Ọgwụgwọ mkpụrụ
Ngwọta mkpụrụ bụ ọgwụgwọ nke mkpụrụ osisi na-eji ọgwụ kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ usoro ndu ma ọ bụ usoro anụ ahụ. Na-emekarị iji nye nchebe na mkpụrụ ma melite oruru ike kụrụ. Ka a ghara inwe mgbagwoju anya na mkpuchi mkpụrụ.
Na ọrụ ugbo na hotikoisho, mkpuchi nke mkpụrụ osisi bụ usoro nke itinye ihe ndị na-apụ apụ na mkpụrụ ahụ. A na-akpọkwa ya dị ka seed dressin.
Ihe mkpuchi mkpụrụ bụ akwa akwa nke ihe agbakwunyere na mkpụrụ ahụ, nke nwere ike ma ọ bụ enweghị ike ịnwe "ihe nchebe" (biological or chemical pesticide) ma ọ bụ biostimulant etinyere na mkpụrụ ahụ na ikekwe ụfọdụ agba ... Site na ọnụọgụ ihe agbakwunyere, ọ enwere ike kewaa ya: [1]
- Ihe mkpuchi Ihe nkiri, ihe mkpuchi nke ihe nkiri dị nro a na-etinye na mkpụrụ ahụ na-erughị 10% nke ịdị arọ nke mkpụrụ mbụ.
- Encrustment, ebe ihe a na-etinye na-abụkarị 100%-500% nke mkpụrụ mbụ, mana ọdịdị ahụ ka dị.
- Pellet, ebe ihe a na-etinye n'ime ya dị oke arọ nke na ọdịdị mbụ nke mkpụrụ ahụ anaghị ahụ anya.
- Maka usoro ọgwụ ahụhụ, itinye mkpụrụ osisi n'ọrụ ozugbo nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi, ebe ọ bụ na ọnụọgụ eji eme ihe nwere ike ịdị obere.[2]
- Agba na-eme ka mkpụrụ a gwọrọ adọrọ adọrọ ghara ịdọrọ mmasị nnụnụ, ọ dịkwa mfe ịhụ ma kpochaa ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ wụpụ ya na mberede.[3]
- Mkpịsị ugodi siri ike nwere ike imeziwanye njikwa, site n'aka ma ọ bụ site na igwe. Ihe mkpuchi dị gịrịgịrị nwekwara ike inye aka na njirimara dịka flowability.[1]
- Mkpịsị osisi dị arọ nwere ike ịnwe ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka fatịlaịza, homonụ osisi, ụmụ irighiri ihe na-aba uru na osisi, na polymer na-ejide mmiri. [1] [4]
A chọrọ igwe ọkachamara iji tinye kemịkal ahụ n'ụzọ dị nchebe na nke ọma.[5] A ciment mixer zuru ezu maka ihe mkpuchi na-adịghị ize ndụ.[4] A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ bụ "mkpụrụ ejiji" na-ezo aka na usoro nke iwepụ ahịhịa, ahịhịhịa na ahịhịrị site na mkpụrụ.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe mkpuchi mkpụrụ mbụ bụ nke organo-mercurials eji achịkwa ihe na-egbu egbu dị ka oat smut na bunt nke ọka wit. Ndị a dị site na 1930s mana ha abaghị uru na ụdị Pythium na Fusarium nke bụ pathogens nke ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ gụnyere ogho, ọka na soya. Ya mere, e mepụtara Thiram dị ka ọgwụgwọ mkpụrụ na 1940s iji gbasaa ụdị ọrịa ndị a pụrụ ịchịkwa. [6]N'afọ 1949, ICI rere ọgwụgwọ mkpụrụ nke aha azụmahịa Mergamma A, nke nwere 1% mercury na 20% lindane, ihe atụ mbụ nke ngwaahịa e mere iji chebe mkpụrụ ahụ pụọ na mwakpo fungal na ụmụ ahụhụ.[7]
Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Otu Ọgwụ ahụhụ mkpụrụ, imidacloprid, sitere na ezinụlọ neonicotinoid nke ọgwụ ahụhụ, bụ ihe arụmụka ma machibido ya iwu na France maka iji ya mee ihe na ọka, n'ihi nkwenye gọọmentị ahụ na kemịkal ahụ metụtara na mbelata dị egwu na nso nso a, na ikekwe na Colony Collapse Disorder. A maara uzuzu sitere na mkpụrụ a gwọrọ na ọ kpatara ma ọ dịkarịa ala nsogbu ahụike na nchekwa ụfọdụ karịsịa site na ihe ọkụkụ dịka ọka a gwuru n'oge isi mmanụ aṅụ. Ọganihu na ntụrụndụ pneumatic iji belata mwepụta ájá, na mmelite na ngwakọta ọgwụgwọ mkpụrụ iji gbochie ngwakọta ahụ ịghọ ájá (ájá) ka e webatara na Europe nke Germany na Netherlands duziri site na 2009 ruo 2012. Enwere ike ịhụ ozi gbasara ọgwụgwọ mkpụrụ gụnyere ozi dị n'elu na nchekwa data nke ikike ndebanye aha. [8]
Iji ruo eru maka asambodo Organic nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States, ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-achọ mkpụrụ organic. Ọ bụrụ na ha enweghị ike ịchọta mkpụrụ ndụ, a na-ekwe ka ha jiri mkpụrụ nkịtị, nke a na-agwọghị agwọ. Otú ọ dị, a naghị ekwe ka e jiri ọgwụ ahụhụ gwọọ mkpụrụ.
Ihe na-ejide mmiri
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere ike itinye polymer na-amị mmiri gburugburu mkpụrụ iji nyere aka na-amịrị mmiri kpọrọ nkụ, ma ọ bụ iji gbuo oge ntolite ruo mgbe ụkọ mmiri ozuzo gafere. A hụla ụfọdụ ojiji na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.[1]
Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike ịnwe fatịlaịza, nke a na-ahụkarị na micronutrients nke osisi, mana mgbe ụfọdụ na-enwekwa macronutrients na-ewepụ ngwa ngwa.[1]
Inoculum
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mkpụrụ osisi dị arọ nke ọma nwere ike ikwe ka a kesaa mkpụrụ tupu ya ejiri nje symbiotic dị ka rhizobia maka legumes. Nhazi nke mkpuchi mkpuchi na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu n'ịnọgide na-enwe ike nke nje ndị a. Usoro agụmakwụkwọ nke ọkaibe (dị ka nke 2019) nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ irighiri ihe ruo ọnwa 9, nke dịtụ n'azụ ịdị irè nke mkpụrụ n'onwe ha.[4] N'agbanyeghị nsogbu ndị a, a na-eji inocula eme ihe na mkpụrụ ndị a na-ekpuchi n'ahịa, na-amaghị ma na otu ha si eme ka ha dị irè.
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Mkpụrụ bọl, pelleting nke ọtụtụ mkpụrụ
Ebem si dee
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Pedrini (February 2017). "Seed Coating: Science or Marketing Spin?". Trends in Plant Science 22 (2): 106–116. DOI:10.1016/j.tplants.2016.11.002. PMID 27979716. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Pedrini" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Matthews (2000). "Chapter 12: Seed treatment, dust and granule application", Pesticide Application Methods. Blackwell Science Ltd, 253–267. ISBN 0632054735.
- ↑ Callan (1975). "Achievements and limitations of seed treatments". Outl. Agric. 8 (5): 271–274. DOI:10.1177/003072707500800504.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Rocha (6 November 2019). "Seed Coating: A Tool for Delivering Beneficial Microbes to Agricultural Crops". Frontiers in Plant Science 10: 1357. DOI:10.3389/fpls.2019.01357. PMID 31781135. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Rocha" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Harris (1975). "The application of chemicals to seed". Outl. Agric. 8 (5): 275–280. DOI:10.1177/003072707500800505.
- ↑ Middleton (1978). "Chapter 3: Seed treatments", in Peacock: Jealott's Hill: Fifty years of Agricultural Research 1928-1978. Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., 29–34. ISBN 0901747017.
- ↑ Newman (1978). "Chapter 5: Benzene hexachloride", in Peacock: Jealott's Hill: Fifty years of Agricultural Research 1928-1978. Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., 42–48. ISBN 0901747017.
- ↑ Home page.