Manganite
| Manganite | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General | |
| Category | Oxide mineral |
| Formula (repeating unit) | MnO(OH) |
| Strunz classification | 04.FD.15 |
| Dana classification | 06.01.03.01 |
| Crystal system | Monoclinic, 2/m - prismatic, pseudo-orthorhombic |
| Identification | |
| Color | Dark steel-gray to black, reddish brown in transmitted light, gray-white with brownish tint, with blood-red internal reflections in reflected light |
| Crystal habit | Slender prismatic crystals, massive to fibrous |
| Twinning | Contact and penetration twins on {011} |
| Cleavage | {010} perfect, {110} and {001} good |
| Fracture | Uneven |
| Tenacity | Brittle |
| Mohs scale hardness | 4 |
| Luster | Sub-metallic |
| Streak | Reddish brown to nearly black |
| Diaphaneity | Opaque, transparent on thin edges |
| Specific gravity | 4.29 - 4.34 |
| Optical properties | Biaxial (+) |
| Refractive index | nα = 2.250(2) nβ = 2.250(2) nγ = 2.530(2) |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.280, Bireflectance: distinct in grays |
| Pleochroism | Faint |
| 2V angle | Small |
| Dispersion | Very strong |
| References | [1][2][3][4] |
Manganite is a mineral. Its composition is manganese oxide-hydroxide, MnO(OH), crystallizing in the monoclinic system (pseudo-orthorhombic).[1] Crystals of manganite are prismatic and deeply striated parallel to their length; they are often grouped together in bundles. The color is dark steel-grey to iron-black, and the luster brilliant and submetallic. The streak is dark reddish-brown. The hardness is 4, and the specific gravity is 4.3. There is a perfect cleavage parallel to the brachypinacoid, and less-perfect cleavage parallel to the prism faces. Twinned crystals are not infrequent.
The mineral contains 89.7% manganese sesquioxide; it dissolves in hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine.
Occurrence
Manganite occurs with other manganese oxides in deposits formed by circulating meteoric water in the weathering environment in clay deposits and laterites. It forms by low temperature hydrothermal action in veins in association with calcite, barite, and siderite. Often associated with pyrolusite, braunite, hausmannite and goethite.[1][4]
Manganite occurs in specimens exhibiting good crystal form at Ilfeld in the Harz Mountains of Germay, where the mineral occurs with calcite and barite in veins traversing porphyry. Crystals have also been found at Ilmenau in Thuringia, Neukirch near Sélestat in Alsace (newkirkite), Granam near Towie in Aberdeenshire, and in Upton Pyne near Exeter, UK and Negaunee, Michigan, United States. As an ore of manganese it is much less abundant than pyrolusite or psilomelane.
Although described with various other names as early as 1772, the name manganite was first applied in a publication by W. Haidinger in 1827.[5]
References
- ^ a b c http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/manganite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy
- ^ http://www.mindat.org/min-2519.html Mindat
- ^ http://webmineral.com/data/Manganite.shtml Webmineral data
- ^ a b Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius S. Hurbut, Jr., Manual of Mineralogy, Wiley, 20th ed., 1985, p. 317 ISBN 0-471-80580-7
- ^ Palache, Charles, Harry Berman and Clifford Frondel, The System of Mineralogy V. 1, p. 646, Wiley, 7th ed., 1944
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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