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Mystic chord

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Mystic chord
Component intervals from root
major second
major sixth
major third
minor seventh
augmented fourth
root
Forte no.
6–34

In music, the mystic chord or Prometheus chord is a six-note synthetic chord and its associated scale, or pitch collection; which loosely serves as the harmonic and melodic basis for some of the later pieces by Russian composer Alexander Scriabin. Scriabin, however, did not use the chord directly but rather derived material from its transpositions.

When rooted in C, the mystic chord consists of the pitch classes: C, F♯, B♭, E, A, D.

{ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \clef treble \time 4/4 <c fis bes e a d>1 } }

This is often interpreted as a quartal hexachord consisting of an augmented fourth, diminished fourth, augmented fourth, and two perfect fourths. The chord is related to other pitch collections, such as being a hexatonic subset of the overtone scale, also known in jazz circles as the Lydian dominant scale, lacking the perfect fifth.

Nomenclature

The term "mystic chord" appears to derive from Alexander Scriabin's intense interest in Theosophy, and the chord is imagined to reflect this mysticism. It was coined by Arthur Eaglefield Hull in 1916.[1]

It is also known as the "Prometheus chord", after its extensive use in his work Prometheus: The Poem of Fire, Op. 60. The term was invented by Leonid Sabaneyev.[1]

Scriabin himself called it the "chord of the pleroma" (аккорд плеромы akkord pleromy),[1] which "was designed to afford instant apprehension of -that is, to reveal- what was in essence beyond the mind of man to conceptualize. Its preternatural stillness was a gnostic intimation of a hidden otherness."[2]

Qualities

Jim Samson[3] points out that it fits in well with Scriabin's mainly dominant quality sonorities and harmony, as it may take on a dominant quality on C or F♯. This tritone relationship between possible resolutions is important to Scriabin's harmonic language, and it is a property shared by the French sixth (also prominent in his work) of which the synthetic chord can be seen as an extension. The example below shows the mystic chord rewritten as a French sixth with notes A and D as extensions:

{ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff { \clef treble \time 4/4 <e a d>1 <c a' d>1 } \new Staff { \clef bass \time 4/4 <c, fis bes>1 <fis, e' ais>1 } >> } }

The pitch collection is related to the octatonic scale, the whole tone scale, and the French sixth, all of which are capable of a different number of transpositions.[4] For example, the chord is a whole tone scale with one note raised a semitone (the "almost whole-tone" hexachord, sometimes identified as "whole tone-plus"), and this alteration allows for a greater variety of resources through transposition.[5]

Leonid Sabaneev interpreted the Prometheus chord as harmonics 8 through 14, without 12 (1, 9, 5, 11, 13, 7 = C, D, E, F↑, A13♭, B7♭), but the 11th harmonic is 48.68 cents away from the tritone (F♯), the 13th harmonic is 59.47 cents away from a major sixth (A♮).

{ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \clef treble \time 4/4 <c fih beseh e aeh d>1 } }

However, to quote Carl Dahlhaus, "the interval-distance of the natural-tone-row [overtones] [...], counting up to 20, includes everything from the octave to the quarter tone, (and) useful and useless musical tones. The natural-tone-row [harmonic series] justifies everything, that means, nothing."[6] Elliott Antokoletz says the "so-called 'mystic chord'" approximates harmonics 7 through 13 (7, 8, 9, 10, (11,) 12, 13 = C, D7 upside-down-, E7 upside-down, F7 upside-down♯, (G↑7 upside-down-,) A7 upside-down, B137 upside-down♭-).[7] Playⓘ

The notes of the chord also conform to a Lydian dominant quality, the fourth mode of the melodic minor scale.

Use by Scriabin

Some sources suggest that much of Scriabin's music is entirely based on the chord to the extent that whole passages are little more than long sequences of this chord, unaltered, at different pitches; but this is rarely the case. More often than not, the notes are reordered so as to supply a variety of harmonic or melodic material. Certain of Scriabin's late pieces are based on other synthetic chords or scales that do not rely on the mystic chord.

There seems today to be a general consensus that the mystic chord is neither the key nor the generating element in Scriabin's method.

— Jay Reise (1983)[8]

Other sources suggest that Scriabin's method of pitch organization is based on ordered scales that feature scale degrees. Since the mystic chord is a synthetic chord, the scale from which it derives, sometimes called the "Prometheus scale", is an example of a synthetic scale.

{ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \clef treble \time 6/4 c4 d e fis a bes c } }

For example, a group of piano miniatures (Op. 58, Op. 59/2, Op. 61, Op. 63, Op. 67/1 and Op. 69/1) are governed by the acoustic and/or the octatonic scales.[9]

Contrary to many textbook descriptions of the chord, which present the sonority as a series of superposed fourths, Scriabin most often manipulated the voicings to produce a variety of melodic and harmonic intervals.[a] A rare example of purely quartal spacing can be found in the Fifth Piano Sonata (mm. 264 and 268). Measures 263–264 are shown below.

{ \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c''' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4. = 46 \stemUp \clef treble \key e \major \time 6/8 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #263 \bar "" s4_\markup { \dynamic p \italic { con delizia } }^\markup { \bold "Meno vivo" } b8^~ b4. s4 <cis, cis'>8~^\markup { \bold "poco rit." } <cis cis'>4. } \new Voice \relative c'' { \stemDown r4 <f! f'!>8~\( <f f'>4 <fis fis'>8 <b fis' b>4 fis8_( a4 fis8)\) } >> \new Staff << \mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn \mergeDifferentlyDottedOn \new Voice \relative c'' { \stemUp \clef bass \key e \major \time 6/8 s4. b^- fis2.^- } \new Voice \relative c { \stemDown a8_( g'! cis b' g! cis,) <a, dis g! cis fis>2.\arpeggio } >> >> }

Incomplete versions of the chord spaced entirely in fourths are considerably more common, for example, in Deux Morceaux, Op. 57.

According to George Perle, Scriabin used this chord in what he calls a pre-serial manner, producing harmonies, chords, and melodies. However, unlike the twelve tone technique to which Perle refers, Scriabin, like Perle, did not use his Mystic chord as an ordered set and did not worry about repeating or omitting notes or aggregate combinatoriality.[b][c]

Use by other composers

File:Ellington--Reflections-In-D-Prometheus.png
The mystic chord as a dominant chord (in this case, as V/V) in Duke Ellington's 1958 piano piece "Reflections in D"[citation needed]. The E dominant 9th chord has ♯11th and 13th appoggiaturas added, which resolve conventionally.[citation needed]

With the increasing use of more dissonant sonorities, some composers of the 20th and 21st centuries have used this chord in various ways.[citation needed].

In jazz music, on the other hand, such chords are extremely common, and in this setting the mystic chord can be viewed simply as a C13#11 chord with the fifth omitted. In the score to the right is an example of a Duke Ellington composition that uses a different voicing of this chord at the end of the second bar, played on E (E13#11).

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In the same manner that a dominant seventh, built on superposed thirds, will deploy intervals of a sixth, fourth, and/or second under inversion.
  2. ^ "Half a dozen years or so after Scriabin's death, Schoenberg came up with the principle of ordering and Hauer with the principle of partitioning as a means of differentiating representations of the universal set of twelve pitch classes from one another, the foundational requirement for a twelve-tone system. Scriabin's sketches for his projected 'Prefatory Action' show that in the last year of his short life he was already preoccupied with the same problem."[10]
  3. ^ "Scriabin, in his employment of a...complicated set, of transpositions of the set, of invariant segment that function as pivotal elements among the various transpositions, and of consistent variants of the set, may be considered the first to exploit a set systematically as a means of compensating for the loss of the traditional tonal functions."[11]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Skryabin and the Impossible", p.314. Simon Morrison. Journal of the American Musicological Society, Vol. 51, No. 2. (Summer, 1998), pp. 283–330.
  2. ^ "Chernomor to Kashchei: Harmonic Sorcery; Or, Stravinsky's 'Angle'". Richard Taruskin. Journal of the American Musicological Society, Vol. 38, No. 1. (Spring, 1985), pp. 72–142. Cited in Morrison (1998).
  3. ^ Samson, Jim (1977). Music in Transition: A Study of Tonal Expansion and Atonality, 1900–1920. W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 156–7. ISBN 0-393-02193-9.
  4. ^ "Orthography in Scriabin's Late Works", p.60. Cheong Wai-Ling. Music Analysis, Vol. 12, No. 1. (Mar., 1993), pp. 47–69.
  5. ^ "The Evolution of Twelve-Note Music", p.56. Oliver Neighbour. Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association, 81st Sess. (1954–1955), pp. 49–61.
  6. ^ Sabbagh, Peter (2003). The Development of Harmony in Scriabin's Works, p.12. Universal. ISBN 9781581125955. Cites: Dahlhaus, Carl (1972). "Struktur und Expression bei Alexander Skrjabin", Mu sik des Ostens, Vol.6, p.229.
  7. ^ Antokoletz, Elliott (1992). Twentieth-Century Music, p.101. Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780139341267.
  8. ^ "Late Skriabin: Some Principles behind the Style", p.221. Jay Reise. 19th-Century Music, Vol. 6, No. 3. (Spring, 1983), pp. 220–231.
  9. ^ "Principles of Pitch Organization in Scriabin's Early Post-tonal Period: The Piano Miniatures". Vasilis Kallis, Music Theory Online, Vol. 14.3 (Sep 2008)
  10. ^ Perle, George (1996). The Listening Composer, p.178. University of California. ISBN 9780520205185. Cites Perle's article "Scriabin's Self-Analyses", p.119ff.
  11. ^ Perle, George (1991). Serial Composition and Atonality, p.41. University of California. ISBN 9780520074309.

Further reading

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