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1Malaysia

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Najib Razak

Prime Minister of Malaysia

1MDB scandal

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Najib Razak's signature

1Malaysia (pronounced One Malaysia in English and Satu Malaysia in Malay) was a political slogan coined by former Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak in 2009, with the stated goal of promoting ethnic harmony, national unity, and efficient governance.[1] However, it quickly became embroiled in controversy.

After the 2018 Malaysian general election, in which the long-standing Barisan Nasional's government collapsed and was defeated by Pakatan Harapan, which emerged as the new ruling government, along with the ousting of Najib, the concept was abolished and replaced with Sayangi Malaysiaku, a concept created by Mahathir Mohamad, alongside other significant changes made by his government during his premiership.

Overview

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1Malaysia Square in Malacca.

1Malaysia is a concept introduced by Prime Minister Najib Razak to promote national unity. According to Razak, the eight values of the concept are high performance, culture, accuracy, knowledge, innovation, integrity, strong will, loyalty, and wisdom.[2][3]

Logo and slogan

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An official logo and slogan have been introduced alongside the launch of the 1Malaysia concept. The logo features the symbol of '1', which incorporates the national Jalur Gemilang flag and the word "Malaysia". The government spent RM38 million (equivalent to $8 million) to promote the 1Malaysia concept in 2010, according to the Deputy Minister in the Prime Minister's Department.[4]

Slogan

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Year Theme
2009 Rakyat Didahulukan, Pencapaian Diutamakan (People First, Performance Now)
2010 Menjana Transformasi (Generating Transformation)
2011 Transformasi Berjaya, Rakyat Sejahtera (Transformation Successful, People Prosperous)
2012 Janji Ditepati (Promises Fulfilled)
2013 Rakyat Didahulukan (People Come First)
2015 Sehati Sejiwa (One Heart, One Soul)

Introduction of KPIs

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The use of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), metrics, and targets—more commonly associated with private businesses—and National Key Result Areas (NKRAs) was introduced as an attempt to improve government efficiency. The KPIs provide a mechanism for evaluating ministries and other government agencies, including performance reviews conducted every six months. Each ministry is required to establish specific KPIs, with a focus on policy outcomes rather than the traditional emphasis on inputs typically found in government performance assessments and planning. KPIs include detailed job descriptions and goals for ministers, deputy ministers, and other senior government officials.[5]

The National Key Result Areas (NKRAs) are six major policy areas in which KPIs will play a particular important role in improving government effectiveness. The NKRAs include crime prevention, reducing government corruption, increased access to quality education, improving the standard of living for low-income groups, upgrading rural infrastructure, and enhancing public transportation.[6]

A new cabinet position was also created to support the Unity and Performance Minister in implementing the KPI system. Idris Jala, the former CEO of Malaysia Airlines, was appointed Minister Without a Portfolio and CEO of the Performance Management and Delivery Unit (PEMANDU). He worked alongside Koh Tsu Koon to train over 500 government officers in implement the KPI system. As CEO of PEMANDU, Idris supported the work of Koh, who was the minister in charge of National Unity and Performance Management.[7]

Branches of 1Malaysia

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1Malaysia clinics

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In the 2010 budget, the Malaysian government allocated funding to 50 medical clinics to provide basic medical services for illnesses and injuries such as fever, coughs, colds, wounds, cuts, diabetes, and hypertension. Malaysian citizens were charged RM1 (US$0.22) for treatment and medication,[8] while non-citizens were charged RM15.[9] These clinics were later renamed Community Clinics.

1Malaysia Community WiFi

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Free Wi-Fi services were introduced in rural areas as part of the 1Malaysia campaign under the initiative known as Kampung Tanpa Wayar (translated as Villages without Connections).[10][11][12] The Wi-Fi services have since been renamed as WiFi Komuniti (WK, Community WiFi in English).

1Malaysia email

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A contract worth RM50 million (approximately US$11 million) was awarded to Tricubes Bhd. to manage the 1Malaysia email project, part of the government's social networking project. The project aimed to provide free email accounts to the public for communication with the government.[13][14] Announced in April 2011 as part of the Economic Transformation Program (ETP), the project was projected by then-Prime minister Najib Razak to generate a gross national income (GNI) impact of RM39 million (approximately US$14.4 million) by 2015.[15][16] However, conflicting statements were made by the company and government officials regarding whether the project was privately funded or a government initiative. The Performance Management and Delivery Unit (PEMANDU) asserted that "not a single cent of public money is or will be spent" on the project.[17]

1Malaysia Development Berhad

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Main article: 1MDB

1Malaysia Development Berhad, a government-owned firm, was established through the renaming of a sovereign wealth fund known as the Terengganu Investment Authority (TIA). The firm later became central to the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, which led to investigations, arrests, and the prosecution of former Prime Minister Najib Razak.

Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia (1Malaysia People's Grocery Stores)

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Main article: Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia

In 2011, a convenience store chain named Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia (KR1M) was launched, with the first outlet located at the Kelana Jaya Line Light Rail Transit (LRT) station in Kuala Lumpur. The franchise aimed to provide affordable groceries for low-income groups.[18] However, the stores faced criticism selling goods at prices higher than market value[19] and for the poor quality of the items available. By 2017, all KR1M stores had ceased operations.

1Malaysia Foundation

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The 1Malaysia Foundation (Y1M) was established in 2009 to promote and develop the concept of 1Malaysia. Y1M aims to coordinate and support government and private-sector initiatives related to 1Malaysia agenda. According to Dr. Chandra Muzaffar, the chairman of the Y1M Board of Trustees, the foundation seeks to "expand and strengthen the commitment from all Malaysians towards national unity through various activities to increase public awareness and community development."[20]

1Malaysia Youth Fund

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The 1Malaysia Youth Fund was established to provide financial support for young people to undertake creative projects aimed at fostering national unity. A total of RM20 million (US$4.4 million) was allocated to the fund under Malaysia's 2010 budget. The initiative was proposed by the Barisan Nasional Youth Lab.[21]

Negaraku Malaysia

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In conjunction with the 60th National Day celebration in 2017, the 'Negaraku' initiative was launched.[22] It was used alongside the 1Malaysia concept, rebranded as the "Negaraku 1Malaysia" concept and logo.[23] The term 'Negaraku' was also incorporated into greetings by coalition politicians during official events, including the National Day parade. Following the victory of Pakatan Harapan in the 2018 Malaysian general election, both the "Negaraku" initiative and the 1Malaysia concept were discontinued.[24]

Controversies

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Interpretation

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A year after the introduction of the 1Malaysia concept, former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, who also served as Najib Razak’s mentor, reportedly stated that he "still doesn't understand" the concept.[25] In July 2010, an opinion poll highlighted public skepticism about the initiative. According to The Malaysian Insider, the survey revealed that the non-Malay respondents were "almost split" on the Najib administration's national unity agenda. The poll found that 46% of respondents believed the 1Malaysia concept was a political strategy to win non-Malay votes, while only 39% felt it was a sincere effort to promote unity among all races in Malaysia.[26]

Criticism of poor public services

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Various 1Malaysia initiatives have faced criticism over the years. The 1Malaysia clinics were particularly criticized for their lack of equipment, poor-quality medications, unqualified staff, and reports of unprofessional behavior by nursing personnel towards patients.[27][28][29] Similarly the 1Malaysia Village Without Connections program (Kampung Tanpa Wayar) was heavily criticized by the rural community for its frequent malfunctions and slow Wi-Fi services, with many labeling the project a "failure."[30][31][32]

The 1Malaysia email initiative also drew public backlash, especially from the opposition Pakatan Rakyat, especially from the opposition Pakatan Rakyat, due to concerns about the substantial spending involved and Tricubes financial difficulties. In response to public outcry, Prime Minister Najib Razak clarified that it was a private-sector initiative and that the acceptance of email accounts was voluntary.[33][34][35] Protests were organized on Facebook, and the initiative was parodied on a website.[36][37]

1Malaysia Development Berhad company faced multiple controversies, including the purchase of overpriced land from Tadmax Resources, a company linked to the Port Klang Free Zone scandal,[38][39] and its involvement in the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal.

KR1M (Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia) also faced significant criticism. Complaints were raised about the pricing of groceries, with many customers noting that items were more expensive than those sold by other supermarkets.[40][41] In addition, there were allegations of poor product quality, particularly regarding children’s milk formula, fresh milk, condensed milk, sweetened condensed creamer, oyster sauce, fruit jam, and other products.[42][43][44] In response, KR1M conducted periodic laboratory tests on their products to address these concerns.[45]

Criticism of undermining Malay rights

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Najib's efforts to liberalize government policies and create a more inclusive approach to all races with 1Malaysia led the Malay rights group Perkasa to seek further clarification on the policy. They feared that 1Malaysia might undermine the rights of the Malays or Bumiputera in favor of minorities in Malaysia.[46]

Anwar Ibrahim's suspension from parliament

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Main article: Anwar Ibrahim § Jews, Israel, APCO Worldwide, and 1Malaysia

On 22 April 2010, Anwar Ibrahim, the leader of Malaysia's opposition, was condemned by the Parliament of Malaysia for remarks he made during a press conference in the parliament on 30 March 2010. Anwar claimed to have documents linking One Israel and the public relations firm APCO Worldwide (APCO) to the 1Malaysia initiative, but he refused to provide access to these documents when challenged.[47]

As it is against Malaysia's foreign policy to have dealings with Israel, the appointment of APCO garnered a significant criticism from the majority Muslim population, who demanded that Prime Minister Najib Razak terminate the contract with the company. Both the Malaysian government and APCO strongly denied Anwar's allegations.The censure motion passed by the House of Representatives referred Anwar's case to the Rights and Privileges Committee, which was tasked with recommending punishment for approval by the full chamber. Potential punishments included expulsion from Parliament.[48][49][50] In response, Anwar produced two documents to support his claims and counter the government's denials.[49][50]

Anwar was subsequently suspended from Parliament by the Parliamentary Rights and Privileges Committee, based solely on a letter from APCO, without the opportunity to defend himself against the allegations.[51][52][53] This decision led to a walkout by opposition MPs.[54][55] On 16 December 2010, Anwar and three opposition MPs—Karpal Singh, Azmin Ali, and Sivarasa Rasiah—were suspended from Parliament.[56][57] Anwar has since blamed APCO Worldwide for the suspension of himself and the other opposition parliamentarians.[57]

1MDB scandal and downfall

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Main articles: 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal and Timeline of the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal

Since the revelation of the 1MDB scandal in 2015, the slogan 1Malaysia adopted a negative connotation in relation to Najibs Razak's administration. The scandal involved allegations of massive embezzlement and corruption, with billions of dollars missing from a state investment fund. Investigations into the scandal were launched in multiple countries, including United States, Switzerland, and Singapore. The 1MDB scandal had a profound impact on Malaysia's political and economic landscape,eroding public trust in the government and becoming a focal point for political opposition.

Following the defeat of the Barisan Nasional in the 2018 general election, the 1Malaysia slogan and the "Salam 1Malaysia" greeting were gradually phased out by the new administration.[58] They were eventually replaced by Sayangi Malaysiaku, a slogan introduced by Mahathir Mohamad, who succeeded Najib after winning the 2018 election.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Economic and political developments in Malaysia: new players new game?". East Asia Forum. 30 December 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  2. ^ "Cabinet agrees to revamp Biro Tata Negara curriculum". The Sun Daily. 1 December 2009. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  3. ^ "1Malaysia Concept In Local Drama Series, Bernama, 14 December 2009". Bernama.com.my. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  4. ^ Joseph Sipalan (4 April 2011). "Murugiah: RM38mil spent on 1Malaysia". Malaysiakini. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  5. ^ "People's Satisfaction a KPI Benchmark - Najib". Press Release, Prime Minister's Office. Pmo.gov.my. 4 May 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  6. ^ "KPIs to measure PS performance, PSnews".
  7. ^ "Najib makes Idris Jala minister to run KPIs unit, The Malaysian Insider". My-1.themalaysianinsider.com. Archived from the original on 9 April 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  8. ^ "Klinik 1Malaysia". Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  9. ^ "Only 1RM treatment charge for common illnesses, The Star, 8 January 2010". Thestar.com.my. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  10. ^ "Wi-Fi komuniti bantu rakyat dapat akses internet". Bernama (in Malay). Sinar Harian. 22 March 2016. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  11. ^ "MCMC has built over 900 telco towers as of September". The Rakyat Post. 27 October 2015. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  12. ^ "Minister: Malaysia's Broadband Penetration Rate Now Stands at 72.2%". Lowyat. Malaysian Digest. 28 October 2015. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  13. ^ "Tricubes to be delisted on Monday". The Edge Markets. 27 September 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  14. ^ Neo, Chee Hua (20 April 2011). "1Malaysia Email: Tricubes Berhad Dimiliki Secara Tidak Langsung Adik Najib". Malaysia Today. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  15. ^ Singh, Karamjit (5 July 2012). "1Malaysia e-mail to go on, says Pemandu, Tricubes". Digital News Asia. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  16. ^ PEREIRA, CULTURE CUL DE SAC
    JACQUELINE. "1Malaysia email.com.why". The Star. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  17. ^ admin-s (8 May 2011). "1Malaysia Email: Truth or Lies?". Malaysia Today. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  18. ^ The-Star-Newspaper-26-June-2011
  19. ^ Mail, Malay (15 April 2023). "Malaysia". Malay Mail. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  20. ^ "1Malaysia Foundation To Realise 1Malaysia Concept, Bernama, 14 July 2009". Bernama.com. 14 July 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  21. ^ 1Malaysia Youth Fund a boon for youthful ideas, The Star, 22 January 2011
  22. ^ Government launches Negaraku initiative
  23. ^ "1Malaysia Negaraku logo a new symbol of unity". Bernama. The Star. 24 August 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  24. ^ TTN (16 May 2018). "No More 1Malaysia Slogans and Greetings". The True Net. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  25. ^ [1] Mingguan Malaysia. 2 August 2009
  26. ^ Poll Shows Divided Malays Archived 15 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine The Malaysian Insider. 9 July 2010
  27. ^ Bavani M; Sheila Sri Priya (26 May 2014). "Public shy away from 1Malaysia clinics". The Star. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  28. ^ P. Chandra Sagaran (19 February 2014). "Sick girl claims 1Malaysia clinic dispenses expired medicine". The Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  29. ^ "Two-year-old toddler denied treatment as his mother's pants was apparently too short". The Rakyat Post. 6 November 2015. Archived from the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  30. ^ Rintos Mail (18 July 2013). "Penrissen folk complain about frequent disruptions to Kampung Tanpa Wayar initiative". The Star Online. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  31. ^ "Projek Kampung Tanpa Wayar gagal" (in Malay). Sinar Harian. 22 April 2014. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  32. ^ "Penduduk kecewa masalah internet" (in Malay). Sinar Harian. 22 December 2015. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  33. ^ Letters from readers (26 April 2011). "One e-mail, one bad idea". Freemalaysiatoday.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  34. ^ Letters from readers (22 April 2011). "1Malaysia email will fleece us, says DAP". Freemalaysiatoday.com. Archived from the original on 21 December 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  35. ^ "Financially distressed Tricubes gets 'lifeline'". The Star. 27 April 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  36. ^ Mustafa, Shazwan (20 April 2011). "On Facebook, 24000 spurn 1 Malaysia email". Themalaysianinsider.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  37. ^ Letters from readers (27 April 2011). "Spoof site mocks 1Malaysia e-mail". Freemalaysiatoday.com. Archived from the original on 9 September 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  38. ^ "DAP Questions 1MDB's 'bailout'". Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  39. ^ "1MDB buys Tadmax land for RM317mil - Business News | the Star Online".
  40. ^ "MPs: Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia products not as cheap as advertised | theSundaily". Thesundaily.my. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  41. ^ "Opposition MP claims prices at KR1M not that cheap". Thestar.com.my. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  42. ^ Letters from readers (21 November 2011). "Baffling silence on tainted KR1M products". Free Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on 23 January 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  43. ^ Letters from readers (11 November 2011). "Poor quality products in 1M'sia shops". Free Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  44. ^ Letters from readers (4 December 2011). "All KR1M products to undergo lab tests". Free Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  45. ^ "Suppliers ordered to send KR1M products for lab tests". Thestar.com.my. Archived from the original on 6 December 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  46. ^ "Perkasa tells Najib to explain his 1Malaysia or face rejection". Malaysian Insider. Archived from the original on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  47. ^ "Parliament: Anwar claims Apco was in M'sia before 1Malaysia concept was announced, The Star, 30 March 2010". Thestar.com.my. Archived from the original on 2 April 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  48. ^ Ahmad, Razak (22 April 2010). "Malaysia parliament votes to censure Anwar, Reuters, 22 Apr 2010". In.reuters.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  49. ^ a b "Malaysianmirror.com". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
  50. ^ a b Hazlan Zakaria & S Pathmawathy (30 March 2010). "Anwar produces documents on APCO-Israel-1M'sia link, Malaysiakini". Malaysiakini.com. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  51. ^ "Suspension likely for Anwar, TheStar". Thestar.com.my. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  52. ^ "Apco row: Anwar may be suspended with no defence, Free Malaysia Today". Archived from the original on 6 December 2010.
  53. ^ "Malaysia's Anwar says likely to be suspended from parliament, AFP". 3 December 2010. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  54. ^ Chooi, Clara (8 December 2010). "Parliament walkout as Anwar's likely suspension over APCO draws closer". The Malaysian Insider. Archived from the original on 10 December 2010.
  55. ^ Yusop, Husna (8 December 2010). "Opposition MPs walk out over Apco case". Thesundaily.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012. Alt URL
  56. ^ "Malaysia MPs suspend Anwar Ibrahim over Israel comment". BBC. Bernama.com. 16 December 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  57. ^ a b El Sen, Teoh (17 December 2010). "Umno and Apco must explain, says Anwar". Free Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on 5 January 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  58. ^ TTN (16 May 2018). "No More 1Malaysia Slogans and Greetings". The True Net. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
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