Architecture of Colombia

Colombia's architectural heritage includes Spanish colonial architecture, such as Catholic churches. Its modern architecture represents various International Style architecture. In the postmodern architecture era, a wave of innovate and striking buildings have been designed.

Colombian cultural heritage includes indigenous, European, Indian and African influences. The country's colonial buildings reflect their Spanish (and particularly Andalusian origin, as seen in the traditional single-story) houses laid around a central patio, to be found both in colonial towns such as Santafé (Bogotá), Tunja or Cartagena, or in rural haciendas throughout the country. After gaining its independence, Colombia severed its links with Spain and looked elsewhere for new models, first England, then France, marking the beginning of what became known as Republican Architecture (Arquitectura republicana), an era that lasted well into the twentieth century, when the changes in architectural thinking in Europe brought Modern Architecture to the country during the last years before World War II.

Prominent Colombian architects include Rafael Esguerra, Daniel Bermúdez, Giancarlo Mazzanti, Rogelio Salmona, Álvaro Barrera, Patricio Samper Gnecco, Bruce Graham, Laureano Forero Ochoa, Pedro Nel Gómez, Raúl Fajardo Moreno, Rafael Esguerra, Arturo Robledo Ocampo and Simón Vélez. Firms include plan:B.

Jorge Arango, Andres Cortes, Jaime Correa and Felipe Hernandez (architect) were born in Colombia. Bruce Graham worked in Colombia. Expats such as Leopold Rother worked in Colombia.

Indigenous architecture

Muisca

Main article: Muisca architecture

Pre-Columbian architecture was varied. The Muisca, although portrayed as the summit of Colombian indigenous civilization, was modest compared to Mesoamerica or the Inca Empire. Their architecture was limited to rather small settlements and structures, made out of wood and clay instead of stone.

• 
  Reconstruction of the Temple of the Sun at the Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso, Boyacá
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  Reconstruction of Muisca houses at the Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso, Boyacá

Tairona

Some other pre-Columbian civilizations are known for their architecture, such as the Tairona (known for Ciudad Perdida) and the culture of Tierradentro.

Colonial period

Colombian architecture reflects seventeenth-century Spanish colonial origins. Regional differences derive from those found in Spain. Thus, hints of Moorish and Castilian architecture are evident in many cities. Many areas have had difficulty maintaining older structures, and the climate has destroyed many Baroque buildings. The many churches that dot the landscape are among the country's architectural gems, whose interiors reflect the influence of Medieval and Renaissance churches in Spain. Newer buildings in larger cities utilize modern styles with adaptations of the Baroque style supplemented with wood and wrought-iron elements.

Modern architecture in Colombia

In the 1930s, Colombia began to embrace modern architecture. The new Liberal Party government tore down many older buildings that were replaced with buildings influenced by the International style. According to architectural historian Silvia Arango, Colombian modern architecture had two moments: a first one called the "Boast of technique", that, starting from the 40s, assimilated and replicated foreign influence through the use of modern techniques (as concrete structures and prefabricated pieces), and a second one, called the "Conscious assimilation", that used some the technical and stylistic elements from the modern movement and mixed it with local materials and formal languages that didn't coincide with the Modern canon.

Housing developments

Until the mid-1940s, most Colombians lived in single-family dwellings built of cinder blocks and covered with an adobe made of clay, cow manure, and hay. Uncontrolled urban growth due to massive migration from rural areas resulted in large unplanned settlements in cities. There have been a few notable examples of high-density housing projects, but most are targeted to the rising middle-class. These include the Centro Antonio Nariño, which followed the principles of Le Corbusier and the Torres del Parque by architect Rogelio Salmona.

Gallery

Cathedrals

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  The Metropolitan Cathedral of Medellín.
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  The archbishopric cathedral of Bogotá, by Domingo de Petrés, 1792. Neoclassic style.
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  San Ignacio church by Fray Luis Gutierrez. Medellín, 1803.
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  Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá, 1995 (detail).
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  Las Lajas Cathedral, 1949. Gothic Revival architecture.
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  Our Lady of Lourdes church, Bogotá, 1875 is an example of Gothic Revival architecture.
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  Virgin Mary, Queen of Barranquilla Cathedral

Buildings

Some of the most important buildings in Colombia are:

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  Horizon Building. Cartagena. 140 metres (459 ft) high.
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  Escollera Tower. Cartagena. 206 metres (676 ft) high.
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  Coltejer Tower 1977. Medellín. 175 metres (574 ft) high

Historic heritage

Bogotá

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  La Candelaria neighborhood, Bogotá.
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  Camarín del Carmen Theatre, Bogotá, 1625.
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  Colon Theater, by Pietro Cantini. Bogotá, 1892.
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  Colombian National Museum

Medellín

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  San Ignacio Abbey, Medellín
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  Our Lady of the Vera Cruz church. Medellín, 1791.

Cartagena-Santa Marta

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  San Felipe de Barajas Fortress, Cartagena.
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  San Pedro Alejandrino, death place of Simón Bolívar, Santa Marta.

Cúcuta-Villa del Rosario

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  House of Francisco de Paula Santander, Cúcuta
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  Julio Pérez Ferrero Library, Cúcuta
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  Historic Temple of Villa del Rosario, Villa del Rosario

Landmarks

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  Maloka Museum, Bogotá.
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  Funicular Tower, Manizales.
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  Capitolio Nacional in Bogotá.

Guadua architecture

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  Plaza, Colombian National Coffee Park

Architectural styles in Colombia

Colonial architecture in Colombia

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  Colonial facade at Santa Fe de Antioquia
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  Central plaza of Villa de Leyva
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  Clock Tower, Popayán
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  Facade with Balcony at Cartagena de Indias
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  Spanish Inquisition Palace, Cartagena
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  Pedro de Heredia Theater, Cartagena
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  Streets of Cartagena

Neoclassical architecture in Colombia

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  Neoclassical building, Barranquilla
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  Neoclassical building, Barranquilla
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  Neoclassical building, Barranquilla
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  Popayán Cathedral

Romanesque Revival architecture

• 
  Metropolitan Cathedral of Medellín
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  Metropolitan Cathedral of Medellín, detail
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  Metropolitan Cathedral of Medellín, pulpit
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  Our Lady of Rosary cathedral, Girardota

Gothic Revival architecture

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  Rafael Uribe Uribe Palace of Culture, Medellín
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  Ubaté Cathedral

Neo-Mudéjar architecture

• 
  Interior view of the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Carmen in Bogotá
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  Mudejar revival building
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  Mosque of Omar Ibn Al-Khattab

Art Deco architecture

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  Cristobal Colon Theater, Barranquilla
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  Garcia Building, Barranquilla
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  Romelio Martínez Stadium déco detail
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  Barranquilla Calle Real Shopping Center

See also

• Muisca architecture

References

• Benjamin Villegas (ed.), Casa Republicana: Colombia's Belle Epoque (1995)