Convoy PQ 15
| Convoy PQ 15 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Arctic Convoys of the Second World War | |||||||
 HMS Punjabi, sunk after a collision | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 United Kingdom United States Soviet Union |
 Germany | ||||||
Convoy PQ 15 was an Arctic convoy sent from Iceland by the Western Allies to aid the Soviet Union during the Second World War. The convoy sailed in late April 1942, reaching the Soviet northern ports after air attacks that sank three ships out of twenty-five.
Ships
[edit]The convoy consisted of 25 merchant ships and was accompanied by one auxiliary, the oiler RFA Gray Ranger, which travelled with a destroyer escort.
The Close Escort was led by Commander John Crombie in the minesweeper HMS Bramble and consisted of two other minesweepers and four trawlers, joined later by four destroyers and the anti-aircraft ship HMS Ulster Queen.
A Cruiser Cover Force (Rear Admiral Harold Burrough) in the light cruiser HMS Nigeria, with the heavy cruiser HMS London and two destroyers and a Distant Covering Force (Admiral John Tovey), comprising the battleships HMS King George V and USS Washington, (Rear Admiral Robert C. Giffen, USN, commanding), the aircraft carrier HMS Victorious, the heavy cruisers USS Tuscaloosa and Wichita, the light cruiser Kenya and ten destroyers. The convoy was also covered by a patrol of four submarines off Norway, guarding against a sortie by German warships.
Action
[edit]PQ 15 sailed from Reykjavík, Iceland, on 26 April 1942 with its local escort. This was joined on 28 April by the ocean escort, giving the convoy an immediate total escort of 12 warships.
German aircraft sighted the convoy on 28 April while it was 250 nmi (290 mi; 460 km)south-west of Bear Island. No attack developed for two days as the German forces were busy with the reciprocal Convoy QP 11, which left Murmansk in the Soviet Union on 28 April.
On 1 May the Luftwaffe made its first attack on PQ 15, by six Junkers Ju 88s. The German bombers failed to inflict any damage and lost one of their number. The Distant Cover Force suffered two losses when King George V and the destroyer HMS Punjabi collided in fog. Punjabi sank and King George V was forced to return to port. Her place in the group was taken by the battleship HMS Duke of York, which steamed from Scapa Flow to reinforce the escorts.
The escorts made an asdic contact on 2 May, which the destroyer HMS St. Albans and minesweeper HMS Seagull attacked. When the submarine was damaged and forced to the surface it was found to be the Polish Jastrzab, which was assigned to patrol off Norway but was some way out of position. Jastrzab was too badly damaged to continue and was scuttled.
On 3 May at 01:30 in the half light of the Arctic summer nights, six Heinkel He 111 bombers of I. Gruppe, Kampfgeschwader 26, the Luftwaffe's new torpedo bomber force, made the first German torpedo bomber attack of the war.[1] Three ships were hit, two were sunk and one was damaged, later to be sunk by the German submarine U-251. Two aircraft were shot down and a third damaged, which subsequently crashed. A further attack by German high-level bombers at dusk was unsuccessful.
Deteriorating weather on 4 May prevented further attacks, an Arctic gale quickly turning into a snowstorm. PQ 15 arrived at the Kola Inlet at 21:00 on 5 May with no further losses.
Aftermath
[edit]Botavon and Cape Corso had been sunk by torpedo bombers; Jutland was damaged by torpedo bombers and later sunk by U-251. Of the escorting warships, the submarine Jastrzab and destroyer Punjabi had been sunk and the battleship King George V had been damaged. However, 22 fully laden merchant ships had arrived safely in Murmansk, the largest Allied convoy yet to arrive in the Soviet Union. The convoy was regarded by the Allies as a success, although it gave them a taste of the difficulties to come on the Arctic convoy run.
Allied order of battle
[edit]Merchant ships
[edit]| Name | Year | Flag | GRT | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcoa Cadet | 1919 | United States
|
4,823 | Lost in N.Russia after arrival |
| Alcoa Rambler | 1919 | United States
|
5,500 | At Reykjavik 15–26 April |
| Bayou Chico | 1920 | United States
|
5,401 | |
| Botavon | 1912 |  United Kingdom
|
5,848 | Convoy Commodore H. J. Anchor; torpedoed, scuttled |
| Cape Corso | 1929 | United Kingdom
|
3,807 | Sunk by torpedo-bomber |
| Cape Race | 1930 | United Kingdom
|
3,807 | At Reykjavik 15–26 April; vice convoy commodore |
| Capira | 1920 |  Panama
|
5,625 | |
| Deer Lodge | 1919 | United States
|
6,187 | At Reykjavik 16–26 April |
| Empire Bard | 1942 | United Kingdom
|
3,114 | Joined From Reykjavik. Heavy-lift crane ship N. Russia |
| Empire Morn | 1941 | United Kingdom
|
7,092 | CAM ship at Reykjavik 16–26 April |
| Expositor | 1919 | United States
|
4,959 | Reykjavik 15–26 April |
| Francis Scott Key | 1941 | United States
|
7,191 | |
| Gray Ranger | 1941 | United Kingdom
|
3,313 | Replenishment oiler, detached, arrived Lerwick 8 May |
| Hegira | 1919 | United States
|
7,588 | |
| Jutland | 1928 | United Kingdom
|
6,153 | Bombed, wreck sunk by U-251 |
| Krassin | 1917 |  Soviet Union
|
4,902 | Icebreaker on passage |
| Lancaster | 1918 | United States
|
7,516 | |
| Montcalm | 1904 | United Kingdom
|
1,432 | Icebreaker on passage |
| Mormacrey | 1919 | United States
|
5,946 | |
| Mormacrio | 1919 | United States
|
5,940 | |
| Paul Luckenbach | 1913 | United States
|
6,606 | |
| Seattle Spirit | 1919 | United States
|
5,627 | |
| Southgate | 1926 | United Kingdom
|
4,862 | At Reykjavik 16–26 April |
| Texas | 1919 | United States
|
5,638 | |
| Topa Topa | 1920 | United States
|
5,356 | |
| Zebulon B Vance | 1942 | United States
|
7,177 |
Escorts
[edit]Heavy cover
[edit]Submarine patrols
[edit]| Name | Flag | Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ORP Jastrząb |  Polish Navy
|
S-class submarine | 2 May, 5 killed, 6 injured St. Albans, Seagull |
| Minerve |  Free French Naval Forces
|
Minerve-class submarine | 1–5 May |
| HMS Sturgeon |  Royal Navy
|
S-class submarine | 28 April – 1 May with convoy, then covering patrol |
| HNoMS Uredd |  Royal Norwegian Navy
|
U-class submarine | 1–5 May |
| HMS Unison | Royal Navy
|
U-class submarine | 1–5 May |
See also
[edit]Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Macintyre 1971, p. 270.
- ^ Ruegg & Hague 1993, p. 33.
- ^ a b Ruegg & Hague 1993, pp. 33–35.
- ^ Ruegg & Hague 1993, p. 34.
References
[edit]- Macintyre, Donald (1971). The Naval War Against Hitler. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-12375-2.
- Ruegg, Bob; Hague, Arnold (1993) [1992]. Convoys to Russia (2nd rev. exp. pbk. ed.). Kendal: World Ship Society. ISBN 978-0-905617-66-4.
Further reading
[edit]- Blair, Clay (1996). Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939–42. Vol. I. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35260-8.
- Kemp, Paul (1993). Convoy! Drama in Arctic Waters. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 1-85409-130-1 – via Archive Foundation.
- Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (2005) [1972]. Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (3rd rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-257-7.
- Schofield, Bernard (1964). The Russian Convoys. London: BT Batsford. OCLC 906102591 – via Archive Foundation.
- Woodman, Richard (2004) [1994]. Arctic Convoys 1941–1945. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-5752-1.
