Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Upper cloth controversy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Reformation in Kerala}}
The '''Channar Lahala''' or '''Channar revolt''', also called '''Maru Marakkal Samaram''',{{sfn|Ponnumuthan|1996|p=109}} refers to the fight from 1813 to 1859 of [[Nadar climber]] women in [[Travancore]] kingdom of India for the right to wear upper-body clothes covering their breasts.
==Background==
In 19th century Travancore, baring of one's chest to higher status people was considered a sign of respect by both males and females.{{sfn|Cohn|1996|p=140}}{{sfn|Billington Harper|2000|p=13}} Thus, those of the lower status [[caste system in India|castes]], such as the [[Nadar climber]]s.Even women of other dominant castes like the [[Nair]]s had to keep their breasts bare in the presence of [[Brahmin]] men.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_7sDwAAQBAJ&dq=nair+breast+cloth+brahmin&pg=PA49 | title=Sensuality in Human Living: The Cultural Psychology of Affect | isbn=9783030417437 | last1=Valsiner | first1=Jaan | date=23 June 2020 | publisher=Springer }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FaFHDAAAQBAJ&dq=nair+breast+cloth+brahmin&pg=PA216 | title=Converting Women: Gender and Protestant Christianity in Colonial South India | isbn=978-0-19-516507-4 | last1=Kent | first1=Eliza F. | date=7 October 2023 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QU0gEAAAQBAJ&dq=nair+breast+cloth+brahmin&pg=PA139 | title=Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India | isbn=9781400844326 | last1=Cohn | first1=Bernard S. | date=11 May 2021 | publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIRSEAAAQBAJ&dq=nair+breast+cloth+brahmin&pg=PA91 | title=Unruly Women: Race, Neocolonialism, and the Hijab | isbn=978-0-19-754713-7 | last1=Sheth | first1=Falguni A. | date=7 October 2023 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref><ref name="ghj">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RK__DwAAQBAJ&dq=nayar+breast+cloth+brahmin&pg=PT47 | title=Lanterns on the Lanes: Lit for Life… | isbn=9781648996597 | last1=Abraham | first1=George | date=28 December 2020 | publisher=Notion Press }}</ref> The Nayar women in Travancore were allowed to dress as they pleased by a Royal Proclamation in 1865.<ref name="ghj"/> Brahmin women bare their breasts only in front of the deity in the temple. Before the arrival of Christian missionaries, it was common for women to go topless in Kerala in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWp2EAAAQBAJ&dq=nayar+women+no+breast+cloth&pg=PA27 | title=Tradition and Transformation in Mohiniyattam Dance: An Ethnographic History | isbn=9781793650726 | last1=Lemos | first1=Justine | date=28 June 2022 | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Converting Women: Gender and Protestant Christianity in Colonial South India|last1=Kent|first1=Eliza|publisher=Oxford university|pages=216}}</ref>{{sfn|Ponnumuthan|1996|p=109}}
Higher-class women covered both breasts and shoulders with a piece of material known as the upper-cloth unless in the presence of people of still higher-ranked communities,{{sfn|Ponnumuthan|1996|p=109}} whereas Nadar climber women were not allowed to cover their bosoms, as most of the women in Kerala, to punctuate their low status.<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-woman-who-cut-off-her-breasts/article17324549.ece| author= Manu.S.Pillai |title=The woman who cut off her breasts| magazine= The Hindu | date=19 February 2017| access-date=19 February 2017}}</ref> Uneasy with their social status, a large number of Nadar climbers embraced Christianity,{{sfn|Hardgrave|1969|p=55–70}} and started to wear "long cloths," strengthened by their new belief system, which offered equal rights to all men (and women). When many more Nadars turned to Christianity, many Nadar women started to wear the brahmin breast cloth.{{sfn|Cohn|1996|p=140}}
==1813–1829 grants and withdrawals==
The Nadar women successfully campaigned to be allowed to cover their breasts. In 1813, Colonel [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich|John Munro]], British ''dewan'' in the Travancore court, issued an order granting permission to women converted to Christianity to wear upper cloth. The order was withdrawn when ''pindakars'', members of the Raja's council, complained about this, arguing that this right would obliterate caste-differences, and lead to widespread 'pollution' in the state.{{Clarify|date=July 2022}} Nadar women were forbidden to wear the Nair sharf, and instead were allowed to wear the ''kuppayam'', a type of jacket worn by [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christians]], Shonagas, and [[Mappilas]].{{sfn|Cohn|1996|p=140}}{{sfn|Ponnumuthan|1996|p=109}} The women were not satisfied, continuing to fight for the right to wear upper cloth "like any other woman in the higher castes,"{{sfn|Ponnumuthan|1996|p=109}} and preferring breast-clothing in the Nair-style. This led to increasing violence in the 1820s against Nadar women, and also the burning of schools and churches. In 1828 the Travancore government again forbade Nadar-women the Nair-style breast-clothes, but permitted the wearing of the jacket.{{sfn|Cohn|1996|p=141}} In 1829, the Travancore queen, [[Gowri Parvati Bayi]], issued yet another proclamation, which denied the right of Nadar women to wear upper cloths.{{sfn|Ponnumuthan|1996|p=109}}
==1859 proclamation==
In 1858, new violence broke out in several places in Travancore.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kent |first=Eliza F. |url=https://library.mibckerala.org/lms_frame/eBook/Kent%20-%20Converting%20Women.%20Gender%20and%20Protestant%20Christianity%20in%20Colonial%20South%20India%20(OUP).pdf |title=Converting Women: Gender and Protestant Christianity in Colonial South India |publisher=OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS |year=2004 |isbn=0-19-516507-1 |pages=201–220}}</ref> On 26 July 1859, under pressure from [[Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet|Charles Trevelyan]], the [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] Governor, the king of Travancore issued a proclamation proclaiming the right for all Nadar women to cover their breasts, either by wearing jackets, like the Christian Nadars, or tie coarse-cloth around their upper-body, like the ''Mukkavattigal'' (fisher-women).{{sfn|Cohn|1996|p=141}}{{sfn|Ross|2008|p=78}}{{sfn|Jones|1989|p=159}} Yet they were still not allowed to cover their breasts in the style of the higher-class Nair women.{{sfn|Cohn|1996|p=141-142}} This solution was not satisfactory to the missionaries, who regarded all men and women to be equal. Nadar women continued to ignore the restrictions, developing an upper-wear style that resembled the style of the higher class Hindu women, but offended some Hindus as a provocation by the missionaries.{{sfn|Cohn|1996|p=142}} The code was still discriminatory until 1915–1916, and the challenge was supported by [[Ayyankali]].{{cn|date=May 2020}}
==Further emancipation==
After the revolt, pamphlets appeared putting forth the claims of [[Kshatriya]] status of the Nadars. Members of the caste claimed the right to wear the sacred thread and to ride palanquins to wedding ceremonies. By 1891 at least 24,000 Nadars had given their caste to the census enumerator as being ''kshatriya''.{{sfn|Bendix|Brand|1973|p=534}}
== Controversy ==
The [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] in December 2016 issued a circular to all 19,000 affiliated schools under it asking that a section 'Caste Conflict and Dress Change' – a chapter that included the Channar revolt – be omitted from the curriculum with effect from 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cbse-says-nadar-women-s-historic-struggle-cover-their-breasts-objectionable-54555|title=CBSE says Nadar women's historic struggle to cover their breasts 'objectionable'|date=2016-12-20|newspaper=The News Minute|access-date=2016-12-21}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Sivakasi riots of 1899]]
* [[Nangeli]]
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | last =Kent | first =Eliza.F. | year =2004 | title =Gender and Protestant Christianity in Colonial South India | publisher =Oxford University Press | doi =10.1093/0195165071.001.0001 | isbn= 9780195165074 | url =https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0195165071.001.0001/acprof-9780195165074}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Bendix | last2 =Brand | first1=Reinhard | first2 =Coenraad | year =1973 | title=State and Society: A Reader in Comparative Political Sociology | publisher =University of California Press | isbn =9780520024908 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5gzTp13AXQC}}
* {{Citation | last =Billington Harper | first =Susan | year =2000 | title =In the Shadow of the Mahatma | publisher =Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing | isbn =0-8028-3874-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvUqv6-pH4UC}}
* {{Citation | last =Cohn | first =Bernard S. | year =1996 | title =Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge | publisher =Princeton University Press | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q-nDwAAQBAJ|isbn= 9780691000435}}
* {{Citation | last =Hardgrave | first =Robert | year =1969 | title =The Nadars of Tamilnad: The Political Culture of a Community in Change | publisher =University of California Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC}}
* {{Citation | last =Jones | first =Kenneth W. | year =1989 | title =Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =0-521-24986-4 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=8HV4nHv8urgC}}
* {{Citation | last =Kertzer | first =David I. | year =1988 | title =Ritual, Politics, and Power | publisher =Yale University Press | isbn =0300043627 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=osntCYbeXRYC}}
* {{Citation | last =Ponnumuthan | first =Selvister | year =1996 | title =The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India | publisher =Universita Gregoriana | isbn =9788876527210 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcedqS4jOusC}}
* {{Citation | last =Ross | first =Robert | year =2008 | title =Clothing: A Global History | publisher =Polity}}
{{refend}}
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Rebellions in Asia]]
[[Category:19th century in India]]
[[Category:19th-century rebellions]]
[[Category:Social history of Kerala]]
[[Category:Women's rights in Asia]]
[[Category:Clothing controversies]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Upper cloth controversy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Reformation in Kerala}}
The '''Channar Lahala''' or '''Channar revolt''', also called '''Maru Marakkal Samaram''',{{sfn|Ponnumuthan|1996|p=109}} refers to the fight from 1813 to 1859 of [[Nadar climber]] women in [[Travancore]] kingdom of India for the right to wear upper-body clothes covering their breasts.
==Background==
In 19th century Travancore, baring of one's chest to higher status people was considered a sign of respect by both males and females.{{sfn|Cohn|1996|p=140}}{{sfn|Billington Harper|2000|p=13}} Thus, those of the lower status [[caste system in India|castes]], such as the [[Nadar climber]]s.Even women of other dominant castes like the ezhavas had to keep their breasts bare in the presence of Nair-Namboothiri men. Before the arrival of Christian missionaries, it was common for these women to go topless in Kerala in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWp2EAAAQBAJ&dq=nayar+women+no+breast+cloth&pg=PA27 | title=Tradition and Transformation in Mohiniyattam Dance: An Ethnographic History | isbn=9781793650726 | last1=Lemos | first1=Justine | date=28 June 2022 | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Converting Women: Gender and Protestant Christianity in Colonial South India|last1=Kent|first1=Eliza|publisher=Oxford university|pages=216}}</ref>{{sfn|Ponnumuthan|1996|p=109}}
Higher-class women covered both breasts and shoulders with a piece of material known as the upper-cloth unless in the presence of people of still higher-ranked communities,{{sfn|Ponnumuthan|1996|p=109}} whereas avarnas like
==1813–1829 grants and withdrawals==
The Nadar women successfully campaigned to be allowed to cover their breasts. In 1813, Colonel [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich|John Munro]], British ''dewan'' in the Travancore court, issued an order granting permission to women converted to Christianity to wear upper cloth. The order was withdrawn when ''pindakars'', members of the Raja's council, complained about this, arguing that this right would obliterate caste-differences, and lead to widespread 'pollution' in the state.{{Clarify|date=July 2022}} Nadar women were forbidden to wear the Nair sharf, and instead were allowed to wear the ''kuppayam'', a type of jacket worn by [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christians]], Shonagas, and [[Mappilas]].{{sfn|Cohn|1996|p=140}}{{sfn|Ponnumuthan|1996|p=109}} The women were not satisfied, continuing to fight for the right to wear upper cloth "like any other woman in the higher castes,"{{sfn|Ponnumuthan|1996|p=109}} and preferring breast-clothing in the Nair-style. This led to increasing violence in the 1820s against Nadar women, and also the burning of schools and churches. In 1828 the Travancore government again forbade Nadar-women the Nair-style breast-clothes, but permitted the wearing of the jacket.{{sfn|Cohn|1996|p=141}} In 1829, the Travancore queen, [[Gowri Parvati Bayi]], issued yet another proclamation, which denied the right of Nadar women to wear upper cloths.{{sfn|Ponnumuthan|1996|p=109}}
==1859 proclamation==
In 1858, new violence broke out in several places in Travancore.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kent |first=Eliza F. |url=https://library.mibckerala.org/lms_frame/eBook/Kent%20-%20Converting%20Women.%20Gender%20and%20Protestant%20Christianity%20in%20Colonial%20South%20India%20(OUP).pdf |title=Converting Women: Gender and Protestant Christianity in Colonial South India |publisher=OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS |year=2004 |isbn=0-19-516507-1 |pages=201–220}}</ref> On 26 July 1859, under pressure from [[Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet|Charles Trevelyan]], the [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] Governor, the king of Travancore issued a proclamation proclaiming the right for all Nadar women to cover their breasts, either by wearing jackets, like the Christian Nadars, or tie coarse-cloth around their upper-body, like the ''Mukkavattigal'' (fisher-women).{{sfn|Cohn|1996|p=141}}{{sfn|Ross|2008|p=78}}{{sfn|Jones|1989|p=159}} Yet they were still not allowed to cover their breasts in the style of the higher-class Nair women.{{sfn|Cohn|1996|p=141-142}} This solution was not satisfactory to the missionaries, who regarded all men and women to be equal. Nadar women continued to ignore the restrictions, developing an upper-wear style that resembled the style of the higher class Hindu women, but offended some Hindus as a provocation by the missionaries.{{sfn|Cohn|1996|p=142}} The code was still discriminatory until 1915–1916, and the challenge was supported by [[Ayyankali]].{{cn|date=May 2020}}
==Further emancipation==
After the revolt, pamphlets appeared putting forth the claims of [[Kshatriya]] status of the Nadars. Members of the caste claimed the right to wear the sacred thread and to ride palanquins to wedding ceremonies. By 1891 at least 24,000 Nadars had given their caste to the census enumerator as being ''kshatriya''.{{sfn|Bendix|Brand|1973|p=534}}
== Controversy ==
The [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] in December 2016 issued a circular to all 19,000 affiliated schools under it asking that a section 'Caste Conflict and Dress Change' – a chapter that included the Channar revolt – be omitted from the curriculum with effect from 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cbse-says-nadar-women-s-historic-struggle-cover-their-breasts-objectionable-54555|title=CBSE says Nadar women's historic struggle to cover their breasts 'objectionable'|date=2016-12-20|newspaper=The News Minute|access-date=2016-12-21}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Sivakasi riots of 1899]]
* [[Nangeli]]
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | last =Kent | first =Eliza.F. | year =2004 | title =Gender and Protestant Christianity in Colonial South India | publisher =Oxford University Press | doi =10.1093/0195165071.001.0001 | isbn= 9780195165074 | url =https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0195165071.001.0001/acprof-9780195165074}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Bendix | last2 =Brand | first1=Reinhard | first2 =Coenraad | year =1973 | title=State and Society: A Reader in Comparative Political Sociology | publisher =University of California Press | isbn =9780520024908 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5gzTp13AXQC}}
* {{Citation | last =Billington Harper | first =Susan | year =2000 | title =In the Shadow of the Mahatma | publisher =Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing | isbn =0-8028-3874-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvUqv6-pH4UC}}
* {{Citation | last =Cohn | first =Bernard S. | year =1996 | title =Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge | publisher =Princeton University Press | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q-nDwAAQBAJ|isbn= 9780691000435}}
* {{Citation | last =Hardgrave | first =Robert | year =1969 | title =The Nadars of Tamilnad: The Political Culture of a Community in Change | publisher =University of California Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC}}
* {{Citation | last =Jones | first =Kenneth W. | year =1989 | title =Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =0-521-24986-4 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=8HV4nHv8urgC}}
* {{Citation | last =Kertzer | first =David I. | year =1988 | title =Ritual, Politics, and Power | publisher =Yale University Press | isbn =0300043627 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=osntCYbeXRYC}}
* {{Citation | last =Ponnumuthan | first =Selvister | year =1996 | title =The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India | publisher =Universita Gregoriana | isbn =9788876527210 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcedqS4jOusC}}
* {{Citation | last =Ross | first =Robert | year =2008 | title =Clothing: A Global History | publisher =Polity}}
{{refend}}
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Rebellions in Asia]]
[[Category:19th century in India]]
[[Category:19th-century rebellions]]
[[Category:Social history of Kerala]]
[[Category:Women's rights in Asia]]
[[Category:Clothing controversies]]' |
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p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:maroon; color:white;">This article is part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:maroon; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Kerala_reformation_movement" title="Kerala reformation movement"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Reformation in Kerala</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narayana_Guru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/media/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Narayana_Guru.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="329" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="329" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a>, the most prominent face of the movement</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:maroon; color:white;">
Background</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Kerala" title="Caste system in Kerala">Caste system in Kerala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reforms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:maroon; color:white;">
Notable people</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavu_Swamikal" title="Ayyavu Swamikal">Ayyavu Swamikal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chattampi_Swamikal" title="Chattampi Swamikal">Chattampi Swamikal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sahodaran_Ayyappan" title="Sahodaran Ayyappan">Sahodaran Ayyappan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayyathan_Gopalan" title="Ayyathan Gopalan">Ayyathan Gopalan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vagbhatananda" title="Vagbhatananda">Vagbhatananda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brahmananda_Swami_Sivayogi" title="Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi">B. S. Sivayogi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Karuppan" title="Pandit Karuppan">Pandit Karuppan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/T._K._Madhavan" title="T. K. Madhavan">T. K. Madhavan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mannathu_Padmanabha_Pillai" title="Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai">M. P. Pillai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kallingal_Madathil_Rarichan_Moopan" title="Kallingal Madathil Rarichan Moopan">Kallingal Madathil Rarichan Moopan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/V._T._Bhattathiripad" title="V. T. Bhattathiripad">V. T. Bhattathiripad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshabhimani_Ramakrishna_Pillai" title="Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai">S. R. Pillai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chempakaraman_Pillai" title="Chempakaraman Pillai">Chempakaraman Pillai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G._P._Pillai" title="G. P. Pillai">G. P. Pillai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabhan_Palpu" title="Padmanabhan Palpu">Padmanabhan Palpu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Kunhiraman" title="C. V. Kunhiraman">C. V. Kunhiraman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kuriakose_Elias_Chavara" title="Kuriakose Elias Chavara">Kuriakose Elias Chavara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kuroolli_Chekon" title="Kuroolli Chekon">Kuroolli Chekon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:maroon; color:white;">
Others</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru#Consecration_of_Siva_Lingamat_Aruvippuram" title="Narayana Guru">Consecration at Aruvippuram</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayana Trust">Sree Narayana Trust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nair_Service_Society" title="Nair Service Society">Nair Service Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Satyagraha" title="Vaikom Satyagraha">Vaikom Satyagraha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur_Satyagraha" title="Guruvayur Satyagraha">Guruvayur Satyagraha</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Channar revolt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Entry_Proclamation" title="Temple Entry Proclamation">Temple Entry Proclamation</a></li></ul></td>
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<p>The <b>Channar Lahala</b> or <b>Channar revolt</b>, also called <b>Maru Marakkal Samaram</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonnumuthan1996109_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonnumuthan1996109-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to the fight from 1813 to 1859 of <a href="/wiki/Nadar_climber" title="Nadar climber">Nadar climber</a> women in <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> kingdom of India for the right to wear upper-body clothes covering their breasts.
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<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#1813–1829_grants_and_withdrawals"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">1813–1829 grants and withdrawals</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#1859_proclamation"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">1859 proclamation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Further_emancipation"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Further emancipation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Controversy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Controversy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In 19th century Travancore, baring of one's chest to higher status people was considered a sign of respect by both males and females.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1996140_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn1996140-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington_Harper200013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington_Harper200013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, those of the lower status <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">castes</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nadar_climber" title="Nadar climber">Nadar climbers</a>.Even women of other dominant castes like the ezhavas had to keep their breasts bare in the presence of Nair-Namboothiri men. Before the arrival of Christian missionaries, it was common for these women to go topless in Kerala in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonnumuthan1996109_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonnumuthan1996109-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Higher-class women covered both breasts and shoulders with a piece of material known as the upper-cloth unless in the presence of people of still higher-ranked communities,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonnumuthan1996109_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonnumuthan1996109-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas avarnas like
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1813–1829_grants_and_withdrawals"><span id="1813.E2.80.931829_grants_and_withdrawals"></span>1813–1829 grants and withdrawals</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The Nadar women successfully campaigned to be allowed to cover their breasts. In 1813, Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Munro,_9th_of_Teaninich" title="John Munro, 9th of Teaninich">John Munro</a>, British <i>dewan</i> in the Travancore court, issued an order granting permission to women converted to Christianity to wear upper cloth. The order was withdrawn when <i>pindakars</i>, members of the Raja's council, complained about this, arguing that this right would obliterate caste-differences, and lead to widespread 'pollution' in the state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nadar women were forbidden to wear the Nair sharf, and instead were allowed to wear the <i>kuppayam</i>, a type of jacket worn by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Syrian Christians</a>, Shonagas, and <a href="/wiki/Mappilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappilas">Mappilas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1996140_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn1996140-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonnumuthan1996109_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonnumuthan1996109-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The women were not satisfied, continuing to fight for the right to wear upper cloth "like any other woman in the higher castes,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonnumuthan1996109_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonnumuthan1996109-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and preferring breast-clothing in the Nair-style. This led to increasing violence in the 1820s against Nadar women, and also the burning of schools and churches. In 1828 the Travancore government again forbade Nadar-women the Nair-style breast-clothes, but permitted the wearing of the jacket.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1996141_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn1996141-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1829, the Travancore queen, <a href="/wiki/Gowri_Parvati_Bayi" title="Gowri Parvati Bayi">Gowri Parvati Bayi</a>, issued yet another proclamation, which denied the right of Nadar women to wear upper cloths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonnumuthan1996109_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonnumuthan1996109-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1859_proclamation">1859 proclamation</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In 1858, new violence broke out in several places in Travancore.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 July 1859, under pressure from <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Trevelyan,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet">Charles Trevelyan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras</a> Governor, the king of Travancore issued a proclamation proclaiming the right for all Nadar women to cover their breasts, either by wearing jackets, like the Christian Nadars, or tie coarse-cloth around their upper-body, like the <i>Mukkavattigal</i> (fisher-women).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1996141_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn1996141-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss200878_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200878-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1989159_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1989159-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet they were still not allowed to cover their breasts in the style of the higher-class Nair women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1996141-142_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn1996141-142-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This solution was not satisfactory to the missionaries, who regarded all men and women to be equal. Nadar women continued to ignore the restrictions, developing an upper-wear style that resembled the style of the higher class Hindu women, but offended some Hindus as a provocation by the missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1996142_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn1996142-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The code was still discriminatory until 1915–1916, and the challenge was supported by <a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_emancipation">Further emancipation</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>After the revolt, pamphlets appeared putting forth the claims of <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> status of the Nadars. Members of the caste claimed the right to wear the sacred thread and to ride palanquins to wedding ceremonies. By 1891 at least 24,000 Nadars had given their caste to the census enumerator as being <i>kshatriya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixBrand1973534_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixBrand1973534-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">CBSE</a> in December 2016 issued a circular to all 19,000 affiliated schools under it asking that a section 'Caste Conflict and Dress Change' – a chapter that included the Channar revolt – be omitted from the curriculum with effect from 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sivakasi_riots_of_1899" title="Sivakasi riots of 1899">Sivakasi riots of 1899</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nangeli" title="Nangeli">Nangeli</a></li></ul>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonnumuthan1996109-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonnumuthan1996109_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonnumuthan1996109_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonnumuthan1996109_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonnumuthan1996109_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonnumuthan1996109_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonnumuthan1996109_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPonnumuthan1996">Ponnumuthan 1996</a>, p. 109.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn1996140-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1996140_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1996140_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohn1996">Cohn 1996</a>, p. 140.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington_Harper200013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington_Harper200013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBillington_Harper2000">Billington Harper 2000</a>, p. 13.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLemos2022" class="citation book cs1">Lemos, Justine (28 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XWp2EAAAQBAJ&dq=nayar+women+no+breast+cloth&pg=PA27"><i>Tradition and Transformation in Mohiniyattam Dance: An Ethnographic History</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781793650726" title="Special:BookSources/9781793650726"><bdi>9781793650726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradition+and+Transformation+in+Mohiniyattam+Dance%3A+An+Ethnographic+History&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft.isbn=9781793650726&rft.aulast=Lemos&rft.aufirst=Justine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXWp2EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnayar%2Bwomen%2Bno%2Bbreast%2Bcloth%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannar+revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Eliza. <i>Converting Women: Gender and Protestant Christianity in Colonial South India</i>. Oxford university. p. 216.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Converting+Women%3A+Gender+and+Protestant+Christianity+in+Colonial+South+India&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Oxford+university&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Eliza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannar+revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn1996141-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1996141_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1996141_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohn1996">Cohn 1996</a>, p. 141.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2004" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Eliza F. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.mibckerala.org/lms_frame/eBook/Kent%20-%20Converting%20Women.%20Gender%20and%20Protestant%20Christianity%20in%20Colonial%20South%20India%20(OUP).pdf"><i>Converting Women: Gender and Protestant Christianity in Colonial South India</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS. pp. 201–220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516507-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516507-1"><bdi>0-19-516507-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Converting+Women%3A+Gender+and+Protestant+Christianity+in+Colonial+South+India&rft.pages=201-220&rft.pub=OXFORD+UNIVERSITY+PRESS&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-516507-1&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Eliza+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.mibckerala.org%2Flms_frame%2FeBook%2FKent%2520-%2520Converting%2520Women.%2520Gender%2520and%2520Protestant%2520Christianity%2520in%2520Colonial%2520South%2520India%2520%28OUP%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannar+revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200878-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss200878_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2008">Ross 2008</a>, p. 78.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1989159-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1989159_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1989">Jones 1989</a>, p. 159.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn1996141-142-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1996141-142_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohn1996">Cohn 1996</a>, p. 141-142.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn1996142-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1996142_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohn1996">Cohn 1996</a>, p. 142.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixBrand1973534-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixBrand1973534_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBendixBrand1973">Bendix & Brand 1973</a>, p. 534.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cbse-says-nadar-women-s-historic-struggle-cover-their-breasts-objectionable-54555">"CBSE says Nadar women's historic struggle to cover their breasts 'objectionable'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The News Minute</i>. 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=CBSE+says+Nadar+women%27s+historic+struggle+to+cover+their+breasts+%27objectionable%27&rft.date=2016-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fcbse-says-nadar-women-s-historic-struggle-cover-their-breasts-objectionable-54555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannar+revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2004" class="citation cs2">Kent, Eliza.F. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0195165071.001.0001/acprof-9780195165074"><i>Gender and Protestant Christianity in Colonial South India</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F0195165071.001.0001">10.1093/0195165071.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195165074" title="Special:BookSources/9780195165074"><bdi>9780195165074</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Protestant+Christianity+in+Colonial+South+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2F0195165071.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780195165074&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Eliza.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2F0195165071.001.0001%2Facprof-9780195165074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannar+revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendixBrand1973" class="citation cs2">Bendix, Reinhard; Brand, Coenraad (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P5gzTp13AXQC"><i>State and Society: A Reader in Comparative Political Sociology</i></a>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520024908" title="Special:BookSources/9780520024908"><bdi>9780520024908</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Society%3A+A+Reader+in+Comparative+Political+Sociology&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780520024908&rft.aulast=Bendix&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rft.au=Brand%2C+Coenraad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP5gzTp13AXQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannar+revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillington_Harper2000" class="citation cs2">Billington Harper, Susan (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gvUqv6-pH4UC"><i>In the Shadow of the Mahatma</i></a>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3874-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3874-X"><bdi>0-8028-3874-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+Mahatma&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8028-3874-X&rft.aulast=Billington+Harper&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgvUqv6-pH4UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannar+revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn1996" class="citation cs2">Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q-nDwAAQBAJ"><i>Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge</i></a>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691000435" title="Special:BookSources/9780691000435"><bdi>9780691000435</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism+and+Its+Forms+of+Knowledge&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780691000435&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Bernard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Q-nDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannar+revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardgrave1969" class="citation cs2">Hardgrave, Robert (1969), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC"><i>The Nadars of Tamilnad: The Political Culture of a Community in Change</i></a>, University of California Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nadars+of+Tamilnad%3A+The+Political+Culture+of+a+Community+in+Change&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Hardgrave&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKZ9mqiLgkdEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannar+revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1989" class="citation cs2">Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HV4nHv8urgC"><i>Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24986-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24986-4"><bdi>0-521-24986-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socio-Religious+Reform+Movements+in+British+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-521-24986-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HV4nHv8urgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannar+revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKertzer1988" class="citation cs2">Kertzer, David I. (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osntCYbeXRYC"><i>Ritual, Politics, and Power</i></a>, Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300043627" title="Special:BookSources/0300043627"><bdi>0300043627</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual%2C+Politics%2C+and+Power&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0300043627&rft.aulast=Kertzer&rft.aufirst=David+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DosntCYbeXRYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannar+revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonnumuthan1996" class="citation cs2">Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zcedqS4jOusC"><i>The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India</i></a>, Universita Gregoriana, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788876527210" title="Special:BookSources/9788876527210"><bdi>9788876527210</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirituality+of+Basic+Ecclesial+Communities+in+the+Socio-religious+Context+of+Trivandrum%2FKerala%2C+India&rft.pub=Universita+Gregoriana&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9788876527210&rft.aulast=Ponnumuthan&rft.aufirst=Selvister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzcedqS4jOusC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannar+revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2008" class="citation cs2">Ross, Robert (2008), <i>Clothing: A Global History</i>, Polity</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clothing%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannar+revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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