Orders of magnitude (temperature): Difference between revisions

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List of orders of magnitude for temperature

Factor	Multiple	Item
0	0 K	Absolute zero: free bodies are still, no interaction within or without a thermodynamic system
10⁻³⁰	10⁻⁶ yK	Particular speeds bound paths to exceed size and lifetime of the universe^{[clarification needed]} (see least-energy in orders of magnitude (energy))
10⁻¹⁸	1 aK	Macroscopic teleportation of matter can occur Hawking temperature of supermassive black holes
10⁻¹⁵	1 fK	Atomic waves coherent over centimeters atomic particles decoherent over centimeters
10⁻¹²	1 pK	50 pK, lowest temperature ever produced, achieved with a rubidium gas.^[1]^{[better source needed]} 100 pK, the current record for lowest temperature, achieved by cooling the nuclear spins of rhodium metal.^[2] 450 pK, lowest temperature sodium Bose–Einstein condensate gas ever achieved in the laboratory, at MIT^[3]
10⁻⁹	1 nK	50 nK, Fermi temperature of potassium-40 critical temperature of alkali Bose–Einstein condensates
10⁻⁶	1 μK	Nuclear demagnetization Doppler-cooled refrigerants in laser cooling and magneto-optical traps
10⁻³	1 mK	Radio excitations 1.7 mK, temperature record for helium-3/helium-4 dilution refrigeration, and the lowest temperature which may be sustained for arbitrarily long time with known techniques. 2.5 mK, Fermi melting point of helium-3 60 mK adiabatic demagnetization of paramagnetic molecules 300 mK in evaporative cooling of helium-3 700 mK, helium-3/helium-4 mixtures begin phase separation 950 mK, melting point of helium at 2.5 megapascals of pressure- All 118 elements are solid at or below this temperature. microwave excitations
1	1 K	1 K at the Boomerang Nebula, the coldest natural environment known 1.5 K, melting point of overbound helium 2.19 K, lambda point of overbound superfluid helium 2.725 K, cosmic microwave background 4.1 K, superconductivity point of mercury 4.22 K, boiling point of bound helium 5.19 K, critical temperature of helium 7.2 K, superconductivity point of lead 9.3 K, superconductivity point of niobium
10¹	10 K	Fermi melting point of valence electrons for superconductivity 14.01 K, melting point of bound hydrogen 20.28 K, boiling point of bound hydrogen 33 K, critical temperature of hydrogen 44 K mean on Pluto 53 K mean of Neptune 63 K, melting point of bound nitrogen 68 K mean of Uranus 77.35 K, boiling point of bound nitrogen 90.19 K, boiling point of bound oxygen 92 K, superconductivity point of Y–Ba–Cu–oxide (YBCO)
10²	100 K	Infrared excitations 134 K, highest-temperature superconductor at ambient pressure, mercury barium calcium copper oxide 165 K, glass point of supercooled water 184.0 K (–89.2 °C), coldest air recorded on Earth 192 K, Debye temperature of ice 273.15 K (0 °C), melting point of bound water 273.16 K (0.01 °C), temperature of triple point of water ~293 K, room temperature 373.15 K (100 °C), boiling point of bound water at sea level 647 K, critical point of superheated water 737.5 K, mean on Venus See detailed list below
10³	1 kK	Visible light excitations 500–2200 K on brown dwarfs (photosphere) 1043 K Curie temperature of iron (point at which iron transitions from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic behavior and loses any permanent magnetism) 1170 K at wood fire 1300 K in lava flows, open flames 1500 K in basalt lava flows ~1670 K at blue candle flame 1811 K, melting point of iron (lower for steel) 1830 K in Bunsen burner flame 1900 K at the Space Shuttle orbiter hull in 8 km/s dive 2022 K, boiling point of lead 2230 K, Debye temperature of carbon 2320 K at open hydrogen flame 2150–2450 K at open hydrocarbon flame 2900 K, color temperature of halogen lamps, blackbody radiation maximum at 1000 nm 3683 K, melting point of tungsten 3925 K, sublimation point of carbon 4160 K, melting point of hafnium carbide 4800 K, 10 MPa, triple point of carbon^[4] 5000 K, 12 GPa melting point of diamond^[5] 5100 K in cyanogen-dioxygen flame 5516 K at dicyanoacetylene (carbon subnitride)-ozone flame 5650 K at Earth's Inner Core Boundary 5780 K on surface of the Sun 5933 K, boiling point of tungsten 6000 K, mean of the Universe 300,000 years after the Big Bang 7445 K, 850 GPa;^[6] 8750 K, 520 GPa;^[7] 5400 K, 220 GPa,^[8] critical point of diamond/solid III 7735 K, a monatomic ideal gas has one electron volt of kinetic energy ultraviolet excitations 8000 K, routinely sustainable temperature in an analytical inductively coupled plasma 8801 K, 10.56 GPa^[9] 7020.5 K, 797 MPa,^[10] critical point of carbon anionic sparks
10⁴	10 kK	10 kK on Sirius A 10–15 kK in mononitrogen recombination 15.5 kK, critical point of tungsten 25 kK, mean of the Universe 10,000 years after the Big Bang 26 kK on white dwarf Sirius B 28 kK in record cationic lightning over Earth 29 kK on surface of Alnitak (easternmost star of Orion's belt) 4–8–40–160 kK on white dwarfs 30–400 kK on a planetary nebula's asymptotic giant helium star 36 kK boundary between inner and outer core within Jupiter 37 kK in proton–electron reactions 38 kK on Eta Carinae 46 kK on Wolf–Rayet star R136a1^[11] 50 kK at protostar (core) 54.5 kK on ON2 III(f*) star LH64-16^[12] >200 kK on Butterfly Nebula ~300 kK at 17 meters from Little Boy's detonation Fermi boiling point of valence electrons X-ray excitations
10⁶	1 MK	0.8 MK in solar wind γ-ray excitations 1 MK inside old neutron stars, brown dwarfs, and at gravital deuterium fusion range 1–3–10 MK above Sun (corona) 2.4 MK at T Tauri stars and gravital lithium-6 fusion range 2.5 MK at red dwarfs and gravital protium fusion range 10 MK at orange dwarfs and gravital helium-3 fusion range 15.6 MK at Sun's core 10–30–100 MK in stellar flares 20 MK in novæ 23 MK, beryllium-7 fusion range 60 MK above Eta Carinae 85 MK (15 keV) in a magnetic confinement fusion plasma 200 MK at helium star and gravital helium-4 fusion range 230 MK, gravital carbon-12 fusion range 460 MK, gravital neon fusion–disproportionation range 5–530 MK in Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor's plasma 750 MK, gravital oxygen fusion range
10⁹	1 GK	1 GK, everything 100 seconds after the Big Bang 1.3–1.7 GK, gravital silicon fusion range 3 GK in electron–positron reactions 10 GK in supernovae 10 GK, everything 1 second after the Big Bang 700 GK in quasars' accretion discs 740 GK, Hagedorn temperature or Fermi melting point of pions
10¹²	1 TK	0.1–1 TK at new neutron star 0.5–1.2 TK, Fermi melting point of hadrons into quark–gluon plasma 3–5 TK in proton–antiproton reactions 3.6 TK, temperature at which matter doubles in mass (compared to its mass at 0 K) due to relativistic effects 5.5 TK, highest man-made temperature in thermal equilibrium as of 2015 (quark–gluon plasma from LHC collisions)^[13] 10 TK, 100 microseconds after the Big Bang 45–67 TK at collapsar of a gamma-ray burst 300–900 TK at proton–nickel conversions in the Tevatron's Main Injector^{[clarification needed]}
10¹⁵	1 PK	0.3–2.2 PK at proton–antiproton collisions 2.8 PK within an electroweak star
10¹⁸	1 EK
10²¹	1 ZK
10²⁴	1 YK	0.5–7 YK at ultra-high-energy cosmic ray collisions
10²⁷	10³ YK	everything 10⁻³⁵ seconds after the Big Bang
10³⁰	10⁶ YK	Hagedorn temperature of strings
10³²	10⁸ YK	142 million YK, Planck temperature
10³³	10⁹ YK	Theory of everything excitations^{[citation needed]}
10²⁹⁰	10²⁶⁶ YK	Landau pole of Quantum electrodynamics

Detailed list for 100 K to 1000 K

Most ordinary human activity takes place at temperatures of this order of magnitude. Circumstances where water naturally occurs in liquid form are shown in light grey.


Kelvin	Degrees Celsius	Degrees Fahrenheit	Condition
100 K	−173.15 °C	−279.67 °F
165 K	−108 °C	−163 °F	Glass point of supercooled water (Debatable)^[14]
175.4 K	−97.8 °C	−144 °F	Coldest luminance temperature recorded on Earth (measured remotely by satellite), in Antarctica^[15]
183.7 K	−89.5 °C	−129.1 °F	Freezing/melting point of isopropyl alcohol^[16]
183.9 K	−89.2 °C	−128.6 °F	Coldest officially recorded air temperature on Earth, at Stántsiya Vostók, Antarctica on 1983-07-21 01:45 UTC (see Vostok Station)
192 K	−81 °C	−114 °F	Debye temperature of ice
194.6 K	−78.5 °C	−109.3 °F	Sublimation point of carbon dioxide (dry ice)
205.5 K	−67.7 °C	−89.9 °F	Coldest officially recorded air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere, at Oymyakon, Oymyakonsky District, Sakha Republic, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on 1933-02-06^[17]
207.05 K	−66.1 °C	−86.98 °F	Coldest officially recorded air temperature in North America, at North Ice, Greenland on 1954-01-09^[18]
210 K	−63 °C	−80 °F	Mean on Mars
214.9 K	–58.3 °C	–72.9 °F	Coldest annual mean temperature on Earth, at Dome Argus, Antarctica^[19]
223.15 K	−50 °C	−58 °F	Mean on Earth during Snowball Earth^[20] around 650 million years ago
224.8 K	−48.4 °C	−55.0 °F	Coldest temperature that water can remain a liquid (see supercooling)
225 K	−48 °C	−55 °F	Freezing/melting point of cottonseed oil^[21]
233.15 K	−40 °C	−40 °F	Intersecting point of the Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales Skin may freeze almost instantly at or below this temperature^[22]
234.3 K	−38.83 °C	−37.89 °F	Freezing/melting point of mercury
240.4 K	−32.8 °C	−27.0 °F	Coldest air temperature recorded in South America, at Sarmiento, Argentina on 1907-06-01^[23]
249 K	–24 °C	–11 °F	Freezing/melting point of flax seed oil^[21]
249.3 K	–23.9 °C	–11.0 °F	Coldest air temperature recorded in Africa, at Ifrane, Morocco on 1935-02-11^[23]
250 K	–23 °C	–9 °F	Coldest air temperature recorded in Australia, at Charlotte Pass, New South Wales, Australia on 1994-06-29^[23]
255.37 K	–177⁄9 °C	0 °F	Coldest brine-ice solution found by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
255 K	–18 °C	0 °F	Freezing/melting point of almond oil^[21]
256 K	–17 °C	1 °F	Freezing/melting point of sunflower oil^[21]
256 K	–17 °C	2 °F	Freezing/melting point of safflower oil^[21]
257 K	–16 °C	3 °F	Freezing/melting point of soybean oil^[21]
262 K	−11 °C	12 °F	Freezing/melting point of corn oil^[21]
263.15 K	–10 °C	14 °F	Freezing/melting point of canola oil^[21] Freezing/melting point of grape seed oil^[21]
265 K	–8 °C	18 °F	White frost can form below this temperature (see frost) Freezing/melting point of hemp seed oil^[21]
265.8 K	–7.2 °C	19 °F	Freezing/melting point of bromine
267 K	–6 °C	21 °F	Freezing/melting point of olive oil^[21] Freezing/melting point of sesame oil^[21]
271.15 K	−2 °C	28.4 °F	Average freezing/melting point of oceans, the salinity is around 34.7‰.^[24]^[25]
273.15 K	0.00 °C	32.00 °F	Freezing/melting point of fresh water (at STP)
273.16 K	0.01 °C	32.02 °F	Triple point of fresh water (defining constant)
276 K	3 °C	37 °F	Freezing/melting point of peanut oil^[26]
277.13 K	3.98 °C	39.16 °F	Water is at maximum density^[27]
283.2 K	10 °C	50 °F	Minimum temperature for most plant growth (see Growing degree-day)
286.9 K	12.7 °C	54.9 °F	Coldest body temperature of a human that survived accidental hypothermia (a 2-year-old boy in Racławice, Poland, on November 30, 2014)^[28]^[29]
288 K	15 °C	59 °F	Mean on Earth
291.6 K	18.4 °C	65.1 °F	Hottest temperature in Antarctica, recorded on 2020 February 6 at the Esperanza Base^[30]
294 K	21 °C	70 °F	Room temperature
296 K	23 °C	73 °F	Mean on Earth during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum^[31] about 55.8 million years ago
297 K	24 °C	75 °F	Melting/freezing point of palm kernel oil^[21]
298 K	25 °C	77 °F	Melting/freezing point of coconut oil^[21]
300 K	27 °C	80.6 °F	Estimated melting/freezing point of francium
301 K	28 °C	82.4 °F	Minimum temperature for a naked human to be comfortable^[32]
302.9 K	29.8 °C	85.6 °F	Melting/freezing point of gallium
303.15 K	30 °C	86 °F	Maximum temperature for a naked human to be comfortable^[32] The rate of plant growth is typically no greater above this temperature than at this temperature. (see Growing degree-day)
304 K	31 °C	88 °F	Melting/freezing point of butter, critical point for carbon dioxide
307 K	34 °C	93 °F	Kindling point of white phosphorus
307.6 K	34.4 °C	93.9 °F	Hottest annual mean temperature on Earth, at Dallol, Ethiopia^[19]
308 K	35 °C	95 °F	Hypothermic body temperature for humans (see Hypothermia) Warmest sea measured, at the Red Sea Melting/freezing point of palm oil^[21]
309.5 K	36.4 °C	97.5 °F	Average body temperature for a human^[33]
311.03 K	37.87 °C	100.2 °F	Beginnings of a fever for humans
311.8 K	38.6 °C	101.5 °F	Average body temperature for a cat^[34]
313.15 K	40 °C	104 °F	Maximum standard temperature recommended for hot tub users^[35]
315 K	42 °C	108 °F	Usually fatal human fever
319.3 K	46.1 °C	115 °F	World's hottest air temperature recorded while raining, at Needles, California, USA on August 13, 2012^[36]
319.7 K	46.5 °C	115.7 °F	Highest human fever survived (Willie Jones)^[37]
322.1 K	48.9 °C	120.0 °F	Hottest air temperature recorded in South America, at Rivadavia, Argentina on 1905-12-11^[23] Maximum safe temperature for hot water according to numeric U.S. plumbing codes^[38] Water will cause a second-degree burn after 8 minutes and a third-degree burn after 10 minutes^[38]
323.9 K	50.7 °C	123.3 °F	Hottest air temperature recorded in the Southern Hemisphere, at Oodnadatta, Australia on 1960-02-01^[23]
328 K	54 °C	130 °F	Hottest reliably measured air temperature on Earth, in Death Valley at Furnace Creek, Inyo County, California, United States of America on 2020-08-16,^[39]
333.15 K	60 °C	140 °F	Water will cause a second-degree burn in 3 seconds and a third-degree burn in 5 seconds^[38]
336 K	63 °C	145.4 °F	Milk pasteurization
342 K	69 °C	157 °F	Boiling point of water on the summit of Mount Everest^[40]
343.15 K	70 °C	158 °F	Food is well done Hot springs at which some bacteria thrive
350 K	77 °C	170 °F	Poaching of food
351.52 K	78.37 °C	173.07 °F	Boiling point of ethanol
353.15 K	80 °C	176 °F	Average temperature of a sauna
355 K	82 °C	180 °F	Recommended final rinse temperature in industrial-grade commercial dishwashers^[41]
355.6 K	82.4 °C	180.3 °F	Boiling point of isopropyl alcohol^[16]
366 K	93 °C	200 °F	Simmering of food
367 K	94 °C	201 °F	Hottest ground temperature recorded on Earth at Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California, USA on 1972-07-15^[42]
371 K	98 °C	209 °F	Freezing/melting point of sodium
373.13 K	99.98 °C	211.97 °F	Boiling point of water at sea level (see Celsius)
380 K	107 °C	225 °F	Smoke point of raw safflower oil Syrup is concentrated to 75% sugar
388 K	115 °C	239 °F	Melting/freezing point of sulfur
400 K	127 °C	260 °F	Concorde nose tip during supersonic flight Coldest known stars in space (approximate temperature)^[43]
433.15 K	160 °C	320 °F	Syrup is concentrated to 100% sugar Sucrose (table sugar) caramelizes
450 K	177 °C	350 °F	Mean on Mercury Smoke point of butter Deep frying
453.15 K	180 °C	356 °F	Popcorn pops
483 K	210 °C	410 °F	Autoignition (kindling) point of diesel fuel
491 K	218 °C	425 °F	Kindling point of paper
519 K	246 °C	475 °F	Kindling point of automotive gasoline
522 K	249 °C	480 °F	Kindling point of jet fuel (Jet A/Jet A-1)^[44]
525 K	252 °C	485 °F	Smoke point of milkfat Kindling point of jet fuel (Jet B)^[44]
538 K	265 °C	510 °F	Smoke point of refined safflower oil
574.5875 K	301.4375 °C	574.5875 °F	Intersecting point of the Fahrenheit and Kelvin temperature scales
600.65 K	327.5 °C	621.5 °F	Melting/freezing point of lead
647 K	374 °C	705 °F	Critical point of superheated water
723.15 K	450 °C	842 °F	Kindling point of aviation gasoline^[44] Freezing/melting point of tennessine
738 K	465 °C	870 °F	Mean on Venus
749 K	476 °C	889 °F	Kindling point of magnesium
798 K	525 °C	977 °F	Draper Point (the point at which nearly all objects start to glow dim red)^[45]
809 K	536 °C	997 °F	Kindling point of hydrogen
883.15 K	610 °C	1130 °F	Boiling point of tennessine
933.47 K	660.32 °C	1220.58 °F	Melting/freezing point of aluminium
1000 K	726.85 °C	1340.33 °F

SI multiples

SI multiples of kelvin (K)
Submultiples			Multiples
Value	SI symbol	Name	Value	SI symbol	Name
10⁻¹ K	dK	decikelvin	10¹ K	daK	decakelvin
10⁻² K	cK	centikelvin	10² K	hK	hectokelvin
10⁻³ K	mK	millikelvin	10³ K	kK	kilokelvin
10⁻⁶ K	μK	microkelvin	10⁶ K	MK	megakelvin
10⁻⁹ K	nK	nanokelvin	10⁹ K	GK	gigakelvin
10⁻¹² K	pK	picokelvin	10¹² K	TK	terakelvin
10⁻¹⁵ K	fK	femtokelvin	10¹⁵ K	PK	petakelvin
10⁻¹⁸ K	aK	attokelvin	10¹⁸ K	EK	exakelvin
10⁻²¹ K	zK	zeptokelvin	10²¹ K	ZK	zettakelvin
10⁻²⁴ K	yK	yoctokelvin	10²⁴ K	YK	yottakelvin
10⁻²⁷ K	rK	rontokelvin	10²⁷ K	RK	ronnakelvin
10⁻³⁰ K	qK	quectokelvin	10³⁰ K	QK	quettakelvin

References

^ Kovachy, Tim; et al. (2015). "Matter Wave Lensing to Picokelvin Temperatures". Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 (14): 143004. arXiv:1407.6995. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.114n3004K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.143004. PMID 25910118. S2CID 17986628.
^ "World record in low temperatures". Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
^ "Bose-Einstein condensates break temperature record".
^ Savvatimskii, Aleksandr I (2003). "Melting point of graphite and liquid carbon (Concerning the paper 'Experimental investigation of the thermal properties of carbon at high temperatures and moderate pressures' by EI Asinovskii, A V Kirillin, and a V Kostanovskii)". Physics-Uspekhi. 46 (12): 1295–1303. Bibcode:2003PhyU...46.1295S. doi:10.1070/PU2003v046n12ABEH001699.
^ Yang, C.C.; Li, S. (2008). "Size-Dependent Temperature-Pressure Phase Diagram of Carbon". Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 112 (5): 1423–1426. doi:10.1021/jp076049+.
^ Correa, A. A.; Bonev, S. A.; Galli, G. (2006). "Carbon under extreme conditions: Phase boundaries and electronic properties from first-principles theory". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (5): 1204–8. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.1204C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510489103. PMC 1345714. PMID 16432191.
^ Wang, Xiaofei; Scandolo, Sandro; Car, Roberto (2005). "Carbon Phase Diagram from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics". Physical Review Letters. 95 (18): 185701. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..95r5701W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.185701. PMID 16383918. S2CID 15373344.
^ Gerald I. Kerley and Lalit Chhabildas, "Multicomponent-Multiphase Equation of State for Carbon", Sandia National Laboratories (2001)
^ Glosli, James; Ree, Francis (1999). "Liquid-Liquid Phase Transformation in Carbon". Physical Review Letters. 82 (23): 4659–4662. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..82.4659G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.4659.
^ Man Chai Chang; Ryong, Ryoo; Mu Shik Jhon (1985). "Thermodynamic properties of liquid carbon". Carbon. 23 (5): 481–485. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(85)90083-1.
^ Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, Saida M.; Schneider, Fabian R. N.; Simón-Díaz, Sergio; Brands, Sarah A.; De Koter, Alex; Gräfener, Götz; Herrero, Artemio; Langer, Norbert; Lennon, Daniel J.; Maíz Apellániz, Jesus; Puls, Joachim; Vink, Jorick S. (2020). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. II. Physical properties of the most massive stars in R136". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. arXiv:2009.05136. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.tmp.2627B. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2801.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bibcode (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ Massey, Philip; Bresolin, Fabio; Kudritzki, Rolf P.; Puls, Joachim; Pauldrach, A. W. A. (2004). "The Physical Properties and Effective Temperature Scale of O‐Type Stars as a Function of Metallicity. I. A Sample of 20 Stars in the Magellanic Clouds". The Astrophysical Journal. 608 (2): 1001–1027. arXiv:astro-ph/0402633. Bibcode:2004ApJ...608.1001M. doi:10.1086/420766. S2CID 119373878.
^ "Highest man-made temperature". Guinness World Records. Jim Pattison Group. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
^ Jestin Baby Mandumpal (2017). A Journey Through Water: A Scientific Exploration of The Most Anomalous Liquid on Earth. Bentham Science Publishers. p. 148. ISBN 9781681084237.
^ "New study explains Antarctica's coldest temperature". National Snow and Ice Data Center. 25 June 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
^ ^a ^b http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=690&page=56 The National Academies Press – Emergency and Continuous Exposure Limits for Selected Airborne Contaminants Volume 2 ( 1984 )
^ http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/the-coldest-places-on-earth Weather Underground – Coldest Places on Earth
^ "WMO Region VI (Europe): Lowest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
^ ^a ^b http://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/ Current Results – Worlds Hottest and Coldest Places
^ http://www.space.com/9461-snowball-earth-scenario-plunged-planet-million-year-winters.html 'Snowball Earth' Scenario Plunged Our Planet Into Million-Year Winters
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Veganbaking.net – Fat and Oil Melt Point Temperatures http://www.veganbaking.net/tools/fat-and-oil-melt-point-temperatures
^ http://www.weathernotebook.org/transcripts/2001/02/07.html Archived 2013-11-06 at the Wayback Machine The Weather Notebook – 40 Below
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e http://wmo.asu.edu/ ASU World Meteorological Organization – Global Weather & Climate Extremes
^ "Can the ocean freeze? Ocean water freezes at a lower temperature than freshwater". NOAA. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
^ Chester, Roy; Jickells, Tim (2012). Marine Geochemistry. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-118-34907-6.
^ http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem03/chem03265.htm U.S. Dept. of Energy – Office of Science – Oils and Low Temperature
^ http://www.esf.edu/efb/schulz/Limnology/mixing.html College of Environmental Science and Forestry – Thermal Stratification
^ Agence France Presse in Warsaw (2014-12-05). "Doctors hail miracle as toddler survives freezing conditions in pyjamas". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
^ "2-letni Adaś wyprowadzony z hipotermii. Światowe media donoszą o cudownym dziecku z Polski". Polskie Radio. 2015-12-05. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
^ "New record for Antarctic continent reported". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
^ https://www.climate.gov/news-features/climate-qa/whats-hottest-earths-ever-been What's the hottest Earth's ever been?
^ ^a ^b http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/comfort+zone Dictionary.com – Comfort Zone
^ Harvard Health Publishing - Time to redefine normal body temperature? https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/time-to-redefine-normal-body-temperature-2020031319173
^ http://people.rit.edu/hmm5837/320/project2/page4.html Archived 2013-11-12 at the Wayback Machine Rochester Institute for Technology – Random Cat Facts
^ http://www.jacuzzi.com/hot-tubs/hot-tub-blog/ideal-hot-tub-water-temperature/. Finding The Ideal Hot Tub Temperature. Jacuzzi
^ http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/hottest-rain-on-record-rain-falls-at-115f-in-needles-california Wunderground.com – Dr. Jeff Masters' Wunderblog – Hottest rain on record? Rain falls at 115°F in Needles, California
^ http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/clock.html Biological Rhythums
^ ^a ^b ^c "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-09-13. Retrieved 2014-09-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ National Public Radio - 130 Degrees: Death Valley Sees What Could Be Record Heat https://www.npr.org/2020/08/17/903192396/130-degrees-death-valley-sees-what-could-be-record-heat
^ http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/chemistry-terms/boiling-info.htm HowStuffWorks – Boiling
^ "Residential Dishwashers". National Sanitation Foundation. Retrieved on 26 May 2017. http://www.nsf.org/consumer-resources/health-and-safety-tips/home-product-appliance-tips/sanitizing-dishwasher/
^ http://www.nps.gov/deva/naturescience/weather-and-climate.htm National Park Service – Death Valley – Weather and Climate
^ http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/research/Stars.shtml University of Hawaii – Institute for Astronomy
^ ^a ^b ^c INTERNATIONAL FIRE TRAINING CENTRE: FIREFIGHTER INITIAL: AVIATION FUELS AND FUEL TANKS - International Fire Training Centre
^ Draper, John William (1847). "On the production of light by heat". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 30 (202). Taylor & Francis: 345–359. doi:10.1080/14786444708647190.

External links

Online Temperature Conversion

[1] Kovachy, Tim; et al. (2015). "Matter Wave Lensing to Picokelvin Temperatures". Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 (14): 143004. arXiv:1407.6995. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.114n3004K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.143004. PMID 25910118. S2CID 17986628.

[2] "World record in low temperatures". Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2009-05-05.

[3] "Bose-Einstein condensates break temperature record".

[4] Savvatimskii, Aleksandr I (2003). "Melting point of graphite and liquid carbon (Concerning the paper 'Experimental investigation of the thermal properties of carbon at high temperatures and moderate pressures' by EI Asinovskii, A V Kirillin, and a V Kostanovskii)". Physics-Uspekhi. 46 (12): 1295–1303. Bibcode:2003PhyU...46.1295S. doi:10.1070/PU2003v046n12ABEH001699.

[5] Yang, C.C.; Li, S. (2008). "Size-Dependent Temperature-Pressure Phase Diagram of Carbon". Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 112 (5): 1423–1426. doi:10.1021/jp076049+.

[6] Correa, A. A.; Bonev, S. A.; Galli, G. (2006). "Carbon under extreme conditions: Phase boundaries and electronic properties from first-principles theory". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (5): 1204–8. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.1204C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510489103. PMC 1345714. PMID 16432191.

[7] Wang, Xiaofei; Scandolo, Sandro; Car, Roberto (2005). "Carbon Phase Diagram from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics". Physical Review Letters. 95 (18): 185701. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..95r5701W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.185701. PMID 16383918. S2CID 15373344.

[8] Gerald I. Kerley and Lalit Chhabildas, "Multicomponent-Multiphase Equation of State for Carbon", Sandia National Laboratories (2001)

[9] Glosli, James; Ree, Francis (1999). "Liquid-Liquid Phase Transformation in Carbon". Physical Review Letters. 82 (23): 4659–4662. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..82.4659G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.4659.

[10] Man Chai Chang; Ryong, Ryoo; Mu Shik Jhon (1985). "Thermodynamic properties of liquid carbon". Carbon. 23 (5): 481–485. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(85)90083-1.

[bestenlehner2020-11] Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, Saida M.; Schneider, Fabian R. N.; Simón-Díaz, Sergio; Brands, Sarah A.; De Koter, Alex; Gräfener, Götz; Herrero, Artemio; Langer, Norbert; Lennon, Daniel J.; Maíz Apellániz, Jesus; Puls, Joachim; Vink, Jorick S. (2020). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. II. Physical properties of the most massive stars in R136". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. arXiv:2009.05136. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.tmp.2627B. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2801.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bibcode (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[12] Massey, Philip; Bresolin, Fabio; Kudritzki, Rolf P.; Puls, Joachim; Pauldrach, A. W. A. (2004). "The Physical Properties and Effective Temperature Scale of O‐Type Stars as a Function of Metallicity. I. A Sample of 20 Stars in the Magellanic Clouds". The Astrophysical Journal. 608 (2): 1001–1027. arXiv:astro-ph/0402633. Bibcode:2004ApJ...608.1001M. doi:10.1086/420766. S2CID 119373878.

[13] "Highest man-made temperature". Guinness World Records. Jim Pattison Group. Retrieved 16 August 2015.

[14] Jestin Baby Mandumpal (2017). A Journey Through Water: A Scientific Exploration of The Most Anomalous Liquid on Earth. Bentham Science Publishers. p. 148. ISBN 9781681084237.

[15] "New study explains Antarctica's coldest temperature". National Snow and Ice Data Center. 25 June 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2021.

[rubalc-16] ttp://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=690&page=56 The National Academies Press – Emergency and Continuous Exposure Limits for Selected Airborne Contaminants Volume 2 ( 1984 )

[coldplaces-17] ttp://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/the-coldest-places-on-earth Weather Underground – Coldest Places on Earth

[18] "WMO Region VI (Europe): Lowest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 31 October 2016.

[current-19] ttp://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/ Current Results – Worlds Hottest and Coldest Places

[20] ttp://www.space.com/9461-snowball-earth-scenario-plunged-planet-million-year-winters.html 'Snowball Earth' Scenario Plunged Our Planet Into Million-Year Winters

[vegbak-21] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Veganbaking.net – Fat and Oil Melt Point Temperatures http://www.veganbaking.net/tools/fat-and-oil-melt-point-temperatures

[22] ttp://www.weathernotebook.org/transcripts/2001/02/07.html Archived 2013-11-06 at the Wayback Machine The Weather Notebook – 40 Below

[continentasu-23] ttp://wmo.asu.edu/ ASU World Meteorological Organization – Global Weather & Climate Extremes

[24] "Can the ocean freeze? Ocean water freezes at a lower temperature than freshwater". NOAA. Retrieved January 2, 2019.

[25] Chester, Roy; Jickells, Tim (2012). Marine Geochemistry. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-118-34907-6.

[26] ttp://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem03/chem03265.htm U.S. Dept. of Energy – Office of Science – Oils and Low Temperature

[27] ttp://www.esf.edu/efb/schulz/Limnology/mixing.html College of Environmental Science and Forestry – Thermal Stratification

[28] Agence France Presse in Warsaw (2014-12-05). "Doctors hail miracle as toddler survives freezing conditions in pyjamas". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-02-03.

[29] "2-letni Adaś wyprowadzony z hipotermii. Światowe media donoszą o cudownym dziecku z Polski". Polskie Radio. 2015-12-05. Retrieved 2015-02-03.

[30] "New record for Antarctic continent reported". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 7 February 2020.

[31] ttps://www.climate.gov/news-features/climate-qa/whats-hottest-earths-ever-been What's the hottest Earth's ever been?

[comfortzone-32] ttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/comfort+zone Dictionary.com – Comfort Zone

[Redefine-33] Harvard Health Publishing - Time to redefine normal body temperature? https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/time-to-redefine-normal-body-temperature-2020031319173

[34] ttp://people.rit.edu/hmm5837/320/project2/page4.html Archived 2013-11-12 at the Wayback Machine Rochester Institute for Technology – Random Cat Facts

[35] ttp://www.jacuzzi.com/hot-tubs/hot-tub-blog/ideal-hot-tub-water-temperature/. Finding The Ideal Hot Tub Temperature. Jacuzzi

[36] ttp://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/hottest-rain-on-record-rain-falls-at-115f-in-needles-california Wunderground.com – Dr. Jeff Masters' Wunderblog – Hottest rain on record? Rain falls at 115°F in Needles, California

[37] ttp://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/clock.html Biological Rhythums

[antiscald.com-38] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-09-13. Retrieved 2014-09-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[Furnace2020-39] National Public Radio - 130 Degrees: Death Valley Sees What Could Be Record Heat https://www.npr.org/2020/08/17/903192396/130-degrees-death-valley-sees-what-could-be-record-heat

[40] ttp://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/chemistry-terms/boiling-info.htm HowStuffWorks – Boiling

[41] "Residential Dishwashers". National Sanitation Foundation. Retrieved on 26 May 2017. http://www.nsf.org/consumer-resources/health-and-safety-tips/home-product-appliance-tips/sanitizing-dishwasher/

[42] ttp://www.nps.gov/deva/naturescience/weather-and-climate.htm National Park Service – Death Valley – Weather and Climate

[43] ttp://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/research/Stars.shtml University of Hawaii – Institute for Astronomy

[aviation-fuels-44] INTERNATIONAL FIRE TRAINING CENTRE: FIREFIGHTER INITIAL: AVIATION FUELS AND FUEL TANKS - International Fire Training Centre

[45] Draper, John William (1847). "On the production of light by heat". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 30 (202). Taylor & Francis: 345–359. doi:10.1080/14786444708647190.

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@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 |100 K||−173.15&nbsp;°C||−279.67&nbsp;°F||align=left|
 |- align=right
-|165 K||−108&nbsp;°C||−163&nbsp;°F||align=left|Glass point of supercooled water. (Debatable)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdOZDgAAQBAJ&q=Glass+point+of+water+165K&pg=PA148|title=A Journey Through Water: A Scientific Exploration of The Most Anomalous Liquid on Earth|author=Jestin Baby Mandumpal|publisher=Bentham Science Publishers|year=2017|page=148|isbn=9781681084237}}</ref>
+|165 K||−108&nbsp;°C||−163&nbsp;°F||align=left|Glass point of supercooled water (Debatable)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdOZDgAAQBAJ&q=Glass+point+of+water+165K&pg=PA148|title=A Journey Through Water: A Scientific Exploration of The Most Anomalous Liquid on Earth|author=Jestin Baby Mandumpal|publisher=Bentham Science Publishers|year=2017|page=148|isbn=9781681084237}}</ref>
 |- align=right
 |175.4 K||−97.8&nbsp;°C||−144&nbsp;°F||align=left|Coldest luminance temperature recorded on Earth (measured remotely by satellite), in [[Antarctica]]<ref>{{cite web |title=New study explains Antarctica's coldest temperature |url=https://nsidc.org/news/newsroom/new-study-explains-antarctica-coldest-temperatures |website=National Snow and Ice Data Center |access-date=5 May 2021 |date=25 June 2018}}</ref>
 |- align=right
-|183.7 K||−89.5&nbsp;°C||−129.1&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/Melting point of [[isopropyl alcohol]]<ref name="rubalc">http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=690&page=56 The National Academies Press – Emergency and Continuous Exposure Limits for Selected Airborne Contaminants Volume 2 ( 1984 )</ref>
+|183.7 K||−89.5&nbsp;°C||−129.1&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/melting point of [[isopropyl alcohol]]<ref name="rubalc">http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=690&page=56 The National Academies Press – Emergency and Continuous Exposure Limits for Selected Airborne Contaminants Volume 2 ( 1984 )</ref>
 |- align=right
 |183.9 K||−89.2&nbsp;°C||−128.6&nbsp;°F||align=left|Coldest officially recorded air temperature on Earth, at [[Vostok Station|Stántsiya Vostók]], [[Antarctica]] on 1983-07-21 01:45 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] (see [[Vostok Station]])
@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 |224.8 K||−48.4&nbsp;°C||−55.0&nbsp;°F||align=left|Coldest temperature that water can remain a liquid (see [[supercooling]])
 |- align=right
-|225 K||−48&nbsp;°C||−55&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/Melting point of [[cottonseed oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/>
+|225 K||−48&nbsp;°C||−55&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/melting point of [[cottonseed oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/>
 |- align=right
 |233.15 K||−40&nbsp;°C||−40&nbsp;°F||align=left|Intersecting point of the [[Celsius]] and [[Fahrenheit]] temperature scales<br>Skin may freeze almost instantly at or below this temperature<ref>http://www.weathernotebook.org/transcripts/2001/02/07.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106113445/http://www.weathernotebook.org/transcripts/2001/02/07.html |date=2013-11-06 }} The Weather Notebook – 40 Below</ref>
@@ Line 108: / Line 108: @@
 |255.37 K||–17{{frac|7|9}}&nbsp;°C||0 [[Fahrenheit|°F]]||align=left|Coldest brine-ice solution found by [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]]
 |- align=right
-|255 K||–18&nbsp;°C||0&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/Melting point of [[almond oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/>
+|255 K||–18&nbsp;°C||0&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/melting point of [[almond oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/>
 |- align=right
-|256 K||–17&nbsp;°C||1&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/Melting point of [[sunflower oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/>
+|256 K||–17&nbsp;°C||1&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/melting point of [[sunflower oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/>
 |- align=right
-|256 K||–17&nbsp;°C||2&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/Melting point of [[safflower oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/>
+|256 K||–17&nbsp;°C||2&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/melting point of [[safflower oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/>
 |- align=right
-|257 K||–16&nbsp;°C||3&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/Melting point of [[soybean oil]]<ref name="vegbak">Veganbaking.net – Fat and Oil Melt Point Temperatures http://www.veganbaking.net/tools/fat-and-oil-melt-point-temperatures</ref>
+|257 K||–16&nbsp;°C||3&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/melting point of [[soybean oil]]<ref name="vegbak">Veganbaking.net – Fat and Oil Melt Point Temperatures http://www.veganbaking.net/tools/fat-and-oil-melt-point-temperatures</ref>
 |- align=right
-|262 K||−11&nbsp;°C||12&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/Melting point of [[corn oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/>
+|262 K||−11&nbsp;°C||12&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/melting point of [[corn oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/>
 |-align=right
-|263.15 K||–10&nbsp;°C||14&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/Melting point of [[canola oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/><br>Freezing/melting point of [[grape seed oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/>
+|263.15 K||–10&nbsp;°C||14&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/melting point of [[canola oil]]<ref name="vegbak" /><br>Freezing/melting point of [[grape seed oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/>
 |-align=right
 |265 K||–8&nbsp;°C||18&nbsp;°F||align=left|White frost can form below this temperature (see [[frost]])<br>Freezing/melting point of [[hemp seed oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/>
 |-align=right
-|265.8 K||–7.2&nbsp;°C ||19&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/Melting point of [[bromine]]
+|265.8 K||–7.2&nbsp;°C ||19&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/melting point of [[bromine]]
 |-align=right
-|267 K||–6&nbsp;°C||21&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/Melting point of [[olive oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/><br>Freezing/melting point of [[sesame oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/> <div id="liquid water"></div>
+|267 K||–6&nbsp;°C||21&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/melting point of [[olive oil]]<ref name="vegbak" /><br>Freezing/melting point of [[sesame oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/>
 |- bgcolor=#E0E0E0 align=right
 |271.15 K||−2&nbsp;°C||28.4&nbsp;°F||align=left|Average freezing/melting point of [[ocean]]s, the [[Ocean#Salinity|salinity]] is around 34.7‰.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:JOsBcg5kV4YJ:oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oceanfreeze.html+&cd=12&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|title=Can the ocean freeze? Ocean water freezes at a lower temperature than freshwater.|work=NOAA|access-date=January 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Chester, Roy |author2=Jickells, Tim  |title=Marine Geochemistry |date=2012 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=978-1-118-34907-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TcuoAr_wUaQC  }}</ref>
 |- bgcolor=#C0C0C0 align=right
-|273.15 K||0.00 [[Celsius|°C]]||32.00&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/Melting point of fresh water (at [[standard conditions for temperature and pressure|STP]])
+|273.15 K||0.00 [[Celsius|°C]]||32.00&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/melting point of fresh water (at [[standard conditions for temperature and pressure|STP]])
 |- bgcolor=#E0E0E0 align=right
-|273.16 K||0.01&nbsp;°C||32.02&nbsp;°F||align=left|triple point of fresh water (defining constant)
+|273.16 K||0.01&nbsp;°C||32.02&nbsp;°F||align=left|[[Triple point]] of fresh water (defining constant)
 |- bgcolor=#E0E0E0 align=right
-|276 K||3&nbsp;°C||37&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/Melting point of [[Peanut Oil|peanut oil]]<ref>http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem03/chem03265.htm U.S. Dept. of Energy – Office of Science – Oils and Low Temperature</ref>
+|276 K||3&nbsp;°C||37&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/melting point of [[Peanut Oil|peanut oil]]<ref>http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem03/chem03265.htm U.S. Dept. of Energy – Office of Science – Oils and Low Temperature</ref>
 |- bgcolor=#E0E0E0 align=right
 |277.13 K||3.98&nbsp;°C||39.16&nbsp;°F||align=left|Water is at maximum density<ref>http://www.esf.edu/efb/schulz/Limnology/mixing.html College of Environmental Science and Forestry – Thermal Stratification</ref>
@@ Line 148: / Line 148: @@
 |296 K||23&nbsp;°C||73&nbsp;°F||align=left|Mean on Earth during the [[Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum]]<ref>https://www.climate.gov/news-features/climate-qa/whats-hottest-earths-ever-been What's the hottest Earth's ever been?</ref> about 55.8 million years ago
 |- bgcolor=#E0E0E0 align=right
-|297 K||24&nbsp;°C||75&nbsp;°F||align=left|Melting/Freezing point of [[palm kernel oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/>
+|297 K||24&nbsp;°C||75&nbsp;°F||align=left|Melting/freezing point of [[palm kernel oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/>
 |- bgcolor=#E0E0E0 align=right
-|298 K||25&nbsp;°C||77&nbsp;°F||align=left|Melting/Freezing point of [[coconut oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/>
+|298 K||25&nbsp;°C||77&nbsp;°F||align=left|Melting/freezing point of [[coconut oil]]<ref name="vegbak"/>
 |- bgcolor=#E0E0E0 align=right
 |300 K||27&nbsp;°C||80.6&nbsp;°F||align=left|Estimated melting/freezing point of [[francium]]
@@ Line 156: / Line 156: @@
 |301 K||28&nbsp;°C||82.4&nbsp;°F||align=left|Minimum temperature for a naked human to be comfortable<ref name="comfortzone">http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/comfort+zone Dictionary.com – Comfort Zone</ref>
 |- bgcolor=#E0E0E0 align=right
-|302.9 K||29.8&nbsp;°C||85.6&nbsp;°F||align=left|Melting/Freezing point of [[gallium]]
+|302.9 K||29.8&nbsp;°C||85.6&nbsp;°F||align=left|Melting/freezing point of [[gallium]]
 |- bgcolor=#E0E0E0 align=right
 |303.15 K||30&nbsp;°C||86&nbsp;°F||align=left|Maximum temperature for a naked human to be comfortable<ref name="comfortzone"/><br>The rate of plant growth is typically no greater above this temperature than at this temperature. (see [[Growing degree-day]])
 |- bgcolor=#E0E0E0 align=right
-|304 K||31&nbsp;°C||88&nbsp;°F||align=left|Melting/Freezing point of [[butter]], critical point for carbon dioxide
+|304 K||31&nbsp;°C||88&nbsp;°F||align=left|Melting/freezing point of [[butter]], critical point for carbon dioxide
 |- bgcolor=#E0E0E0 align=right
 |307 K||34&nbsp;°C||93&nbsp;°F||align=left|[[Autoignition temperature|Kindling point]] of [[white phosphorus]]
@@ Line 202: / Line 202: @@
 |353.15 K||80&nbsp;°C||176&nbsp;°F||align=left| Average temperature of a [[sauna]]
 |- bgcolor=#E0E0E0 align=right
-|355 K||82&nbsp;°C||180&nbsp;°F||align=left|Recommended final rinse temperature in industrial grade commercial dishwashers<ref>"Residential Dishwashers". National Sanitation Foundation. Retrieved on 26 May 2017. http://www.nsf.org/consumer-resources/health-and-safety-tips/home-product-appliance-tips/sanitizing-dishwasher/</ref>
+|355 K||82&nbsp;°C||180&nbsp;°F||align=left|Recommended final rinse temperature in industrial-grade commercial dishwashers<ref>"Residential Dishwashers". National Sanitation Foundation. Retrieved on 26 May 2017. http://www.nsf.org/consumer-resources/health-and-safety-tips/home-product-appliance-tips/sanitizing-dishwasher/</ref>
 |- bgcolor=#E0E0E0 align=right
 |355.6 K||82.4&nbsp;°C||180.3&nbsp;°F||align=left|Boiling point of [[isopropyl alcohol]]<ref name="rubalc"/>
@@ Line 210: / Line 210: @@
 |367 K||94&nbsp;°C||201&nbsp;°F||align=left|Hottest ground temperature recorded on Earth at [[Furnace Creek, California|Furnace Creek]], [[Death Valley]], [[California]], USA on 1972-07-15<ref>http://www.nps.gov/deva/naturescience/weather-and-climate.htm National Park Service – Death Valley – Weather and Climate</ref>
 |- bgcolor=#E0E0E0 align=right
-|371 K||98&nbsp;°C||209&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/Melting point of [[sodium]]
+|371 K||98&nbsp;°C||209&nbsp;°F||align=left|Freezing/melting point of [[sodium]]
 |- bgcolor=#C0C0C0 align=right
 |373.13 K||99.98&nbsp;°C||211.97&nbsp;°F||align=left|Boiling point of water at sea level (see [[Celsius]])
@@ Line 216: / Line 216: @@
 |380 K||107&nbsp;°C||225&nbsp;°F||align=left|[[Smoke point]] of raw [[safflower oil]]<br>[[Syrup]] is [[candy#Sugar stages|concentrated]] to 75% sugar
 |- align=right
-|388 K||115&nbsp;°C||239&nbsp;°F||align=left|Melting/Freezing point of [[sulfur]]
+|388 K||115&nbsp;°C||239&nbsp;°F||align=left|Melting/freezing point of [[sulfur]]
 |- align=right
 |400 K||127&nbsp;°C||260&nbsp;°F||align=left|[[Concorde]] nose tip during supersonic flight<br>Coldest known stars in space (approximate temperature)<ref>http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/research/Stars.shtml University of Hawaii – Institute for Astronomy</ref>
@@ Line 240: / Line 240: @@
 |574.5875 K||301.4375&nbsp;°C||574.5875&nbsp;°F||align=left|Intersecting point of the [[Fahrenheit]] and [[Kelvin]] temperature scales
 |- align=right
-|600.65 K||327.5&nbsp;°C||621.5&nbsp;°F||align=left|Melting/Freezing point of [[lead]]
+|600.65 K||327.5&nbsp;°C||621.5&nbsp;°F||align=left|Melting/freezing point of [[lead]]
 |- align=right
 |647 K||374&nbsp;°C||705&nbsp;°F||align=left|Critical point of superheated water
 |- align=right
-|723.15 K||450&nbsp;°C||842&nbsp;°F||align=left|Kindling point of [[avgas|aviation gasoline]]<ref name="aviation-fuels" /> <br>Freezing/Melting point of [[tennessine]]
+|723.15 K||450&nbsp;°C||842&nbsp;°F||align=left|Kindling point of [[avgas|aviation gasoline]]<ref name="aviation-fuels" /> <br>Freezing/melting point of [[tennessine]]
 |- align=right
 |738 K||465&nbsp;°C||870&nbsp;°F||align=left|Mean on [[Venus]]
@@ Line 264: / Line 264: @@
 |883.15 K||610&nbsp;°C||1130&nbsp;°F||align=left|Boiling point of tennessine
 |- align=right
-|933.47 K||660.32&nbsp;°C||1220.58&nbsp;°F||align=left|Melting/Freezing point of [[aluminium]]
+|933.47 K||660.32&nbsp;°C||1220.58&nbsp;°F||align=left|Melting/freezing point of [[aluminium]]
 |- align=right
 |1000 K||726.85&nbsp;°C||1340.33&nbsp;°F||align=left|

v t e Orders of magnitude
Quantity	Acceleration Angular momentum Area Bit rate Charge Computing Current Data Density Energy / Energy density Entropy Force Frequency Illuminance Length Luminance Magnetic moment Magnetic field Mass Molarity Numbers Power Pressure Probability Radiation Sound pressure Specific heat capacity Speed Temperature Torque Time Voltage Volume
See also	Back-of-the-envelope calculation Best-selling electronic devices Fermi problem Powers of 10 and decades 10th 100th 1000000th Metric (SI) prefix Macroscopic scale Microscopic scale
Related	Astronomical system of units Earth's location in the Universe Cosmic View (1957 book) To the Moon and Beyond (1964 film) Cosmic Zoom (1968 film) Powers of Ten (1968 and 1977 films) Cosmic Voyage (1996 documentary) The Scale of the Universe (2010) Cosmic Eye (2012)
Category