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جرمانيوم

د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا
(له Germanium نه مخ گرځېدلی)
Germanium,  32Ge
Grayish lustrous block with uneven cleaved surface
Grayish lustrous block with uneven cleaved surface
A 12 gram (2×3 cm) polycrystalline block of germanium with uneven cleaved surfaces
عمومي خواص
Pronunciation /ərˈmniəm/
jər-MAY-nee-əm
Appearancegrayish-white
Germanium په دوراني جدول کې
Hydrogen (diatomic nonmetal)
Helium (noble gas)
Lithium (alkali metal)
Beryllium (alkaline earth metal)
Boron (metalloid)
Carbon (polyatomic nonmetal)
Nitrogen (diatomic nonmetal)
Oxygen (diatomic nonmetal)
Fluorine (diatomic nonmetal)
Neon (noble gas)
Sodium (alkali metal)
Magnesium (alkaline earth metal)
Aluminium (post-transition metal)
Silicon (metalloid)
Phosphorus (polyatomic nonmetal)
Sulfur (polyatomic nonmetal)
Chlorine (diatomic nonmetal)
Argon (noble gas)
Potassium (alkali metal)
Calcium (alkaline earth metal)
Scandium (transition metal)
Titanium (transition metal)
Vanadium (transition metal)
Chromium (transition metal)
Manganese (transition metal)
Iron (transition metal)
Cobalt (transition metal)
Nickel (transition metal)
Copper (transition metal)
Zinc (transition metal)
Gallium (post-transition metal)
Germanium (metalloid)
Arsenic (metalloid)
Selenium (polyatomic nonmetal)
Bromine (diatomic nonmetal)
Krypton (noble gas)
Rubidium (alkali metal)
Strontium (alkaline earth metal)
Yttrium (transition metal)
Zirconium (transition metal)
Niobium (transition metal)
Molybdenum (transition metal)
Technetium (transition metal)
Ruthenium (transition metal)
Rhodium (transition metal)
Palladium (transition metal)
Silver (transition metal)
Cadmium (transition metal)
Indium (post-transition metal)
Tin (post-transition metal)
Antimony (metalloid)
Tellurium (metalloid)
Iodine (diatomic nonmetal)
Xenon (noble gas)
Caesium (alkali metal)
Barium (alkaline earth metal)
Lanthanum (lanthanide)
Cerium (lanthanide)
Praseodymium (lanthanide)
Neodymium (lanthanide)
Promethium (lanthanide)
Samarium (lanthanide)
Europium (lanthanide)
Gadolinium (lanthanide)
Terbium (lanthanide)
Dysprosium (lanthanide)
Holmium (lanthanide)
Erbium (lanthanide)
Thulium (lanthanide)
Ytterbium (lanthanide)
Lutetium (lanthanide)
Hafnium (transition metal)
Tantalum (transition metal)
Tungsten (transition metal)
Rhenium (transition metal)
Osmium (transition metal)
Iridium (transition metal)
Platinum (transition metal)
Gold (transition metal)
Mercury (transition metal)
Thallium (post-transition metal)
Lead (post-transition metal)
Bismuth (post-transition metal)
Polonium (post-transition metal)
Astatine (metalloid)
Radon (noble gas)
Francium (alkali metal)
Radium (alkaline earth metal)
Actinium (actinide)
Thorium (actinide)
Protactinium (actinide)
Uranium (actinide)
Neptunium (actinide)
Plutonium (actinide)
Americium (actinide)
Curium (actinide)
Berkelium (actinide)
Californium (actinide)
Einsteinium (actinide)
Fermium (actinide)
Mendelevium (actinide)
Nobelium (actinide)
Lawrencium (actinide)
Rutherfordium (transition metal)
Dubnium (transition metal)
Seaborgium (transition metal)
Bohrium (transition metal)
Hassium (transition metal)
Meitnerium (unknown chemical properties)
Darmstadtium (unknown chemical properties)
Roentgenium (unknown chemical properties)
Copernicium (transition metal)
Nihonium (unknown chemical properties)
Flerovium (unknown chemical properties)
Moscovium (unknown chemical properties)
Livermorium (unknown chemical properties)
Tennessine (unknown chemical properties)
Oganesson (unknown chemical properties)
Si

Ge

Sn
galliumgermaniumarsenic
اټومي شمیره (Z)32
گروپ, پیریودgroup 14 (carbon group), period 4
بلاکp-block
Element category  metalloid
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)کينډۍ:Val[۱]
Electron configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 18, 4
فزیکي خواص
حالت (at STP)جامد
دويلې کيدو ټکى1211.40 K ​(938.25 °C, ​1720.85 °F)
يشنا ټکی3106 K ​(2833 °C, ​5131 °F)
Density near r.t.5.323 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.5.60 g/cm3
Heat of fusion36.94 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization334 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity23.222 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states4, 3, 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, −3, −4 ​(an amphoteric oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.01
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 762 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1537.5 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 3302.1 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 122 pm
Covalent radius122 pm
Van der Waals radius211 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structureface-centered diamond-cubic
Diamond cubic crystal structure for germanium
Diamond cubic crystal structure for germanium
Speed of sound thin rod5400 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion6.0 µm/(m·K)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه60.2 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity1 Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Band gap0.67 eV (at 300 K)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic[۲]
Magnetic susceptibility (χmol)−76.84·10−6 cm3/mol[۳]
Young's modulus103 GPa[۴]
Shear modulus41 GPa[۴]
Bulk modulus75 GPa[۴]
Poisson ratio0.26[۴]
Mohs hardness6.0
CAS Number7440-56-4
History
Namingafter Germany, homeland of the discoverer
PredictionDmitri Mendeleev (1871)
DiscoveryClemens Winkler (1886)
Main isotopes of germanium
آيسو­ټوپ Abun­dance نیم ژوند (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct
68Ge syn 270.8 d ε 68Ga
70Ge 20.52% stable
71Ge syn 11.3 d ε 71Ga
72Ge 27.45% stable
73Ge 7.76% stable
74Ge 36.52% stable
76Ge 7.75% 1.78×1021 y ββ 76Se
| references | in Wikidata

جرمانيوم (په انگرېزي: Germanium) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د Ge سمبول او ۳۲ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.

مشخصات

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تاریخچه

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د استعمال ځایونه

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سرچينې

[سمول]
  1. Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  2. Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
  3. Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
  4. ۴٫۰ ۴٫۱ ۴٫۲ ۴٫۳ "Properties of Germanium". Ioffe Institute.

دا ليکنه نابشپړه ده، تاسې ددې ليکنې په بشپړولو کې د ويکيپېډيا سره مرسته کولای شئ.