Gottlieb Muffat
Gottlieb Muffat | |
|---|---|
| Born | 25 April 1690 |
| Died | 9 December 1770 (aged 80) |
| Genres | Classical, Baroque |
| Occupation(s) | Composer, organist |
| Instrument | Organ |
| Years active | 1711–1763 |
Gottlieb Muffat (25 April 1690 – 9 December 1770), son of Georg Muffat, served as Hofscholar under Johann Fux in Vienna from 1711 and was appointed to the position of third court organist at the Hofkapelle in 1717. He acquired additional duties over time including the instruction of members of the Imperial family, among them the future Empress Maria Theresa. He was promoted to second organist in 1729 and first organist upon the accession of Maria Theresa to the throne in 1741. He retired from official duties at the court in 1763.[1]
Compositions
[edit]Muffat's compositional output is primarily limited to keyboard music. He shows considerable skill as a contrapuntist in the short liturgical fugues published in his first collection 72 Versetl sammt 12 Toccaten (Vienna, 1726). These pieces reflect a conservative approach to liturgical music in that they are organized in the order of the church tones with an introductory toccata and a regular number of versets for each tone.[2]
His second publication, Componimenti musicali per il cembalo (Augsburg, ca. 1736), is more progressive in its outlook. This collection of six suites, while maintaining the traditional Allemande, Courante and Saraband format, is more lavishly ornamented than was characteristic of Austro-German music of that era. Some of the movements are even given fanciful French titles like La Coquette or L'aimable Esprit as were popular among the clavecinistes. Short, simple phrases and clear motives characterize the pieces in this set. The preface to this work contains an ornamentation table with symbols and performance instructions for 57 ornaments.[3]
Much of Muffat's output remains unpublished, though it nonetheless contains much music of great interest. His manuscript containing 32 ricercare and 19 canzonas is remarkable in that it is the largest body of work from his era based on 17th century models. Like all pupils of Fux, Muffat would have studied the music of Frescobaldi and Froberger during his years of apprenticeship. In the ricercare, Muffat shows himself to be a master of the stile antico. Following the usage of the early Baroque, the contrapuntal ricercare are notated in open score and preserve the sense of modality and sectional structure of the Italian masters. The canzonas are modeled on the 16th century vocal motet and are livelier and more idiomatically instrumental in style.[4]
Also still in manuscript are the 24 Toccatas and Capriccios. a pairing which seems to be unique to Muffat. Two styles of toccatas appear in this collection: one type features a florid melodic line over a supporting chordal structure and the second type utilizes a sectional form that juxtaposes contrasting tempi, meters and textures. The capriccios represent a variety of styles including prelude, invention, and dance forms.
Muffat and Handel
[edit]It is well established that Handel borrowed copiously from his contemporaries, including Muffat. While it would be easy to cast aspersions at Handel for this seemingly dishonest practice, it hardly diminishes his stature as a composer and probably would not have created much consternation for either party.
It is not known with certainty whether Handel and Muffat had any personal knowledge of each other, but their positions as leading musicians in major European capitals might imply at least a mutual awareness. There is a copy, in Muffat's own hand, of Handel's Suites des pieces (1720) which Muffat supplied with numerous ornaments along with a few variants of his own design.[5] Modern edition by Hogwood 2007. Muffat as well did his own version of Handel's 6 Fugues for Keyboard (1735) HWV 605–610, first edition from the manuscript by Hogwood 2008. For his part, Handel seems to have borrowed extensively from Muffat's Componimenti Musicali with at least 18 of these pieces appearing 30 times in Handel's output.[6] Handel's Ode to St. Cecilia's Day seems to owe the greatest debt to Muffat, with material from five pieces being reworked into the score. Not only were themes reused in their entirety, but also counter subjects and continuing phrases were put to use by Handel. More such examples appear in Handel's oratorios Joshua, Samson, and Judas Maccabeus.[7] The spirited fugue in the second movement of the Overture to Samson makes extensive use of a Muffat fugue from Componimenti Musicali and a similar borrowing occurs in the third movement of the Overture to Judas Maccabeus. The March which begins Act II of Joshua is a reworking of a Rigaudon by Muffat.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ Wollenberg, Susan. "Muffat, Gottlieb Theophil" in Grove Music Online accessed 11/15/2013
- ^ Wollenberg, Susan. "Muffat, Gottlieb Theophil" in Grove Music Online accessed 11/15/2013
- ^ Wollenberg, Susan. "The Keyboard Suites of Gottlieb Muffat." Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association, Volume 102, 1975. 83-91
- ^ Wollenberg, Susan "Muffat, Gottlieb Theophil". Grove Music Online. accessed 11/15/2013.
- ^ Baselt, Bernd. "Muffat and Handel: A Two Way Exchange." The Musical Times, Volume 120, no.1641, Nov., 1979. 904-907
- ^ Bennett, Gregory. "Handel's Borrowings." The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular Volume 36, no. 625, March, 1895. 596-600
- ^ Shedlock, J.S. "Handel's Borrowing." The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular, Volume 42, no.701, July 1901. 450-452
- ^ Abraham, Gerald. Handel: A Symposium (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1974).
Further reading
[edit]- Alison J. Dunlop. 2013. The Life and Works of Gottlieb Muffat (1690-1770). Vienna: Hollitzer. ISBN 978-3-99012-084-2.
- Georg Muffat and Handel, George Frideric. 2009. 6 Fugues for Keyboard (1735) HWV 605-610 mises dans une autre applicature pour la facilité de la main by Gottlieb Muffat (1736), ed. Christopher Hogwood. Bologna: UT Orpheus. ISMN 979-0-2153-1542-6.
- Susan Wollenberg. 1974. Viennese keyboard music in the reign of Karl VI (1712–40): Gottlieb Muffat and his contemporaries. 2 Vols. DPhil thesis. Oxford University.
- Rudolf Walter. 2002. Foreword. In Gottlieb Muffat: 72 Verseti samt 12 Toccaten. Bonn: Butz.
External links
[edit]- Free scores by Gottlieb Muffat at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
- Alison Dunlop The Life and Works of Gottlieb Muffat (1690-1770) : Part I: A Documentary Biography. Part II: Catalogue of Works and Sources (Wien: Hollitzer Verlag, 2013) JSTOR. Online resource, accessed 9 October 2023
- Susan Wollenberg Viennese keyboard music in the reign of Karl VI (1712-40) : Gottlieb Muffat and his contemporaries . 2 Vols. (DPhil thesis. Oxford University, 1974). Online resource, accessed 8 October 2023.
Recordings
[edit]- Muffat: Componimenti per il Cembalo; Harpsichordist: Joseph Payne; Label: Centaur; Catalogue Number: 2502
- Muffat: Componimenti per il Cembalo; Harpsichordist: Mitzi Meyerson; Label: Glossa; Catalogue Number: GCD921804
- Muffat: Suites for Harpsichord Vol. 1; Harpsichordist: Akutagawa Naoko; Label: Naxos; Catalogue Number: 8.572610
- Muffat: Suites for Harpsichord Vol. 2; Harpsichordist: Akutagawa Naoko; Label: Naxos; Catalogue Number: 8.573275
- Muffat: Suites for Harpsichord Vol. 3; Harpsichordist: Akutagawa Naoko; Label: Naxos; Catalogue Number: 8.574098
- Muffat: Componimenti Musicali; Harpsichordist: Roberto Loreggian; Label: Brilliant Classics; Catalogue Number: 96340
- German Baroque composers
- Austrian classical organists
- German people of Scottish descent
- Austrian people of Scottish descent
- Organists and composers in the South German tradition
- German male organists
- 1690 births
- 1770 deaths
- 18th-century keyboardists
- 18th-century Austrian classical composers
- Austrian male classical composers
- 18th-century German composers
- 18th-century German male musicians
- Male classical organists