Bloody Falls massacre
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The Bloody Falls massacre was an incident that took place during Hudson's Bay Company employee Samuel Hearne's exploration of the Coppermine River for copper deposits near modern-day Kugluktuk, Nunavut, Canada on 17 July 1771.[1][2] Hearne's original travelogue is now lost, and the narrative that became famous was published after Hearne's death with substantial editorializing.[3] The narrative states that Chipewyan and "Copper Indian"[4] Dene men led by Hearne's guide and companion Matonabbee attacked a group of Copper Inuit[5] camped by rapids approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) upstream from the mouth of the Coppermine River.
Prelude
[edit]Towards the end of May 1771, Samuel Hearne began to notice that the Chipewyan Indians accompanying him on his expedition had motives other than his planned survey of the Coppermine River.[6] On the party's arrival at Peshew Lake, Matonabbee and a number of the men accompanying Hearne began to make arrangements for their wives and children to be left behind. When the party arrived at Clowey Lake, each of the Chipewyan men crafted shields from thin boards, 60 cm (2 ft) wide and 90 cm (3 ft) long. Hearne noted that his party was joined by a number of Indians who were solely interested in propagating a war against the Inuit.[6] In the travel narrative describing his journey, he claimed that as the group advanced north into Inuit territories, it became evident that his companions were gradually plotting an act of "savage", "shocking", and "brutish" violence. The Dene people of the area claim, however, that Hearne himself was not present at the event, while Hearne's contemporaries further questioned his claims. The oral history of the Inuit-Dene conflict also does not reflect the Bloody Falls story.[3]
Hearne began to remonstrate with his guides but failed in his attempt. He wrote of the events, "I endeavored as much as possible to persuade them from putting their inhuman design into execution; but so far were my intreaties from having the wished-for effect, that it was concluded that I was actuated by cowardice."[6] On 1 June 1771, the few remaining women and children were left behind by the party, as well as the dogs and the heavy luggage, and a group of about 60 men advanced north towards the Coppermine River.[6] On 2 July 1771, the party came across a group of Copper Indians, who learned the purpose of the exploration party's journey and supplied them with canoes and other necessities. However, 17 men abandoned the exploration party in the coming days, claiming that the difficulty of the trek outweighed the pleasure that was to be derived from killing the Inuit.[6]
The remaining members of the exploration party arrived at the Coppermine River on 14 July 1771. Three scouts were sent to locate any Inuit who might have been camping near the river, as Hearne commenced his survey. The scouts returned on 16 July 1771 and reported that five Inuit tents had been found on the west side of the river. This news brought the survey work to a complete halt, and the men began to prepare for war.[6]
Massacre
[edit]Just after midnight on 17 July, the Dene set upon the Inuit camp and killed approximately 20 men, women and children. Hearne was traumatized by the massacre, saying "I am confident that my features must have feelingly expressed how sincerely I was affected at the barbarous scene I then witnessed; even at this hour I cannot reflect on the transactions of that horrid day without shedding tears."[1][2] He claims to have named the waterfall Bloody Falls.[7]
Legacy
[edit]Sir John Franklin verified the discovery of the Bloody Falls massacre during his own Coppermine Expedition of 1819-1822. He wrote:
Several human skulls which bore the marks of violence, and many bones were strewed about the encampment, and as the spot exactly answers the description, given by Mr Hearne, of the place...[8]
The site of the massacre, which was the traditional home of the Kogluktogmiut, is now in Kugluk/Bloody Falls Territorial Park near Kugluktuk, Nunavut. It was designated a National Historic Site in 1978, however its designation as a historical site was not due to it being the site of the purported massacre, rather due to it being a "traditional fishing site, also containing small caribou hunting stations, that record the presence of Pre-Dorset, Thule, First Nation and Inuit cultures over the past three millennia."[9]
The incident is referred to in the John Newlove poem Samuel Hearne in Wintertime.[10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b From: Samuel Hearne, A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772 (London, Eng: Strahan and Cadell, 1795) Archived 12 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine at the University of Western Ontario
- ^ a b MacLaren, I. S. (1 January 1991). "Samuel Hearne's Accounts of the Massacre at Bloody Fall, 17 July 1771". ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature. 22 (1): 25–51. ISSN 1920-1222. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
(The quote can be found on page 33.)
- ^ a b Emilie Cameron (28 September 2011). "True Stories: Materializing History at Bloody Falls". Niche Canada. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
- ^ Hearne, Samuel (2007). A Journey to the Northern Ocean: The Adventures of Samuel Hearne. TouchWood Editions. pp. 109–114. ISBN 978-1-894898-60-7.
- ^ Condon, R.G. (1987). Inuit youth : growth and change in the Canadian Arctic. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 25. ISBN 0-8135-1212-3.
Copper Inuit.
- ^ a b c d e f Brand, Michael J. (July 1992). "Samuel Hearne and the massacre at Bloody Falls". Polar Record. 28 (166): 229–232. doi:10.1017/s0032247400020696. S2CID 140592149.
- ^ Samuel Hearne's Overland Expedition 1770–72 Archived 20 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine at the National Maritime Museum
- ^ Franklin, John (1824), Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea, in the Years 1819-20-21-2 (3rd ed.), London: John Murray, retrieved 9 November 2009
- ^ "Bloody Falls National Historic Site of Canada". www.pc.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "Canadian Poetry Online". John Newlove : Poems. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
External links
[edit]- Youth Links – The Story of Bloody Falls Short article written by three Kugluktuk students.
- Samuel Hearnes' Journey from Prince of Wales Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean – Login Required
- The Canadian Encyclopedia: Bloody Falls
- Conflicts in 1771
- Massacres in 1771
- Kitikmeot Region
- Inuit history
- First Nations history in Canada
- History of the Arctic
- Massacres by First Nations
- 1771 in North America
- 1771 murders in North America
- 18th century in Canada
- Indigenous conflicts in Canada
- 18th century in the Arctic
- 1770s in Canada
- 1771 in the British Empire
- Dene
- Copper Inuit
- Violence against Indigenous people in Canada