Prisons in ancient Rome: Difference between revisions
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=== Conditions, Design, and Usage === |
=== Conditions, Design, and Usage === |
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The prisons were [[Sanitation|filthy]], poorly [[Ventilation (architecture)|ventilated]], and [[Dungeon|underground]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=O. F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PF9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113&dq=Prisons+in+Ancient+ROme&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjksryt1pTtAhUHTTABHXzfADsQ6AEwBHoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=Prisons%20in%20Ancient%20ROme&f=false|title=Penal Practice and Penal Policy in Ancient Rome|date=2007-03-12|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-11722-2|language=en}}</ref> The prisons would be divided into outer and inner areas. The inner parts of the prison were more secure and darker. Prison would not have had individual [[Prison cell|cells]]. They would have had groups of prisoners chained together in different rooms. Prisons would often times be very crowded.<ref name=":2" /> The prisons were [[Design|designed]] to [[Psychology|psychologically]] and [[Human body|physically]] [[torture]] a prisoner into [[Confession|confessing]]. [[Roman emperor|Emperor]] [[Valens]] drafted a [[law]] which required the confession to be submitted in written form. The prisons would also be designed to strip the prisoner of [[dignity|dignity.]] There was very little [[Rationing|rations]] in the prison, because [[Friendship|friends]] and [[family]] were expected to supply the prisoners needs.<ref name=":3" /> During the [[Roman Empire]] Roman prisons were used mainly for holding prisoners condemned to [[Capital punishment|death]].<ref name=":4" /> [[Private prison|Private prisons]] called ''Carcer Privatus'' would be used to hold [[Debtors' prison|debtors]].<ref name=":5" /> There was a public prison called ''Custodia Publica'' which held people awaiting [[trial]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Ermatinger|first=James William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7-JANm7mZkC&pg=PA134&dq=Prisons+in+Ancient+ROme&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjksryt1pTtAhUHTTABHXzfADsQ6AEwAXoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Prisons%20in%20Ancient%20ROme&f=false|title=Daily Life of Christians in Ancient Rome|date=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33564-8|language=en}}</ref>The prisoners were not segregated by sex, leading to rape.<ref name=":6" /> |
The prisons were [[Sanitation|filthy]], poorly [[Ventilation (architecture)|ventilated]], and [[Dungeon|underground]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=O. F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PF9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113&dq=Prisons+in+Ancient+ROme&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjksryt1pTtAhUHTTABHXzfADsQ6AEwBHoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=Prisons%20in%20Ancient%20ROme&f=false|title=Penal Practice and Penal Policy in Ancient Rome|date=2007-03-12|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-11722-2|language=en}}</ref> The prisons would be divided into outer and inner areas. The inner parts of the prison were more secure and darker. Prison would not have had individual [[Prison cell|cells]]. They would have had groups of prisoners chained together in different rooms. Prisons would often times be very crowded.<ref name=":2" /> The prisons were [[Design|designed]] to [[Psychology|psychologically]] and [[Human body|physically]] [[torture]] a prisoner into [[Confession|confessing]]. [[Roman emperor|Emperor]] [[Valens]] drafted a [[law]] which required the confession to be submitted in written form. The prisons would also be designed to strip the prisoner of [[dignity|dignity.]] There was very little [[Rationing|rations]] in the prison, because [[Friendship|friends]] and [[family]] were expected to supply the prisoners needs.<ref name=":3" /> During the [[Roman Empire]] Roman prisons were used mainly for holding prisoners condemned to [[Capital punishment|death]].<ref name=":4" /> [[Private prison|Private prisons]] called ''Carcer Privatus'' would be used to hold [[Debtors' prison|debtors]].<ref name=":5" /> There was a public prison called ''Custodia Publica'' which held people awaiting [[trial]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Ermatinger|first=James William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7-JANm7mZkC&pg=PA134&dq=Prisons+in+Ancient+ROme&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjksryt1pTtAhUHTTABHXzfADsQ6AEwAXoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Prisons%20in%20Ancient%20ROme&f=false|title=Daily Life of Christians in Ancient Rome|date=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33564-8|language=en}}</ref>The prisoners were not segregated by sex, leading to rape.<ref name=":6" /> |
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== Imprisonment of Innocents == |
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The [[Miscarriage of justice|imprisonment of innocents]] in ancient Rome was a common occurrence. One peasant from [[Cynopolis]] was imprisoned because he was accused of being in debt to someone. Even though the accusation was not proven, he was still imprisoned.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Drake|first=H. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5geoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT123&dq=Prisons+Antiquity&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj28tW6tpztAhViRTABHdr8CEMQ6AEwAHoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=Prisons%20Antiquity&f=false|title=Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and Practices|date=2016-12-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-87574-5|language=en}}</ref> |
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== Depictions == |
== Depictions == |
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Trevisiri Capitales
The Trevisiri Capitales were a group of three officials[1]that administrate and guards of the prisons.[2][3] The Trevisiri Capitales had complete criminal jurisdiction over Roman citizens. They also had jurisdiction over slaves. The Trevisiri Capitales might have also just been regular judicial officials.[4][5]
Prisons
Known Prisons
The first Roman prison was built by Ancus Marcius and enlarged by Servius Tullius, another prison was built by Agrippa on the Campus Martius. The prison built by Agrippa was called the Porticus Argonautarum.[6] There were other prisons in Rome, the only one of which that there are considerable ruins of is a prison built by Augustus and named after Octavia.[6] The prison in Alba Fucens is described as dark, underground, and small.[7] Ancient tablets describe a prison called the Ergastalum. There was a underground prison called the Mamertime prison.[8]The state prison of Rome used to be the only prison needed.
Conditions, Design, and Usage
The prisons were filthy, poorly ventilated, and underground.[9] The prisons would be divided into outer and inner areas. The inner parts of the prison were more secure and darker. Prison would not have had individual cells. They would have had groups of prisoners chained together in different rooms. Prisons would often times be very crowded.[7] The prisons were designed to psychologically and physically torture a prisoner into confessing. Emperor Valens drafted a law which required the confession to be submitted in written form. The prisons would also be designed to strip the prisoner of dignity. There was very little rations in the prison, because friends and family were expected to supply the prisoners needs.[9] During the Roman Empire Roman prisons were used mainly for holding prisoners condemned to death.[3] Private prisons called Carcer Privatus would be used to hold debtors.[8] There was a public prison called Custodia Publica which held people awaiting trial.[10]The prisoners were not segregated by sex, leading to rape.[10]
Imprisonment of Innocents
The imprisonment of innocents in ancient Rome was a common occurrence. One peasant from Cynopolis was imprisoned because he was accused of being in debt to someone. Even though the accusation was not proven, he was still imprisoned.[11]
Depictions
The Historian Livy describes many instances of prisons. Livy talked about how Marcus Manlius was thrown in prison. Livy also talked about a revolt by Carthaginian prisoners of war. This revolt would result in the Romans increasing prison security. The trevisiri capitales threw the poet Gaius Naevius and another man named Gaius Cornelius in prison.[2]
References
- ^ Rome; Johnson, Allan Chester; Coleman-Norton, Paul Robinson; Bourne, Frank Card (1961). Ancient Roman Statutes: A Translation, with Introduction, Commentary, Glossary, and Index. University of Texas Press.
- ^ a b Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (1998). The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511814-8.
- ^ a b Kyle, Donald G. (2001). Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-24842-6.
- ^ Gaughan, Judy E. (2010-01-01). Murder Was Not a Crime: Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-77992-1.
- ^ Lintott, Andrew (1999-04-01). The Constitution of the Roman Republic. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-158467-1.
- ^ a b Ripley, George; Dana, Charles Anderson (1883). The American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary for General Knowledge. D. Appleton and Company.
- ^ a b Wansink, Craig S. (1996-01-01). Chained in Christ: The Experience and Rhetoric of Paul's Imprisonments. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-85075-605-7.
- ^ a b Roth, Mitchel P. (2006). Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32856-5.
- ^ a b Robinson, O. F. (2007-03-12). Penal Practice and Penal Policy in Ancient Rome. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-11722-2.
- ^ a b Ermatinger, James William (2007). Daily Life of Christians in Ancient Rome. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33564-8.
- ^ Drake, H. A. (2016-12-05). Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and Practices. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-87574-5.