TARGET Services
TARGET Services (for Transeuropean Automated Real-time Gross-settlement Express Transfer) are payment services operated by the Eurosystem for the euro area and beyond on its proprietary financial market infrastructures.
As of late 2024, TARGET Services included T2 for large payments (which replaced TARGET2 in 2023), TARGET2-Securities (T2S) for securities transactions, and TARGET Instant Payment Settlement (TIPS) for instant payments.[1] A fourth service, the Eurosystem Collateral Management System (ECMS), is intended to complement the TARGET suite in the future.[2]
History
[edit]In 1993, as the Maastricht Treaty entered into force, central banks of the EU agreed that all of them should have an real-time gross settlement (RTGS) system, as some had already done in the previous decade. In 1995, they decided to interlink these national infrastructures through a pan-European system that they called TARGET. That original TARGET system duly began operations on 4 January 1999.[3]: 61 Its first version had a decentralized structure that consisted of the national RTGS systems of the 12 euro area member states plus those of Denmark (KRONOS), Sweden (E-RIX), and the UK (CHAPS) together with the ECB Payment Mechanism (EPM).[4]: 4 On 7 March 2005, Poland was the first new EU member state following the 2004 enlargement to connect to TARGET, via its SORBNET-EURO RTGS system operated by the National Bank of Poland.[4]: 14
The first TARGET was replaced with TARGET2, a more centralized system based on a Single Shared Platform (SSP), in stages from November 2007 to May 2008.[5] In addition to euro area countries and those that would adopt the euro in subsequent years (namely Cyprus, Malta, Slovakia and the Baltic countries), Denmark and Poland participated in the migration to TARGET2,[6]: 99 whereas Sweden and the UK did not.[3]: 66, 79 On 4 July 2011, Romania also connected to TARGET2.[7]
In June 2015, TARGET2 participants were first allowed to open a Dedicated Cash Account (DCA) on the T2S platform, marking the start of the T2S service.[5] In October 2018, T2S allowed settlements in Danish krones (DKK) in addition to those in euros.[8]
TIPS was introduced in November 2018.[9] On 19 February 2024, Sweden completed its integration into TIPS, allowing for TIPS to also settle instant payments in Swedish kronas.[10]
TARGET2 was replaced with T2 in March 2023.[5] T2 and TIPS will also allow settlements of DKK payments in March 2025.[11]
Legal structure
[edit]While technically integrated at the European level since the transition to TARGET2 in 2008, TARGET Services are based on contractual arrangements between participants and national entities known as TARGET components.[6]: 100 The contractual conditions are harmonized in a formal Eurosystem document known as the TARGET Guideline last updated in 2022.[12]
Controversy
[edit]TARGET2 imbalances
[edit]During the euro area crisis of the 2010s, cross-country imbalances within the TARGET2 system became an object of heated discussion, particularly in Germany.
Outage
[edit]In October, 2020, TARGET2 and T2S experienced an outage for nearly 11 hours.[13]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "T2 and the settlement of gross payments". Banca d'Italia. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
- ^ "TARGET Services". European Central Bank. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
- ^ a b Morten L. Bech, Christine Preisig, & Kimmo Soramäki (September 2008), "Global Trends in Large-Value Payments" (PDF), FRBNY Economic Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New York
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Overview of TARGET (PDF), European Central Bank, July 2005
- ^ a b c "TARGET Annual Report 2023". European Central Bank.
- ^ a b Payments and market infrastructures in the digital era (PDF), Banque de France, April 2023
- ^ "TARGET2". National Bank of Romania. Retrieved 25 December 2024.
- ^ "Denmark to join Eurosystem's TARGET services". European Central Bank. 8 December 2020.
- ^ "What is TIPS?". European Central Bank. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
- ^ "Sweden joins TIPS – Eurosystem instant payments platform also settles in kronor". European Central Bank. 27 February 2024.
- ^ "Denmark joins T2 and TIPS to fully integrate Danish krone in Eurosystem's payment services". European Central Bank. 21 March 2024.
- ^ "Guideline (EU) 2022/912 of the European Central Bank of 24 February 2022 on a new-generation Trans-European Automated Real-time Gross Settlement Express Transfer system (TARGET) and repealing Guideline ECB/2012/27 (ECB/2022/8)", EUR-Lex
- ^ Fairless, Tom, "Europe’s Core Payments Network Disrupted by Technical Malfunction" (subscription required), Wall Street Journal, October 28, 2020. re: Euronext's Oct. 2020 outages in WSJ (subscription required). Retrieved 2020-10-28.
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