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===Albania===
===Albania===

Trebisht administrative unit: [[Gjinovec]] ({{lang-mk|Гиновец/Ginovec}} or Гинеец/Gineec) and [[Klenjë]] ({{lang-mk|Клење}}) are inhabited solely by a Slavic speaking population which contain [[Torbeši]].<ref name="Steinke10"/><ref name=Vidoeski214309339/> [[Vërnicë]] ({{lang-mk|Врница/Vrnica}}) is inhabited by an Albanian population that dominates demographically in the village that also contains a significant population of Torbeš and [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Orthodox Macedonians]].<ref name="Steinke10"/><ref name=Vidoeski214309339/> [[Trebisht]] ({{lang-mk|Требишта/Trebišta}}) is traditionally inhabited by a mixed Orthodox Macedonian and Torbeš population.<ref name="Steinke10"/><ref name=Vidoeski214309339/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/macedonian/specials/1356_alb_macethnic/page7.shtml|title=BBC Macedonian - Етнички Македонци во Албанија|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=28 August 2017}}</ref>

Ostren administrative unit: Lejçan ({{lang-mk|Лешничани/Lešničani}}), [[:sq:Lladomericë|Lladomericë]] ({{lang-mk|Владимирица/Vladimirica}}) and [[Tuçep, Albania|Tuçep]] ({{lang-mk|Тучепи/Tučepi}}) are inhabited solely by Torbeš; [[:sq:Radovesh|Radovesh]] ({{lang-mk|Радовеща/Radovešta}}), [[:sq:Kojavec|Kojavec]] ({{lang-mk|Којовец/Kojovec}}), [[:sq:Orzhanovë|Orzhanovë]] ({{lang-mk|Оржаново/Oržanovo}}) are inhabited solely by a Slavic speaking population which contain Torbeš.<ref name="Steinke10"/><ref name=Vidoeski214309339/> Okshtun i Madh, Okshtun i Vogël and [[Tërbaç, Dibër|Tërbaç]] ({{lang-mk|Тербачиште/Terbačište}}) have some Torbeš residing there while [[:sq:Pasinkë|Pasinkë]] ({{lang-mk|Пасинки/Pasinki}}), [[Ostren|Ostren i Madh]]({{lang-mk|Големо Острени/Golemo Ostreni}}) and [[Ostren i Vogël]] ({{lang-mk|Мало Острени/Malo Ostreni}}) are inhabited by an Albanian population that dominates demographically in the villages that also contain significant populations of Torbeš and Orthodox Macedonians.<ref name="Steinke10"/><ref name=Vidoeski214309339/>

Stëblevë administrative unit: [[Steblevë]] ({{lang-mk|Стеблево/Steblevo}} or Стебљево/Stebljevo) is inhabited solely by a Slavic speaking population that contains Torbeši.<ref name="Steinke10"/><ref name=Vidoeski214309339/> [[Sebisht]] ({{lang-mk|Себишта/Sebišta}}) is inhabited by an Albanian population that dominates demographically in the village and contains three families from the Torbeš and Orthodox Macedonian population.<ref name="Steinke10"/><ref name=Vidoeski214309339/>

Gjoricë administrative unit: [[:sq:Lubalesh|Lubalesh]] ({{lang-mk|Љубалеш/Ljubalesh}}) has some Torbeš living in the village.<ref name=Vidoeski214309339/><ref name="Steinke10">{{harvnb|Steinke|Ylli|2008|p=10}} "Heute umfaßt das Gebiet von Golloborda in Albanien 22 Dörfer, die verwaltungstechnisch auf drei verschiedene Gemeinden aufgeteilt sind: 1. Die Gemeinde Ostren besteht aus dreizehn Dörfern, und Südslavisch wird in den folgenden neun Dörfern gesprochen: Ostreni i Madh (Golemo Ostreni/Ostreni Golemo), Kojavec (Kojovci), Lejçan (Lešničani), Lladomerica (Ladomerica/Ladimerica/Vlademerica), Ostreni i Vogël (Malo Ostreni/Malastreni/Ostreni Malo), Orzhanova (Oržanova), Radovesh (Radoveš/Radoeš/Radoešt), Tuçep (Tučepi) und Pasinka (Pasinki). 2. Die Gemeinde von Trebisht umfaßt die vier Dörfer Trebisht (Trebišta), Gjinovec (G'inovec/G'inec), Klenja (Klen'e) und Vërnica (Vărnica), und in allen wird Südslavisch gesprochen. 3. Die übrigen Dörfer von Golloborda gehören zur Gemeinde Stebleva, und zwar Stebleva, Zabzun, Borova, Sebisht, Llanga. Südslavisch wird in Stebleva (Steblo) sowie von drei Familien in Sebisht (Sebišta) gesprochen. Wie aus den bisherigen Ausführungen und den Erhebungen vor Ort hervorgeht, gibt es nur noch in fünfzehn der insgesamt Dörfer, die heute zu Golloborda gehören, slavophone Einwohner. Die Zahl der Dörfer in Golloborda wird manchmal auch mit 24 angegeben. Dann zählt man die Viertel des Dorfes Trebisht, und zwar Trebisht-Bala, Trebisht-Çelebia und Trebisht-Muçina separat. Zu Golloborda rechnete man traditionell ferner die Dörfer Hotišan, Žepišt, Manastirec, Drenok, Modrič und Lakaica, die heute in Makedonien liegen."</ref>.<ref name=Vidoeski214309339>{{cite book|last=Vidoeski|first=Božidar|title=Dijalektite na makedonskiot jazik. Vol. 1|year=1998|publisher=Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uv1JAAAAYAAJ|isbn=978-9989-649-50-9}} p. 214. "Заедно со македонско христијанско население Торбеши живеат и во селата: Могорче, Требиште, Велебрдо, Ростуше, Јанче, Долно Косоврасти (во Река), Горенци, Житинени (во Жупа), Џепиште, Себишта, Пасинки, Големо и Мало Острени, Требишта, (во Голо Брдо),"; p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Uv1JAAAAYAAJ 309]. "Во западна Македонија исламизирано македонско население живее во неколку географски региони на македонско-албанската пограничје:... Голо Брдо (Врмница, Владимирци, Гиновци, Клење, Лешничани, Љуболези, Големо и Мало Острени, Окштун, Отишани, Пасинки, Радовиште, Себишча, Српетово, Стеблево, Тучепи, Торбач, Џепишта)"; p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Uv1JAAAAYAAJ 339]. "Во повеќето од спомнативе села живее население - со македонски и со албански мачин јазик. Албанското население доминира во северните голобрдски села (Себишта, Пасинки, Врмница, Големо и Мало Острени). Селата: Лешничани, Требиште, Српетово, Торбач, Љуболези, Владимирица и Тучепи се населени со Македонски муслимани (Торбеши), а во Себишта, Требиште, Г. и М. Острени живее мешано население - православни и Торбеши."</ref> The Muslim Macedonian-speaking community of the Gollobordë is known as ''Gollobordas'' and in Albania people from the community are considered Albanians instead of Macedonians, even by the Albanian state, and they are known to intermarry with Muslim Albanians and not with Orthodox Macedonians.<ref name="DeRapper6">{{cite journal|last=De Rapper|first=Gilles|date=14–16 June 2001|title=The son of three fathers has no hat on his head. Life and social representations in a Macedonian village of Albania|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00291660/document|publisher=University College London|access-date=29 July 2016|pages=6|ref=Macedonian village}}</ref><ref name="Pieroni2"/><ref name="Pieroni2">{{cite journal|last1=Pieroni|first1=Andrea|last2=Cianfaglione|first2=Kevin|last3=Nedelcheva|first3=Anely|last4=Hajdari|first4=Avni|last5=Mustafa|first5=Behxhet|last6=Quave|first6=Cassandra|title=Resilience at the border: traditional botanical knowledge among Macedonians and Albanians living in Gollobordo, Eastern Albania|journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine|volume=10|issue=31|year=2014|pages=2|doi=10.1186/1746-4269-10-31|pmid=24685013|pmc=3998745}}</ref>


==Demographics==
==Demographics==

Revision as of 21:40, 26 April 2023

This article is about Muslim Macedonian-speaking ethnoreligious group. For other Muslim populations from the wider region of Macedonia, see Selânikli, Pomaks, Vallahades, Gorani.
Torbeši
Female folk dance of Torbeši in the village of Gorno Kosovrasti, near Debar
Total population
39,555[1][2] (1981)
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Macedonian
Religion
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Macedonians, Pomaks, Macedonian Turks, Bulgarians, Mijaks, Gorani people
Part of a series on
Macedonians
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Macedonia (region)
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related groups
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The Torbeši (Macedonian: Торбеши), are a Muslim Macedonian-speaking ethnoreligious group in North Macedonia and Albania.[6] They have been culturally distinct from the Orthodox Christian Macedonian community for centuries, and are and linguistically distinct from the larger Muslim ethnic groups in the greater region of Macedonia: the Albanians, Turks and Romanis. However, some Torbeši also still maintain a strong affiliation with Turkish identity and with Macedonian Turks.[7] The regions inhabited by these Macedonian-speaking Muslims are Debarska Župa, Dolni Drimkol, Reka, and Golo Brdo (in Albania).

Name

Torbeši are sometimes also referred to as Macedonian Muslims (Macedonian: Македонци-муслимани, romanized: Makedonci-muslimani) or Muslim Macedonians[8], and are in some sources grouped together with Pomaks.[9][10][11][12]

Origins

The Torbeši are largely the descendants of Orthodox Christian Slavs from the region of Macedonia who were converted to Islam during the centuries when the Ottoman Empire ruled the Balkans.[13] The various Sufi orders (like the Khalwati, Rifa'is and Qadiris) all played a role in the conversion of the Slavic and Paulician population.[14]

Areas of settlement

North Macedonia

The largest concentration of Torbeš can be found in western North Macedonia and eastern Albania. Most of the villages in Debar regions are populated by Torbeš. The Struga municipality also holds a large number of Macedonian Muslims who are primarily concentrated in the large village of Labuništa. Further north in the Debar region many of the surrounding villages are inhabited by Torbeš. The Dolna Reka region is also primarily populated by Torbeš. Places such as Rostuša and also have large Torbeš populations. Another large concentration of Torbeš is in the so-called Torbešija which is just south of Skopje. There are also major concentrations in the central region of North Macedonia, surrounding the Plasnica municipality and the Dolneni municipality.

Albania

Trebisht administrative unit: Gjinovec (Macedonian: Гиновец/Ginovec or Гинеец/Gineec) and Klenjë (Macedonian: Клење) are inhabited solely by a Slavic speaking population which contain Torbeši.[15][16] Vërnicë (Macedonian: Врница/Vrnica) is inhabited by an Albanian population that dominates demographically in the village that also contains a significant population of Torbeš and Orthodox Macedonians.[15][16] Trebisht (Macedonian: Требишта/Trebišta) is traditionally inhabited by a mixed Orthodox Macedonian and Torbeš population.[15][16][17]

Ostren administrative unit: Lejçan (Macedonian: Лешничани/Lešničani), Lladomericë (Macedonian: Владимирица/Vladimirica) and Tuçep (Macedonian: Тучепи/Tučepi) are inhabited solely by Torbeš; Radovesh (Macedonian: Радовеща/Radovešta), Kojavec (Macedonian: Којовец/Kojovec), Orzhanovë (Macedonian: Оржаново/Oržanovo) are inhabited solely by a Slavic speaking population which contain Torbeš.[15][16] Okshtun i Madh, Okshtun i Vogël and Tërbaç (Macedonian: Тербачиште/Terbačište) have some Torbeš residing there while Pasinkë (Macedonian: Пасинки/Pasinki), Ostren i Madh(Macedonian: Големо Острени/Golemo Ostreni) and Ostren i Vogël (Macedonian: Мало Острени/Malo Ostreni) are inhabited by an Albanian population that dominates demographically in the villages that also contain significant populations of Torbeš and Orthodox Macedonians.[15][16]

Stëblevë administrative unit: Steblevë (Macedonian: Стеблево/Steblevo or Стебљево/Stebljevo) is inhabited solely by a Slavic speaking population that contains Torbeši.[15][16] Sebisht (Macedonian: Себишта/Sebišta) is inhabited by an Albanian population that dominates demographically in the village and contains three families from the Torbeš and Orthodox Macedonian population.[15][16]

Gjoricë administrative unit: Lubalesh (Macedonian: Љубалеш/Ljubalesh) has some Torbeš living in the village.[16][15].[16] The Muslim Macedonian-speaking community of the Gollobordë is known as Gollobordas and in Albania people from the community are considered Albanians instead of Macedonians, even by the Albanian state, and they are known to intermarry with Muslim Albanians and not with Orthodox Macedonians.[18][19][19]

Demographics

The exact numbers of Torbeš are not easy to establish. The historian Ivo Banac estimates that in the old Kingdom of Yugoslavia, before World War II, the Torbeš population stood at around 27,000.[20] Subsequent censuses have produced dramatically varying figures: 1,591 in 1953, 3,002 in 1961, 1,248 in 1971 and 39,355 in 1981. Commentators have suggested that the latter figure includes many who previously identified themselves as Turks. Meanwhile, the Association of Macedonian Muslims has claimed that since World War II more than 70,000 Macedonian Muslims have been assimilated by other Muslim groups, most notably the Albanians.[21]

Ethnic affiliation

There are some tensions with the Macedonian Christian community over the widespread association between Macedonian national identity and adherence to the Macedonian Orthodox Church.[22]

The 2021 North Macedonia census was the first to have a separate ethnic category for Torbeš; a total of 4,174 individuals in the country identified as such and a further 455 identified as "Muslim Macedonians". However, data at the municipal and settlement levels is not available for these groups.[23]

In municipalities containing the largest concentrations of Torbeš villages,[6] the 2021 census results were as follows for individuals who participated in the census:

Municipality Muslim (%)[24] Macedonian mother tongue (%)[25] Ethnic affiliations[26]
Centar Župa 99.4 28.6 Turk: 86.1%; Macedonian: 7.0%; Albanian 5.6%; Other 1.2%
Debar 97.9 32.1 Albanian: 60.7%; Turk: 19.7%; Macedonian: 8.3%; Other 3.1%
Mavrovo and Rostuša 79.2 88.9 Turk: 33.7%; Macedonian: 31.9%; Other: 23.2%; Albanian: 10.2%
Struga 67.9 46.7 Albanian: 54.4%; Macedonian: 31.4%; Turk: 7.3%; Other: 5.1%

Political activities

The principal outlet for Macedonian Muslim political activities has been the Association of Macedonian Muslims. It was established in 1970 with the support of the authorities, probably as a means of keeping Macedonian Muslim aspirations in control.[27]

A controversy broke out in 1995 when the Albanian-dominated Meshihat or council of the Islamic community in North Macedonia declared that Albanian was the official language of Muslims in Macedonia. The decision prompted protests from the leaders and members of the Macedonian Muslim community.[22]

Notable people

After falling under Ottoman rule, many mosques and other Islamic buildings, such as the Isa Bey Mosque, sprang up all over cities like Skopje
  • Ottoman Bitola in the 1800s
    Ottoman Bitola in the 1800s
  • Prilep at the end of the 19th century
    Prilep at the end of the 19th century
  • Minarets in the Ottoman Skopje skyline
    Minarets in the Ottoman Skopje skyline
  • Ottoman Štip
    Ottoman Štip

See also

References

  1. ^ Hugh, Poulton (2000). Who Are the Macedonians?. Hurst & Company, London. p. 124. ISBN 9781850655343.
  2. ^ Pettifer, James (1999). The new Macedonian Question. Macmillan Press Ltd. p. 115. ISBN 9780230535794.
  3. ^ Gallagher, Tom (2005). The Balkans In The New Millennium: In the Shadow of War and Peace. London: Routledge. p. 85. ISBN 0-415-34940-0.
  4. ^ Kappeler, Andreas; Edward Allworth; Gerhard Simon; Georg Brunner (1994). Muslim communities reemerge: historical perspectives on nationality, politics, and opposition in the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. Duke University Press. p. 331. ISBN 0-8223-1490-8.
  5. ^ Poulton, Hugh (2000). Who are the Macedonians?. C. Hurst & Co. p. 124. ISBN 1-85065-534-0.
  6. ^ a b Dimitar Bechev (2019). Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 291.
  7. ^ Skutsch, Carl (2013-11-07). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. ISBN 9781135193881.
  8. ^ Kowan, J. (2000). Macedonia: The Politics of Identity and Difference. London: Pluto Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-7453-1594-1.
  9. ^ Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars, published by the Endowment Washington, D.C. 1914, p.28, 155, 288, 317, Лабаури, Дмитрий Олегович. Болгарское национальное движение в Македонии и Фракии в 1894-1908 гг: Идеология, программа, практика политической борьбы, София 2008, с. 184-186, Поп Антов, Христо. Спомени, Скопje 2006, с. 22-23, 28-29, Дедиjeр, Jевто, Нова Србија, Београд 1913, с. 229, Петров Гьорче, Материали по изучаванието на Македония, София 1896, с. 475 (Petrov, Giorche. Materials on the Study of Macedonia, Sofia, 1896, p. 475)
  10. ^ Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe - Southeast Europe (CEDIME-SE). Muslims of Macedonia. p. 2, 11
  11. ^ Лабаури, Дмитрий Олегович. Болгарское национальное движение в Македонии и Фракии в 1894-1908 гг: Идеология, программа, практика политической борьбы, София 2008, с. 184, Кънчов, Васил. Македония. Етнография и статистика, с. 39-53 (Kanchov, Vasil. Macedonia — ethnography and statistics Sofia, 1900, p. 39-53),Leonhard Schultze Jena. «Makedonien, Landschafts- und Kulturbilder», Jena, G. Fischer, 1927
  12. ^ Fikret Adanir, Die Makedonische Frage: Ihre Entstehung und Entwicklung bis 1908, Wiesbaden 1979 (in Bulgarian: Аданър, Фикрет. Македонският въпрос, София2002, с. 20)
  13. ^ Andrew Rossos, Macedonia and the Macedonians: a history, Hoover Institution Press, 2008, ISBN 0817948813, p. 52.
  14. ^ Hugh Poulton, Who are the Macedonians?, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1995, ISBN 1850652384, pp. 29-31.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h Steinke & Ylli 2008, p. 10 "Heute umfaßt das Gebiet von Golloborda in Albanien 22 Dörfer, die verwaltungstechnisch auf drei verschiedene Gemeinden aufgeteilt sind: 1. Die Gemeinde Ostren besteht aus dreizehn Dörfern, und Südslavisch wird in den folgenden neun Dörfern gesprochen: Ostreni i Madh (Golemo Ostreni/Ostreni Golemo), Kojavec (Kojovci), Lejçan (Lešničani), Lladomerica (Ladomerica/Ladimerica/Vlademerica), Ostreni i Vogël (Malo Ostreni/Malastreni/Ostreni Malo), Orzhanova (Oržanova), Radovesh (Radoveš/Radoeš/Radoešt), Tuçep (Tučepi) und Pasinka (Pasinki). 2. Die Gemeinde von Trebisht umfaßt die vier Dörfer Trebisht (Trebišta), Gjinovec (G'inovec/G'inec), Klenja (Klen'e) und Vërnica (Vărnica), und in allen wird Südslavisch gesprochen. 3. Die übrigen Dörfer von Golloborda gehören zur Gemeinde Stebleva, und zwar Stebleva, Zabzun, Borova, Sebisht, Llanga. Südslavisch wird in Stebleva (Steblo) sowie von drei Familien in Sebisht (Sebišta) gesprochen. Wie aus den bisherigen Ausführungen und den Erhebungen vor Ort hervorgeht, gibt es nur noch in fünfzehn der insgesamt Dörfer, die heute zu Golloborda gehören, slavophone Einwohner. Die Zahl der Dörfer in Golloborda wird manchmal auch mit 24 angegeben. Dann zählt man die Viertel des Dorfes Trebisht, und zwar Trebisht-Bala, Trebisht-Çelebia und Trebisht-Muçina separat. Zu Golloborda rechnete man traditionell ferner die Dörfer Hotišan, Žepišt, Manastirec, Drenok, Modrič und Lakaica, die heute in Makedonien liegen."
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i Vidoeski, Božidar (1998). Dijalektite na makedonskiot jazik. Vol. 1. Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite. ISBN 978-9989-649-50-9. p. 214. "Заедно со македонско христијанско население Торбеши живеат и во селата: Могорче, Требиште, Велебрдо, Ростуше, Јанче, Долно Косоврасти (во Река), Горенци, Житинени (во Жупа), Џепиште, Себишта, Пасинки, Големо и Мало Острени, Требишта, (во Голо Брдо),"; p. 309. "Во западна Македонија исламизирано македонско население живее во неколку географски региони на македонско-албанската пограничје:... Голо Брдо (Врмница, Владимирци, Гиновци, Клење, Лешничани, Љуболези, Големо и Мало Острени, Окштун, Отишани, Пасинки, Радовиште, Себишча, Српетово, Стеблево, Тучепи, Торбач, Џепишта)"; p. 339. "Во повеќето од спомнативе села живее население - со македонски и со албански мачин јазик. Албанското население доминира во северните голобрдски села (Себишта, Пасинки, Врмница, Големо и Мало Острени). Селата: Лешничани, Требиште, Српетово, Торбач, Љуболези, Владимирица и Тучепи се населени со Македонски муслимани (Торбеши), а во Себишта, Требиште, Г. и М. Острени живее мешано население - православни и Торбеши."
  17. ^ "BBC Macedonian - Етнички Македонци во Албанија". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  18. ^ De Rapper, Gilles (14–16 June 2001). "The son of three fathers has no hat on his head. Life and social representations in a Macedonian village of Albania". University College London: 6. Retrieved 29 July 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. ^ a b Pieroni, Andrea; Cianfaglione, Kevin; Nedelcheva, Anely; Hajdari, Avni; Mustafa, Behxhet; Quave, Cassandra (2014). "Resilience at the border: traditional botanical knowledge among Macedonians and Albanians living in Gollobordo, Eastern Albania". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 10 (31): 2. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-10-31. PMC 3998745. PMID 24685013.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  20. ^ Banac, Ivo (1989). The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics. Cornell University Press. p. 50. ISBN 0-8014-9493-1.
  21. ^ Poulton, Hugh (1995). Who Are the Macedonians?. C. Hurst & Co. p. 124.
  22. ^ a b Duncan M. Perry, "The Republic of Macedonia: finding its way", in Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe, ed. Karen Dawisha, Bruce Parrott, p. 256. (Cambridge University Press, 1997)
  23. ^ "Вкупно резидентно население во Република Северна Македонија според изјаснувањето за етничката припадност, по пол, Попис 2021". State Statistical office.
  24. ^ "Вкупно резидентно население во Република Северна Македонија според изјаснувањето за религиската припадност, по пол, по општини, Попис 2021". State Statistical Office.
  25. ^ "Вкупно резидентно население во Република Северна Македонија според мајчиниот јазик, по пол, по општини, Попис 2021". State Statistical Office.
  26. ^ "Вкупно резидентно население во Република Северна Македонија според изјаснувањето за етничката припадност, по пол, по општини, Попис 2021". State Statistical Office.
  27. ^ Hugh Poulton, "Changing Notions of National Identity among Muslims", in Muslim Identity and the Balkan States, ed. Hugh Poulton, Suha Taji-Farouki (C. Hurst & Co, 1997)
  28. ^ "Selmin Sakiri: Lebenslauf, Bücher und Rezensionen bei LovelyBooks". LovelyBooks. Retrieved 2022-06-06.
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