauthors.net%2Fe%2Fevanishen_danny%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnic.bc.ca/devanishen/index.html">"Danny Evanishen's home page"</a>. <i>www.ethnic.bc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ethnic.bc.ca&rft.atitle=Danny+Evanishen%27s+home+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnic.bc.ca%2Fdevanishen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/3970692-Rushnychok">"Rushnychok"</a>. <i>Discogs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discogs&rft.atitle=Rushnychok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2Fartist%2F3970692-Rushnychok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaestrada.org/ansambli/rushnychok/">"Рушничок | Золотий Фонд української естради"</a> (in Ukrainian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BA+%7C+%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaestrada.org%2Fansambli%2Frushnychok%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pisni.org.ua/persons/1830.html">"Рушничок - пісні, біографія - Українські пісні"</a>. <i>www.pisni.org.ua</i> (in Ukrainian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pisni.org.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BA+-+%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96%2C+%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F+-+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pisni.org.ua%2Fpersons%2F1830.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OsTHB9AK43w"><i>Rushnychok- Ukrainian Music and Friends</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rushnychok-+Ukrainian+Music+and+Friends&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DOsTHB9AK43w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPopeski2016" class="citation news cs1">Popeski, Ron (January 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/ukrainian-christmas-comment-1.3392177">"Opinion – Should Ukrainians do away with Ukrainian Christmas?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBWT-DT" title="CBWT-DT">CBC Manitoba</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Opinion+%E2%80%93+Should+Ukrainians+do+away+with+Ukrainian+Christmas%3F&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft.aulast=Popeski&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmanitoba%2Fukrainian-christmas-comment-1.3392177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winnipegsun.com/news/winnipeg/2009/01/07/7940171-sun.html">"Joyous, family celebration marks Ukrainian Christmas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Sun" title="Winnipeg Sun">Winnipeg Sun</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Winnipeg+Sun&rft.atitle=Joyous%2C+family+celebration+marks+Ukrainian+Christmas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winnipegsun.com%2Fnews%2Fwinnipeg%2F2009%2F01%2F07%2F7940171-sun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/giant-perogy">Giant Perogy – Glendon, Canada – Atlas Obscura</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-world-s-largest-sausage">The World's Largest Sausage – Mundare, Canada – Atlas Obscura</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFInfoukes.com" class="citation web cs1">Infoukes.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoukes.com/shevchenkomuseum">"Taras Shevchenko Museum – the only Shevchenko Museum in the Americas"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taras+Shevchenko+Museum+%E2%80%93+the+only+Shevchenko+Museum+in+the+Americas&rft.au=Infoukes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoukes.com%2Fshevchenkomuseum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSwyripa1985" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Swyripa, Frances A. (1985). "Ukrainians". In <a href="/wiki/Mel_Hurtig" title="Mel Hurtig">Mel Hurtig</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Edmonton, Alberta: Hurtig Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclo03mars/page/1863">1863</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88830-272-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88830-272-X"><bdi>0-88830-272-X</bdi></a>. <q><i>In 1981 only 30.0% and 18.6% of Ukrainian Canadians belonged to the Ukrainian Catholic and Ukrainian Orthodox churches, respectively; 16.8% were Roman Catholic and 13.3% <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church</a> adherents.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ukrainians&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Edmonton%2C+Alberta&rft.pages=1863&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Hurtig+Publishers&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-88830-272-X&rft.aulast=Swyripa&rft.aufirst=Frances+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Martynowych, Orest (2011). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/departments/ukrainian_canadian_studies/media/05_The_Seraphimite_Independent_Greek_Presbyterian_and_United_Churches.pdf">The Seraphimite, Independent Greek, Presbyterian and United Churches</a>". Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies, University of Manitoba.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSwyripa1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Swyripa, Frances (1984). "Canada". In <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Kubiyovych" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr Kubiyovych">Volodymyr Kubiyovych</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></i>. Vol. 1, A–F. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-3362-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-3362-8"><bdi>0-8020-3362-8</bdi></a>. <q><i>A unique religious experiment originated with a Russian Orthodox priest, S. Ustvolsky. As the monk Seraphim, self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Eastern_Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Eastern Orthodox Church)">bishop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan</a> of the Orthodox Russian church for America, he arrived in Canada in 1903 and <a href="/wiki/Tin_Can_Cathedral" title="Tin Can Cathedral">began to ordain priests</a>. In 1904, alarmed by Seraphim's growing eccentricities, several priests, led by I. Bodrug, broke with him and formed the Ruthenian Independent Greek church. The new church retained the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern rite and liturgy</a> but was supervised and financially supported by the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Canada" title="Presbyterian Church in Canada">Presbyterian church</a>, with which Bodrug had contacts. At its height, the Independent Greek Church claimed 60,000 adherents. It declined after 1907 when Presbyterian pressure forced genuine Protestant reform; it became part of the Presbyterian church and then of the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United church</a>. Bodrug remained within the Ukrainian evangelical movement, working closely with the </i>Ukrainian Evangelical Alliance in North America<i> (est. 1922). In 1931, 1.6 percent of Ukrainian Canadians were United church adherents. By 1971 intermarriage and assimilation had increased the figure to 13.9 percent, the fourth-largest denomination among Ukrainian Canadians.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canada&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8020-3362-8&rft.aulast=Swyripa&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSwyripa1985" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Swyripa, Frances A. (1985). "Ukrainians". In <a href="/wiki/Mel_Hurtig" title="Mel Hurtig">Mel Hurtig</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Edmonton, Alberta: Hurtig Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclo03mars/page/1862">1862</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88830-272-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88830-272-X"><bdi>0-88830-272-X</bdi></a>. <q><i>Isolated individuals of Ukrainian background may have come to Canada during the </i>War of 1812<i> as mercenaries in the </i>de Meuron<i> and <a href="/wiki/De_Watteville%27s_Regiment" title="De Watteville's Regiment">de Watteville regiments</a>. It is possible that others participated in Russian exploration and colonization on the West Coast, came with </i>Mennonite<i> and other German immigrants in the 1870s, or entered Canada from the US.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ukrainians&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Edmonton%2C+Alberta&rft.pages=1862&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Hurtig+Publishers&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-88830-272-X&rft.aulast=Swyripa&rft.aufirst=Frances+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span> [United States – ed.]</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLuciukKordan1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lubomyr_Luciuk" title="Lubomyr Luciuk">Luciuk, Lubomyr</a>; Kordan, Bohdan (1989). <i>Creating a Landscape: A Geography of Ukrainians in Canada</i>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. Map 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-5823-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-5823-X"><bdi>0-8020-5823-X</bdi></a>. <q><i>Only about one-fifth of the Ukrainians in Canada would come from Ukrainian lands controlled by the tsarist empire until 1917 and by the Soviets thereafter.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+a+Landscape%3A+A+Geography+of+Ukrainians+in+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=Map+3&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8020-5823-X&rft.aulast=Luciuk&rft.aufirst=Lubomyr&rft.au=Kordan%2C+Bohdan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFIsajiwMakuch1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Isajiw, Wsevolod; Makuch, Andrij (1994). "Ukrainians in Canada". In Ann Lencyk Pawliczko (ed.). <i>Ukraine and Ukrainians Throughout the World</i>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-0595-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-0595-0"><bdi>0-8020-0595-0</bdi></a>. <q><i>Because most of the 'free' lands available for agricultural settlement had already been granted to earlier immigrants, the incoming population tended not to establish themselves as farmers. A substantial number settled in the Prairie provinces and worked as farm hands, while some took advantage of land grants being offered in the northern Peace River region of Alberta. Eventually, some of these immigrants started up their farming operations in and around the main areas of Ukrainian settlement. The majority of Ukrainians in this second wave, however, worked as laborers in the mining and forestry regions of northern Ontario and the cities of central Canada and the Prairies. A small portion of the incoming immigration consisted of individuals with a higher level of education than that possessed by the earlier immigrants, allowing them to exact a different entry-level status. Among this group were skilled individuals who could assume critical positions in the Ukrainian press and the community's cultural-educational institutions.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ukrainians+in+Canada&rft.btitle=Ukraine+and+Ukrainians+Throughout+the+World&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8020-0595-0&rft.aulast=Isajiw&rft.aufirst=Wsevolod&rft.au=Makuch%2C+Andrij&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSwyripa1985" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Swyripa, Frances A. (1985). "Ukrainians". In <a href="/wiki/Mel_Hurtig" title="Mel Hurtig">Mel Hurtig</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Edmonton, Alberta: Hurtig Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclo03mars/page/1862">1862</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88830-272-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88830-272-X"><bdi>0-88830-272-X</bdi></a>. <q><i>Between the 2 world wars some 70,000 Ukrainians immigrated to Canada for political and economic reasons. They included war veterans, intellectuals and professionals, as well as peasants</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ukrainians&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Edmonton%2C+Alberta&rft.pages=1862&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Hurtig+Publishers&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-88830-272-X&rft.aulast=Swyripa&rft.aufirst=Frances+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSwyripa1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Swyripa, Frances (1984). "Canada". In <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Kubiyovych" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr Kubiyovych">Volodymyr Kubiyovych</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></i>. Vol. 1, A–F. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. pp. 351–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-3362-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-3362-8"><bdi>0-8020-3362-8</bdi></a>. <q><i>Interwar immigrants introduced a number of new organizations. The paramilitary sporting Sitch </i>[sic]<i> (renamed the </i>Canadian Sitch Organization<i> in 1928) was founded in 1924 with official support from the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Winnipeg" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Winnipeg">Ukrainian Catholic church</a>. It declined with the appearance of the Ukrainian Catholic Brotherhood and in 1934 was reorganized without church backing as the </i>United Hetman Organization<i>, a conservative monarchist movement that favored <a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadskyi" title="Pavlo Skoropadskyi">P. Skoropadsky</a> as hetman of Ukraine. After the death of his son, <a href="/wiki/Danylo_Skoropadskyi" title="Danylo Skoropadskyi">D. Skoropadsky</a>, in 1957 the movement, never too popular, rapidly declined. In 1928 the republican-inclined <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">veterans of the Ukrainian independence struggle</a> formed the </i>Ukrainian War Veterans' Association<i> (UWVA). In 1932 it provided the base for the </i><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Federation_of_Canada" title="Ukrainian National Federation of Canada">Ukrainian National Federation</a><i>, which espoused the militant nationalism of the </i><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canada&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=351-52&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8020-3362-8&rft.aulast=Swyripa&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSwyripa1985" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Swyripa, Frances A. (1985). "Ukrainians". In <a href="/wiki/Mel_Hurtig" title="Mel Hurtig">Mel Hurtig</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Edmonton, Alberta: Hurtig Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclo03mars/page/1862">1862–63</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88830-272-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88830-272-X"><bdi>0-88830-272-X</bdi></a>. <q><i>National organizations emerged in the interwar years. The pro-communist <a href="/wiki/Association_of_United_Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Association of United Ukrainian Canadians">Ukrainian Labour-Farmer Temple Association</a> (est. 1924) attracted the unemployed in the 1930s. The Ukrainian Self-Reliance League (est. 1927) and the Ukrainian Catholic Brotherhood (est. 1932) represented Orthodox and Catholic laity, respectively. Organizations introduced by the second immigration reflected <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian revolutionary trends</a> in Europe. The small conservative, monarchical United Hetman Organization (est 1934) was counterbalanced by the influential nationalistic, republican <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Federation_of_Canada" title="Ukrainian National Federation of Canada">Ukrainian National Federation</a> (est. 1932). Despite tensions, all groups publicized <a href="/wiki/Polonization#Ukrainians" title="Polonization">Polish pacification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalinism#Stalinist_policies" title="Stalinism">Stalinist terror</a> in Ukraine in the 1930s; only the Ukrainian Labour-Farmer Temple Association condoned the Soviet purges and the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">artificial famine of 1932–33</a> that killed 6 million people; its successor, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_United_Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Association of United Ukrainian Canadians">Association of United Ukrainian Canadians</a> (est. 1946), has declined steadily.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ukrainians&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Edmonton%2C+Alberta&rft.pages=1862-63&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Hurtig+Publishers&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-88830-272-X&rft.aulast=Swyripa&rft.aufirst=Frances+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSwyripa1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Swyripa, Frances (1984). "Canada". In <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Kubiyovych" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr Kubiyovych">Volodymyr Kubiyovych</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></i>. Vol. 1, A–F. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-3362-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-3362-8"><bdi>0-8020-3362-8</bdi></a>. <q><i>During the 1930s there was considerable friction between the Canadian-oriented Ukrainian Catholic Brotherhood and Ukrainian Self-Reliance League and such Ukraine-oriented organizations as the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Federation_of_Canada" title="Ukrainian National Federation of Canada">Ukrainian National Federation</a>. Despite rivalries, Ukrainian-Canadian organizations gave moral and financial assistance to Ukrainian émigré centers in Western Europe and Ukrainian veterans, war orphans, and numerous causes in <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> and neighboring countries. In the 1930s <a href="/wiki/Polonization#Ukrainians" title="Polonization">Polish pacification</a> in Western Ukraine and <a href="/wiki/Stalinism#Stalinist_policies" title="Stalinism">Stalinist terror in the Soviet Union</a> were widely publicized. The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_United_Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Association of United Ukrainian Canadians">ULFTA</a>, which extolled the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Ukrainian state</a> and especially its <a href="/wiki/Ukrainization#1923–1931:_early_years_of_Soviet_Ukraine" title="Ukrainization">cultural flowering in the 1920s</a>, failed to question the purges, forced collectivization, and <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">artificial famine</a> of the 1930s.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canada&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8020-3362-8&rft.aulast=Swyripa&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCzuboka1983" class="citation book cs1">Czuboka, Michael (1983). <i>Ukrainian Canadian, Eh?: The Ukrainians of Canada and Elsewhere As Perceived By Themselves And Others</i>. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Communigraphics / Printers' Aid Group. pp. 211–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-920073-00-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-920073-00-X"><bdi>0-920073-00-X</bdi></a>. <q><i>Gloria Kaye was born in northern Alberta as Gloria Slavka Kolmatycki on March 10, 1956, the youngest of five children of Mike and Annie Kolmatycki. </i>[...]<i> Kolmatycki changed her Ukrainian name to 'Kaye' for 'ease in handling.' As Gloria Kaye, she sang on Canadian television on the <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Hunter" title="Tommy Hunter">Tommy Hunter Show</a>, It's Happening, Show of the Week, <a href="/wiki/Juliette_(TV_series)" title="Juliette (TV series)">Juliette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_Hop" title="Music Hop">Music Hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Lane_and_the_Disciples" title="Robbie Lane and the Disciples">Robbie Lane</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Merv_Griffin_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Merv Griffin Show">Merv Griffin show</a> in the United States.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukrainian+Canadian%2C+Eh%3F%3A+The+Ukrainians+of+Canada+and+Elsewhere+As+Perceived+By+Themselves+And+Others&rft.place=Winnipeg%2C+Manitoba&rft.pages=211-12&rft.pub=Communigraphics+%2F+Printers%27+Aid+Group&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-920073-00-X&rft.aulast=Czuboka&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSwyripa1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Swyripa, Frances (1984). "Canada". In <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Kubiyovych" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr Kubiyovych">Volodymyr Kubiyovych</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></i>. Vol. 1, A–F. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-3362-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-3362-8"><bdi>0-8020-3362-8</bdi></a>. <q><i>For many years Ukrainians supported the Liberal party, which was <a href="/wiki/8th_Canadian_Ministry" title="8th Canadian Ministry">in power when they first arrived</a>. Together with other Canadians from the lower socioeconomic strata, Ukrainians have shown considerable support for Canadian protest parties, which emerged in the 1930s – the Social Credit party and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (subsequently the New Democratic party). During the Great Depression the Ukrainians, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Jews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Canadians" title="Finnish Canadians">Finns</a> were the most prominent ethnic groups within the </i>Communist Party of Canada<i>. In the late 1950s many Ukrainians turned to the Progressive Conservative party, approving J. Diefenbaker's anticommunism and his <a href="/wiki/Michael_Starr_(politician)" title="Michael Starr (politician)">appointment of the first Ukrainian Canadian</a> to <a href="/wiki/18th_Canadian_Ministry" title="18th Canadian Ministry">the federal cabinet</a>. Increasingly, the voting habits of Ukrainians reflect their economic class or region rather than any common ethnic pattern.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canada&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8020-3362-8&rft.aulast=Swyripa&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054258005"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li>Darcovich, W. and P. Yuzyk, <i>A Statistical Compendium on the Ukrainians in Canada</i>. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980.</li>
<li>Hinther, Rhonda L., and Jim Mochoruk, eds. <i>Re-Imagining Ukrainian-Canadians: History, Politics, and Identity</i> (University of Toronto Press, 2011).</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Hoppe" title="Hans-Joachim Hoppe">Hoppe, Hans-Joachim</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op-ed/hans-joachim-hoppe-ukraines-conflict-and-the-ukrainian-diaspora-in-canada-397247.html"><i>Ukraine's conflict and the Ukrainian diaspora in Canada</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a>, September 5, 2015.</li>
<li>Kordan, Bohdan (2000). <i>Ukrainian Canadians and the Canada Census, 1981–1996</i>, Saskatoon: Heritage Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88880-422-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88880-422-9">0-88880-422-9</a>.</li>
<li>Kordan, Bohdan (2001). <i>Canada and the Ukrainian Question, 1939–1945</i>, Montreal-Kingston: <a href="/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Queen's University Press">McGill-Queen's University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2230-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2230-1">0-7735-2230-1</a>.</li>
<li>Kukushkin, Vadim (2007). <i>From Peasants to Labourers: Ukrainian and Belarusian Immigration from the Russian Empire to Canada</i>, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MblmN1z37m0C">excerpt and text search</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Kulyk_Keefer" title="Janice Kulyk Keefer">Kulyk-Keefer, Janice</a> (2005). <i>Dark Ghost in the Corner: Imagining Ukrainian-Canadian Identity</i>, Saskatoon: Heritage Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88880-497-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88880-497-0">0-88880-497-0</a>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLuciuk2019" class="citation journal cs1">Luciuk, Kassandra (Spring 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1061035ar">"More Dangerous Than Many a Pamphlet or Propaganda Book: The Ukrainian Canadian Left, Theatre, and Propaganda in the 1920s"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Labour_/_Le_Travail" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour / Le Travail">Labour / Le Travail</a></i>. <b>89</b>. Canadian Committee on Labour History: 77–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fllt.2019.0003">10.1353/llt.2019.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26741322">26741322</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164950170">164950170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labour+%2F+Le+Travail&rft.atitle=More+Dangerous+Than+Many+a+Pamphlet+or+Propaganda+Book%3A+The+Ukrainian+Canadian+Left%2C+Theatre%2C+and+Propaganda+in+the+1920s&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=77-104&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164950170%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26741322%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fllt.2019.0003&rft.aulast=Luciuk&rft.aufirst=Kassandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fid.erudit.org%2Fiderudit%2F1061035ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Luciuk, Lubomyr and Kordan, Bohdan (1989). <i>Creating a Landscape: A Geography of Ukrainians in Canada</i>, Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-5823-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-5823-X">0-8020-5823-X</a>.</li>
<li>Luciuk, Lubomyr and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stella_Hryniuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stella Hryniuk (page does not exist)">Hryniuk, Stella</a>, eds. (1991). <i>Canada's Ukrainians: Negotiating an Identity</i>, Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-5978-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-5978-3">0-8020-5978-3</a>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLuciuk2000" class="citation book cs1">Luciuk, Lubomyr Y. (2000). <i>Searching For Place: Ukrainian Displaced Persons, Canada, and the Migration of Memory</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442679672">10.3138/9781442679672</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-8088-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-8088-X"><bdi>0-8020-8088-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+For+Place%3A+Ukrainian+Displaced+Persons%2C+Canada%2C+and+the+Migration+of+Memory&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442679672&rft.isbn=0-8020-8088-X&rft.aulast=Luciuk&rft.aufirst=Lubomyr+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Lupul, Manoly, ed. (1984). <i>Visible Symbols: Cultural Expression Among Canada's Ukrainians</i>, Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-920862-27-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-920862-27-6">0-920862-27-6</a>.</li>
<li>Lupul, Manoly, (1982) <i>A Heritage in Transition: Essays on the History of Ukrainians in Canada</i></li>
<li>Martynowych, Orest (1991). <i>Ukrainians in Canada: The formative period, 1891–1924</i>. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-920862-76-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-920862-76-4">0-920862-76-4</a>.</li>
<li>Martynowych, Orest (ed.) (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/departments/ukrainian_canadian_studies/media/Ukrainian_Canadian_History_biblio.pdf">"Ukrainian-Canadian History, 1891–Present: A List of English-language Secondary Sources (Monographs, Book chapters, Collections, Articles)."</a> Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies University of Manitoba.</li>
<li>Melnycky, Peter. "'Canadians and Ukrainians Inseparably': Recent Writing on the History of Ukrainian Settlement in Canada," <i>Manitoba History,</i> Number 24, Autumn 1992 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/24/ukrainians.shtml">online edition</a>, historiography</li>
<li>Prymak, Thomas M. (1988). <i>Maple Leaf and Trident: The Ukrainian Canadians During the Second World War</i>. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario.</li>
<li>Satzewich, Vic (2002). <i>The Ukrainian Diaspora</i>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-29658-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-29658-7">0-415-29658-7</a>.</li>
<li>Swyripa, Frances (1993). <i>Wedded to the Cause: Ukrainian-Canadian Women and Ethnic Identity, 1891–1991</i></li>
<li>Swyripa, Frances A. (2022) "Ukrainian Canadians" <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i> (2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ukrainian-canadians">online</a></li>
<li>Swyripa, Frances (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/u1">Ukrainians</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20121226085859/http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/u1/9">Archived</a> December 26, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples</i>. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario.</li>
<li>Swyripa, Frances and John Herd Thompson, eds. (1983) <i>Loyalties in Conflict: Ukrainians in Canada During the Great War</i> 213pp; 8 essays by scholars</li>
<li>Yuzyk, Paul. "The First Ukrainians in Manitoba" <i>Manitoba Historical Society Transactions,</i> Series 3, 1951–52</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>Kordan, Bohdan and Luciuk, Lubomyr, eds. (1986). <i>A Delicate and Difficult Question: Documents in the History of Ukrainians in Canada, 1899–1962</i>, Kingston: Limestone Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919642-08-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-919642-08-X">0-919642-08-X</a>.</li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Canadians&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ca/">Ukrainian Canadian Congress</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrainiandiaspora.ca/">Ukrainian diaspora in Canada and U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209124848/http://www.ukrainiandiaspora.ca/">Archived</a> December 9, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uccla.ca">Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internmentcanada.ca">Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc.sk.ca/">Ukrainian Museum of Canada in Saskatoon</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrainianwinnipeg.ca/oseredok/">Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Centre "Oseredok", Winnipeg</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cius.ca/">Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrfolk.ualberta.ca/">Kule Folklore Centre at the University of Alberta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320184134/http://www.ukrfolk.ualberta.ca/">Archived</a> March 20, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ualberta.ca/ulec/">Ukrainian Language Education Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucama.ca">Ukrainian Canadian Archives & Museum of Alberta, Edmonton</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417042044/http://www.ucama.ca/">Archived</a> April 17, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.alberta.ca/ukrainianvillage/default.aspx">Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village, Alberta</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shevchenkofoundation.com/">Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/departments/ukrainian_canadian_studies/">Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuias.org/">Canadian Ukrainian Immigrant Aid Society</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucss.info/">Ukrainian Canadian Social Services</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multiculturalcanada.ca/jl">The John Luczkiw Collection, University of Toronto</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multiculturalcanada.ca/ukr">The Ukrainian Collection of the University of Calgary</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoukes.com/shevchenkomuseum">Taras Shevchenko Museum in Toronto</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.gc.ca/site/archivee-archived.html?url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2014/bcp-pco/CP32-52-1986-1-eng.pdf">Final Report of the 1985–1986 Deschênes Commission</a></li></ul>
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.navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ukrainian_Canadian_topics" title="Template:Ukrainian Canadian topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ukrainian_Canadian_topics" title="Template talk:Ukrainian Canadian topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ukrainian_Canadian_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ukrainian Canadian topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ukrainian_Canadians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukrainian Canadians</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Block_settlement#Ukrainian" title="Block settlement">Block settlements</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Desch%C3%AAnes_Commission" title="Deschênes Commission">Deschênes Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Lands_Act" title="Dominion Lands Act">Dominion Lands Act</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Internment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Labour_Temple" title="Ukrainian Labour Temple">Labour Temple</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie%E2%80%93Papineau_Battalion" title="Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion">Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_place_names_of_Ukrainian_origin" title="List of Canadian place names of Ukrainian origin">Place names</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%93present_Ukrainian_refugee_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2022–present Ukrainian refugee crisis">Refugee crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shevchenko_Monument_(Ottawa)" title="Shevchenko Monument (Ottawa)">Shevchenko monument</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tin_Can_Cathedral" title="Tin Can Cathedral">Tin Can Cathedral</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_United_Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Association of United Ukrainian Canadians">Ukrainian Labour Farmer Temple Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Association" title="Ukrainian National Association">Ukrainian National Association</a></li>
<li>United Hetman Organization</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_Elections_Act" title="Wartime Elections Act">Wartime Elections Act</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Dance</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheremosh_Ukrainian_Dance_Company" title="Cheremosh Ukrainian Dance Company">Cheremosh Ukrainian Dance Company</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church_in_Canada" title="Category:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Canada">Ukrainian Catholic Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_Canada" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada">Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Museums
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Franko_Museum" title="Ivan Franko Museum">Ivan Franko Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Cultural_and_Educational_Centre" title="Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Centre">Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Cultural_Heritage_Village" title="Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village">Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Museum_of_Canada" title="Ukrainian Museum of Canada">Ukrainian Museum of Canada</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Petro_Mohyla_Institute" title="St. Petro Mohyla Institute">St. Petro Mohyla Institute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ukrainian_Canadians" title="List of Ukrainian Canadians">Notable people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Bondar" title="Roberta Bondar">Roberta Bondar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Bozak" title="Tyler Bozak">Tyler Bozak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Boychuk" title="Johnny Boychuk">Johnny Boychuk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Brandt" title="Paul Brandt">Paul Brandt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Broda" title="Turk Broda">Turk Broda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ernie_Eves" title="Ernie Eves">Ernie Eves</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Fedoruk" title="Sylvia Fedoruk">Sylvia Fedoruk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Filmon" title="Gary Filmon">Gary Filmon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Chrystia Freeland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky" title="Wayne Gretzky">Wayne Gretzky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_John_Hnatyshyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramon John Hnatyshyn">Ramon John Hnatyshyn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kissel" title="Brett Kissel">Brett Kissel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Filip_Konowal" title="Filip Konowal">Filip Konowal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Kutryk" title="Joshua Kutryk">Joshua Kutryk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Ponikarovsky" title="Alexei Ponikarovsky">Alexei Ponikarovsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iwan_Pylypow" title="Iwan Pylypow">Iwan Pylypow</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romanow" title="Roy Romanow">Roy Romanow</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Rudnyckyj" title="Jaroslav Rudnyckyj">Jaroslav Rudnyckyj</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schreyer" title="Edward Schreyer">Edward Schreyer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Myroslaw_Stechishin" title="Myroslaw Stechishin">Myroslaw Stechishin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Savella_Stechishin" title="Savella Stechishin">Savella Stechishin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Stelmach" title="Ed Stelmach">Ed Stelmach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jordin_Tootoo" title="Jordin Tootoo">Jordin Tootoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Trebek" title="Alex Trebek">Alex Trebek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wynnyk" title="Paul Wynnyk">Paul Wynnyk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ukrainian_Canadians" title="List of Ukrainian Canadians"><i>more</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Institutions">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_United_Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Association of United Ukrainian Canadians">Association of United Ukrainian Canadians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta#Arts_and_humanities_research" title="University of Alberta">Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Ukrainian_Canadian_Studies" title="Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies">Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Centre_for_the_Study_of_Ukrainian_Heritage" title="Prairie Centre for the Study of Ukrainian Heritage">Prairie Centre for the Study of Ukrainian Heritage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Ukrainian_Genealogy_Group" title="Toronto Ukrainian Genealogy Group">Toronto Ukrainian Genealogy Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_Congress" title="Ukrainian Canadian Congress">Ukrainian Canadian Congress</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/SUSK" title="SUSK">SUSK</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_Research_and_Documentation_Centre" title="Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre">Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Federation_of_Canada" title="Ukrainian National Federation of Canada">Ukrainian National Federation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_Civil_Liberties_Association" title="Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association">Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ukrainian_diaspora_in_Canada" title="Category:Ukrainian diaspora in Canada">Category</a></b></li>
<li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Portal (Canada)</a></b></li>
<li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Portal (Ukraine)</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_people" title="Template:Canadian people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_people" title="Template talk:Canadian people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnic origins of people in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_First_Nations_band_governments" title="List of First Nations band governments">by band</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Métis</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_Canadians" title="British Canadians">British</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Canadians" title="Welsh Canadians">Welsh</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundlander" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundlander">Newfoundlander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Irish Canadians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist#Nova_Scotia" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Horn of Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Canadians" title="Eritrean Canadians">Eritrean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Canadians" title="Ethiopian Canadians">Ethiopian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Canadians" title="Somali Canadians">Somali</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Canadians" title="Berber Canadians">Berber</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Canadians" title="Algerian Canadians">Algerian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Canadians" title="Libyan Canadians">Libyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Canadians" title="Moroccan Canadians">Moroccan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Canadians" title="Tunisian Canadians">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Canadians" title="Coptic Canadians">Coptic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Canadians" title="Egyptian Canadians">Egyptian</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Canadians" title="South Sudanese Canadians">South Sudanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Canadians" title="Sudanese Canadians">Sudanese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Canadians" title="South African Canadians">South African</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Canadians" title="Zimbabwean Canadians">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">West Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Canadians" title="Ghanaian Canadians">Ghanaian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Canadians" title="Nigerian Canadians">Nigerian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Canadians" title="Igbo Canadians">Igbo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Canadians" title="Yoruba Canadians">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Canadians" title="American Canadians">American</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Canadians" title="Mexican Canadians">Mexican</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Canadians" title="Barbadian Canadians">Barbadian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Canadians">Cuban</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican Canadians">Dominican</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Guyanese Canadians">Guyanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Canadians" title="Haitian Canadians">Haitian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Canadians" title="Jamaican Canadians">Jamaican</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Canadians">Puerto Rican</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Canadians" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Canadians">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Central and South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Canadians">Argentine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Canadians">Brazilian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean Canadians">Chilean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Canadians">Colombian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemalan Canadians">Guatemalan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Canadians">Peruvian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvadoran Canadians">Salvadoran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguayan Canadians">Uruguayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Canadians">Venezuelan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Canadians" title="Asian Canadians">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Canadians" title="Afghan Canadians">Afghan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Canadians" title="Kazakh Canadians">Kazakh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Canadians" title="Tajik Canadians">Tajik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Canadians" title="Tatar Canadians">Tatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Canadians" title="Uzbek Canadians">Uzbek</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Canadians" title="East Asian Canadians">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Chinese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Canadians" title="Hong Kong Canadians">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians" title="Japanese Canadians">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Canadians" title="Korean Canadians">Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Canadians" title="Mongolian Canadians">Mongolian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Canadians" title="Taiwanese Canadians">Taiwanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Canadians" title="Tibetan Canadians">Tibetan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Canadians" title="Bangladeshi Canadians">Bangladeshi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Canadians" title="Indo-Canadians">Indian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_Canadians" title="Anglo-Indian Canadians">Anglo-Indian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Canadians" title="Nepalese Canadians">Nepali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Canadians" title="Pakistani Canadians">Pakistani</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Punjabi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Canada" title="Romani people in Canada">Romani</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Canadians" title="Sri Lankan Canadians">Sri Lankan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Canadians" title="Southeast Asian Canadians">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Canadians" title="Cambodian Canadians">Cambodian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Canadians" title="Filipino Canadians">Filipino</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Canadians" title="Indonesian Canadians">Indonesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Canadians" title="Laotian Canadians">Laotian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Canadians" title="Malaysian Canadians">Malaysian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Canadians" title="Singaporean Canadians">Singaporean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Canadians" title="Thai Canadians">Thai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Canadians" title="Vietnamese Canadians">Vietnamese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Asian_Canadians" title="West Asian Canadians">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Canadians" title="Arab Canadians">Arab</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Canadians" title="Iraqi Canadians">Iraqi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Canadians" title="Jordanian Canadians">Jordanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Canadians" title="Lebanese Canadians">Lebanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Canadians" title="Palestinian Canadians">Palestinian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Canadians" title="Saudi Canadians">Saudi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Canadians" title="Syrian Canadians">Syrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Canadians" title="Yemeni Canadians">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Canadians" title="Armenian Canadians">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Canadians" title="Assyrian Canadians">Assyrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Canadians" title="Azerbaijani Canadians">Azerbaijani</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Canadians" title="Iranian Canadians">Iranian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Jewish</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Canadians" title="Israeli Canadians">Israeli</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Canadians" title="Kurdish Canadians">Kurdish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Canadians" title="Turkish Canadians">Turkish</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Canadians" title="Austrian Canadians">Austrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Canadians" title="Czech Canadians">Czech</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Canadians" title="Hungarian Canadians">Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Canadians" title="Polish Canadians">Polish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Canadians" title="Slovak Canadians">Slovak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Canadians" title="Slovene Canadians">Slovenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Canadians" title="Swiss Canadians">Swiss</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Canadians" title="Belarusian Canadians">Belarusian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Canadians" title="Russian Canadians">Russian</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukrainian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Canadians" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Canadians">Nordic and Scandinavian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Canadians" title="Danish Canadians">Danish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Canadians" title="Finnish Canadians">Finnish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Canadians" title="Icelandic Canadians">Icelandic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Canadians" title="Norwegian Canadians">Norwegian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Canadians" title="Swedish Canadians">Swedish</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Canadians" title="Estonian Canadians">Estonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Canadians" title="Latvian Canadians">Latvian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Canadians" title="Lithuanian Canadians">Lithuanian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southeast Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Canadians">Albanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Canadians" title="Bosnian Canadians">Bosnian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Canadians" title="Bulgarian Canadians">Bulgarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Canadians" title="Croatian Canadians">Croatian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Canadians" title="Greek Canadians">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Canadians" title="Macedonian Canadians">Macedonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Canadians" title="Montenegrin Canadians">Montenegrin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Canadians" title="Romanian Canadians">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Canadians" title="Serbian Canadians">Serbian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Canadians" title="Yugoslav Canadians">Yugoslav</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadians" title="Italian Canadians">Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Canadians" title="Maltese Canadians">Maltese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Canadians" title="Portuguese Canadians">Portuguese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Canadians" title="Spanish Canadians">Spanish</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Canadians" title="Basque Canadians">Basque</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Canadians" title="Belgian Canadians">Belgian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish Canadians">Flemish</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_Canadians" title="British Canadians">British</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Canadians" title="Cornish Canadians">Cornish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Canadians" title="Scotch-Irish Canadians">Scotch-Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Canadians" title="Welsh Canadians">Welsh</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Canadians" title="Dutch Canadians">Dutch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Canadians" title="Breton Canadians">Breton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Canadian">Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Canadians" title="Luxembourgish Canadians">Luxembourger</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Canadians" title="Oceanian Canadians">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Canadians" title="Australian Canadians">Australian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_(Pacific_Island_worker)" title="Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)">Hawaiian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Canadians" title="New Zealand Canadians">New Zealander</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ukrainian_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Template:Ukrainian diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Template talk:Ukrainian diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ukrainian diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ukrainian_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Ukrainian diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Belarus" title="Ukrainians in Belarus">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Ukrainians in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Estonia" title="Ukrainians in Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Finland" title="Ukrainians in Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_France" title="Ukrainians in France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Germany" title="Ukrainians in Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Hungary" title="Ukrainians in Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Italy" title="Ukrainians in Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Lithuania" title="Ukrainians in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Moldova" title="Ukrainians in Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Poland" title="Ukrainians in Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Portugal" title="Ukrainians in Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_of_Romania" title="Ukrainians of Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Russia" title="Ukrainians in Russia">Russia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kuban" title="Ukrainians in Kuban">Kuban</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Serbia" title="Ukrainians in Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Slovakia" title="Ukrainians in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Sweden" title="Ukrainians in Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ukrainians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ukraine"><img alt="Flag of Ukraine" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/80px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/120px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/160px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Argentines" title="Ukrainian Argentines">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Brazilians" title="Ukrainian Brazilians">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainians_in_Chile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukrainians in Chile (page does not exist)">Chile</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96" class="extiw" title="uk:Українці Чилі">uk</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Mexico" title="Ukrainians in Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Paraguay" title="Ukrainians in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Uruguayans" title="Ukrainian Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Venezuelans" title="Ukrainian Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia and Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Armenia" title="Ukrainians in Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Australians" title="Ukrainian Australians">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_China" title="Ukrainians in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Hong_Kong" title="Ukrainians in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainians_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukrainians in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" class="extiw" title="uk:Українці Йорданії">uk</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ukrainians in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_New_Zealanders" title="Ukrainian New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukraiians_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukraiians in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83" class="extiw" title="uk:Українці Катару">uk</a>]</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ukraine_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ukraine_topics" title="Template:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ukraine_topics" title="Template talk:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ukraine_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ukraine_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kuyaba" title="Kuyaba">Kuyaba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Principality of Kiev</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Galicia–Volhynia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship" title="Kiev Voivodeship">Kiev Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Sich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Hetmanate</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pereiaslav_Agreement" title="Pereiaslav Agreement">Pereiaslav Agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Revolution and War of Independence</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Committee" title="Ukrainian National Committee">Ukrainian National Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynia massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">Independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ukraine" title="Geography of Ukraine">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Ukraine" title="National parks of Ukraine">National parks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America#Ukraine" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere reserves</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine">Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_reserves_of_Ukraine" title="List of nature reserves of Ukraine">Nature reserves</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Ukraine" title="Populated places in Ukraine">Populated places</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlements_in_Ukraine" title="Urban-type settlements in Ukraine">Urban-type settlements</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_Ukraine" title="List of longest rivers of Ukraine">Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ukraine" title="List of mountains in Ukraine">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Ukraine" title="List of waterfalls in Ukraine">Waterfalls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ukraine" title="List of islands of Ukraine">Islands and sandbars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ukraine" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine">World Heritage Sites</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ukraine" title="Wildlife of Ukraine">Wildlife</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Administrative divisions of Ukraine">Administrative divisions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Parliament</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Government</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign relations of Ukraine">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Ukraine" title="Political parties in Ukraine">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ukraine" title="Elections in Ukraine">Elections</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ukraine" title="Judiciary of Ukraine">Judiciary</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine" title="Law of Ukraine">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">Ukraine–European Union relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">Ukraine–NATO relations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia"><i>Hryvnia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Ukraine" title="Banking in Ukraine">Banking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stock_exchanges_in_Ukraine" title="Stock exchanges in Ukraine">Stock exchanges</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ukraine" title="Energy in Ukraine">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Ukraine" title="Science and technology in Ukraine">Science and technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ukraine" title="Tourism in Ukraine">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ukraine" title="Transport in Ukraine">Transport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ukraine" title="Category:Society of Ukraine">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine" title="Corruption in Ukraine">Corruption</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Ukraine" title="Gender inequality in Ukraine">Gender inequality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ukraine" title="Health in Ukraine">Health</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ukraine" title="Abortion in Ukraine">Abortion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ukraine" title="HIV/AIDS in Ukraine">HIV/AIDS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic" title="2009 swine flu pandemic">Swine flu pandemic</a> (2009-10)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant (2020-22)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ukraine" title="Crime in Ukraine">Murder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ukraine" title="Suicide in Ukraine">suicide</a> problems</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ukraine" title="Human rights in Ukraine">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of the press in Ukraine">Freedom of the press</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ukraine" title="LGBT rights in Ukraine">LGBT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ukraine" title="Human trafficking in Ukraine">Human trafficking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Ukraine" title="Minorities in Ukraine">Minorities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Ukraine" title="Prostitution in Ukraine">Prostitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Religion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukrainian animation">Animation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture" title="Ukrainian architecture">Architecture</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian baroque">Baroque</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Ukraine" title="Arts of Ukraine">Arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Cuisine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Cultural icons
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandura" title="Bandura">Bandura</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_fairy_tale" title="Ukrainian fairy tale">Kazka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kobzar" title="Kobzar">Kobzar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pysanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pysanka">Pysanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rushnyk" title="Rushnyk">Rushnyk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vyshyvanka" title="Vyshyvanka">Vyshyvanka</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_folklore" title="Ukrainian folklore">Folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ukraine" title="Public holidays in Ukraine">Holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Ukraine" title="Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ukraine">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_literature" title="Ukrainian literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Ukraine" title="Mass media in Ukraine">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ukraine" title="Sport in Ukraine">Sport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian people</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)">Refugees</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Ukraine">Immigration to Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Censuses_in_Ukraine" title="Censuses in Ukraine">Censuses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Women</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ukraine" title="Outline of Ukraine">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ukraine" title="Category:Ukraine">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/17px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/26px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/34px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></div>' |
