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{{Main|Economy of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus}}
{{Main|Economy of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus}}


The economy of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is dominated by the services sector including the public sector, trade, tourism and education, with smaller agriculture and light manufacturing sectors. The economy operates on a free-market basis, although it continues to be handicapped by the political isolation of Turkish Cypriots, the lack of private and governmental investment, high freight costs, and shortages of skilled labor. Despite these constraints, the Turkish Cypriot economy turned in an impressive performance in 2003 and 2004, with growth rates of 9.6% and 11.4%.{{fact}} This growth has been buoyed by the relative stability of the Turkish Lira and by a boom in the education and construction sectors. The Turkish Cypriots are heavily dependent on monetary transfers from the Turkish government. Under the 2003-06 economic protocol, Ankara plans to provide around $550 million to the TRNC. The number of tourists visiting Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus during January-August 2003 was 286,901.<ref>http://www.holidayinnorthcyprus.com/eventsView.jsp?idNews=27</ref>
The economy of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is dominated by the services sector including the public sector, trade, tourism and education, with smaller agriculture and light manufacturing sectors. The economy operates on a free-market basis.


The continuing Cyprus problem adversely affects the economic development of the TRNC. The Republic of Cyprus, which is the internationally recognized political entity on the island and an EU member, has used its international standing to handicap economic relations between TRNC and the rest of the world. For example, the Republic of Cyprus has been vetoing the establishment of direct flights between TRNC and EU countries.
Over the same period, per capita income almost doubled

* [[United States dollar|US$]]4,409 (2002)
Despite the constraints imposed by its lack of international recognition, the TRNC economy turned in an impressive performance in the last few years. The GDP growth rates of the TRNC economy in 2001-2005 have been 5.4%, 6.9%, 11.4%, 15.4% and 10.6% against 4.1%, 2.1%, 1.9%, 3.8% and 3.9% in the Republic of Cyprus<ref>University of Oxford, European Studies Centre, Workshop on Cyprus 10-11 March 2006</ref>. This growth has been buoyed by the relative stability of the Turkish Lira and a boom in the education and construction sectors.
* US$5,949 (2003)

* US$8,095 (2004)
Studies by the World Bank show that the per capita GDP in TRNC was 76% of the per capita GDP in the Republic of Cyprus in PPP-adjusted terms in 2004. (USD 22,300 for the Republic of Cyprus and USD 16,900 for the TRNC)<ref>University of Oxford, European Studies Centre, Workshop on Cyprus 10-11 March 2006</ref>.
* US$10,248 (2005)

Although the TRNC economy has recovered in recent years, it is still dependent on monetary transfers from the Turkish government. Under the 2003-06 economic protocol, Ankara plans to provide around $550 million to the TRNC.

The number of tourists visiting Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus during January-August 2003 was 286,901.<ref>http://www.holidayinnorthcyprus.com/eventsView.jsp?idNews=27</ref>


== Communications and transport ==
== Communications and transport ==

Revision as of 21:19, 20 January 2007

Template:POV-title

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti
Anthem: İstiklâl Marşı  (Turkish)
"Independence March"
Location of Northern Cyprus
CapitalLefkoşa (Nicosia)
Official languagesTurkish
GovernmentRepresentative democratic republic[1]
• President
Mehmet Ali Talat
Ferdi Sabit Soyer
Sovereignty 
from Republic of Cyprus (de facto)
• Proclaimed
November 15 1983
• Recognition
Only by Turkey and OIC
• Water (%)
2.7
Population
• 2006 census
264,172
GDP (PPP)2005 estimate
• Total
$2 billion (not ranked)
• Per capita
$10,248 (2005) (not ranked)
CurrencyNew Turkish Lira (TRY)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+3 (EEST)
Calling code90-392
Internet TLD.nc.tr

The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) (Template:Lang-tr) (KKTC) is a self-proclaimed state in northern Cyprus recognised only by Turkey. The United Nations recognises the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over the whole island; however, the government of the Republic of Cyprus has no effective control over the territory claimed by the TRNC.

From the tip of the Karpass Peninsula (Cape Apostolos Andreas) in the northeast, the TRNC extends westward to Morphou Bay and Cape Kormakitis (the Kokkina/Erenköy exclave marks the westernmost extent of the TRNC), and southward to the village of Louroujina/Akıncılar. The territory between the TRNC and the area under the control of the Republic of Cyprus is separated by a United Nations-controlled buffer zone.

History

Founder President, Rauf Denktaş

Following the establishment of the Republic of Cyprus in 1960, tensions soon arose when in 1963 President Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the constitution of the Republic of Cyprus, an act deemed unconstitutional[2] and settling many of the disputes of the state in favour of the Greek community. [3]. For Turkish Cypriots, the proposal was viewed as means of demoting their status as co-founders of the state to one of minority status, removing their constitutional safeguards in the process. For Greek Cypriots, the amendments were a way of correcting what they saw as impediments to smooth running of administration. On 21 December 1963, clashes between Turkish Cypriots and Polycarpos Yorgadjis (the Interior Minister) plainclothes special constables left two Turkish Cypriots and one Greek Cypriot policeman dead [4]. Although the ensuing violence led to attacks launched by both communities, Turkish Cypriots had born the brunt of the offensive, leading to 700 Turkish Cypriot hostages being taken and full scale attacks launched by Nicos Sampson against the Turkish Cypriot population [2].

The fighting left 191 Turkish and 133 Greek Cypriots dead and 209 Turks and 41 Greeks missing [5]. Turkish Cypriots members of government had by now withdrawn, creating an essentially Greek Cypriot administration in control of all insitutions of the state. Widespread looting of Turkish Cypriot villages led to twenty thousand refugees retreating into armed enclaves which remained for 11 years[6], relying on food and medical supplies from Turkey to survive. Turkish Cypriots thus formed paramalitary groups to defend the enclaves, leading to a gradual division of the islands communities into two hostile camps. According to Brigadier Francis Henn[7], former Chief of Staff, UN Force in Cyprus from 1972-1974, the Turkish Cypriots were "besieged" and "56,000 members of the community had been deprived [by the Greek Cypriots authorities] of their normal means of subsistence".

On 15 July 1974, the Greek military junta of 1967-1974 backed a Greek Cypriot military coup d'état in Cyprus. President Makarios was removed from office and Nikos Sampson, a former EOKA fighter and a member of the Parliament, took over the presidency. Turkey claimed that under the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee the coup was sufficient reason for military action and thus Turkey invaded Cyprus on 20 July 1974. Turkey's position was that such intervention was necessary to protect the Turkish Cypriot populace. The coup failed and Makarios returned to Cyprus. Turkish forces proceeded to take over about 37% of the island, causing a large numbers of Greek Cypriots to abandon their homes. Approximately 160,000 Greek Cypriots fled to the south of the island, while 50,000 Turkish Cypriots fled north. By the end of the invasion, thousands of Greek Cypriots from the northern communities were missing, as were a number of Turkish Cypriots from the southern communities [citation needed], although it is known that small numbers of Greek-Cypriots have continued to live with their Turkish neighbours.

In 1975, the "Turkish Federated State of North Cyprus" was declared as a first step towards a future federated Cypriot states, that would guarantee the political equality of both communities. The move was rejected by the Republic of Cyprus, by the UN, and by the international community. After eight years of failed negotiations with the leadership of the Greek Cypriot Community, the north declared its independence on 15 November 1983 under the name of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The UDI of the TRNC was rejected by the UN and the Republic of Cyprus.

In recent years the politics of reunifcation has dominated the islands affairs. It was hoped European Union accession would act as a catalyst towards a settlement. In 2004 a United Nations brokered peace settlement was put to a referendum on both sides, with Turkish Cypriots accepting and Greek Cypriots rejecting it, the result being the entry of a divided island into Europe. The long serving Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktas had resigned in wake of the vote, ushering in the pro-solutionist Mehmet Ali Talat as President.

See also: History of Cyprus, Cyprus under the Ottoman Empire, Cyprus dispute, and Operation Atilla

Government and politics

Main articles: Politics of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and Constitution of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
File:Ma talat.jpg
Mehmet Ali Talat - Current President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

Politics of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President is head of state and the Prime Minister head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Assembly of the Republic. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

The president is elected for a five-year term. The current president is Mehmet Ali Talat who won the presidential elections on April 17, 2005. The legislature is the Assembly of the Republic, which has 50 members elected by proportional representation from five electoral districts. In the elections of February 2005, the Republican Turkish Party, which favours a peace settlement and the reunification of Cyprus, retained its position as the largest parliamentary party, but failed to win an overall majority.

International status and foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

The international community, with the exception of Turkey, does not recognise the TRNC as a sovereign state, but recognises the de jure sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over the whole island. The United Nations considers the declaration of independence by the TRNC as legally invalid in several of its resolutions.[8][9] (Note: the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, an exclave of Azerbaijan, does regard the TRNC as sovereign, while the state of Azerbaijan officially has not followed suit). The Organization of the Islamic Conference gives the TRNC the status of a constituent state, and it is an observer member of this organization.[10] A number of other nations have expressed gestures towards recognition including Pakistan, Qatar, and Gambia[11]

London office of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Bedford Square.

Since the April 2004 referendum on the United Nations Annan Plan, the attitude of the international community towards the TRNC has begun to improve. Günter Verheugen, the EU's Enlargement Commissioner, was reported as saying that the EU was considering opening a representative office in the TRNC. EU foreign ministers agreed to give the TRNC 259 million euros in aid. This aid was blocked by the Greek Cypriot Administration who argued that the Turkish Cypriots wanted to receive this money directly. That is why the southern Republic of Cyprus has blocked it at EU level. The result was for half of the money so far to be lost. A number of high profile formal meetings have also taken place between President Mehmet Ali Talat and various foreign leaders and politicians including US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, British foreign minister Jack Straw, Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf.

Legally, however, the European Union continues to consider Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus as EU territory with a disputed foreign military presence and thus indefinitely exempt from EU legislation until a settlement has been reached. While certain outlying regions of the EU can and do obtain exemptions from EU law, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is the only part of the Union where such laws are not enforceable. The number of seats assigned to Cyprus in the European Parliament (six seats) is based on the population of the entire island. Despite the fact that the Turkish Cypriot residents of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus —and possibly some of the naturalized Anatolian Turks— are EU citizens, fewer than expected Northerners voted in the 2004 elections. There is no support for admitting two Cypriot member states into the EU, as long as the Cyprus dispute is not solved.

Military

Main article: Military of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus has a 2,000 man Defense Force which is primarily made up of conscripted Turkish Cypriot males between the ages of 18 and 40. This force supplements the 40,000 strong Turkish Army force, which includes the XI Corps with two divisions, which is stationed on the island.

As an area under dispute, the Turkish military presence in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is seen differently by the communities in the region, the Greek population seeing it as an occupational force, while the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus citizens see it as protecting their life.

Administrative divisions

Administratively, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is divided into five counties, namely:

  • Nicosia (Lefkoşa)
  • Famagusta (Mağusa)
  • Kyrenia (Girne)
  • Morphou (Güzelyurt)
  • Trikomo (İskele)

Geography and climate

Detailed map of Northern Cyprus

The climate of the island is of an extreme Mediterranean type with very hot dry summers and relatively cold winters. Most of the rainfall is concentrated between December and January.

The climate of the coastal parts is less extreme than farther inland, due to the fact that the effect of the sea jon atmospheric humidities is always present there. The sea temperature itself never falls below 16ºC. (January and February); in August it can rise to 28 ºC.

Spring and autumn are short, typified by changeable weather, with occasional heavy storms battering the coast in spring and a westerly wind, called "meltem" carrying the influence of Atlantic depressions to this far eastern end of the Mediterranean.

From mid-May to mid-September the sun shines on a daily average of around 11 hours. Temperatures can reach 40º C. On the Mesaoria Plain, although lower on the coasts, with a north-westerly breeze called "Poyraz" prevailing. The skies are cloudless with a low humidity, 40 - 60 per cent, thus the high temperatures are easier to bear. The hot, dry, dust-laden "sirocco" wind blowing from Africa also finds its way to the island.

Short-lived stormy conditions resulting from fairly frequent small depressions prevail throughout the winter, with 60 per cent of rain falling between December and February. The Northern Range receives around 550 mm of rain per year, whereas the Mesaoria Plain receives only around 300-400 mm.

Frost and snow are almost unknown in Northern Cyprus, although night temperatures can fall to very low levels in winter.

File:Nctemp.jpg
Northern Cyprus Mean Monthly Temperature

The chief rain-bearing air currents reach the island from the south-west, so that precipitation and atmospheric humidity is at its greatest on the western and south-western sides of the Southern Range. Eastwards, precipition and humidity are reduced by the partial rain-shadow effect of the Southern Range, a similar effect is also caused by the Northern Range which cut off the humidity associated with proximity to the sea from much of the northern Mesaoria Plain. Eastwards of the Northern Range, towards the bays of the Karpaz Peninsula, where the land narrows and the effect of sea influence increases accordingly, humidity increases progressively towards the end of the peninsula.

Most of the rivers are simply winter torrents, only flowing after heavy rain, the rivers running out of the Northern and Southern Ranges rarely flowing all the year round.

During the wet winter months Cyprus is a green island. However, by the time June arrives the landscape at the lower levels assumes the brown, parched aspect which characterises its summer face. The forests and the vineyards in the mountains, plus the stips of irrigated vegatation in the valleys remain green.

Economy

Main article: Economy of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

The economy of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is dominated by the services sector including the public sector, trade, tourism and education, with smaller agriculture and light manufacturing sectors. The economy operates on a free-market basis.

The continuing Cyprus problem adversely affects the economic development of the TRNC. The Republic of Cyprus, which is the internationally recognized political entity on the island and an EU member, has used its international standing to handicap economic relations between TRNC and the rest of the world. For example, the Republic of Cyprus has been vetoing the establishment of direct flights between TRNC and EU countries.

Despite the constraints imposed by its lack of international recognition, the TRNC economy turned in an impressive performance in the last few years. The GDP growth rates of the TRNC economy in 2001-2005 have been 5.4%, 6.9%, 11.4%, 15.4% and 10.6% against 4.1%, 2.1%, 1.9%, 3.8% and 3.9% in the Republic of Cyprus[12]. This growth has been buoyed by the relative stability of the Turkish Lira and a boom in the education and construction sectors.

Studies by the World Bank show that the per capita GDP in TRNC was 76% of the per capita GDP in the Republic of Cyprus in PPP-adjusted terms in 2004. (USD 22,300 for the Republic of Cyprus and USD 16,900 for the TRNC)[13].

Although the TRNC economy has recovered in recent years, it is still dependent on monetary transfers from the Turkish government. Under the 2003-06 economic protocol, Ankara plans to provide around $550 million to the TRNC.

The number of tourists visiting Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus during January-August 2003 was 286,901.[14]

Communications and transport

Because of its status, the TRNC is heavily dependent on Turkish military and economic support. It uses the New Turkish Lira as its currency. All TRNC exports and imports have to take place via Turkey. International telephone calls are routed via a Turkish dialling code: +90 392. On the web TRNC is under the Turkish second-level domain .nc.tr, and mail must be addressed via Mersin 10, Turkey as the Universal Postal Union refuses to recognize the TRNC as a separate entity.

Direct flights to Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus are forbidden by the Republic of Cyprus. The airports of Geçitkale and Ercan are only recognized as legal ports of entry by Turkey and Azerbaijan.

TRNC sea ports had been declared closed to all shipping by the Republic of Cyprus since 1974. Turkey, however, rejects this declaration while TRNC-registered vessels have free access to Turkish sea ports.

Naturalized TRNC citizens or foreigners carrying a passport stamped by the TRNC authorities may be refused entry by the Republic of Cyprus or Greece[citation needed], although after the accession of the Republic of Cyprus to the EU such restrictions have been eased following confidence-building measures between Athens and Ankara and the partial opening of the UN controlled line by the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus authorities. The Republic of Cyprus also allows passage across the Green Line from the part of Nicosia that it controls (as well as a few other selected crossing points), since the TRNC does not leave entry stamps in the passport for such visits.

Airports and harbours

File:GirneMarina.jpg
Girne / Kyrenia Port

Airports & Airfields

Sea Ports


TRNC airports are forbidden from receiving international flights due to the international embargo imposed by the administration in the southern Republic of Cyprus. According to a House of Lords hearing (ref: Cyprus: Direct Flights - 07-01-08) "The simplest way of enabling direct flights would be a decision by the Republic of Cyprus to designate Ercan as an international airport under the terms of the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation." In the absence of such a decision, Northern Cyprus remains isolated with only Turkey as its legal outlet to the rest of the world.

Universities

NGOs

  • Management Centre for the Eastern Mediterranean [9]

The Management Centre for the Eastern Mediterranean is an umbrella and support institution for civil society organisations in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. It organises conferences, training and other events, contains useful lists of NGOs and other organisations and reports from studies and initiatives.

  • Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Red Crescent Association [10]

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Red Crescent Association Crescent claims descent from an organisation founded in 1974, but was long dormant. It started to try and reorganise itself in 2005.

In April 2006, a General Assembly of the organisation elected the recently retired president of the supreme court, Taner Erginel, as President.

Demographics

The TRNC has a population of about 265,000 (including workers and settlers from Turkey who have been allowed or encouraged to stay permanently[clarification needed]). Its population is almost entirely Turkish-speaking ethnic Turks. The population consists of three main communities: indigenous Turkish Cypriots, integrated Turkish settlers who can be considered Turkish Cypriots either through marriage or birth on the island, and Turkish migrant workers from the mainland; The Turkish Army is also present in the form of some 33,000 soldiers. Many of the older Turkish Cypriots speak and understand Greek - some may even be considered native speakers of the Greek Cypriot dialect. There are also populations of Greek Cypriots and Maronites still living in Rizokarpaso and Kormakitis regions. The TRNC includes the northern part of the city of Nicosia (Turkish: Lefkoşa, Greek: Λευκωσία Lefkosía), which serves as its capital. A large percentage of the people living in northern Cyprus after 1974 have emigrated, particularly to United Kingdom but also to Turkey.[citation needed] Many left the island due to the grim economic situation of the TRNC which, because of the prevailing embargo imposed on it by the international community, faces many difficulties in trading with third countries.

Culture

Turkish Cypriot Artists

Art Organisations & Institutions


Tourist attractions

The Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque in Famagusta (Gazimağusa). Formerly Τhe Saint Nicolas Cathedral prior to its conversion in 1571.
  • Nicosia has an old town centre similar to that of Famagusta. The ancient city centre is surrounded by a 5.5 km long city wall, which is still intact.
  • To the northeast the mythical Five Finger mountains (Pentadactylos, Turkish: Beşparmak) guard the city. This rocky five finger mountain rises 700 meters above sea level and harbours the legend of the Byzantine hero Digenis, who defeated the invading Arabs with supernatural strength.
  • One of the most beautiful beaches in the Mediterranean lies on the Rizokarpaso (Karpaz) peninsula on the easternmost tip of the island and is a nesting ground for endangered loggerhead and green turtles.

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ David Hannay, 2005. Cyprus the search for a solution. I.B Tauris.
  3. ^ http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/www.cyprus-conflict.net/narrative-main-%203.html
  4. ^ http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/Patrick-chp%203.htm
  5. ^ http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/narrative-main-%203.htm
  6. ^ http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/www.cyprus-conflict.net/narrative-main-%203.html
  7. ^ Brigadier Francis Henn, A Business of Some Heat - the UN force in Cyprus before and during the 1974 Turkish invasion, Pen & Sword Books 2004.
  8. ^ http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/453/99/IMG/NR045399.pdf?OpenElement
  9. ^ http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/487/80/IMG/NR048780.pdf?OpenElement
  10. ^ http://islamic-conference-news.newslib.com/story/1413-3215426/
  11. ^ http://www.zaman.com/?bl=international&alt=&trh=20060904&hn=36259
  12. ^ University of Oxford, European Studies Centre, Workshop on Cyprus 10-11 March 2006
  13. ^ University of Oxford, European Studies Centre, Workshop on Cyprus 10-11 March 2006
  14. ^ http://www.holidayinnorthcyprus.com/eventsView.jsp?idNews=27

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