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State of Qatar
دولة قطر (Arabic)
Dawlat Qatar
Emblem of Qatar
Emblem
Anthem: السلام الأميري
As-Salam al-Amiri  (transliteration)
Amiri Salute
Location and extent of Qatar (dark green) on the Arabian Peninsula.
Location and extent of Qatar (dark green) on the Arabian Peninsula.
Location of Qatar
Capital
and largest city
Doha
25°18′N 51°31′E / 25.300°N 51.517°E / 25.300; 51.517
Official languagesArabic (11.6% Qatari)
English (88.4% non-Qatari)
Ethnic groups
(2015[1])
11.6% Qatari
88.4% non-Qatari
Religion
Islam
Demonym(s)Qatari
GovernmentUnitary constitutional authoritarian monarchy
• Emir
Tamim bin Hamad
Khalid bin Khalifa
LegislatureConsultative Assembly
Establishment
December 18, 1878
• Declared independence

September 1, 1971
• Independence from the United Kingdom

September 3, 1971
Area
• Total
11,581 km2 (4,471 sq mi) (158th)
• Water (%)
0.8
Population
• 2017 estimate
2,641,669[2] (140th)
• 2010 census
1,699,435[3] (148th)
• Density
176/km2 (455.8/sq mi) (76th)
GDP (PPP)2018 estimate
• Total
$357.338 billion[4] (51st)
• Per capita
$128,702[4] (1st)
GDP (nominal)2018 estimate
• Total
$183.807 billion[4] (56th)
• Per capita
$66,202[4] (6th)
Gini (2007)41.1[5]
medium
HDI (2018)Increase 0.856[6]
very high · 37th
CurrencyRiyal (QAR)
Time zoneUTC+3 (AST)
Driving sideright[7]
Calling code+974
ISO 3166 codeQA
Internet TLD

Qatar (/ˈkæˌtɑːr/,[8] /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ (audio speaker iconlisten), /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ (audio speaker iconlisten);[9] Arabic: قطر Qaṭar [ˈqɑtˤɑr]; local dialect: [ɡɪtˤɑr]),[10][11] officially the State of Qatar (Arabic: دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar), is a sovereign country in Western Asia. It is on the small Qatari-Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Its only land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of it's territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. A strait in the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island country of Bahrain, as well as sharing maritime borders with the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Iran.

Following Ottoman rule, Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971. Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since the early 19th century. Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani was the founder of the State of Qatar. Qatar is a hereditary monarchy and its head of state is Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani. Whether it should be called a constitutional[12][13] or an absolute monarchy[14][15][16] is a matter of opinion. In 2003, the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum, with 100% in favour.[17][18] As of early 2017, Qatar's total population was around 2.6 million: 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates.[19]

Qatar is a high income economy and is a developed country, with the world's third largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves.[20] The country has the highest per capita income in the world. Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is the most advanced Arab state for human development.[21] Qatar is a significant power in the Arab world, supporting several rebel groups during the Arab Spring both financially and through its globally expanding media group, Al Jazeera Media Network.[22][23][24] For its small size, Qatar has a lot of influence in the world, and has been identified as a middle power.[25][26] Qatar will host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, becoming the first Arab country to do so.[27]

Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani with Former US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel.

Qatar is either a constitutional[12][13] or an absolute monarchy[14][16] ruled by the Al Thani family.[28][29] The Al Thani dynasty has been ruling Qatar since the family house was established in 1825.[1] In 2003, Qatar adopted a constitution that provided for the direct election of 30 of the 45 members of the Legislative Council.[1][30][31] The constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum, with almost 98% in favour.[17][18]

The eighth Emir of Qatar is Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, whose father Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani handed power to him on June 25, 2013.[32] The supreme chancellor has the exclusive power to appoint and remove the prime minister and cabinet ministers who, together, constitute the Council of Ministers, which is the supreme executive authority in the country.[33] The Council of Ministers also initiates legislation. Laws and decrees proposed by the Council of Ministers are referred to the Advisory Council (Majilis Al-Shura) for discussion after which they are submitted to the Emir for ratification.[33] A Consultative Assembly has limited power to draft and approve laws, but the Emir has final say on all matters.[1] The current Council is made up entirely of members appointed by the Emir,[1] as no legislative elections have been held since 1970 when there were partial elections to the body.[1] Legislative elections are expected to be held in 2016.[source?]

Qatari law does not permit the establishment of political bodies or trade unions.[34]

Sharia law

[change | change source]

Sharia law is the main source of Qatari legislation according to Qatar's Constitution.[35][36] In practice, Qatar's legal system is a mixture of civil law and Sharia law.[37][38] Sharia law is applied to laws pertaining to family law, inheritance, and several criminal acts (including adultery, robbery and murder). In some cases in Sharia-based family courts, a female's testimony is worth half a man's.[39] Codified family law was introduced in 2006. Islamic polygamy is allowed in the country.

Flogging is used in Qatar as a punishment for alcohol consumption or illicit sexual relations.[40] Article 88 of Qatar's criminal code declares the punishment for adultery is 100 lashes.[41] In 2006, a Filipino woman was sentenced to 100 lashes for adultery.[41] In 2010, at least 18 people (mostly foreign nationals) were sentenced to flogging of between 40 and 100 lashes for offences related to "illicit sexual relations" or alcohol consumption.[42] In 2011, at least 21 people (mostly foreign nationals) were sentenced to floggings of between 30 and 100 lashes for offences related to "illicit sexual relations" or alcohol consumption.[43] In 2012, six expatriates were sentenced to floggings of either 40 or 100 lashes.[40] Only Muslims considered medically fit were liable to have such sentences carried out. It is unknown if the sentences were implemented.[44] More recently in April 2013, a Muslim expatriate was sentenced to 40 lashes for alcohol consumption.[45][46][47] In June 2014, a Muslim expatriate was sentenced to 40 lashes for consuming alcohol and driving under the influence.[48] The penalties for traffic violations[49] in Qatar can range from fines to imprisonment, depending on the severity of the offense common in Qatar due to the Hanbali interpretation of Sharia.

Stoning is a legal punishment in Qatar.[50] Apostasy is a crime punishable by the death penalty in Qatar.[51] Blasphemy is punishable by up to seven years in prison and proselytizing can be punished by up to 10 years in prison.[51] Homosexuality is a crime punishable by the death penalty.[52]

Alcohol consumption is partially legal in Qatar; some five-star luxury hotels are allowed to sell alcohol to their non-Muslim customers.[53][54] Muslims are not allowed to consume alcohol in Qatar and Muslims caught consuming alcohol are liable to flogging or deportation. Non-Muslim expatriates can obtain a permit to purchase alcohol for personal consumption. The Qatar Distribution Company (a subsidiary of Qatar Airways) is permitted to import alcohol and pork; it operates the one and only liquor store in the country, which also sells pork to holders of liquor licences.[55][56] Qatari officials have also indicated a willingness to allow alcohol in "fan zones" at the 2022 FIFA World Cup.[57]

Until recently, restaurants on the Pearl-Qatar (a man-made island near Doha) were allowed to serve alcoholic drinks.[53][54] In December 2011, however, restaurants on the Pearl were told to stop selling alcohol.[53][58] No explanation was given for the ban.[53][54] Speculation about the reason includes the government's desire to project a more pious image in advance of the country's first election of a royal advisory body and rumours of a financial dispute between the government and the resort's developers.[58]

In 2014, Qatar launched a modesty campaign to remind tourists of the modest dress code.[59] Female tourists are advised not to wear leggings, miniskirts, sleeveless dresses and short or tight clothing in public. Men are advised against wearing only shorts and singlets.[60]

Human rights

[change | change source]
See the main article: Human rights in Qatar

According to the U.S. State Department, expatriate workers from nations throughout Asia and parts of Africa voluntarily migrate to Qatar as low-skilled laborers or domestic servants, but some subsequently face conditions indicative of involuntary servitude. Some of the more common labor rights violations include beatings, withholding of payment, charging workers for benefits for which the employer is responsible, restrictions on freedom of movement (such as the confiscation of passports, travel documents, or exit permits), arbitrary detention, threats of legal action, and sexual assault.[61] Many migrant workers arriving for work in Qatar have paid exorbitant fees to recruiters in their home countries.[61]

As of 2014, certain provisions of the Qatari Criminal Code allows punishments such as flogging and stoning to be imposed as criminal sanctions. The UN Committee Against Torture found that these practices constituted a breach of the obligations imposed by the UN Convention Against Torture.[62][63] Qatar retains the death penalty, mainly for threats against national security. Use of the death penalty is rare and no state executions have taken place in Qatar since 2003.[64]

Under the provisions of Qatar's sponsorship law, sponsors have the unilateral power to cancel workers' residency permits, deny workers' ability to change employers, report a worker as "absconded" to police authorities, and deny permission to leave the country.[61] As a result, sponsors may restrict workers' movements and workers may be afraid to report abuses or claim their rights.[61] According to the ITUC, the visa sponsorship system allows the exaction of forced labor by making it difficult for a migrant worker to leave an abusive employer or travel overseas without permission.[65] Qatar also does not maintain wage standards for its immigrant labourers. Qatar commissioned the international law firm DLA Piper to produce a report investigating the immigrant labor system. In May 2014 DLA Piper released over 60 recommendations for reforming the kafala system including the abolition of exit visas and the introduction of a minimum wage which Qatar has pledged to implement.[66]

In May 2012, Qatari officials declared their intention to allow the establishment of an independent trade union.[67] Qatar also announced it will scrap its sponsor system for foreign labour, which requires that all foreign workers be sponsored by local employers.[67] Additional changes to labour laws include a provision guaranteeing that all workers' salaries are paid directly into their bank accounts and new restrictions on working outdoors in the hottest hours during the summer.[68] New draft legislation announced in early 2015 mandates that companies that fail to pay workers' wages on time could temporarily lose their ability to hire more employees.[69]

In October 2015 Qatar's Emir signed into law new reforms to the country's sponsorship system, with the new law taking effect within one year.[70] Critics claim that the changes could fail to address some labour rights issues.[71][72][73]

The country enfranchised women at the same time as men in connection with the 1999 elections for a Central Municipal Council.[30][74] These elections—the first ever in Qatar—were deliberately held on March 8, 1999, International Women's Day.[30]

Foreign relations

[change | change source]
See the main article: Foreign relations of Qatar
Former Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani and US Secretary of State John Kerry in 2013.

As a small country with larger neighbors, Qatar seeks to project influence and protect its state and ruling dynasty.[75] The history of Qatar's alliances provides insight into the basis of their policy. Between 1760 and 1971, Qatar sought formal protection from the high transitory powers of the Ottomans, British, the Al-Khalifa's from Bahrain, the Arabians, and the Wahhabis from Saudi Arabia.[76][page needed] Qatar's rising international profile and active role in international affairs has led some analysts to identify it as a middle power. Qatar was an early member of OPEC and a founding member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). It is a member of the Arab League. The country has not accepted compulsory International Court of Justice jurisdiction.[1]

Qatar also has bilateral relationships with a variety of foreign powers. Qatar hosts the Al Udeid Air Base, a joint U.S.-British base, which acts as the hub for all American and British air operations in the Persian Gulf.[77] It has allowed American and British forces to use an air base to send supplies to Iraq and Afghanistan.[78] Despite hosting this strategic military installation, Qatar is not always a strong Western ally. Qatar has allowed the Taliban to set up a political office inside the country and has close ties to Iran, including a shared natural gas field.[79] According to leaked documents published in The New York Times, Qatar's record of counter-terrorism efforts was the "worst in the region".[80] The cable suggested that Qatar's security service was "hesitant to act against known terrorists out of concern for appearing to be aligned with the U.S. and provoking reprisals".[80]

Qatar has mixed relations with its neighbors in the Persian Gulf region. Qatar signed a defence co-operation agreement with Iran,[81] with whom it shares the largest single non-associated gas field in the world. It was the second nation, the first being France, to have publicly announced its recognition of the Libyan opposition's National Transitional Council as the legitimate government of Libya amidst the 2011 Libyan civil war.[82]

In 2014, Qatar's relations with Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates (UAE) came to a boiling point over Qatar's support for the Muslim Brotherhood and extremist groups in Syria.[83] This culminated in the three aforementioned countries withdrawing their ambassadors from Qatar in March 2014.[84] When the ambassadors withdrew, the GCC was reportedly on the verge of a crisis linked to the emergence of distinct political blocs with conflicting interests. Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Bahrain were engaged in a political struggle with Qatar, while Oman and Kuwait represent a non-aligned bloc within the GCC.[84] Relations between the countries improved after the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) announced Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE returned their diplomats to Qatar.[85] Islam Hassan, a researcher in Persian Gulf Studies at Qatar University, claims that, with the resolution of the GCC crisis, Qatar reached a new level of political maturity. He goes on to assert that Qatar managed to bring an end to the crisis without changing any of its foreign policy principles or abandoning its allies.[84]

Qatar's flag in Libya after the Libyan Civil War; Qatar played an influential role during the Arab Spring.

In recent years, Qatar has been using Islamist militants in a number of countries including Egypt, Syria, Libya, Somalia and Mali to further its foreign policy. Courting Islamists from the Muslim Brotherhood to Salafist groups has served as a power amplifier for the country, as it believes since the beginning of the Arab Spring that these groups represented the wave of the future.[75][80][86] David Cohen, the Under Secretary for terrorism and financial intelligence at the U.S. Treasury, said that Qatar, like Kuwait and UAE is a "permissive jurisdiction for terrorist financing."[87] There is evidence that these groups supported by Qatar include the hard-line Islamic militant groups active in northern Syria.[80] As of 2015, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Turkey are openly backing the Army of Conquest,[88][89] an umbrella group of anti-government forces fighting in the Syrian Civil War that reportedly includes an Pro-Al-Qaeda Al-Nusra Front and another Salafi group of Ahrar ash-Sham.[87][90]

Qatar supported the democratically elected President Mohamed Morsi with diplomatic support and the state-owned Al Jazeera network before he was deposed in a military coup.[91][92] Qatar offered Egypt a $7.5 billion loan during the year he was in power.[93]

Qatar's alignment with Hamas, first reported in early 2012,[94] has drawn criticism from Israel, the United States, Egypt and Saudi Arabia, "who accuse Qatar of undermining regional stability by supporting Hamas."[95] However, the Foreign Minister of Qatar has denied supporting Hamas, stating "We do not support Hamas but we support the Palestinians."[96] Following a peace agreement, Qatar pledged $1 billion in humanitarian aid to Gaza.[97]

Qatar has hosted academic, religious, political, and economic conferences. The 11th annual Doha Forum recently brought in key thinkers, professionals of various backgrounds, and political figures from all over the world to discuss democracy, media and information technology, free trade, and water security issues. In addition, the forum has featured the Middle East Economic Future conference since 2006.[98] In more recent times, Qatar has hosted peace talks between rival factions across the globe. Notable among these include the Darfur Agreement. The Doha Declaration is the basis of the peace process in Darfur and it has achieved significant gains on the ground for the African region. Notable achievements included the restoration of security and stability, progress made in construction and reconstruction processes, return of displaced residents and uniting of Darfur people to face challenges and push forward the peace process.[99] Qatar donated £88.5million in funds to finance recovery and reconstruction in Darfur.[100]

Military

[change | change source]
See the main article: Qatar Armed Forces
Qatar's Dassault Mirage 2000 flying over Libya.

The Qatar Armed Forces are the military forces of Qatar. The country maintains a modest military force of approximately 11,800 men, including an army (8,500), navy (1,800) and air force (1,500). Qatar's defence expenditures accounted for approximately 4.2% of gross national product in 1993. In 2008 Qatar spent US$2.355 billion on military expenditures, 2.3% of the gross domestic product.[101] Qatari special forces have been trained by France and other Western countries, and are believed to possess considerable skill.[102] They also helped the Libyan rebels during the 2011 Battle of Tripoli.[102]

Qatar has signed defense pacts with the United States of America (USA) and the Great Britain (GB), as well as with France earlier in 1994. Qatar plays an active role in the collective defense efforts of the Gulf Cooperation Council; the other five members are Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, the UAE, and Oman. The presence of a large Qatari Air Base, operated by the United States and several other UN nations, provides a guaranteed source of defense and national security.

The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI, found that in 2010–14 Qatar was the 46th largest arms importer in the world. However, SIPRI writes, Qatar's plans to transform and significantly enlarge its armed forces have accelerated. Orders in 2013 for 62 tanks and 24 self-propelled guns from Germany were followed in 2014 by several other contracts, including 24 combat helicopters and 3 AEW aircraft from the US, and 2 tanker aircraft from Spain.[103]

Qatar's military participated in Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis. In 2015, Al Jazeera America reported: "Numerous reports suggest that the Saudi-led coalition against opposition groups in Yemen has indiscriminately attacked civilians and used cluster bombs in civilian-populated areas, in violation of international law."[104]

Administrative divisions

[change | change source]
Municipalities of Qatar since 2004
See the main article: Municipalities of Qatar

Since 2004, Qatar has been divided into seven municipalities (Arabic: baladiyah).[105]

  1. Madinat ash Shamal
  2. Al Khor
  3. Umm Salal
  4. Al Daayen
  5. Al Rayyan
  6. Doha
  7. Al Wakrah

For statistical purposes, the municipalities are further subdivided into 98 zones (as of 2010),[106] which are in turn subdivided into blocks.[107]

Geography

[change | change source]

Qatar is a peninsula (a strip of land sticking out into the sea). It is joined to Saudi Arabia to the south, and all the other sides of it are surrounded by the waters of the Arabian Gulf.

Qatar is quite a small country and has an area of only 10,360 km². The peninsula is 160 km long. Much of the country is a low, barren plain, covered with sand. The Jebel-Dukhan area has Qatar’s main onshore oil deposits. The natural gas fields lie offshore, to the northwest of the peninsula.

The Capital of Qatar is Doha, where over 90% of the people. The other large city is Al-Wakrah.

Government and politics

[change | change source]

Qatar has an unelected, monarchic, Emirate-type government. The position of emir is hereditary.[1]

The Emir is the only one who can appoint and remove the prime minister and cabinet ministers. Together the ministers make up the Council of Ministers. They are the highest executive authority in the country.[108]

People and culture

[change | change source]

People of Qatar are called Qataris. They are Arabs. The official language of Qatar is Arabic, but many people also speak English, especially when they are doing business.

About 2.6 million people live in Qatar; however, about 88% of these are guest workers (people from another country who are living and working there for a short time), mostly coming from South Asia, South East Asia, and other Arab countries. 650,000 are Indians, 350,000 Nepalis, 260,000 Filipinos among a lot of other nationalities.[109]

Almost all of Qatar's economy comes from producing petroleum and natural gas.

The Currency of Qatar is called Qatari Riyal or Riyal.

Almost all-Qataris follow Islam. However, many of the guest workers follow other religions such as 'Hinduism', Christianity, Buddhism and Jainism, while a teeny-tiny amount of Qataris practice Judaism.

Sport

[change | change source]

Football is the most popular sport in Qatar, closely followed by cricket. The Qatar under-20 national football team finished second in the 1981 FIFA World Youth Championship.

The Asian Football Confederation's 2011 AFC Asian Cup finals were held in Qatar in January 2011. It was the second time it has been hosted by Qatar, the other being the 1988 AFC Asian Cup.

Doha, Qatar, is also home to Qatar Racing Club a Drag Racing facility.

Khalifa International Tennis and Squash Complex in Doha, Qatar, hosted the WTA Tour Championships in women's tennis between 2008 and 2010. Doha holds the WTA Premier tournament Qatar Ladies Open each year.

On December 2, 2010, Qatar won their bid to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup.[110]

Nasser Al-Attiyah of Qatar won the 2011 Dakar Rally and the Production World Rally Championship in 2006. In addition, he has also won gold medals at the 2002 Asian Games and 2010 Asian Games as part of the Qatari skeet shooting team.

Since 2002, Qatar has hosted the yearly Tour of Qatar, a cycling race in six stages. Every February, riders are racing on the roads across Qatar's flat land for six days. Each stage covers a distance of more than 100 km.[111]

References

[change | change source]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 "Middle East :: Qatar". CIA World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. February 8, 2012. Archived from the original on December 24, 2018. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
  2. ↑ "Population structure". Ministry of Development Planning and Statistics. January 31, 2017. Archived from the original on June 26, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  3. ↑ "Populations". Qsa.gov.qa. Archived from the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2018 – Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2018. Archived from the original on May 4, 2018.
  5. ↑ "GINI index". World Bank. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  6. ↑ "2018 Human Development Report". United Nations Development Programme. 2018. Archived from the original on September 14, 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
  7. ↑ "List of left- & right-driving countries – World Standards". Retrieved June 5, 2017.
  8. ↑ Pronunciation adopted by Qatar Airways' advertisements, such as Qatar Airways: the Art of Flight Redefined
  9. ↑ "CMU Pronouncing Dictionary". CS. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
  10. ↑ Johnstone, T. M. (2008). "Encyclopaedia of Islam". Ķaṭar. Brill Online. Retrieved January 22, 2013. (subscription required)
  11. ↑ "How do you say 'Qatar'? Senate hearing has the answer". Washington Post. June 12, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 BBC News, How democratic is the Middle East?, September 9, 2005.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 United States Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Qatar, 2011.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Gardener, David. "Qatar shows how to manage a modern monarchy". Financial Times.
  15. ↑ "The World Factbook". CIA Factbook. Archived from the original on 2018-12-21. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Canada – Qatar Bilateral Relations". Government of Canada.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "IFES Election Guide - Elections: Qatar Referendum Apr 29 2003". www.electionguide.org. Archived from the original on 2020-05-13. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Qatar 2003". Archived from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  19. ↑ "Population of Qatar by nationality - 2017 report". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
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  25. ↑ Cooper, Andrew F. "Middle Powers: Squeezed out or Adaptive?". Public Diplomacy Magazine. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  26. ↑ Kamrava, Mehran. "Mediation and Qatari Foreign Policy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
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  28. ↑ "How democratic is the Middle East?". September 9, 2005 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  29. ↑ "We apologize for the inconvenience" (PDF).
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Lambert, Jennifer (2011). "Political Reform in Qatar: Participation, Legitimacy and Security". 19 (1). Middle East Policy Council. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2016-12-03. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  31. ↑ "Qatar to hold advisory council elections in 2013". Reuters (UK edition). Reuters. November 1, 2011. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
  32. ↑ "Qatari emir Sheikh Hamad hands power to son Tamim". BBC. June 25, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
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  36. ↑ "Constitution of Qatar". According to Article 1: Qatar is an independent Arab country. Islam is its religion and Sharia law is the main source of its legislation.
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  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Filipino woman gets 100 lashes for giving birth in Qatar".
  42. ↑ "Qatar". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 2014-10-20. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
  43. ↑ "Qatar". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 2015-01-03. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
  44. ↑ "Annual Report". Amnesty International. October 23, 2014.
  45. ↑ "Qatar sentences man to 40 lashes for drinking alcohol". Arabian Business.
  46. ↑ "Qatar sentences man to lashes for drinking alcohol". Al Akhbar. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  47. ↑ "Qatar court orders lashing of Muslim barber over drinking alcohol". Al Arabiya. 22 April 2013.
  48. ↑ "Indian expat sentenced to 40 lashes in Qatar for drink-driving". Arabian Business.
  49. ↑ "How to Check MOI Qatar Traffic Violations & Penalties". 2023-09-10. Retrieved 2023-09-20.
  50. ↑ "Special report: The punishment was death by stoning. The crime? Having a mobile phone". Independent.co.uk. 28 September 2013.
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  52. ↑ "What are the worst countries in the world to be gay?".
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 Alex Delmar-Morgan (January 7, 2012). "Qatar, Unveiling Tensions, Suspends Sale of Alcohol". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Jenifer Fenton (January 16, 2012). "Qatar's Impromptu Alcohol Ban". The Arabist. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
  55. ↑ "Qatar Distribution Company". Qatar Loving.
  56. ↑ "Purchasing Alcohol in Qatar". Qatar Visitor. June 2, 2007. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
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  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 James M. Dorsey (January 17, 2012). "Debate Questions Emir's Powers To Shape Qatar's Positioning As Sports Hub And Sponsor of Revolts – Analysis". The Eurasia Review. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
  59. ↑ Elgot, Jessica (May 28, 2014). "'Leggings Are Not Pants' Qatar's New Modesty Campaign Aimed At Westerners'". Huffington Post.
  60. ↑ Aningtias Jatmika (May 29, 2014). "Qatar Bans Tourists from Wearing Leggings in Public".
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