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Taliban

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For other uses, see Taliban (disambiguation).
This article is about the Afghan group. It is not to be confused with Pakistani Taliban, Jamaat Ansarullah, or Punjabi Taliban.

Taliban
طَالِبَانْ (ṭālibān)
Founders
Supreme leaders
Governing bodyLeadership Council
Dates of operation
Group(s)Primarily Pashtuns;[1][2] minority Tajiks and Uzbeks[3][4]
HeadquartersKandahar (1994–2001; 2021–present)
Active regionsAfghanistan
IdeologyMajority:
SizeCore strength
  • 45,000 (2001 est.)[18]
  • 11,000 (2008 est.)[19]
  • 36,000 (2010 est.)[20]
  • 60,000 (2014 est.)[21]
  • 60,000 (2017 est. excluding 90,000 local militia and 50,000 support elements)[22]
  • 75,000 (2021 est.)[23][24][25]
130,000 (2022 self-claim)[26]
AlliesSubgroups
State allies
Non-state allies
OpponentsState and intergovernmental opponents
Non-state opponents
Battles and wars
Designated as a terrorist group by Canada[66]
 Kyrgyzstan[67]
 New Zealand[68]
 Russia[69]
 Tajikistan[70]
 United Arab Emirates[71][72]
Websitealemarahenglish.af
Afghanistan
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Afghanistan
Constitution
Government
Judiciary
Law enforcement
Administrative divisions
Elections
Foreign relations
Part of a series on the
Deobandi movement
Ideology and influences
Founders and key figures
Notable institutions
Darul ulooms and madrasas
Centres (markaz) of Tablighi Jamaat
Associated organizations
Part of a series on
Jihadism
Practices and concepts
Islamic fundamentalism
Notable jihadist organisations
Jihadism in Africa
Jihadism in Asia
Jihadism in the West
Taliban fighters, during the 2021 offensive
Not to be confused with the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.
Alternate variant of the Taliban's flag with a white background and green text

The Taliban is a Sunni Islamist organization and militant group operating in Afghanistan. The group formed the government of Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001 and took military control of most of Afghanistan again in August 2021. Since the Fall of Kabul on 15 August 2021, the Taliban again has full control of Afghanistan.

History

Taliban religious police beating a woman because she removed her burqa in public, 2001
Taliban executing a woman in public who had been accused of killing her husband. 1998. The husband had been violent, and had been beating her and locking her up for three years.[77]
Armed civilians protesting against the Taliban, in July 2021
Taliban fighters wanting to leave the Taliban, in 2010

In 1994, the Taliban started a government in southern Afghanistan called the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The first leader of the Taliban was Mullah Mohammed Omar.

The Taliban governed Afghanistan between 1996 and 2001. During this time, its leaders put in place the strictest forms of Sharia law ever seen in the Muslim world.[78] Much criticism of the Taliban came from important Muslim scholars.[79] For example, if a thief were caught stealing something the Taliban would cut off one of his hands so that he does not use it to steal again, no matter what it was that he stole. Many criminals were put to death quickly and without a fair trial and were executed in public. Anyone who refused to follow the law was considered a non-Muslim enemy. Every male had to go to mosque for prayer (except Afghan non-Muslims) during praying times, which is five times per day.

The Taliban became known around the world for their very bad treatment of women and girls, denying them human rights.[80] They also treated the Shia Muslim (who they consider heretics) and non-Muslim minorities (who are Hindus and Sikhs) very badly. Every form of art, music and entertainment was strictly banned under their rule, and sculptures, paintings, photos, cameras, televisions, etc. were destroyed. The Taliban also did cultural genocide when they destroyed the Buddhas of Bamiyan in February and March 2001 because they considered the display of human and animal figures a sin.[81]

After the September 11 attacks in 2001, the United States invaded Afghanistan. The Taliban had been giving its ally al-Qaeda a safe base from which to operate. The United States government said that Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda members did the attacks in the U.S. The Taliban asked the U.S. for proof of this before it would arrest them. The invasion aimed to remove the Taliban government from power, destroy al-Qaeda, and capture bin Laden. After losing power in 2001, the Taliban had its headquarters in Pakistan.[82]

In February 2020, the United States and the Taliban signed the Doha Agreement that would remove all U.S. troops from Afghanistan by May 1, 2021.[83] President of the United States Joe Biden said that the U.S. exit from Afghanistan would start on May 1, 2021 and end by September 11, 2021, which would be exactly 20 years since the September 11 attacks.[84]

On 15 August 2021, the Taliban captured Kabul and the Afghan government collapsed, with the Taliban taking control of most of Afghanistan. On 30 August 2021, the Taliban took full control of the country and ending the War in Afghanistan after the evacuations from Afghanistan ended.[85]

Ideology

Economy

It is estimated that in 2020 the Taliban had an income of $1.6 billion, mostly from drugs, mining, extortion and taxes, donations (or gifts) and exports.[97][98]

The Taliban have financed themselves mostly from selling illegal drugs.[99] A big part of the opium sold worldwide comes from Afghanistan: The Taliban grow the poppies (which are used to make opium). Another part of their income is racketeering: they offer "protection" in exchange for money. They also take taxes (following Islamic law, as they claim) in the areas they control. Finally, there's financial support in the form of donations from abroad. Most of the donations come from countries around the Persian Gulf; many donations also come from Pakistan.

An article in 2021 in the Wall Street Journal said that there is [financing or] "funding from the opium trade and extortion schemes [... for] Taliban operations".[100]

Taliban views on society

Further information: Treatment of women by the Taliban

In the past, the Taliban had views on society that are stricter than those of many other Islamic countries:[101][102][103][104][105]

They had the following rules for girls and women:[106]

  • Starting at age 8, girls and women must not be in contact with men who are not their direct family or who they are not married with.
  • Women must not be seen in public without wearing a burqa or being accompanied by a male family member.
  • They must not wear shoes with high heels so that no man can hear when they walk and be sexually aroused by the sound.[source?]
  • They must not speak loudly in public so no stranger can hear their voice.[107]
  • All windows on the ground floor and the first floor of the house must be sealed (or walled in) so that no one can see a woman in her apartment when he passes by on the street
  • Taking photographs of women or making movies showing women is forbidden. This also applies to showing pictures of women in magazines, books, newspapers, or shops. This also applies to the home.
  • Placenames that contain the word "woman" must be changed (That way, a "women's garden" became a "spring garden")
  • Women are forbidden from using the balcony or garden of the place where they live.
  • Women must not have access to (or be featured in) radio, TV, or the media. They must not be allowed to attend public assemblies or meetings.
  • Women can get an education until they reach puberty; afterward, they should get married and care for their children.

Human trafficking

Several Taliban and al-Qaeda commanders ran a network of human trafficking. They abducted girls and women from ethnic minorities. They sold them into sex slavery in Afghanistan and Pakistan.[108] Time magazine writes: "The Taliban often argued that the restrictions they placed on women were a way of [worshipping] and protecting the opposite sex. The behavior of the Taliban during the six years they expanded their rule in Afghanistan made a mockery of that claim."[108]

The targets for human trafficking were mostly women from non-Pashtun ethnic groups in Afghanistan. Some women preferred to commit suicide rather than become slaves. During one Taliban and al-Qaeda offensive in 1999 in the Shomali Plains alone, more than 600 women were kidnapped.[108] Arab and Pakistani al-Qaeda militants, with local Taliban forces, forced them into trucks and buses.[108] Time magazine writes: "The trail of the missing Shomali women leads to Jalalabad, not far from the Pakistan border. There, according to eyewitnesses, the women were penned up inside Sar Shahi camp in the desert. The more desirable among them were selected and taken away. Some were trucked to Peshawar with the apparent complicity of Pakistani border guards. Others were taken to Khost, where bin Laden had several training camps." Officials from relief agencies say the trail of many of the vanished women leads to Pakistan, where they were sold to brothels or into private households to be kept as slaves.[108]

Not all Taliban commanders took part in human trafficking. Many were opposed to the practice. Nuruludah, a Taliban commander, is quoted as saying that in the Shomali Plains, he and ten of his men freed some women whom Pakistani members of al-Qaeda were abducting. In Jalalabad, local Taliban commanders freed women that Arab members of al-Qaeda were holding in a camp.[108]

Taliban violence against civilians

In their attacks, the Taliban also target civilians in Afghanistan. According to a report by the United Nations, the Taliban were responsible for over 76% of civilian casualties in 2009.[109] In 2010, the Taliban were again responsible for over three-quarters of the civilian casualties.[110] Civilians are targets of Taliban attacks twice as often as forces of the Afghan government or troops of ISAF.[110]

In 2011, the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIGRC) said that Taliban fighters targeting civilians were a "war crime".[111] Religious leaders condemned the attacks on civilians, saying they were against Islamic ethics.[111]

Also in 2011, human rights organisations pressed the International Criminal Court in Den Haag to start investigations into whether the Taliban committed war crimes.[110]

Human rights abuses

When they took control of the country, the Taliban promised an amesty to the fighters and officials of the former government. At the end of 2021, a few months after the Taliban took control, Human Rights Watch and other organisations have documented summary executions of these people.[112] The United States, the European Union, and several other countries have therefore told the Taliban that they should keep the promise they gave.[112][113]

Relationship with other countries

Relationship with militant groups (outside Afghanistan)

Tehrik-i-Taliban

Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan operates in northwestern Pakistan and is sometimes called the Pakistani Taliban, but they are a separate group.

Before the beginning of Tehrik-i-Taliban, some of its (later) leaders and fighters were part of the 8,000 Pakistani militants fighting in the War in Afghanistan (1996–2001) and the War in Afghanistan (2001–present) against the United Islamic Front and NATO forces.[120] Most of them come from the Pakistani side of the Afghanistan-Pakistan border. After the fall of the Afghan Taliban in late 2001, most Pakistani militants, including members of today's TTP, escaped (home) to Pakistan.

Peace talks

At the peace talks in Doha, there is little or no progress (as of 2021's third quarter).[121]

Leader (or Supreme Commander)

Bibliography

  • Griffiths, John C. (2001), Afghanistan: a history of conflict, London: Carlton Books ISBN 1-84222-597-9
  • Rashid, Ahmed (2000), Taliban: militant Islam, oil and fundamentalism in central Asia, New Haven: Yale University Press ISBN 0-300-08340-8

References

  1. ↑ Giustozzi, Antonio (2009). Decoding the new Taliban: insights from the Afghan field. Columbia University Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-231-70112-9.
  2. ↑ Clements, Frank A. (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan: An Encyclopedia (Roots of Modern Conflict). ABC-CLIO. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-85109-402-8.
  3. ↑ Bezhan, Frud (15 June 2016). "Ethnic Minorities Are Fueling the Taliban's Expansion in Afghanistan". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  4. ↑ "The Non-Pashtun Taleban of the North: A case study from Badakhshan – Afghanistan Analysts Network". Afghanistan-Analysts.org. 3 January 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Deobandi Islam: The Religion of the Taliban U.S. Navy Chaplain Corps, 15 October 2001
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Maley, William (2001). Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban. C Hurst & Co. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-85065-360-8.
  7. ↑ "Taliban – Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014.
  8. ↑ Cite error: The named reference Whine 54–72 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  9. ↑ Maley, William (1998). Fundamentalism Reborn?: Afghanistan and the Taliban. Hurst. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-85065-360-8.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Cite error: The named reference Stanford was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  11. ↑ Ogata, Sadako N. (2005). The Turbulent Decade: Confronting the Refugee Crises of the 1990s. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-393-05773-7.
  12. ↑ Gopal, Anand (2016). "The Combined and Uneven Development of Afghan Nationalism". Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism. 16 (3): 478–492. doi:10.1111/sena.12206. ISSN 1473-8481.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Rashid, Taliban (2000)
  14. ↑ "Why are Customary Pashtun Laws and Ethics Causes for Concern? | Center for Strategic and International Studies". Csis.org. 19 October 2010. Archived from the original on 9 November 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  15. ↑ "Understanding taliban through the prism of Pashtunwali code". CF2R. 30 November 2013. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  16. ↑ D. Metcalf, Barbara. ""Traditionalist" Islamic Activism: Deoband, Tablighis, and Talibs". Social Science Research Council. Retrieved 1 November 2001.
  17. ↑ Michal Onderčo (2008). "How fundamentalists rule a country Traditionalism and modernity in the Taliban's rule" (PDF). Slovenská politologická revue. 3: 154–158.
  18. ↑ "Taliban and the Northern Alliance". US Gov Info. About.com. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  19. ↑ 9/11 seven years later: US 'safe,' South Asia in turmoil Archived 10 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  20. ↑ Hamilton, Fiona; Coates, Sam; Savage, Michael (3 March 2010). "MajorGeneral Richard Barrons puts Taleban fighter numbers at 36000". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  21. ↑ "Despite Massive Taliban Death Toll No Drop in Insurgency". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 3 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  22. ↑ "Afghanistan's Security Forces Versus the Taliban: A Net Assessment". Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. 14 January 2021. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  23. ↑ "Remarks by President Biden on the Drawdown of U.S. Forces in Afghanistan". The White House. 8 July 2021. Archived from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  24. ↑ "Taliban Sweep in Afghanistan Follows Years of U.S. Miscalculations". The New York Times. 14 August 2021. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  25. ↑ "Taliban's Afghanistan takeover raises big questions for U.S. security chiefs". NBC News. 16 August 2021. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  26. ↑ "Islamic Emirate: Over 130,000 Soldiers Recruited". Tolo News. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  27. ↑ Roggio, Bill, "Influential Taliban commander pledges to new emir", The Long War Journal, 22 August 2016.
  28. ↑ Multiple Sources:
  29. ↑ Multiple Sources:
  30. ↑ Multiple Sources:
  31. ↑ Giraldo, Jeanne K. (2007). Terrorism Financing and State Responses: A Comparative Perspective. Stanford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-8047-5566-5. Pakistan provided military support, including arms, ammunition, fuel, and military advisers, to the Taliban through its Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)
  32. ↑ "Pakistan's support of the Taliban". Human Rights Watch. 2000. Of all the foreign powers involved in efforts to sustain and manipulate the ongoing fighting [in Afghanistan], Pakistan is distinguished both by the sweep of its objectives and the scale of its efforts, which include soliciting funding for the Taliban, bankrolling Taliban operations, providing diplomatic support as the Taliban's virtual emissaries abroad, arranging training for Taliban fighters, recruiting skilled and unskilled manpower to serve in Taliban armies, planning and directing offensives, providing and facilitating shipments of ammunition and fuel, and ... directly providing combat support.
  33. ↑ Multiple Sources:
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Why did Saudi Arabia and Qatar, allies of the US, continue to fund the Taliban after the 2001 war?". scroll.in. 22 December 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  35. ↑ Multiple Sources:
  36. ↑ Ramani, Samuel. "What's Behind Saudi Arabia's Turn Away From the Taliban?". The Diplomat.
  37. ↑ "Turkmenistan Takes a Chance on the Taliban". Stratfor. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019.
  38. ↑ Guelke, Adrian (2006). Terrorism and Global Disorder. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-85043-803-8. Retrieved 15 August 2012 – via Google Libros.
  39. ↑ Are Chechens in Afghanistan? – By Nabi Abdullaev, 14 December 2001 Moscow Times Archived 7 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ↑ Ali M Latifi (28 October 2022). "Afghanistan: Taliban uses Hamas meeting to send a message to the Muslim world". Middle East Eye.
  41. ↑ "Pakistan, Afghanistan show support to Palestine, calls for "cessation of hostilities"". The Economic Times. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  42. ↑ "Why Central Asian states want peace with the Taliban". DW News. 27 March 2018. 'Taliban have assured Russia and Central Asian countries that it would not allow any group, including the IMU, to use Afghan soil against any foreign state,' Muzhdah said.
  43. ↑ Roggio, Bill; Weiss, Caleb (14 June 2016). "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan faction emerges after group's collapse". Long War Journal. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  44. ↑ "Afghan militant fighters 'may join Islamic State'". BBC News. 2 September 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  45. ↑ "Afghanistan: Ghani, Hekmatyar sign peace deal". Al Jazeera. 29 September 2016.
  46. ↑ "ISIS Violence Dents Taliban Claims Of Safer Afghanistan". NDTV.com. 9 November 2021.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "Watch: in Pakistan Jaish-e-Muhammed & Lashkar-e-taiba rallies to celebrate Taliban takeover in Afghanistan". YouTube. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  48. ↑ Stephen, Tankel (2010). "Lashkar-e-Taiba in Perspective". Foreign Policy.
  49. ↑ Katz, Rita (13 September 2021). "The Taliban's Victory Is Al Qaeda's Victory".
  50. ↑ "Taliban denies knowledge of al-Zawahiri's presence in Kabul, with some members blaming its Haqqani faction". CBS news. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  51. ↑ "طالبان تاجیکستان اعلام موجودیت کرد! – خبرآنلاین". www.khabaronline.ir (in Persian). Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  52. ↑ "Tajikistan Faces Threat from Tajik Taliban". www.cacianalyst.org. Retrieved 6 May 2023. Incidentally, the Taliban regime has denied the existence of the TTT…
  53. ↑ "The Curious Case of Masood Azhar's Disappearance". The diplomat. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  54. ↑ "Taliban's Retort To Pakistan: Jaish Chief Masood Azhar With You, Not Us". NDTV.com. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  55. ↑ Roggio, Bill (12 July 2021). "Taliban advances as U.S. completes withdrawal". FDD's Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  56. ↑ Tom Wheeldon (18 August 2021). "Pakistan cheers Taliban out of 'fear of India' – despite spillover threat". France 24. The Afghan militants' closeness to Pakistani jihadist group Tehrik-e-Taliban (TTP or, simply, the Pakistani Taliban) is a particular source of concern. The TTP have carried out scores of deadly attacks since their inception in the 2000s, including the infamous 2014 Peshawar school massacre. The Taliban and the TTP are "two faces of the same coin", Pakistani Army Chief General Qamar Javed Bajwa and ISI boss Lieutenant General Faiz Hameed acknowledged at an off-the-record briefing in July. Indeed, the Taliban reportedly freed a senior TTP commander earlier this month during their sweep through Afghanistan. "Pakistan definitely worries about the galvanising effects the Taliban's victory will have on other Islamist militants, and especially the TTP, which was already resurging before the Taliban marched into Kabul," Michael Kugelman, a South Asia expert at the Wilson Center in Washington, DC, told France 24. "It's a fear across the establishment."
  57. ↑ "Afghan Taliban reject TTP claim of being a 'branch of IEA'". 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021."Afghan Taliban deny TTP part of movement, call on group to seek peace with Pakistan". 11 December 2021.
  58. ↑ "Taliban attack NATO base in Afghanistan – Central & South Asia". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  59. ↑ "Rare look at Afghan National Army's Taliban fight". BBC News. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  60. ↑ "ISIS reportedly moves into Afghanistan, is even fighting Taliban". 12 January 2015. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  61. ↑ "ISIS, Taliban announced Jihad against each other". The Khaama Press News Agency. 20 April 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  62. ↑ "Taliban leader: allegiance to ISIS 'haram'". Rudaw. 13 April 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  63. ↑ "Taliban say gap narrowing in talks with US over Afghanistan troop withdrawal". Military Times. 5 May 2019.
  64. ↑ Qazi, Shereena (9 November 2015). "Deadly Taliban infighting erupts in Afghanistan". www.aljazeera.com.
  65. ↑ Jonson, Lena (2006). Tajikistan in the New Central Asia. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-84511-293-6. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  66. ↑ "Currently listed entities". Public Safety Canada (published 21 June 2019). 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  67. ↑ "List of terrorist and extremist organizations banned in Kyrgyzstan". 24.kg. 5 April 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  68. ↑ "Lists associated with Resolutions 1267/1989/2253 and 1988". police.govt.nz. 1 August 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  69. ↑ Единый федеральный список организаций, признанных террористическими Верховным Судом Российской Федерации [Single federal list of organizations recognized as terrorist by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation]. Russian Federation National Anti-Terrorism Committee. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
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  73. ↑ Haroon Rashid (2 October 2003). The 'university of holy war', BBC Online.
  74. ↑ Mark Magnier (30 May 2009). Pakistan religious schools get scrutiny, Los Angeles Times.
  75. ↑ Tom Hussain (4 August 2015). "Mullah Omar worked as potato vendor to escape detection in Pakistan". McClatchy news. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  76. ↑ Gunaratna, Rohan; Iqbal, Khuram (2012), Pakistan: Terrorism Ground Zero, Reaktion Books, p. 41, ISBN 978-1-78023-009-2
  77. ↑ "ZARMINA'S STORY". www.rawa.org. Archived from the original on 5 July 2002. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  78. ↑ Rashid 2000, p. 29
  79. ↑ dead link: http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-about-islam/islam-and-the-world/politics-and-economics/166241-taliban-and-al-qaeda-true-sects-of-islam.html
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  82. ↑ https://www.news18.com/news/india/exclusive-pak-wants-to-control-afghan-army-isi-chief-in-kabul-to-push-for-haqqani-group-4164941.html. Retrieved 4 September 2021
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  84. ↑ Liptak, Kevin. "Biden announces troops will leave Afghanistan by September 11: 'It's time to end America's longest war'". CNN.
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  86. ↑ Bowman; Bradley; Master (15 August 2021). "In Afghanistan, the Tragic Toll of Washington Delusion". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 17 August 2021. The Taliban militants display the jihadist group's flag after taking control of Jalalabad, Afghanistan, Aug. 15.
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  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Deobandi Islam: The Religion of the Taliban U. S. Navy Chaplain Corps, 15 October 2001
  89. ↑ Maley, William (2001). Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban. C Hurst & Co. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-85065-360-8.
  90. ↑ Ogata, Sadako N. (2005). The Turbulent Decade: Confronting the Refugee Crises of the 1990s. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-393-05773-7.
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  100. ↑ The IMF Acts Against the Taliban (Aug. 18, 2021). WSJ.com. Retrieved 22 August 2021
  101. ↑ "The Taliban has retaken control of Afghanistan. Here's what that looked like last time". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  102. ↑ "Machtwechsel in Afghanistan - Das Frauenbild der Taliban". Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF) (in German). 17 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  103. ↑ Mohammad, Azadah Raz; Sapiano, Jenna (16 August 2021). "As the Taliban returns, 20 years of progress for women looks set to disappear overnight". The Conversation. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  104. ↑ Narain, Vrinda (15 August 2021). "The world must not look away as the Taliban sexually enslaves women and girls". The Conversation. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  105. ↑ Hoodfar, Homa; Tajali, Mona (27 July 2021). "Taliban 'has not changed,' say women facing subjugation in areas of Afghanistan under its extremist rule". The Conversation. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  106. ↑ Michael Griffin (2001). Reaping the Whirlwind: The Taliban movement in Afghanistan. London: Pluto Press, pp6-11/159-165.
  107. ↑ "some of the restrictions imposed by Taliban in Afghanistan". www.rawa.org. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 108.2 108.3 108.4 108.5 "Lifting The Veil On Taliban Sex Slavery". Time. 10 February 2002. Archived from the original on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  109. ↑ Bill Roggio (10 August 2010). "UN: Taliban Responsible for 76 % of Deaths in Afghanistan". The Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 110.2 Rod Nordland (9 February 2011). "Afghan Rights Groups Shift Focus to Taliban". The New York Times Online. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 "AIHRC Calls Civilian Deaths War Crime". Tolonews. 13 January 2011. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 "US, EU and 20 nations condemn Taliban over 'summary killings'". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  113. ↑ "Joint Statement on Reports of Summary Killings and Enforced Disappearances in Afghanistan". United States Department of State. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
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  115. ↑ https://www.nrk.no/urix/ashraf-ghani-flyktet-_-hvor-mye-penger-fikk-han-med-seg_-1.15614004. NRK.no
  116. ↑ (in Norwegian) https://direkte.vg.no/nyhetsdognet/news/feltsykehuset-i-kabul-forbereder-uttrekking-i-traad-med-tidsfrist.HxBLNC-Hg?utm_source=vgfront&utm_content=direktewidget&utm_medium=direktewidget_nyhetsdognet. Retrieved 24 August 2021
  117. ↑ Kristian Berg Harpviken. ['Diplomacy that fails, when it is needed the most'] Diplomati som svikter når det trengs som mest. Vårt Land. Retrieved 21 August 2021. "Det norske Afghanistanutvalget (der undertegnede var medlem) dokumenterte at dialogen gikk tilbake til 2007."
  118. ↑ https://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/i/JxvJrm/norges-ukjente-rolle-i-taliban-forhandlingene. Retrieved 19 October 2021
  119. ↑ https://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/i/8QPa6E/norske-diplomater-i-dialog-med-taliban-de-neste-ukene-blir-veldig-avgjoerende. VG.no. Retrieved 20 August 2021. "Norske diplomater har over mange år hatt kontakt med Taliban som en del av fredsprosessen i landet med en politisk løsning som målet, med utgangspunkt i Qatar’s hovedstad Doha. Der har UD fortsatt diplomater til stede."
  120. ↑ "Afghanistan resistance leader feared dead in blast". London: Ahmed Rashid in the Telegraph. 11 September 2001. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022.
  121. ↑ (in Norwegian) https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/z70101/afghanistans-ambassadoer-i-norge-ghanis-flukt-gjorde-situasjonen-mer-komplisert. Retrieved 22 August 2021
  122. ↑ Staff writer (26 May 2016). "Profile: New Taliban chief Mawlawi Hibatullah Akhundzada". BBC News. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.

Further reading

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