The abbé Jean-Marie Perrot, in Breton Yann Vari Perrot (September 3 1877, Plouarzel – December 12 1943, Scrignac), was a French priest, Breton independentist and collaborator assassinated by the communist resistance. He was the founder of the Breton Catholic movement Bleun-Brug.
Early life
Perrot was raised in a provincial Breton-speaking family. After studying at the Institut des Frères des Écoles in Guingamp in 1889, he expressed a desire to become a priest. He left to study humanities at the Pont-Croix Youth Seminary. He spent one year in Brest with the 19th infantry regiment, then enrolled in the Quimper Seminary. He became vicar of Saint-Vougay in 1904, where he undertook the patronage of Paotred Sant-Nouga, where he formed study circles, a choir, and a theatre troupe for the local youth. He is the uncle of Louis Lalouer.
Activism for the Breton language
Perrot founded Bleun-Brug (Heather Flower) in 1905, which soon absorbed the magazine Feiz ha Breiz (Faith and Brittany), which he edited after 1911. The aims of the organisation were:
- to promote the Breton ideal in all three intellectual, political and economic arenas.
- to contribute, as Catholics, to the return of Brittany the full exercise of its traditional faith.
He was named vicar of Saint-Thégonnec in March 1914. On the outbreak of war he was called up at Lesneven on August 5th, but he asked to leave to volunteer for the Groupe des Brancardiers Divisionnaires. He was decorated after World War I. After 1910, he played an important role in the Emsav, the Breton nationalist movement.
In 1920, he was named vicar of Plouguerneau. In 1922 Yves Floc'h, the future painter worked as his parson. Perrot patronised Michel Le Noblez and organised theatrical performances. Yves Floc'h painted the scenery for a play, and his gifts were noticed by the vicar. From 1932, Perrot's secretary was Herry Caouissin.
Perrot wrote countless articles and plays expressing his ideology, most notably in Feiz ha Breiz.
He was initially stationed in a conservative Saint-Vougay parish, but was transferred to the more leftist area of Scrignac in 1930 by the episcopal hierarchy, who disliked his political activities. On July 8, 1941, he became part of the group of writers who adopted a unified orthography of the Breton language.
World War II
With the outbreak of war, hostility towards Perrot in Scrignac grew, as he was suspected of pro-German sympathies.
On October 16, 1939, telegraphic lines in the region of Huelgoat were cut. Perrot was accused by authorities of sabotage. The gendarmes searched his estate twice and interrogated him, but he was released as he had an alibi. However, one gendarme publicly accused him of cutting the wires, and Perrot accused the gendarme of defamation. Afterwards, an enquiry established that a military prisoner was responsible for cutting the wires. At the request of the colonel of the Gendarmie of Quimper, the abbé dropped his accusation of defamation.
During the war, he continued to produce Feiz ha Breiz. Braving the ban by Adolphe Duparc on celebrating nationalist anniversaries during the occupation, he organised the members of Bleun-Brug in Tréguier on the 29th and 30th of August to celebrate the 500th anniversary of the death of Duke Jean V of Brittany. In October 1942, he was named a member of the Comité Consultatif de Bretagne (CCB), a non-elected council put in place by Regional Prefect Jean Quénette to put forward proposals relating to Breton language and culture.
In July 1941, Perrot took part in the German-sponsored effort to unify the writing of Breton.
Perrot sympathised strongly with the collaborationist Breton National Party. When his parsonage was partly requisitioned by the Germans, Perrot was accused of assisting them. According to Henri Fréville, on August 7, 1943 Perrot was questioned about the movements of members of Bagadou Stourm, Breton nationalist stormtroopers allied to the Nazis, who had stopped at Scrignac. He was hospitable toward the Bagadou Stourm Youth, who were most active around Finistère, where leaders such as Yann Goulet and L’Haridon had been arrested by the French police but released by the Germans.
Assassination
On December 12 1943, the abbé was killed by Jean Thépaut, a member of the French Communist Party following a series of denunciations of Perrot for alleged collaborationist activity.
Exploitation of his Memory
After his death, the collaborator Célestin Lainé recruited about sixty men who he organised under the name Bezen Kadoudal. Ael Péresse, second-in-command to Laîné, suggested naming the group after Perrot, so it became Bezen Perrot instead.
Legacy
Abbé Perrot was laid to rest at the chapel of Coat-Quéau, in Scrignac. His memory is often celebrated on Easter Monday. The role of abbé Perrot has been the source of much controversy about "the Breton cause", notably between Ronan Caouissin and the director of the theatre troupe Ar Vro Bagan
Unvaniez Koad Kev was a law association created to maintain the legacy of abbé Perrot. Since 1957, the association has been administered principally by Youenn Craff. Tepod Gwilhmod was president from 2001 to 2003. In 2005, a crisis arose over an attempted takeover by Gérard Hirel, Roland de la Morinière, and Loig Kervoaz, all members of Adsav. The current president and chaplain are Yann Sanseau and abbot Blanchard.
Citations
Yvon Tranvouez, in Bretagne et identités régionales pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale asserts that
The abbé Perrot was one of the "new crusaders" (...) who, out of phobia of communism, were forced to admit the logic of collaborating with the Germans, seen as the lesser of two evils. It is not, it seems to me, his Breton nationalism that led him to this extremity and its fatal consequences, but rather his catholic anti-communism, rigid and uncompromising. At the heart of Léon, there was probably nothing for him to lose: at Scrignac, it was suicidal.[1]
Abbot Henri Poisson said in his book :
The assassination of abbé Jean-Marie Perrot, on December 12, 1943, well-known, and to whom one could not reproach but his ardent loyalty to Brittany, constituted a hateful crime and cannot be explained by the regime of anarchy and totalitarianism which marked this period.[2]
Francis Gourvil in 1990 :
Abbé Perrot was well-known for his ties with the Breiz Atao who themselves... from there jumping to the conclusion that he was responsible of the second arrest of D. is not far-stretched... In fact, the abbot, ever kind, was incapable of harming even a political enemy. Unfortunately, he had close friends, you know who I'm thinking of, to whom he might have mentioned the matter in question, quite innocently, and this, added to other facts (...) everything was transmitted to Quimper and recorded, systematically, by the one who centralised information of interest for the Gestapo in this town. The local resistance in Scrignac, was probably informed of the mention of D. on this list. After which, poor rector "paid with his life" a denunciation which he had not made himself.[3]
Publications
- Alanik al Louarn. Pe "n'euz den fin n'en deuz e goulz". Pez c'hoari plijadurus rimet e daou Arvest, Brest, Moullerez "Ar c'hourrier", 1905
- Buez ar zent, Ar Gwaziou, Morlaix, 1911
References
- ^ * « …l'abbé Perrot fait partie de ces “nouveaux croisés” (…) qui, par phobie du communisme, ont été conduits à admettre la logique de la collaboration avec l'Allemagne, conçue conjoncturellement comme un moindre mal. Ce n'est donc pas, me semble-t-il, son nationalisme breton qui l'a conduit à cette extrémité et à ses conséquences fatales, mais plutôt son anticommunisme catholique, rigide et intransigeant. Au cœur du Léon, il ne lui en eût vraisemblablement rien coûté : à Scrignac, c'était suicidaire. »
- ^ « L’assassinat de l’abbé Jean-Marie Perrot, le 12 décembre 1943, plus connu, et à qui on ne pouvait reprocher que son ardente fidélité à la Bretagne, constitue un crime odieux et ne peut s’expliquer que par le régime d’anarchie et de totalitarisme qui fût la marque de cette période ».
- ^ « L'abbé Perrot était bien connu pour ses attaches avec les Breiz Atao qui eux-mêmes… De là à en conclure, après la seconde arrestation de D., qu'il en portait la responsabilité, il n'y avait pas loin… En réalité, l'abbé, la bonté même, était bien incapable de nuire, même à un ennemi politique. Malheureusement, il avait des familiers, que vous connaissez aussi bien que moi et auquels, fort innocemment, il avait dû rapporter le fait incriminé, lequel fut joint à d'autres fait (…) le tout fut transmis à Quimper et enregistré, dans l'ordre, par celui qui, dans cette ville, centralisait les renseignements susceptibles d'interesser à quelque titre la Gestapo. La Résistance locale, à Scrignac, fut sans doute mise au courant du passage concernant D. dans cette liste. À la suite de quoi, le pauvre recteur « paya de sa vie » une dénonciation dont il n'était pas l'auteur »