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Effects of Hurricane Ivan in the Lesser Antilles and South America

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Hurricane Ivan
Satellite image of Hurricane Ivan passing through Lesser Antilles
Category 3 major hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds125 mph (205 km/h)
Highest gusts155 mph (250 km/h)
Lowest pressure952 mbar (hPa); 28.11 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities44 direct
Damage$1.1 billion (2004 USD)
Areas affectedWindward Islands (especially Grenada), Venezuela
Part of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season
History

Effects

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In September 2004, Hurricane Ivan caused significant effects in the Lesser Antilles and South America, including 44 deaths and over $1 billion in damage (2004 USD), primarily in Grenada where it was considered the worst hurricane in nearly 50 years. Hurricane Ivan developed from a tropical wave on September 2 and rapidly intensified to become a major hurricane, passing through the southern Lesser Antilles on September 7 with winds of 125 mph (201 km/h). At the time, its typical storm force winds extended outward up to 160 miles (260 km) with hurricane-force winds outward to 70 miles (110 km),[1] and the northern portion of the eye passed over Grenada.

In the region, the worst damage occurred on Grenada, where the damage total of $1.1 billion (2004 USD, ($1.77 billion 2024 USD)) represented 200% of its GDP. The hurricane damaged more than 14,000 homes and destroyed 30% of the houses, leaving about 18,000 people homeless. A total of 39 people were killed by the hurricane on the island. Elsewhere, Hurricane Ivan caused at least three fatalities and moderate damage in northern Venezuela. One person died each in Trinidad and Barbados. The name Ivan was later retired.[2]

Preparations

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Early in the duration of the storm, the National Hurricane Center consistently forecast Ivan to track further to the north than it eventually did. Late on September 5, the government of Barbados issued a hurricane watch for its territory. Shortly thereafter, Saint Lucia was put under a hurricane watch and Grenada and its dependencies were put under a tropical storm watch. As the hurricane approached the southern Lesser Antilles, more watches were issued, and by 24 hours prior to Ivan passing through the island chain a hurricane warning was in effect for Barbados, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia, Tobago, and Grenada, and a tropical storm warning was in effect for Trinidad. With the path of Ivan more southerly than predicted, the hurricane warnings were downgraded to tropical storm warnings for the northern islands, and by late on September 7 when the eye of the hurricane passed near Grenada, hurricane warnings were in effect for Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and Grenada. Subsequently, a tropical storm warning was issued for the northern coast of Venezuela through the Guajira Peninsula of Colombia.[3]

In Venezuela, citizens in coastal areas of Falcón, Sucre and Isla Margarita were moved to safer areas,[4] and several thousands were evacuated due to the hurricane. The Simón Bolívar International Airport, as well as three other mainland airports, were closed. Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. temporarily closed its oil refinery in Curaçao, and two ports were briefly shut down; this caused a delay in two oil deliveries.[5] The Valero Energy Corporation shut down its largest oil refinery in Aruba.[6] Prior to the arrival of the hurricane, oil companies in Trinidad and Tobago ceased production and removed workers from offshore rigs; the Atlantic LNG company closed exports.[4] Seven shelters were opened on Tobago, where about 560 people evacuated for the storm. Two people died: one man trying to save his car, and one girl sleeping in her bed, when a tree fell on the roof above her room. Most evacuees were from low-lying areas, and on the day of the storm's passage most schools and businesses were closed.[7] The two main airports in the country were closed, with one airline canceling all of its flights.[8]

Over 1,000 people evacuated to emergency shelters on Grenada,[4] including hundreds in low-lying areas in the capital city.[9] Some shelters were damaged during the hurricane, forcing the evacuees to go elsewhere.[4] Overall, the population responded little to the official advisories and recommendations, which potentially contributed to the death toll on the island.[2] More than 1,000 residents of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines evacuated to 28 emergency shelters.[10][11] On Barbados, officials closed schools and government buildings and prepared shelters prior to the arrival of the hurricane. To minimize danger, the island power grid was shut down.[12] Four shelters opened on Saint Lucia,[11] where many people sought safety during the storm.[4]

Impact

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Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, and the ABC islands

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Along the northern coastline of Venezuela, the hurricane produced heavy precipitation and a storm surge of about 13 feet (4.0 m), which damaged 60 homes.[13] Sustained winds on Isla Margarita peaked at 26 mph (42 km/h), and the most affected states were Falcón, Vargas, Aragua, Carabobo, and Anzoátegui.[14] Further inland, two people drowned when a river overflowed its banks,[15] and near Caracas a man died after strong winds toppled a wall.[16] The combination of rainfall and winds destroyed 21 houses and blew off the roof of several others, affecting 1,376 people, of whom 80 were left homeless. Power outages and lack of water were reported.[15] In the country, the hurricane caused 127 injuries,[14] and a death toll reported between three[2] and five.[14] An initial news story reported 28 people missing offshore on three boats.[13]

Moderate wind gusts of up 46 mph (74 km/h) were reported in Tobago,[2] which downed several trees and caused power outages in seven villages;[17] power was cut to more than 30% of the island.[7] Twenty villages on the island suffered various forms of damage, and at least 45 homes lost their roofs.[3] The hurricane left 22 people homeless and directly impacted about 1,000 people.[2] The hurricane caused one death when a falling tree killed a woman.[16] Wave heights were estimated at 65 feet (20 m),[17] and at least one home collapsed and fell into the ocean.[3] Rainfall from the storm's passage unofficially peaked at 16.2 inches (410 mm) on the island,[3] which caused some mudslides. Some crop damage was also reported, and overall damage on Tobago was estimated at $4.9 million (2004 USD, ($7.9 million 2024 USD));[2] damage in neighboring Trinidad was minimal.[10]

As Ivan continued to strengthen, it proceeded about 80 mi (130 km) north of the ABC islands on September 9. High winds blew away roof shingles and produced large swells that battered several coastal facilities. A developing spiral band dropped heavy rainfall over Aruba, causing flooding and $1.1 million worth in structural damage.[18][19]

Grenada

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Damage on Grenada

Passing just to the south of the island, Hurricane Ivan produced strong winds in Grenada, with sustained winds reaching 120 mph (190 km/h) and gusts peaking at 133 mph (214 km/h) at Point Salines International Airport. The airport recorded 5.26 inches (134 mm) of precipitation during the hurricane's passage.[2] Of the nation's six parishes, the four southernmost ones were most severely affected, constituting 80 percent of the total population.[20]

The strong winds impacted more than 14,000 homes on Grenada[3] with 90 percent of the nation's houses damaged and of which 30 percent were destroyed.[21] The capital city of St. George's was severely damaged,[3] where every major building was either damaged or destroyed.[9] Ivan's passage either damaged or destroyed 85 percent of the structures on the island,[22] including the nation's emergency operations center[4] and a 17th-century prison, which allowed many inmates to briefly escape during the height of the storm.[3] The hurricane damaged or destroyed 75 primary or secondary schools, with only two left in working condition.[23] All of Grenada was left without power or running water.[21]

York House in 2012.

York House, home of the Parliament of Grenada was destroyed.[24]

Tourism was adversely affected; an estimated 60 percent of hotel rooms were damaged.[23] The winds downed 80 percent of the nutmeg trees on the island,[3] with other crop losses varying between 60 and 90 percent.[23] An estimated 18,000 people were left homeless by the hurricane, and about 700 people sustained injuries from the storm.[21] Ivan was considered the worst hurricane to strike the nation since Hurricane Janet in 1955;[3] its passage resulted in 39 fatalities and $1.1 billion in damage (2004 USD, ($1.77 billion 2024 USD),[2] about 200% of its GDP[23] and of which about 45% resulted from housing damage.[20]

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Barbados, and northward

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Wave heights from the hurricane reached 20 feet (6.1 m) along coastline portions of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,[4] which washed away 2 homes;[3] the storm surge destroyed 19 homes and damaged 40 more.[10] On Union Island, the winds damaged the roof of a hospital, while the northern portion of the island sustained heavy damage from the waves.[8] Moderate damage was also reported on Palm Island and Carriacou and Petite Martinique.[7] The winds left more than two-thirds of the island without power,[3] and also damaged the island's banana crop.[25] Damage in the country totaled $40 million (2004 USD, ($64.5 million 2024 USD).[3]

On the island of Barbados, sustained winds peaked at 69 mph (111 km/h) while gusts reached 92 mph (148 km/h),[2] which damaged many trees and roofs.[12] A total of 531 houses were damaged,[26] of which 43 were completely destroyed.[2] Additionally, four hotels sustained some damage.[27] The winds left most of island without electricity,[4] though officials worked quickly to restore the power.[10] Rainfall from the storm was light, with less than 1 inch (25 mm) in most areas.[2] Storm surge and wave action caused beach erosion that severely damaged most coastal roads. One death was reported on the island,[3] and damage was estimated at more than $5 million (2004 USD, ($8.07 million 2024 USD).[2]

Strong winds and rough surf caused moderate coastal damage to southern portions of Saint Lucia; the combination impacted houses near the coast and also led to losses in the banana crop.[2] Minor roof damage was also reported,[10] and damage totalled $2.6 million (2004 USD $4.19 million 2024 USD)) on the island;[3] three serious injuries were reported on the island due to the hurricane, though no fatalities were reported.[8] In Dominica, winds reached 43 mph (69 km/h).[3] High waves from Ivan caused light damage to southwestern Martinique and Guadeloupe.[2]

Aftermath

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The government of Barbados created a Hurricane Ivan Housing Recovery Project, which repaired or rebuilt 190 houses for people without the available funds; around 90 homes required minor immediate repairs, while the rest required significant reconstruction. The project finished in early 2006 for a total of $5 million (2004 BBD, ($8.07 million 2024 USD).[26]

Damage on Grenada

Several nearby countries assisted Grenada in its aftermath. The government of Guyana shipped about $250,000 (2004 USD, $40 million 2004 GYD) worth of sugar, as well as 100 members of the Guyana Defense Force to assist in restoring order and reconstruction. The government of Trinidad and Tobago sent 190 policemen, and the government of Anguilla sent 1,230 cases of water. A committee of Caribbean nations realized the local governments could not provide the support that Grenada needed in its aftermath, and thus turned to international assistance.[28] Within a day of Ivan passing to the south of Grenada, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) deployed 67,600 gallons of water, 500 rolls of plastic sheeting, four 10,000 liter water bladder kits, and a water treatment kit;[29] assistance from USAID totaled $6 million (2004 USD) within a few weeks of the storm's passage, primarily in aid for reconstruction and rehabilitation.[30] In the weeks subsequent to the hurricane, the European Commission Humanitarian aid Office (ECHO) provided €3 million (2004 EUR). By a year later, housing redevelopments and disaster preparation problems continued after being impacted by Hurricane Emily; as a result, the ECHO provided €1.2 million (2005 EUR) to Grenada in September 2005.[31] Nine months after the hurricane, Chinese officials provided assistance in reconstruction and handling foreign debts after meeting with the Grenadian Prime Minister;[32] in 2007, Chinese officials funded the construction of a new $40 million (2007 USD) cricket stadium near St. George's.[33] The Caribbean Development Bank approved a $10 million loan (2004 USD) requested by the government of Grenada in July 2005, which was intended to assist in long-term development of the housing, business, and environmental sectors.[34] Emergency operations in Grenada in coordination with the Pan American Disaster Response Unit ended in July 2005.[35]

Within a few days after the hurricane passed, the Grenada Emergency Operations Center temporarily prevented relief supplies from entering the country to ensure the safety of the incoming items; the decision was reversed shortly thereafter, and planes flew supplies during daylight hours into the reopened airport. Severe looting occurred in the immediate aftermath of Ivan, prompting police officials to enact a curfew for the night hours.[9] In the first week following the hurricane, aid was slow to the affected residents, due to the lack of an efficient aid distribution system.[36] 30 official shelters and 17 prepared ones housed over 5,000 people in the aftermath of the storm.[9] Thousands of people lost their jobs due to the hurricane, with all businesses shut down following the hurricane.[32] By two months after the hurricane struck, 65 schools were opened, some of which serving as shelters; water and power were gradually restored to the island.[30] By a year after the storm's passage, all schools were reopened, and most buildings enacted provisional repairs.[37] Officials determined around 10,000 houses on the island required complete reconstruction, while a further 22,000 needed repairs.[23] The government of Grenada initially planned to rebuild 1,000 houses in the year after the hurricane struck;[37] by June 2005, 260 families were provided houses, with a further 85 under construction. The government also established a Material Assistance Programme, which provided $5,000 (2004 XCD) of free materials to more than 5,000 families, as well as a total of $4.3 million (2004 XCD) in low interest loans to 148 families.[38] Several indirect fatalities occurred in the aftermath of the hurricane, primarily senior citizens.[2]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Avila (2004). "Hurricane Ivan Public Advisory Twenty-Two". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o World Meteorological Organization (2005). "Twenty-Seventh Session RA IV Hurricane Committee" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Stacy Stewart (2004). "Hurricane Ivan Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Linda Hutchinson-Jafar (2004-09-07). "Hurricane Ivan devastates isle of Grenada". Reuters Foundation. Retrieved 2007-10-26.
  5. ^ "Hurricane Ivan moves away; Rangel says situation under control". VENews. 2004-09-10.
  6. ^ Geoffrey Smith (2004-09-09). "Hurricane Ivan tears into Caribbean isles: 20 reported dead". Bloomberg.
  7. ^ a b c International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2004). "Caribbean: Hurricane Ivan Preliminary Appeal No. 21/04". ReliefWeb. Archived from the original on 2007-07-23. Retrieved 2007-11-22.
  8. ^ a b c "Hurricane Ivan leaves four possible deaths, trail of destruction". BBC. 2004-09-07.
  9. ^ a b c d International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2004). "Caribbean: Hurricane Ivan Preliminary Appeal No. 21/04 Operations Update No. 2". ReliefWeb. Archived from the original on 2007-07-23. Retrieved 2007-11-22.
  10. ^ a b c d e International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2004). "Caribbean: Hurricane Ivan Information Bulletin" (PDF). International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
  11. ^ a b United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2004). "Hurricane Ivan OCHA Situation Report No. 3". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2007-10-26.
  12. ^ a b Eric Nurse (2004-09-07). "Houses bear the brunt of Hurricane Ivan". Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
  13. ^ a b "Hurricane Ivan Kills 24 on Grenada". ReliefWeb. Deutsche Presse Agentur. 2004-09-08. Retrieved 2007-10-26.
  14. ^ a b c "Cinco muertos y 127 damnificados dejó huracán Iván" (in Spanish). Ministario del Poder Popular para la Comunicación y la Información, Gobierno Boliariano de Venezuela. 2004-09-10. Archived from the original on 2004-11-20. Retrieved 2007-11-22.
  15. ^ a b "Cuatro muertes en Venezuela por paso de Iván". El Universal (Caracas) (in Spanish). 2004-09-09. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2007-11-22.
  16. ^ a b Agence France-Presse (2004). "Hurricane Ivan kills at least 14 in Caribbean". Reliefweb. Archived from the original on 2007-07-23. Retrieved 2007-11-22.
  17. ^ a b Earl Manmohan (2004-09-08). "Tobago Suffers Blows". Trinidad Express. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
  18. ^ "Hurricanes and tropical storms in the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba" (PDF). Meteorological Service of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
  19. ^ "Orkaan Ivan gedraagt zich op Curaçao als gewone storm". Trouw. De Persgroep Nederland. 2004-09-10. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
  20. ^ a b John Wilson (2004). "Hurricane Ivan Grenada Community Revitalization" (PDF). United States Agency for International Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-10. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
  21. ^ a b c United States Agency for International Development (2005). "Grenada Hurricane Ivan Reconstruction Program Quarterly Report 31 Mar 2005". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  22. ^ Direct Relief International (2006). "Grenada: Direct Relief's programme activities update Jun 2006". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  23. ^ a b c d e United Nations Department of Public Information (2005). "Grenada Rebuilds". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  24. ^ "Grenada Opens New Parliament Building". Caribbean Journal. 2018-06-22. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  25. ^ Eric Green (2004-09-16). "World Bank Join U.S. in Aiding Caribbean Hurricane Victims; Aid will go to nations hit by Hurricanes Frances, Ivan". Washington File.
  26. ^ a b Government of Barbados (2006). "Barbados: Hurricane Ivan housing recovery project winding-up". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  27. ^ Kitty Bean Yancey (2004-09-17). "Grenada, Grand Cayman, Grand Bahama feel the pain". USA Today.
  28. ^ Miranda La Rose (2004-09-17). "One hundred soldiers headed for Grenada". Stabroek News. Archived from the original on 2005-03-11. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
  29. ^ USAID Press Office (2004). "U.S. Providing Assistance to Grenada". USAID. Archived from the original on 2007-11-16. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
  30. ^ a b USAID (2004). "Caribbean Hurricane Update". USAID. Archived from the original on 2007-11-16. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
  31. ^ European Commission — Humanitarian Aid Office (2005). "Guyana and Grenada: European Commission approves about €2.2 million in humanitarian aid". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  32. ^ a b Government of Grenada (2005). "More Assistance from China". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  33. ^ "Grenada: Bandleader Loses Job in Chinese Anthem Gaffe". New York Times. Associated Press. 2007-02-08. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
  34. ^ Caribbean Development Bank (2005). "CDB secures USD 10 million loan from IDB for reconstructure, recovery and development in Grenada". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  35. ^ International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (2006). "Pan American Disaster Response Unit Appeal No. 05AA040 Annual Report". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  36. ^ CTV Television Network (2004). "People in Grenada frustrated by lack of aid". CTV Globe Media. Archived from the original on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
  37. ^ a b United Nations News Service (2005). "Island after the hurricane: Grenada struggles to recover from devastation". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  38. ^ Government of Grenada (2005). "Grenada: More than 5400 persons have received government help for housing since Ivan". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2007-11-20.[permanent dead link]

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