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Wani clan

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Wani clan
和珥氏
Parent houseImperial family (according to tradition)
FounderPrince Ameoshitarashi [ja] (according to tradition)
Founding yearreign of Emperor Kōshō, roughly fifth century BCE (according to tradition)

The Wani clan (和珥氏) was a sacerdotal Japanese clan.[1]: 149–150  According to the Kojiki, the Wani clan was descended from Prince Ameoshitarashi [ja], a son of Emperor Kōshō.[2]

The Wani clan is believed to be related to Wani dragons, with Naniwa-neko Takefurukuma described as an ancestor. Marrying women of the Wani clan was believed to give the Emperor control over the sea.[1]: 149–150 

They had a similar religious role to the Sarume clan [ja] as mediums, so many women of the Sarume clan [ja] had husbands of the Wani clan perform ritual roles as substitutes for men of the Sarume clan [ja].[1]: 168 

The clan declined in the 7th century but cadet branches such as the Ono clan[1]: 168  and the Kakinomoto clan[2] continued to thrive.[1]: 168 

They were sometimes called the Wanizumi clan, with -mi being an honorific suffix.

Kakinomoto clan

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Kakinomoto clan
柿本氏
Parent houseWani clan, Imperial family (according to tradition)
FounderPrince Ameoshitarashi [ja] (as the Wani clan; according to tradition)
Founding yearpossibly late sixth century (as the Kakinomoto clan); reign of Emperor Kōshō, roughly fifth century BCE (as the Wani clan; according to tradition)

The Kakinomoto clan (柿本氏 Kakinomoto-uji) was a Japanese noble family particularly active in the Yamato period. It was the clan of the famous Asuka-Nara poet Kakinomoto no Hitomaro.

Legendary origins and parent clan

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According to the Kojiki, the Kakinomoto clan was descended from Prince Ameoshitarashi [ja], a son of Emperor Kōshō.[2] The Shinsen Shōjiroku records that the clan, along with others such as the Ōyake, Awata and Ono (ja) clans had split from the earlier Kasuga clan [ja], a branch of the Wani clan, and that they were natives of Yamato Province who had adopted the name "Kakinomoto" during the reign of Emperor Bidatsu in the late sixth century.[2] Centred in the northeastern part of the Nara Basin, the Wani clan had furnished many imperial consorts in the fourth through sixth centuries, and extended their influence from Yamato Province to Yamashiro, Ōmi, Tanba and Harima provinces.[2] Many of their clan traditions (including genealogies, songs, and tales) are preserved in the Nihon Shoki and, especially, the Kojiki.[2]

Home region

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According to Masatada Watase [ja], there are two prominent theories regarding the location of the Kakinomoto clan's headquarters, one placing them in Shinjō, Nara, and the other placing them in the Ichinomoto area of Tenri, Nara.[2] Watase states, based on some passages in the Dai-Nihon Ko-Monjo [ja], the Heian Ibun [ja] and the Tōdaiji Yōroku [ja], that the latter theory carries more weight.[2] Since their cousins in the main Wani clan were also based in this area, Watase speculates that the Kakinomoto clan had a particularly close relationship with the Wani clan.[2]

Seventh and eighth centuries

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The Kakinomoto clan had their hereditary title promoted from Omi to Ason in the eleventh month (see Japanese calendar) of 684.[2] According to the Nihon Shoki, Kakinomoto no Saru,[a] the probable head of the clan, had been among ten people appointed shōkinge [ja], equivalent to Junior Fifth Rank, in the twelfth month of 681.[2] These facts lead Watase to conjecture that the Kakinomoto clan may have had some literary success in the court of Emperor Tenmu.[2] According to the Shoku Nihongi, Saru died in 708, having attained the Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade.[2]

The famous seventh-century poet Kakinomoto no Hitomaro was born into this clan. There are several theories regarding the relationship of Hitomaro to Kakinomoto no Saru, including Saru being Hitomaro's father, brother or uncle, or them being the same person.[2] The theory that they were the same person has been advanced by Takeshi Umehara,[3] but has little supporting evidence.[2] While the other theories cannot be confirmed, it is certain that they were members of the same clan (probably close relatives), and were active at the same time.[2] It is likely that their mutual activity at court had a significant effect on the fortunes of the clan, and on each other.[2]

Genealogy

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Genealogy of early Japanese emperors and empresses
Nunakawahime[4] Ōkuninushi[5][6]: 278 
(Ōnamuchi)[7]		Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto[8]
Kotoshironushi[9][10] Tamakushi-hime[8] Takeminakata[11][12] Susa Clan[13]
1 Jimmu[14]1Himetataraisuzu-hime[14]Kamo no Okimi[9][15]Mirahime [ja]
2 Suizei[16][17][18][19][20][21] 2Isuzuyori-hime[19][20][21][15][22]Kamuyaimimi[16][17][18]
3 Annei[23][9][19][20][21]〔Ō clan[24][25]〕〔Aso clan[26]〕3 Nunasokonakatsu-hime[27][9]Kamo clan
TakakurajiMiwa clan
4 Itoku[23][9]Ikisomimi no mikoto [ja][23]Ame no Murakumo [ja]
4Amatoyotsuhime no Mikoto [ja][23]Amaoshio no mikoto [ja]
5 Emperor Kōshō[23][9][28]5Yosotarashi-hime[9]Okitsu Yoso [ja]
6 Emperor Kōan[9]Prince Ameoshitarashi [ja][28]Owari clan
6Oshihime [ja][9][28]〔Wani clan〕[29]
7 Emperor Kōrei[30][9][28][31] 7Kuwashi-hime[31]
8 Emperor Kōgen[32][31]8Utsushikome [ja][32]Princess Yamato Totohi Momoso[30]Kibitsuhiko-no-mikoto[33]Wakatakehiko [ja]
9Ikagashikome[b] [35][36]
Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto no Mikoto [ja][36]9 Emperor Kaika[32]Prince Ohiko [ja][37]〔Kibi clan〕
Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto [ja][36]10 Emperor Sujin[38][39]10Mimaki-hime[40]〔Abe clan〕[37]
Takenouchi no Sukune[36]11 Emperor Suinin[41][42]11Saho-hime[43]12Hibasu-hime [ja][44]Yasaka Iribiko[45][46][47]Toyosukiiri-hime [ja][48]Nunaki-iri-hime [ja][30]
Yamatohime-no-mikoto[49]
〔Katsuragi clan〕13Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume [ja]12 Emperor Keiko[42][44]14Yasakairi-hime [ja][45][46][47]
Otoyo no mikoto [ja]
Futaji Irihime [ja][50]Yamato Takeru[51][52]Miyazu-himeTakeinadane [ja] Ioki Iribiko13Emperor Seimu[51][52]
14Emperor Chūai[51][52] [53]15Empress Jingū[54] Homuda
Mawaka
15Emperor Ōjin[54]16Nakatsuhime[55][56][57]
16Emperor Nintoku[58]


See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The Nihon Shoki spells this name 柿本臣猨, while the Shoku Nihongi spells it 柿本朝臣佐留, 臣 and 朝臣 reflecting the 684 change in title.
  2. ^ There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used by Tsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used by William George Aston.[34]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Akima, Toshio (1993). "The Origins of the Grand Shrine of Ise and the Cult of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu Ōmikami". Japan Review (4): 141–198. ISSN 0915-0986.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Watase 1983, p. 586.
  3. ^ Keene 1999, p. 170, note 141, citing Umehara.
  4. ^ Philippi, Donald L. (2015). Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 104–112.
  5. ^ Atsushi, Kadoya; Tatsuya, Yumiyama (20 October 2005). "Ōkuninushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  6. ^ Herbert, J. (2010). Shinto: At the Fountainhead of Japan. Routledge Library Editions: Japan. Taylor & Francis. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-136-90376-2. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
  7. ^ Atsushi, Kadoya (21 April 2005). "Ōnamuchi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  8. ^ a b The Emperor's Clans: The Way of the Descendants, Aogaki Publishing, 2018.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. Columbia University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780231049405.
  10. ^ Atsushi, Kadoya (28 April 2005). "Kotoshironushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  11. ^ Sendai Kuji Hongi, Book 4 (先代舊事本紀 巻第四), in Keizai Zasshisha, ed. (1898). Kokushi-taikei, vol. 7 (国史大系 第7巻). Keizai Zasshisha. pp. 243–244.
  12. ^ Chamberlain (1882). Section XXIV.—The Wooing of the Deity-of-Eight-Thousand-Spears.
  13. ^ Tanigawa Ken'ichi [de] 『日本の神々 神社と聖地 7 山陰』（新装復刊） 2000年 白水社 ISBN 978-4-560-02507-9
  14. ^ a b Kazuhiko, Nishioka (26 April 2005). "Isukeyorihime". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  15. ^ a b 『神話の中のヒメたち　もうひとつの古事記』p94-97「初代皇后は「神の御子」」
  16. ^ a b 日本人名大辞典+Plus, デジタル版. "日子八井命とは". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  17. ^ a b ANDASSOVA, Maral (2019). "Emperor Jinmu in the Kojiki". Japan Review (32): 5–16. ISSN 0915-0986. JSTOR 26652947.
  18. ^ a b "Visit Kusakabeyoshimi Shrine on your trip to Takamori-machi or Japan". trips.klarna.com. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  19. ^ a b c Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780674017535.
  20. ^ a b c Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 29 & 418.
  21. ^ a b c Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780520034600.
  22. ^ 『図説　歴代天皇紀』p42-43「綏靖天皇」
  23. ^ a b c d e Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  24. ^ Grapard, Allan G. (2023-04-28). The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91036-2.
  25. ^ Tenri Journal of Religion. Tenri University Press. 1968.
  26. ^ Takano, Tomoaki; Uchimura, Hiroaki (2006). History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine. Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.: Aso Shrine.
  27. ^ Anston, p. 143 (Vol. 1)
  28. ^ a b c d Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  29. ^ Watase, Masatada [in Japanese] (1983). "Kakinomoto no Hitomaro". Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten 日本古典文学大辞典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. pp. 586–588. OCLC 11917421.
  30. ^ a b c Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 150–164. ISBN 9780524053478.
  31. ^ a b c "Kuwashi Hime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
  32. ^ a b c Anston, p. 149 (Vol. 1)
  33. ^ Louis-Frédéric, "Kibitsu-hiko no Mikoto" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 513.
  34. ^ Ujiya, Tsutomu (1988). Nihon shoki. Grove Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-8021-5058-5.
  35. ^ Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 149–150. ISBN 9780524053478.
  36. ^ a b c d Shimazu Norifumi (March 15, 2006). "Takeshiuchi no Sukune". eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  37. ^ a b Asakawa, Kan'ichi (1903). The Early Institutional Life of Japan. Tokyo Shueisha. p. 140. ISBN 9780722225394.
  38. ^ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253. ISBN 9780520034600.
  39. ^ Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
  40. ^ "Mimakihime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  41. ^ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253–254. ISBN 9780520034600.
  42. ^ a b Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
  43. ^ "Sahobime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  44. ^ a b Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34. Toyo Bunko. 1974. p. 63. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  45. ^ a b "Yasakairihime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  46. ^ a b Kenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487. ISBN 9780810878723.
  47. ^ a b Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34. Toyo Bunko. 1974. pp. 63–64. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  48. ^ "Saigū | 國學院大學デジタルミュージアム". web.archive.org. 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
  49. ^ Brown Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 253; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 95-96; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 10.
  50. ^ Kidder, Jonathan E. (2007). Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: Archaeology, History, and Mythology. University of Hawaii Press. p. 344. ISBN 9780824830359.
  51. ^ a b c Packard, Jerrold M. (2000). Sons of Heaven: A Portrait of the Japanese Monarchy. FireWord Publishing, Incorporated. p. 45. ISBN 9781930782013.
  52. ^ a b c Xinzhong, Yao (2003). Confucianism O - Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 467. ISBN 9780415306539.
  53. ^ Aston, William George. (1998). Nihongi, p. 254–271.
  54. ^ a b Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 224–253.
  55. ^ 文也 (2019-05-26). "仲姫命とはどんな人？". 歴史好きブログ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-01-19.
  56. ^ "日本人名大辞典+Plus - 朝日日本歴史人物事典,デジタル版 - 仲姫命(なかつひめのみこと)とは？ 意味や使い方". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-01-19.
  57. ^ "Nunasoko Nakatsuhime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  58. ^ Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 254–271.

Works cited

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