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→‎John Zerzan: Provisionally removed section as it's largely unsourced and reads like an advertisement for Zerzan's major work. The only citation is to a primary source that only briefly mentions "green anarchists" in passing, as part of an interview question. Feel free to reinstate with reliable secondary sources.
→‎Anarcho-primitivism: Provisionally removed section as it's mostly unsourced and copy-pasted from the lead of the main article. The one cited source, for a paragraph that just lists anarcho-primitivist publications without commentary, makes no mention of "green anarchism". Feel free to reinstate with reliable sources for the purposes of verification.
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== Contemporary developments ==
== Contemporary developments ==
Notable contemporary writers espousing green anarchism include [[Layla AbdelRahim]], [[Derrick Jensen]], [[Jaime Semprun]], George Draffan, [[John Zerzan]], [[Starhawk]] and [[Alan Carter (philosopher)|Alan Carter]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction |last=Ward |first=Colin |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-280477-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/anarchismverysho00ward_0 }}</ref>
Notable contemporary writers espousing green anarchism include [[Layla AbdelRahim]], [[Derrick Jensen]], [[Jaime Semprun]], George Draffan, [[John Zerzan]], [[Starhawk]] and [[Alan Carter (philosopher)|Alan Carter]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction |last=Ward |first=Colin |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-280477-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/anarchismverysho00ward_0 }}</ref>

=== Anarcho-primitivism ===
{{main|Anarcho-primitivism}}
{{redirect|Green Anarchy|the U.K. magazine|Green Anarchist}}
Anarcho-primitivism is an [[Anarchism|anarchist]] critique of the origins and progress of [[civilization]]. According to anarcho-primitivism, the shift from [[hunter-gatherer]] to [[Agriculture|agricultural]] subsistence gave rise to [[social stratification]], [[coercion]], and [[Social alienation|alienation]]. Anarcho-primitivists advocate a return to non-"civilized" ways of life through [[deindustrialisation]], abolition of the [[division of labour]] or specialization, and abandonment of large-scale organization [[technology|technologies]]. There are other non-anarchist forms of primitivism, and not all primitivists point to the same phenomenon as the source of modern, civilized problems. Anarcho-primitivists are often distinguished by their focus on the [[Praxis (process)|praxis]] of achieving a [[feral]] state of being through "[[Rewilding (anarchism)|rewilding]]".

Anarcho-primitivist periodicals include ''Green Anarchy'' and ''Species Traitor''. The former, self-described as an "anti-civilization journal of theory and action" and printed in [[Eugene, Oregon]], was first published in 2000 and expanded from a 16-page newsprint tabloid to a 76-page magazine covering [[monkeywrenching]] topics such as pipeline sabotage and animal liberation. ''Species Traitor'', edited by Kevin Tucker, is self-described as "an insurrectionary anarcho-primitivist journal", with essays against literacy and for hunter gatherer societies. Adjacent periodicals include the radical environmental journal ''Earth First!''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Apocalypse Soon? |work=Utne |issue=136 |pages=38–39 |date=July 2006 |id={{ProQuest|217426998}} |issn=1544-2225 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>


=== Veganarchism ===
=== Veganarchism ===

Revision as of 13:24, 9 December 2022

"Green anarchy" redirects here. For the magazine, see Green Anarchist.

Part of a series on
Green anarchism
Schools of thought
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Green anarchism (or eco-anarchism[1]) is an anarchist school of thought that puts a particular emphasis on ecology and environmental issues.[2] A green anarchist theory is normally one that extends anarchism beyond a critique of human interactions and includes a critique of the interactions between humans and non-humans as well.[3] Beyond human liberation, green anarchist praxis can extend to some form of non-human, total liberation and an environmentally sustainable anarchist society.

Important early influences were Henry David Thoreau, Leo Tolstoy,[4] and Élisée Reclus.[5] In the late 19th century, green anarchism emerged within individualist anarchist[6][7][8] circles in Cuba,[9] France,[10][11] Portugal,[4][12] and Spain.[4][11][13][14][15]

Important contemporary currents include anarcho-naturism as the fusion of anarchism and naturist philosophies; anarcho-primitivism which offers a critique of technology and argues that anarchism is best suited to uncivilised ways of life; green syndicalism, a green anarchist political stance made up of anarcho-syndicalist views; social ecology which argues that the hierarchical domination of nature by human stems from the hierarchical domination of human by human.[16]

Mid-20th century

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The English anarchist Ethel Mannin's 1944 book Bread and Roses: A Utopian Survey and Blue-Print contained ecological themes.[17] The green anarchist Murray Bookchin[18] directly connected anarchism with ecology in his 1965 essay Ecology and Revolutionary Thought, drawing from the anarcho-communism of Peter Kropotkin's Fields, Factories, and Workshops, as well as work by the "proto-green-anarchists" Herbert Read and Paul Goodman.[19]

Contemporary developments

Notable contemporary writers espousing green anarchism include Layla AbdelRahim, Derrick Jensen, Jaime Semprun, George Draffan, John Zerzan, Starhawk and Alan Carter.[20]

Veganarchism

Main article: Veganarchism

Veganarchism, or vegan anarchism, is the political philosophy of veganism (more specifically animal liberation and earth liberation) and anarchism,[21][22] creating a combined praxis that is designed to be a means for social revolution.[23]: 6 [23]: 5  This encompasses viewing the state as unnecessary and harmful to animals, both human and non-human, whilst practising a vegan lifestyle. It is either perceived as a combined theory, or that both philosophies are essentially the same.[23]: inside page  It is further described as an anti-speciesist perspective on green anarchism, or an anarchist perspective on animal liberation.[23]: 5 

Veganarchists typically view oppressive dynamics within society to be interconnected, from statism, racism and sexism to human supremacy[23]: 7  and redefine veganism as a radical philosophy that sees the state as harmful to animals.[23]: 9  Those who believe in veganarchy can be either against reform for animals or for it, although do not limit goals to changes within the law.[23]: 8 [23]: 12 

Layla AbdelRahim

Main article: Layla AbdelRahim

Layla AbdelRahim is a Canadian anthropologist and author. Her work critiques civilization, technologies, and, what she calls a "predatory anthropology".[24] In Children's Literature, Domestication, and Social Foundation: Narratives of Civilization and Wilderness (2015), she attributes the Holocene extinction and climate change to the human choice of hunting as a cultural choice for subsistence. This anthropological revolution in human self-construction as predator, she argues, generated the need for developing the technologies that would ensure the propagation of a predatory culture and violence.[25] "The first of these technologies is ... the technology of absence. ... This entails physical and emotional absence, but also includes a metaphysical dimension, since technological development is literally linked to death. Namely, the rise of hunting, i.e. killing of others for food, during the Upper Palaeolithic period in the Middle East led some human groups to develop hunting technologies".[26] She cites palaeoanthropologist Clive Gamble who connects this development in hunting technologies to colonization[27] and the work of anthropologist Richard Lee (1988) who links the appearance of human language to the rise in hunting activities during that period.[28] AbdelRahim concludes that hunting "thus led to domestication, and both of these cultures of subsistence kill intentionally and on a systematic basis".[26] Civilization with its cultural, political, and social institutions that classify living beings for the purpose of exploitation, she says, is the material manifestation of this cultural choice and anthropology.[25]

Wild Children – Domesticated Dreams: Civilization and the Birth of Education (2013) argues that civilized child rearing cultures are based on the principles of animal domestication. The institutions of education are responsible for the generation of the epistemology of predation and for the propagation of its ideology through scientific texts, pedagogical methods, and fictional narratives.[29]

Total liberation

Main article: Total liberation

Total liberationism is a form of green anarchism that combines an opposition to all forms of human oppression with a commitment to animal and earth liberation.[30] Whilst more conventional approaches to anarchist politics typically maintain a tacit assumption of anthropocentrism, proponents of total liberation espouse a holistic revolutionary strategy aimed at identifying the intersections between all forms of domination and social hierarchy, and building alliances between individual political movements in order to integrate them into a single movement aimed at abolishing a range of social structures such as the state, capitalism, patriarchy, racism, heterosexism, cissexism, disablism, ageism, speciesism, and ecological domination.[31] As David Pellow summarises:

The concept of total liberation stems from a determination to understand and combat all forms of inequality and oppression. I propose that it comprises four pillars: (1) an ethic of justice and anti-oppression inclusive of humans, nonhuman animals, and ecosystems; (2) anarchism; (3) anti-capitalism; and (4) an embrace of direct action tactics.[32]

Derrick Jensen

Main article: Derrick Jensen

Derrick Jensen is an American author and environmental activist (and critic of mainstream environmentalism) living in Crescent City, California.[33] Jensen's work is sometimes characterized as anarcho-primitivist,[34][35] although he has categorically rejected that label, describing primitivist as a "racist way to describe indigenous peoples." He prefers to be called "indigenist" or an "ally to the indigenous," because "indigenous peoples have had the only sustainable human social organizations, and ... we need to recognize that we [colonizers] are all living on stolen land."[36]

Direct action

Main articles: Radical environmental movement, Animal liberation movement, and Anarchism and animal liberation

Some green anarchists engage in direct action (not to be confused with ecoterrorism). Organizing themselves through groups like Earth First!, Root Force, or more drastically the Earth Liberation Front ELF, Earth Liberation Army (ELA) and Animal Liberation Front (ALF). They may take direct action against what they see as systems of oppression, such as the logging industry, the meat and dairy industries, animal testing laboratories, genetic engineering facilities and, more rarely, government institutions.

Such actions are usually, though not always, non-violent, with groups such as The Olga Cell attempting assassinations of nuclear scientists, and other related groups sending letterbombs to nano tech and nuclear tech-related targets.[37] Though not necessarily Green anarchists, activists have used the names Animal Rights Militia, Justice Department and Revolutionary Cells among others, to claim responsibility for openly violent attacks.

Convictions

Main articles: GANDALF trial, SHAC 7, and Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty § Operation Achilles

Rod Coronado is an eco-anarchist and is an unofficial spokesperson for the Animal Liberation Front and Earth Liberation Front. On 28 February 1992, Coronado carried out an arson attack on research facilities at Michigan State University (MSU) and released mink from a nearby research farm on campus, an action claimed by the ALF, and for which Coronado was subsequently convicted.

In 1997, the editors of Green Anarchist magazine and two British supporters of the Animal Liberation Front were tried in connection with conspiracy to incite violence, in what came to be known as the GANDALF trial.

Green anarchist Tre Arrow[38][39] was sought by the FBI in connection with an ELF arson on 15 April 2001 at Ross Island Sand and Gravel in Portland, torching three trucks amounting of $200,000 in damage. Another arson occurred a month later at Ray Schoppert Logging Company in Estacada, Oregon, on 1 June 2001 against logging trucks and a front loader, resulting in $50,000 damage.[40] Arrow was indicted by a federal grand jury in Oregon and charged with four felonies for this crime on 18 October 2002.[41] On 13 March 2004, after fleeing to British Columbia, he was arrested in Victoria for stealing bolt cutters and was also charged with being in Canada illegally.[42] He was then sentenced on 12 August 2008 to 78 months in federal prison for his part in the arson and conspiracy ELF attacks in 2001.[43][44]

In January 2006, Eric McDavid, a green anarchist,[45][46] was convicted of conspiring to use fire or explosives to damage corporate and government property.[47] On 8 March 2006, he formally declared a hunger strike due to the jail refusing to provide him with vegan food. He has been given vegan food off and on since.[48] In September 2007, he was convicted on all counts after the two activists he conspired with pleaded guilty and testified against him.[47][49][50] An FBI confidential source named "Anna" was revealed as a fourth participant, in what McDavid's defense argued was entrapment.[51] In May 2008, he was sentenced to nearly 20 years in prison.[52][53]

On 3 March 2006, a federal jury in Trenton, New Jersey convicted six members of SHAC, including green-anarchist Joshua Harper,[54][55][56] for "terrorism and Internet stalking", according to the New York Times, finding them guilty of using their website to "incite attacks" on those who did business with Huntingdon Life Sciences HLS.[57] In September 2006, the SHAC 7 received jail sentences of 3 to 6 years.

Other prisoners
  • Marco Camenisch, a Swiss green anarchist accused of arson against electricity pylon.[58][59]
  • Nicole Vosper, a green anarchist who pleaded guilty to charges against HLS.[60][61]
  • Marius Mason (born Marie Jeanette Mason), who is serving 21 years and 10 months (#04672-061, FMC Carswell, Federal Medical Center, P.O. Box 27137, Fort Worth, TX 76127, USA) for his involvement in an ELF arson against a University building carrying out Genetically Modified crop tests. Marius also pleaded guilty to conspiring to carry out ELF actions and admitted involvement in 12 other ELF actions. (vegan).[62]

Green syndicalism

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Green syndicalism is a synthesis of anarcho-syndicalism and environmentalism, arguing that protection of the environment depends on decentralization, regionalism, direct action, autonomy, pluralism and federation. It largely draws inspiration from the green bans in Australia, the efforts of workers at Lucas Aerospace to convert their factories away from armaments production and Judi Bari's efforts in the IWW to organise timber workers and environmentalists in Northern California. Green syndicalism has been advocated for at various times by Confédération Nationale du Travail, the Confederación General de Trabajadores and the Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden.[63]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ "green anarchism (also called eco-anarchism)". "A.3.3 What kinds of green anarchism are there?" Archived 2018-06-15 at the Wayback Machine in An Anarchist FAQ by various authors.
  2. ^ Price, Andy (2019). "Core Traditions – Green Anarchism". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 281–291. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_16. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
  3. ^ 'Green Anarchism: Towards the Abolition of Hierarchy'
  4. ^ a b c "El Naturismo Libertario en la Península Ibérica (1890–1939) by Jose Maria Rosello" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2016.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Reclus1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ "Los anarco-individualistas, G.I.A...Una escisión de la FAI producida en el IX Congreso (Carrara, 1965) se pr odujo cuando un sector de anarquistas de tendencia humanista rechazan la interpretación que ellos juzgan disciplinaria del "pacto asociativo" clásico, y crean los GIA (Gruppi di Iniziativa Anarchica). Esta pequeña federación de grupos, hoy nutrida sobre todo de veteranos anarco-individualistas de orientación pacifista, naturista, etcétera defiende la autonomía personal y rechaza a rajatabla toda forma de intervención en los procesos del sistema, como sería por ejemplo el sindicalismo. Su portavoz es L'Internazionale con sede en Ancona. La escisión de los GIA prefiguraba, en sentido contrario, el gran debate que pronto había de comenzar en el seno del movimiento""El movimiento libertario en Italia" by Bicicleta. Revista de Communicaciones Libertarias Year 1 No. Noviembre, 1 1977 Archived 12 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ "Proliferarán así diversos grupos que practicarán el excursionismo, el naturismo, el nudismo, la emancipación sexual o el esperantismo, alrededor de asociaciones informales vinculadas de una manera o de otra al anarquismo. Precisamente las limitaciones a las asociaciones obreras impuestas desde la legislación especial de la Dictadura potenciarán indirectamente esta especie de asociacionismo informal en que confluirá el movimiento anarquista con esta heterogeneidad de prácticas y tendencias. Uno de los grupos más destacados, que será el impulsor de la revista individualista Ética será el Ateneo Naturista Ecléctico, con sede en Barcelona, con sus diferentes secciones la más destacada de las cuales será el grupo excursionista Sol y Vida.""La insumisión voluntaria: El anarquismo individualista español durante la Dictadura y la Segunda República (1923–1938)" by Xavier Díez Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ "Les anarchistes individualistes du début du siècle l'avaient bien compris, et intégraient le naturisme dans leurs préoccupations. Il est vraiment dommage que ce discours se soit peu à peu effacé, d'antan plus que nous assistons, en ce moment, à un retour en force du puritanisme (conservateur par essence).""Anarchisme et naturisme, aujourd'hui." by Cathy Ytak Archived 25 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ "Introduction to "Anarchism and countercultural politics in early twentieth-century Cuba" by Kirwin R. Shaffer". Raforum.info. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  10. ^ Recension des articles de l'En-Dehors consacrés au naturisme et au nudisme Archived 14 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ a b ""La insumisión voluntaria: El anarquismo individualista español durante la Dictadura y la Segunda República (1923–1938)" by Xavier Díez" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Thoreau was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ "Anarchism and the different Naturist views have always been related.""Anarchism – Nudism, Naturism" by Carlos Ortega at Asociacion para el Desarrollo Naturista de la Comunidad de Madrid. Published on Revista ADN. Winter 2003
  14. ^ "In many of the alternative communities established in Britain in the early 1900s, nudism, anarchism, vegetarianism and free love were accepted as part of a politically radical way of life. In the 1920s the inhabitants of the anarchist community at Whiteway, near Stroud in Gloucestershire, shocked the conservative residents of the area with their shameless nudity.""Nudism the radical tradition" by Terry Phillips Archived 11 September 2012 at archive.today
  15. ^ "LA INSUMISIÓN VOLUNTARIA. EL ANARQUISMO INDIVIDUALISTA ESPAÑOL DURANTE LA DICTADURA Y LA SEGUNDA REPÚBLICA (1923-1938)" by Xavier Diez.
  16. ^ "the specifically eco-anarchist thread within anarchism has two main focal points, Social Ecology and "primitivist". In addition, some anarchists are influenced by Deep Ecology, although not many.". "A.3.3 What kinds of green anarchism are there?" Archived 2018-06-15 at the Wayback Machine in An Anarchist FAQ by various authors.
  17. ^ Graham, Robert (2009). Anarchism: A Documentary History Of Libertarian Ideas. Vol. 2. Black Rose Books. pp. 72–75. ISBN 1551643103.
  18. ^ Call, Lewis (2002). Postmodern Anarchism. Lexington: Lexington Books. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-7391-0522-1.
  19. ^ Graham, Robert (2009). Anarchism: A Documentary History Of Libertarian Ideas. Vol. 2. Black Rose Books. p. 272. ISBN 1551643103.
  20. ^ Ward, Colin (2004). Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280477-8.
  21. ^ Alberwite, Jonny. Why Veganism if for the Common Good of All Life, Animal Liberation Front Supporters Group Newsletter April 2009, p7-8.
  22. ^ Veganarchy.net. Veganarchy: Issue 1 Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine, July 2009.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h Dominick, Brian A. (1997). "Animal Liberation and Social Revolution". The Anarchist Library (3rd ed.). Firestarter Press. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  24. ^ "Interview with Layla AbdelRahim on anarcho-primitivism, red anarchism and veganism". Puntickovani Chrobaci. 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
  25. ^ a b AbdelRahim, Layla (2015). Children's Literature, Domestication, and Social Foundation: Narratives of Civilization and Wilderness. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-66110-2.
  26. ^ a b AbdelRahim, Layla (2015). Children's Literature, Domestication, and Social Foundation: Narratives of Civilization and Wilderness. New York: Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-415-66110-2.
  27. ^ Ingold, Tim, ed. (1997). Companion Encyclopaedia of Anthropology: Humanity, Culture, and Social Life. New York: Routledge. p. 94.
  28. ^ Lee, Richard (1988). Ingold, T.; Riches, D.; Woodburn, J. (eds.). Reflections on Primitive Communism. Vol. Hunters and Gatherers, I. History, Evolution and Social Change. Chicago: Aldine. pp. 252–268.
  29. ^ Wild Children – Domesticated Dreams: Civilization and the Birth of Education. Halifax: Fernwood. 2013. ISBN 978-1-552-66548-0.
  30. ^ David N. Pellow (2014) Total Liberation: The Power and Promise of Animal Rights and the Radical Earth Movement; Minneapolis, USA: University of Minnesota Press, pp.5-6
  31. ^ Best, Steven (2014). The Politics of Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21st Century. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 163–164. ISBN 978-1137471116.
  32. ^ D. Pellow (2014) pp.5-6
  33. ^ Endgame, Volume 1: The Problem of Civilization, Seven Stories Press (ISBN 1-58322-730-X), p. 17.
  34. ^ Sean Esbjörn-Hargens; Michael E. Zimmerman (2009). Integral ecology: uniting multiple perspectives on the natural world. p. 492.
  35. ^ Bob Torres (2007). Making a killing: the political economy of animal rights. p. 68.
  36. ^ Blunt, Zoe (2011). "Uncivilized". Canadian Dimension. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  37. ^ Phillips, Leigh (28 May 2012). "Anarchists attack science". Nature. 485 (7400): 561. Bibcode:2012Natur.485..561P. doi:10.1038/485561a. PMID 22660296.
  38. ^ "Anarchist Eco-Terrorist Tre Arrow to Be Deported", Toronto Sun, 6 May 2006.
  39. ^ Tre Arrow says he’s not guilty of burning trucks Archived 2012-03-31 at the Wayback Machine, Portland Tribune, 4 May 2008.
  40. ^ Tre Arrow sentenced to 6+1⁄2 years in prison, Oregon Live, 12 August 2008.
  41. ^ "EPA Misled Public on Quality of U.S. Drinking Water". Environment News Service. 16 March 2004. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2007.
  42. ^ "Rolling Stone : Hunting America's Most Wanted Eco-Terrorist". Rolling Stone. 17 October 2006. Archived from the original on 17 October 2006.
  43. ^ Eco-arsonist Sentenced to 78 Months Prison Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Most Wanted Hoes, 13 August 2008.
  44. ^ Denson, Bryan (1 March 2008). "Fugitive Tre Arrow back in Portland". The Oregonian.
  45. ^ About Eric McDavid's Sentencing, Animal Liberation Front Website, 11 May 2008.
  46. ^ Update Archived 18 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Support Eric, 16 February 2006.
  47. ^ a b Eco-Terror Suspect Guilty in Bomb Plot Archived 16 June 2007 at archive.today, News 10, 27 September 2007.
  48. ^ Updates Archived 18 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Support Eric.
  49. ^ Walsh, Denny (26 September 2007). "Leader or led by the FBI?". The Sacramento Bee. The McClatchy Company.
  50. ^ "ECO-TERRORIST CONVICTED: Sacramento federal jury convicts Eric McDavid with conspiracy to commit domestic terrorism". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 27 September 2007. Archived from the original on 10 January 2008. Retrieved 12 March 2008.
  51. ^ "Convicted 'Eco-Terrorist' Freed Because Of Dispute Over Evidence". CBS Sacramento. Associated Press. 9 January 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  52. ^ McDavid Sentenced to 20 Years in Prison as a "Terrorist", Green Is The New Red, 9 May 2008.
  53. ^ 'Eco-terrorist' gets 20 years for plotting bombing campaign 'Eco-terrorist' gets 20 years for plotting bombing campaign Archived 2012-11-05 at the Wayback Machine, Turkish Press, 9 May 2008.
  54. ^ Statement from Joshua Harper – SHAC 7 Archived 15 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Infoshop, 17 July 2008.
  55. ^ Eco-Terrorism: Extremism in the Animal Rights and Environmental Movements Archived 2013-01-22 at the Wayback Machine, Anti-Defamation League, 2005.
  56. ^ Conflict Industry Archived 5 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Fur Commission USA, 12 August 2001.
  57. ^ Six Animal Rights Advocates Are Convicted Of Terrorism, New York Times, 3 March 2006.
  58. ^ Newsletter 150, The Nuclear Resister.
  59. ^ Prisoner Addresses Archived 17 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Earth Liberation Prisoner Support Network.
  60. ^ "Nicole V (vegannicole) on Myspace". Myspace.
  61. ^ Support Nicole Vosper – Green Anarchist / SHAC Prisoner, Indymedia UK, 19 March 2009.
  62. ^ Support Marie Mason – Green Anarchist / Green ScareFree Marie.
  63. ^ "Green Syndicalism". The Anarchist Library. Retrieved 2 October 2019.

Further reading

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