View source for Industrial engineering

{{short description|Branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of complex processes or systems}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{More footnotes|date=January 2017}}
[[File:Industrial Engineer Working.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Industrial engineers in a factory]]
'''Industrial engineering''' is an engineering profession that is concerned with the optimization of complex [[process (engineering)|processes]], [[system]]s, or [[organizations]] by developing, improving and implementing integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information and equipment. Industrial engineering is central to manufacturing operations.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=G.V.S.S. |last2=Prasad |first2=C.L.V.R.S.V. |last3=Srinivasa Rao |first3=M. |date=2021-10-02 |title=Industrial engineering into healthcare – A comprehensive review |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20479700.2020.1757874 |journal=International Journal of Healthcare Management |language=en |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=1288–1302 |doi=10.1080/20479700.2020.1757874 |s2cid=219019630 |issn=2047-9700}}</ref> 

Industrial engineers use specialized [[knowledge]] and [[skills]] in the mathematical,  [[Outline of physical science|physical]], and [[social sciences]], together with [[engineering analysis]] and design [[principles]] and methods, to specify, predict, and evaluate the results obtained from systems and processes.<ref name=":0">Salvendy, Gabriel. Handbook of Industrial Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 3rd edition p. 5</ref> Several industrial engineering principles are followed in the manufacturing industry to ensure the effective flow of systems, processes, and operations.<ref name=":3" /> These include:

* [[Lean manufacturing|Lean Manufacturing]]
* [[Six Sigma]]
* [[Information system|Information Systems]]
* [[Process capability|Process Capability]] 
* [[DMAIC|Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control]] (DMAIC). 

These principles allow the creation of new [[systems]], processes or situations for the useful coordination of [[Wage labour|labor]], [[materials]] and [[machines]] and also improve the [[quality (business)|quality]] and [[productivity]] of systems, physical or social.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iienet2.org/details.aspx?id=716|title=What IEs Do|website=www.iienet2.org|access-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Depending on the subspecialties involved, industrial engineering may also overlap with, [[operations research]], [[systems engineering]], [[manufacturing engineering]], [[production engineering]], [[supply chain engineering]], [[management science]],  [[engineering management]], [[financial engineering]], [[ergonomics]] or [[human factors engineering]], [[safety engineering]], [[ logistics engineering]], [[quality engineering]] or other related capabilities or fields.

== History ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2014}}
{{See also|List of industrial engineers}}

=== Origins ===
==== Industrial engineering  ====
There is a general consensus among historians that the roots of the industrial engineering profession date back to the [[Industrial Revolution]].  The technologies that helped mechanize traditional manual operations in the textile industry including the [[flying shuttle]], the [[spinning jenny]], and perhaps most importantly the [[steam engine]] generated [[economies of scale]] that made [[mass production]] in centralized locations attractive for the first time.  The concept of the production system had its genesis in the factories created by these innovations.<ref name=Maynard-Zandin>Maynard & Zandin. Maynard's Industrial Engineering Handbook. McGraw Hill Professional 5th Edition. June 5, 2001. p. 1.4-1.6</ref>  It has also been suggested that perhaps Leonardo da Vinci was the first industrial engineer because there is evidence that he applied science to the analysis of human work by examining the rate at which a man could shovel dirt around the year 1500. Others also state that the industrial engineering profession grew from Charles Babbage’s study of factory operations and specifically his work on the manufacture of straight pins in 1832 . However, it has been generally argued that these early efforts, while valuable, were merely observational and did not attempt to engineer the jobs studied or increase overall output.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of IE|url=https://engineering.louisville.edu/academics/departments/industrial/history-of-ie/|access-date=2021-05-19|website=J.B. Speed School of Engineering - University of Louisville|language=en}}</ref>

==== Specialization of labour ====
[[File:Maquina vapor Watt ETSIIM.jpg|thumb|225px|Watt's steam engine ([[Technical University of Madrid]])]]
Adam Smith's concepts of [[Division of Labour]] and the "Invisible Hand" of capitalism introduced in his treatise ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' motivated many of the technological innovators of the Industrial Revolution to establish and implement factory systems.  The efforts of James Watt and Matthew Boulton led to the first integrated machine manufacturing facility in the world, including the application of concepts such as cost control systems to reduce waste and increase productivity and the institution of skills training for craftsmen.<ref name=Maynard-Zandin />

[[Charles Babbage]] became associated with industrial engineering because of the concepts he introduced in his book ''On the Economy of Machinery and Manufacturers'' which he wrote as a result of his visits to factories in England and the United States in the early 1800s.  The book includes subjects such as the time required to perform a specific task, the effects of subdividing tasks into smaller and less detailed elements, and the advantages to be gained from repetitive tasks.<ref name=Maynard-Zandin />

==== Interchangeable parts ====
[[Eli Whitney]] and [[Simeon North]] proved the feasibility of the notion of [[interchangeable parts]] in the manufacture of muskets and pistols for the US Government.  Under this system, individual parts were mass-produced to tolerances to enable their use in any finished product.  The result was a significant reduction in the need for skill from specialized workers, which eventually led to the industrial environment to be studied later.<ref name=Maynard-Zandin />

=== Pioneers ===
[[Frederick Winslow Taylor|Frederick Taylor]] (1856–1915) is generally credited as being the father of the industrial engineering discipline.  He earned a degree in mechanical engineering from [[Stevens Institute of Technology]] and earned several patents from his inventions.  His books, ''Shop Management'' and ''[[The Principles of Scientific Management]]'', which were published in the early 1900s, were the beginning of industrial engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ingenieroindustrialpro.com/ |title=All about industrial engineering |access-date=December 4, 2015 |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208042945/http://ingenieroindustrialpro.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>  Improvements in work efficiency under his methods was based on improving work methods, developing of work standards, and reduction in time required to carry out the work.  With an abiding faith in the scientific method, Taylor did many experiments in machine shop work on machines as well as men. Taylor developed "time study" to measure time taken for various elements of a task and then used the study observations to reduce the time further. Time study was done for the improved method once again to provide time standards which are accurate for planning manual tasks and also for providing incentives.<ref name=Maynard-Zandin />

The husband-and-wife team of [[Frank Bunker Gilbreth Sr.|Frank Gilbreth]] (1868–1924) and [[Lillian Moller Gilbreth|Lillian Gilbreth]] (1878–1972) was the other cornerstone of the industrial engineering movement whose work is housed at [[Purdue University]] School of Industrial Engineering.  They categorized the elements of human motion into 18 basic elements called [[Therblig |therbligs]].  This development permitted analysts to design jobs without knowledge of the time required to do a job. These developments were the beginning of a much broader field known as [[Human factors and ergonomics|human factors or ergonomics]].<ref name=Maynard-Zandin />

In 1908, the first course on industrial engineering was offered as an elective at [[Pennsylvania State University]], which became a separate program in 1909 through the efforts of [[Hugo Diemer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://industryengineering08.blogspot.com/2012/04/industrial-engineering-definition.html|title=Industrial Engineering - Definition, Explanation, History, and Programs|date=April 8, 2012}}</ref> The first doctoral degree in industrial engineering was awarded in 1933 by [[Cornell University]].

In 1912, [[Henry Laurence Gantt]] developed the [[Gantt chart]], which outlines actions the organization along with their relationships. This chart opens later form familiar to us today by [[Henry Wallace Clark|Wallace Clark]].{{Cn|date=December 2022}}

With the development of [[assembly lines]], the factory of [[Henry Ford]] (1913) accounted for a significant leap forward in the field. Ford reduced the assembly time of a car from more than 700 hours to 1.5 hours. In addition, he was a pioneer of the economy of the capitalist welfare ("welfare capitalism") and the flag of providing financial incentives for employees to increase productivity.

In 1927, the then [[Technische Hochschule Berlin]] was the first German university to introduce the degree.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.vwi.org/hauptmenue/beruf-studium/wirtschaftsingenieurwesen/geschichte-und-bedeutung.html |title=Geschichte und Bedeutung des Wirtschaftsingenieurwesens |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707015915/http://www.vwi.org/hauptmenue/beruf-studium/wirtschaftsingenieurwesen/geschichte-und-bedeutung.html |archive-date=2017-07-07 |access-date=2020-06-22 |url-status=dead }} </ref>  The course of studies developed by [[Willi Prion]] was then still called Business and Technology and was intended to provide descendants of industrialists with an adequate education. 

Comprehensive quality management system ([[Total quality management]] or TQM) developed in the forties was gaining momentum after World War II and was part of the recovery of Japan after the war.

The [[Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers|American Institute of Industrial Engineering]] was formed in 1948. The early work by F. W. Taylor and the Gilbreths was documented in papers presented to the [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] as interest grew from merely improving machine performance to the performance of the overall manufacturing process, most notably starting with the presentation by [[Henry R. Towne]] (1844–1924) of his paper ''The Engineer as An Economist'' (1886).<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/transactionsof07amer#page/428/mode/2up Engineer as Economist]</ref>

=== Modern practice ===
From 1960 to 1975, with the development of decision support systems in supply such as [[material requirements planning]] (MRP), one can emphasize the timing issue (inventory, production, compounding, transportation, etc.) of industrial organization. Israeli scientist Dr. [[Jacob Rubinovitz]] installed the CMMS program developed in IAI and Control-Data (Israel) in 1976 in South Africa and worldwide.

In the 1970s, with the penetration of Japanese management theories such as [[Kaizen]] and [[Kanban]], Japan realized very high levels of quality and productivity.  These theories improved issues of quality, delivery time, and flexibility.  Companies in the west realized the great impact of Kaizen and started implementing their own [[continuous improvement]] programs. [[W. Edwards Deming]] made significant contributions in the minimization of variance starting in the 1950s and continuing to the end of his life. 

In the 1990s, following the global industry globalization process, the emphasis was on supply chain management and customer-oriented business process design. The [[theory of constraints]], developed by Israeli scientist [[Eliyahu M. Goldratt]] (1985), is also a significant milestone in the field.

=== Comparison to other engineering disciplines ===
Engineering is traditionally decompositional.{{cn|date=March 2021}} To understand the whole of something, it is first broken down into its parts.{{cn|date=March 2021}} One masters the parts, then puts them back together to create a better understanding of how to master the whole. The approach of industrial and systems engineering (ISE) is opposite; any one part cannot be understood without the context of the whole system. Changes in one part of the system affect the entire system, and the role of a single part is to better serve the whole system.

Also, industrial engineering considers the human factor and its relation to the technical aspect of the situation and all of the other factors that influence the entire situation,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Lehrer|first=Robert|title=The Nature of Industrial Engineering|journal=The Journal of Industrial Engineering|volume=5|pages=4}}</ref> while other engineering disciplines focus on the design of inanimate objects.

"Industrial Engineers integrate combinations of people, information, materials, and equipment that produce innovative and efficient organizations. In addition to manufacturing, Industrial Engineers work and consult in every industry, including hospitals, communications, e-commerce, entertainment, government, finance, food, pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, sports, insurance, sales, accounting, banking, travel, and transportation."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1063&context=imsefacpub|title=DETAILS AND DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING|last=Savory|first=Paul}}</ref>

"Industrial Engineering is the branch of Engineering most closely related to human resources in that we apply social skills to work with all types of employees, from engineers to salespeople to top management. One of the main focuses of an Industrial Engineer is to improve the working environments of people – not to change the worker, but to change the workplace."<ref name=":2" />

"All engineers, including Industrial Engineers, take mathematics through calculus and differential equations. Industrial Engineering is different in that it is based on discrete variable math, whereas all other engineering is based on continuous variable math. We emphasize the use of linear algebra and difference equations, as opposed to the use of differential equations which are so prevalent in other engineering disciplines. This emphasis becomes evident in optimization of production systems in which we are sequencing orders, scheduling batches, determining the number of materials handling units, arranging factory layouts, finding sequences of motions, etc. As, Industrial Engineers, we deal almost exclusively with systems of discrete components."<ref name=":2" />

== Etymology ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2014}}

===Etymology===
While originally applied to [[manufacturing]], the use of ''industrial'' in ''industrial engineering'' can be somewhat misleading, since it has grown to encompass any methodical or [[quantitative approach]] to optimizing how a process, system, or organization operates. In fact, the ''industrial'' in ''industrial engineering'' means the industry in its broadest sense.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Darwish|first1=H|last2=van Dyk|first2=L|date=2016|title=The industrial engineering identity: from historic skills to modern values, duties, and roles|journal=The South African Journal of Industrial Engineering|volume=27|issue=3|pages=50–63|doi=10.7166/27-3-1638|doi-access=free|hdl=10394/24043|hdl-access=free}}</ref> People have changed the term ''industrial'' to broader terms such as industrial and [[manufacturing engineering]], industrial and [[systems engineering]], industrial engineering and [[operations research]], industrial engineering and [[management]].

== Sub-disciplines ==
Industrial engineering has many sub-disciplines, the most common of which are listed below. Although there are industrial engineers who focus exclusively on one of these sub-disciplines, many deals with a combination of them such as supply chain and logistics, and facilities and energy management.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/what-is-industrial-engineering/|title=What is Industrial Engineering?|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=May 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sebokwiki.org/wiki/Systems_Engineering_and_Industrial_Engineering|title=Industrial Engineering}}</ref>

'''<big>Methods engineering</big>'''
{{Main|Methods engineering}}

'''<big>Facilities engineering & energy management</big>'''

{{Main articles|Facilities engineering|Energy management}}

'''<big>Financial engineering</big>'''

{{Main articles|Financial engineering}}

'''<big>Energy engineering</big>'''

{{Main articles|Energy engineering}}

<big>'''Human factors &''' '''safety engineering'''</big>

{{Main articles|Human Factors in Engineering and Design|Safety engineering}}

'''<big>Information systems engineering & management</big>'''

{{Main articles|Information system}}

'''<big>Manufacturing engineering</big>'''

{{Main articles|Manufacturing engineering}}

'''<big>Operations engineering & management</big>'''{{Main|Operations engineering|Operations management}}'''<big>Operations research & optimization</big>'''
{{Main articles|Operations research}}
'''<big>Policy planning</big>'''

'''<big>Production engineering</big>'''{{Main|Production Engineering}}<big>'''Quality & reliability engineering'''</big>
{{Main articles|Quality engineering|Reliability engineering}}
<big>'''Supply chain management & logistics'''</big>
{{Main|Supply-chain management|Logistics}}

'''<big>Systems engineering & analysis</big>'''

{{Main|Systems engineering|Systems analysis}}

'''<big>Systems simulation</big>'''

{{Main articles|Systems simulation|Simulation modeling}}

'''<big>Related disciplines</big>'''

'''Organization development & change management'''

'''Behavioral economics'''

{{Main|Behavioral economics}}

== Education ==
Industrial engineers study the interaction of human beings with machines, materials, information, procedures and environments in such developments and in designing a technological system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rahman|first1=Chowdury|last2=Uddin|first2=Syed|last3=Iqbal|first3=Mohammad|title=Importance of Human Factors in Industrial Engineering and Design|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298464170|journal=SEU Journal of Science and Engineering|volume=8|via=Research Gate}}</ref>

Industrial engineering degrees accredited within any member country of the [[Washington Accord (credentials)|Washington Accord]] enjoy equal accreditation within all other signatory countries, thus allowing engineers from one country to practice engineering professionally in any other.

Universities offer degrees at the bachelor, masters, and doctoral level.

=== Undergraduate curriculum ===
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:350px;"
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''2022 ''U.S. News'' undergraduate rankings'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/engineering-doctorate-industrial-manufacturing |title=Best Undergraduate Industrial / Manufacturing Engineering Program Rankings |work=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=March 2, 2017 |archive-date=October 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030205334/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/engineering-doctorate-industrial-manufacturing |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| '''University''' || '''Rank'''
|-
| colspan="2" |
----
|-
| [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] || 1
|-
| [[Purdue University]] || 2
|-
| [[University of Michigan]]|| 3
|-
| [[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]]|| 3
|-
| [[Cornell University]]|| 5
|-
| [[Pennsylvania State University]]|| 6
|-
| [[University of California, Berkeley]]|| 7
|-
| [[University of Wisconsin, Madison]]|| 8
|-
|[[Northwestern University]]|| 9
|-
| [[Stanford University]]|| 10
|}
In the United States, the undergraduate degree earned is either a bachelor of science (B.S.) or a bachelor of science and engineering (B.S.E.) in industrial engineering (IE). In [[South Africa]], the undergraduate degree is a bachelor of engineering (BEng). Variations of the title include Industrial & Operations Engineering (IOE), and Industrial & Systems Engineering (ISE or ISyE). 

The typical curriculum includes a broad math and science foundation spanning [[chemistry]], [[physics]], [[mechanics]] (i.e., statics, kinematics, and dynamics), [[materials science]], [[computer science]], electronics/circuits, [[engineering design]], and the standard range of engineering mathematics (i.e., [[calculus]], [[linear algebra]], [[differential equations]], [[statistics]]). For any engineering undergraduate program to be accredited, regardless of concentration, it must cover a largely similar span of such foundational work – which also overlaps heavily with the content tested on one or more engineering licensure exams in most jurisdictions.

The coursework specific to IE entails specialized courses in areas such as [[optimization]], [[applied probability]], [[stochastic]] modeling, [[design of experiments]], [[statistical process control]], [[Computer simulation|simulation]], [[manufacturing engineering]], [[ergonomics]]/[[safety engineering]], and [[engineering economics]]. Industrial engineering elective courses typically cover more specialized topics in areas such as [[manufacturing]], [[supply chains]] and [[logistics]], [[analytics]] and [[machine learning]], [[Operations management#Production systems|production systems]], [[human factors]] and [[industrial design]], and [[service system]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isye.gatech.edu/academics/bachelors/industrial-engineering/courses |title=ISyE Undergraduate Courses |publisher=Georgia Institute of Technology |access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://guide.berkeley.edu/courses/ind_eng/ |title=Industrial Engineering and Operations Research (IND ENG) |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.engin.umich.edu/college/academics/bulletin/depts/ioe/courses |title=Courses |publisher=University of Michigan, Ann Arbor |access-date=2 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303122550/http://www.engin.umich.edu/college/academics/bulletin/depts/ioe/courses |archive-date=March 3, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/industrial/courses/ |title=Courses |publisher=Northwestern University |access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ise.illinois.edu/undergraduate/electives.html |title=ISE Electives |publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign |access-date=2 March 2017 |archive-date=March 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303044416/http://ise.illinois.edu/undergraduate/electives.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=12130001 {{!}} Yearbooks 2022 {{!}} University of Pretoria|url=https://www.up.ac.za/yearbooks/2022/programmes/view/12130001|access-date=2022-02-21|website=www.up.ac.za}}</ref>

Certain business schools may offer programs with some overlapping relevance to IE, but the engineering programs are distinguished by a much more intensely quantitative focus, required engineering science electives, and the core math and science courses required of all engineering programs.

=== Graduate curriculum ===
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:300px;"
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''2019 ''U.S. News'' graduate rankings'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-engineering-schools/industrial-engineering-rankings?int=9d0e08&int=a06908 |title=Best Industrial Engineering Programs |work=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=March 2, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| '''University''' || '''Rank'''
|-
| colspan="2" |
----
|-
| [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] || 1
|-
| [[University of Michigan]] || 2
|-
| [[Northwestern University]]|| 3
|-
| [[University of California, Berkeley]]|| 4
|-
| [[Virginia Tech]]|| 4
|-
|[[Pennsylvania State University]]|| 6
|-
| [[Purdue University]] || 6
|-
| [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]|| 6
|-
| [[Cornell University]]|| 9
|-
| [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]|| 9
|}
The usual graduate degree earned is the master of science (MS), master of science and engineering (MSE) or master of engineering (MEng) in industrial engineering or various alternative related concentration titles.

Typical MS curricula may cover:

{{colbegin|colwidth=27em}}
* [[Manufacturing Engineering]]
* [[Analytics]] and [[machine learning]]
* [[Computer-aided manufacturing]]
* [[Engineering economics]]
* [[Financial engineering]]
* [[Human factors and ergonomics|Human factors engineering and ergonomics]] ([[safety engineering]])
* [[Lean Six Sigma]]
* [[Management science]]s
* [[Materials management]]
* [[Operations management]]
* [[Operations research]] and [[process optimization|optimization]] techniques
* [[Predetermined motion time system]] and computer use for IE
* [[Product development]]
* [[Production planning and control]]
* [[Productivity]] improvement
* [[Project management]]
* [[Reliability engineering]] and life testing
* [[Robotics]]
* [[Statistical process control]] or [[quality control]]
* [[Supply chain management]] and [[logistics]]
* [[System dynamics]] and policy planning
* [[Systems simulation]] and [[stochastic]] processes
* [[Time and motion study]]
* Facilities design and work-space design
* Quality engineering
* System analysis and techniques
{{colend}}

=== Differences in teaching ===
While industrial engineering as a formal degree has been around for years, consensus on what topics should be taught and studied differs across countries. For example, Turkey focuses on a very technical degree while Denmark, Finland and the United Kingdom have a management focus degree, thus making it less technical. The United States, meanwhile, focuses on case studies, group problem solving and maintains a balance between the technical and non-technical side.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bachelorsportal.com/articles/636/what-is-industrial-engineering-and-why-should-i-study-it.html|title=What is Industrial Engineering and Why Should I Study It?|last=Oanca|first=Alexandra}}</ref>

== Practicing engineers ==
Traditionally, a major aspect of industrial engineering was [[Plant layout study|planning the layouts of factories]] and designing assembly lines and other manufacturing paradigms. And now, in [[lean manufacturing]] systems, industrial engineers work to eliminate wastes of time, money, materials, energy, and other resources.

Examples of where industrial engineering might be used include flow process charting, process mapping, designing an assembly workstation, strategizing for various operational logistics, consulting as an efficiency expert, developing a new financial algorithm or loan system for a bank, streamlining operation and emergency room location or usage in a hospital, planning complex distribution schemes for materials or products (referred to as [[supply-chain management]]), and shortening lines (or [[queueing theory|queues]]) at a bank, hospital, or a theme park.

Modern industrial engineers typically use [[predetermined motion time system|predetermined motion time systems]], [[computer simulation]] (especially [[discrete event simulation]]), along with extensive mathematical tools for modeling, such as [[mathematical optimization]] and [[queueing theory]], and computational methods for system analysis, evaluation, and optimization. Industrial engineers also use the tools of [[data science]] and [[machine learning]] in their work owing to the strong relatedness of these disciplines with the field and the similar technical background required of industrial engineers (including a strong foundation in [[probability theory]], [[linear algebra]], and [[statistics]], as well as having [[computer programming|coding]] skills).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=February 6, 2023 |title=U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/industrial-engineers.htm}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[International Conference on Mechanical Industrial & Energy Engineering]]

=== Related topics ===
{{colbegin}}
* {{annotated link|Engineering economics|only=explicit}}
* {{annotated link|Engineering management}}
* {{annotated link|Enterprise engineering}}
* {{annotated link|Environment, health and safety}}
* {{annotated link|Human factors and ergonomics}}
* {{annotated link|Lang factor}}
* {{annotated link|Industrial and production engineering}}
* {{annotated link|Industrial design}}
<!--* {{annotated link|Industrial Engineering Book of Knowledge}}-->
* {{annotated link|Maintenance engineering}}
* {{annotated link|Manufacturing engineering}} 
* {{annotated link|Occupational safety and health}} 
* {{annotated link|Operations engineering}}
* {{annotated link|Operations research}}
* {{annotated link|Outline of production}}
* {{annotated link|Overall equipment effectiveness}}
* {{annotated link|Process engineering}}
* {{annotated link|Product design}}
* {{annotated link|Product engineering}}
* {{annotated link|Production engineering}}
* {{annotated link|Project management}}
* {{annotated link|Project production management}}
* {{annotated link|Quality engineering}}
* {{annotated link|Reverse engineering}}
* {{annotated link|Safety engineering}}
* {{annotated link|Sales process engineering}}
* {{annotated link|Sociotechnical system}}
* {{annotated link|Statistical process control}}
* {{annotated link|Systems engineering}}
* {{annotated link|Toyota Production System}}
* {{annotated link|The Toyota Way}}
* {{annotated link|Fordism}}
{{colend}}

=== Associations ===
{{colbegin}}
* {{annotated link|Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers}}
* {{annotated link|Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences|abbreviation=INFORMS}}
* {{annotated link|Human Factors and Ergonomics Society|abbreviation=HFES}}
* {{annotated link|American Society for Engineering Education}}
* {{annotated link|American Society for Quality}}
<!--* [http://asor.org.au// The Australian Society for Operations Research]-->
<!--* [http://www.ukmtm.co.uk/ The UK MTM Association]-->
* {{annotated link|European Students of Industrial Engineering and Management|abbreviation=ESTIEM|only=explicit}}
<!--* [http://ifors.org/web/ The International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS)]-->
* {{annotated link|Indian Institution of Industrial Engineering}}
<!--* [http://www.iiie.ir/ Iranian Institute of Industrial Engineering]-->
* [[Washington Accord (credentials)|Washington Accord]]
<!--* [http://www.orsj.or.jp/english/ The Operations Research Society of Japan]-->
* {{annotated link|Engineering Council of South Africa}}
* {{colend}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Badiru, A. (Ed.) (2005).  ''Handbook of industrial and systems engineering''. CRC Press. {{ISBN|0-8493-2719-9}}.
* [[Benjamin S. Blanchard|B. S. Blanchard]] and [[Fabrycky, W.]] (2005).  ''Systems Engineering and Analysis'' (4th Edition).  Prentice-Hall. {{ISBN|0-13-186977-9}}.
* Salvendy, G. (Ed.) (2001).  ''Handbook of industrial engineering: Technology and operations management''. Wiley-Interscience. {{ISBN|0-471-33057-4}}.
* Turner, W. et al. (1992). ''Introduction to industrial and systems engineering'' (Third edition). Prentice Hall.  {{ISBN|0-13-481789-3}}.
* [[Eliyahu M. Goldratt]], Jeff Cox (1984). ''The Goal''  North River Press; 2nd Rev edition (1992). {{ISBN|0-88427-061-0}}; 20th Anniversary edition (2004) {{ISBN|0-88427-178-1}}
* Miller, Doug, Towards Sustainable Labour Costing in UK Fashion Retail (February 5, 2013). {{doi|10.2139/ssrn.2212100}}
* Malakooti, B. (2013). Operations and Production Systems with Multiple Objectives. John Wiley & Sons.{{ISBN|978-1-118-58537-5}}
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190617034551/https://www.sebokwiki.org/wiki/Guide_to_the_Systems_Engineering_Body_of_Knowledge_(SEBoK) Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBoK)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100630211206/http://infolab.stanford.edu/~burback/dcg/node5.html Traditional Engineering]
* [http://www.ise.vt.edu/academics/extended/mea/ Master of Engineering Administration (MEA)]
* Kambhampati, Venkata Satya Surya Narayana Rao (2017). "Principles of Industrial Engineering" IIE Annual Conference. Proceedings; Norcross (2017): 890-895.[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1951119980]

==External links==
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