List of Jewish Major League Baseball players
Jewish players have played in Major League Baseball since the league came into existence in the late 19th century, and have a long and storied history within the game. There have been 190 players who identified as Jewish during their Major League career, including players who converted during or before their careers, and players who have or had at least one Jewish parent, and identified as Jewish by virtue of their parentage.
In the early years, Jewish baseball players faced constant antisemitic heckles from opponents and fans, with many hiding their heritage to avoid discrimination in the league. Despite this, a number of Jewish players overcame such abuse and went on to become stars. Two such players, Hank Greenberg and Sandy Koufax, were both elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame and are widely considered to be amongst the most important and iconic players in baseball and American history. The sport played a large part in the assimilation of American Jews into American society at a time of rampant antisemitism, and remains a very important part in Jewish American culture today.
The criteria for this list have been taken from the Jewish Baseball Museum, a virtual museum dedicated to the preservation and recording of Jewish history and the involvement of Jews in baseball. The list includes players who identified as Jewish during their careers. Where the player has one parent who is Jewish and also identifies as Jewish or has converted before or during their careers, it is noted as such. Players who converted after their careers had ended or did not identify as Jewish despite having Jewish parentage are not listed.[1]
History of Jews in Major League Baseball
[edit]Jewish players have played in Major League Baseball since the league came into existence, with Lip Pike being the first. With the surge of Jewish immigrants from Europe to the United States at the turn of the 20th century, baseball, then the most popular sport in the country and referred to as the "National Pastime", became a way for children of Jewish immigrants to assimilate into American life.[2] Sportswriter Jon Wertheim described baseball as being "interwoven with the American Jewish experience".[3] Baseball historian John Thorn described it as an "agent of integration".[4]
For many years, Jewish players who made it to the Major Leagues often changed their names and hid their identities in order to avoid antisemitism, at the time rampant in the country and the league. Industrialist Henry Ford, during the Black Sox Scandal and the alleged involvement of Jewish crime boss Arnold Rothstein in the fixing of the 1919 World Series, famously wrote about the gambling scene that was widespread in the sport at the time: "If fans wish to know the trouble with American baseball they have it in three words—too much Jew."[4]
It was not until Hank Greenberg, the son of Orthodox Romanian-Jewish immigrants, broke into the Majors in 1930 with the Detroit Tigers that Jewish players stopped hiding their identities.[2] Greenberg played in Detroit, which was home to Father Coughlin, a Catholic priest who used his radio program to broadcast antisemitic commentary, and Henry Ford who spread antisemitism through his newspaper The Dearborn Independent. He faced verbal abuse from opposing benches and fans. However, Greenberg never hid his Jewish identity, famously sitting out a game during a tight pennant race in 1934 due to it falling on Yom Kippur. He became the first Jewish player elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.[5]
After Greenberg, many Jewish players went on to become stars in the Jewish American communities. The most famous of those was Sandy Koufax of the Los Angeles Dodgers, widely considered to be one of the greatest pitchers in baseball history, who later became the second Jewish player elected to the Hall of Fame. Like Greenberg, Koufax never pitched during the High Holy Days, famously sitting out Game 1 of the 1965 World Series because it fell on Yom Kippur.[6] Rabbi Rebecca Alpert stated that Koufax, who faced antisemitism as well, helped break stereotypes of Jewish men who were seen as being weak and bookish. His decision to sit out a World Series game became one of the most iconic moments for American Jews, making him "an important role model, and a real hero."[2]
Since Greenberg and Koufax, Thorn noted that Jewish baseball fans have become known for paying close attention to Jewish baseball players, both upcoming stars and prospects, and that there are sets of Major League Baseball cards dedicated to every Jewish player who has played in the Major Leagues, indicating the continuing importance of the game in the Jewish community.[7]
In 2010, a documentary film called Jews and Baseball: An American Love Story was released which discussed the relationship between baseball and American Jews in detail. While Greenberg and Koufax were the main subjects of the film, the movie also discussed how baseball was used to fight against stereotypes of Jews as non-athletic and bookish. It also talked about Jewish immigration and assimilation into American society as well as Jewish stars and notable players besides the two Hall of Famers, such as Al Rosen, Moe Berg, Kevin Youkilis, and Ryan Braun.[8]
List of players
[edit]A–F
[edit]Name | Position | Major League team(s) | Years active | Notes | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cal Abrams | Outfielder | 1949–1956 | [9][10] | ||
Lloyd Allen | Pitcher | 1969–1975 |
|
[11] | |
Rubén Amaro Jr. | Outfielder | 1991–1998 |
|
[12][13] | |
Morrie Arnovich | Outfielder | 1936–1941, 1946 |
|
[10][14] | |
Brad Ausmus | Catcher | 1993–2010 |
|
[15][16] | |
Harrison Bader | Centerfielder | 2017–present |
|
[17][18] | |
Jesse Baker | Shortstop | Washington Senators | 1919 |
|
[19] |
Brian Bark | Pitcher | Boston Red Sox | 1995 | [20] | |
Ross Baumgarten | Pitcher | 1978–1982 | [21] | ||
José Bautista | Pitcher | 1988–1997 |
|
[12] | |
Joe Bennett | Third baseman | Philadelphia Phillies | 1923 |
|
[22] |
Moe Berg | Catcher | 1923–1939 |
|
[23][24] | |
Nate Berkenstock | Right fielder | Philadelphia Athletics | 1871 |
|
[25] |
Jake Bird | Pitcher | Colorado Rockies | 2022–present |
|
[17][26] |
Bob Berman | Catcher | Washington Senators | 1918 | [27] | |
Jeremy Bleich | Pitcher | Oakland Athletics | 2018 | [28] | |
Richard Bleier | Pitcher | 2016–2023 |
|
[17][26] | |
Cy Block |
|
Chicago Cubs | 1942, 1945–1946 | [29] | |
Ron Blomberg |
|
1969, 1971–1976, 1978 | [30][31] | ||
Sam Bohne | Second baseman | 1916, 1921–1926 |
|
[32] | |
Henry Bostick | Third baseman | Philadelphia Athletics | 1915 |
|
[33] |
Ryan Braun | Outfielder | Milwaukee Brewers | 2007–2020 |
|
[34] |
Alex Bregman | Third baseman | Houston Astros | 2016–present |
|
[35] |
Craig Breslow | Relief pitcher | 2005–2006, 2008–2017 |
|
[36][37] | |
Louis Brower | Shortstop | Detroit Tigers | 1931 | [38] | |
Conrad Cardinal | Pitcher | Houston Colt .45s | 1963 | [39] | |
Frank Charles | Catcher | Houston Astros | 2000 |
|
[40] |
Harry Chozen | Catcher | Cincinnati Reds | 1937 | [41] | |
Tony Cogan | Relief pitcher | Kansas City Royals | 2001 | [40] | |
Alta Cohen | Outfielder | 1931–1933 | [42] | ||
Andy Cohen | Second baseman | New York Giants | 1926, 1928–1929 | [10][43] | |
Hy Cohen | Pitcher | Chicago Cubs | 1955 | [44] | |
Syd Cohen | Pitcher | Washington Senators | 1934, 1936–1937 | [45] | |
Dick Conger | Pitcher | 1940–1943 | [46] | ||
Phil Cooney | Third baseman | New York Highlanders | 1905 |
|
[47] |
Ed Corey | Pitcher | Chicago White Sox | 1918 |
|
[48] |
Bill Cristall | Pitcher | Cleveland Blues | 1901 | [49] | |
Harry Danning | Catcher | New York Giants | 1933–1942 |
|
[50][51] |
Ike Danning | Catcher | St. Louis Browns | 1928 | [50] | |
Bob Davis | Pitcher | Kansas City Athletics | 1958, 1960 | [52] | |
Ike Davis | First baseman | 2010–2016 |
|
[53] | |
Cody Decker |
|
San Diego Padres | 2015 | [54] | |
Scott Effross | Pitcher | 2021–present | [17][55] | ||
Harry Eisenstat | Starting pitcher | 1935–1942 | [56] | ||
Mike Epstein | First baseman | 1966–1974 |
|
[14][57] | |
Reuben Ewing | Outfielder | St. Louis Cardinals | 1921 |
|
[58] |
Al Federoff | Second baseman | Detroit Tigers | 1951–1952 | [59] | |
Eddie Feinberg | Utility player | Philadelphia Phillies | 1938–1939 | [60] | |
Harry Feldman | Pitcher | New York Giants | 1941–1946 | [61] | |
Scott Feldman | Pitcher | 2005–2017 | [62] | ||
Leo Fishel | Pitcher | New York Giants | 1899 | [63] | |
Jake Fishman | Pitcher | Miami Marlins | 2022–present |
|
[26][64] |
Matt Ford | Pitcher | Milwaukee Brewers | 2003 | [65] | |
Happy Foreman | Pitcher | 1924, 1926 | [66] | ||
Micah Franklin | Outfielder | St. Louis Cardinals | 1997 |
|
[67] |
Moe Franklin | Shortstop | Detroit Tigers | 1941–1942 | [68] | |
Nate Freiman | First baseman | Oakland Athletics | 2013–2014 | [69][70] | |
Max Fried | Starting pitcher | 2017–present |
|
[71][72] | |
Sam Fuld | Outfielder | 2007, 2009–2015 | [73] |
G–P
[edit]Name | Position | Major League team(s) | Years active | Notes | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Milt Galatzer | Outfielder | 1933–1936, 1939 | [74] | ||
Zack Gelof | Second baseman | Oakland Athletics | 2023–present | [17][75] | |
Mark Gilbert | Outfielder | Chicago White Sox | 1985 |
|
[76] |
Joe Ginsberg | Catcher | 1948, 1950–1954, 1956–1962 | [77] | ||
Keith Glauber | Pitcher | Cincinnati Reds | 1998, 2000 | [12] | |
Brad Goldberg | Pitcher | Chicago White Sox | 2017 | [78] | |
Jonah Goldman |
|
Cleveland Indians | 1928–1931 | [79] | |
Izzy Goldstein | Pitcher | Detroit Tigers | 1932 | [80] | |
Jake Goodman | First baseman | 1878, 1882 | [81] | ||
Sid Gordon |
|
1941–1943, 1946–1955 |
|
[14][82] | |
Herb Gorman | Pinch hitter | St. Louis Cardinals | 1952 |
|
[83] |
John Grabow | Relief pitcher | 2003–2011 | [84][85] | ||
Shawn Green | Right fielder | 1993–2007 |
|
[86][87] | |
Adam Greenberg | Outfielder | 2005, 2012 | [88] | ||
Hank Greenberg |
|
1930, 1933–1941, 1945–1947 |
|
[87][89] | |
Dalton Guthrie | Utility player | Philadelphia Phillies | 2022–2023 |
|
[17] |
Eric Helfand | Catcher | Oakland Athletics | 1993–1995 | [90] | |
Steve Hertz | Third baseman | Houston Colt .45s | 1964 | [91] | |
Jason Hirsh | Pitcher | 2006–2008 | [92] | ||
Ken Holtzman | Starting pitcher | 1965–1979 |
|
[57][93] | |
Spencer Horwitz | First baseman | Toronto Blue Jays | 2023–present | [94] | |
Brian Horwitz | Outfielder | San Francisco Giants | 2008 | [95] | |
Bill Hurst | Pitcher | Florida Marlins | 1996 | [96] | |
Skip Jutze | Catcher | 1972–1977 |
|
[97] | |
Ryan Kalish | Outfielder | 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 |
|
[98] | |
Rob Kaminsky | Pitcher | St. Louis Cardinals | 2020 |
|
[99] |
Harry Kane | Pitcher | 1902–1906 |
|
[100] | |
Gabe Kapler | Outfielder | 2000–2005, 2005–2001 |
|
[101] | |
Herb Karpel | Pitcher | New York Yankees | 1946 | [102] | |
Ty Kelly | Utility player | 2016–2018 |
|
[103][104] | |
Ian Kinsler | Second baseman | 2006–2019 | [105][106] | ||
Alan Koch | Pitcher | 1963–1964 | [107] | ||
Mike Koplove | Pitcher | 2001–2007 |
|
[40] | |
Sandy Koufax | Starting pitcher | Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers | 1955–1966 |
|
[87][108] |
Brian Kowitz | Outfielder | Atlanta Braves | 1995 | [109] | |
Evan Kravetz | Relief pitcher | Cincinnati Reds | 2024 | [17][110] | |
Dean Kremer | Starting pitcher | Baltimore Orioles | 2020–present | [111][112] | |
Barry Latman | Pitcher | 1957–1967 |
|
[113] | |
Ryan Lavarnway | Catcher | 2011–2021 |
|
[114] | |
Max Lazar | Relief pitcher | Philadelphia Phillies | 2024–present | [115][116] | |
Jim Levey | Shortstop | St. Louis Browns | 1930–1933 |
|
[117] |
Al Levine | Relief pitcher | 1996–2005 | [40][12] | ||
Jesse Levis | Catcher | 1992–2001 | [12] | ||
Mike Lieberthal | Catcher | 1994–2007 |
|
[118] | |
Lou Limmer | First baseman | Philadelphia Athletics | 1951, 1954 | [77][119] | |
Andrew Lorraine | Pitcher | 1994–1995, 1997–2000, 2002 | [120] | ||
Elliott Maddox |
|
1970–1980 |
|
[14][121] | |
Cy Malis | Pitcher | Philadelphia Phillies | 1934 |
|
[122] |
Moxie Manuel | Pitcher | 1905, 1908 | [123] | ||
Duke Markell | Pitcher | St. Louis Browns | 1951 |
|
[124] |
Jason Marquis | Pitcher | 2000–2013, 2015 |
|
[125][126] | |
Ed Mayer | Pitcher | Chicago Cubs | 1957–1958 | [127] | |
Erskine Mayer | Pitcher | 1912–1919 | [14][128] | ||
Sam Mayer | Outfielder | Washington Senators | 1915 | [129] | |
Ed Mensor | Outfielder | Pittsburgh Pirates | 1912–1914 | [130] | |
Matt Mervis | First baseman | Chicago Cubs | 2023–present | [17] | |
Mike Milchin | Pitcher | 1996 | [131] | ||
Norm Miller | Right fielder | 1965–1974 | [132] | ||
Jon Moscot | Pitcher | Cincinnati Reds | 2015–2016 | [133] | |
Sam Nahem | Pitcher | 1938, 1941–1942, 1948 |
|
[134] | |
Jeff Newman |
|
1976–1984 |
|
[135] | |
Joc Pederson |
|
2014–present |
|
[136][137] | |
Barney Pelty | Pitcher | 1903–1912 | [14][138] | ||
Israel Pike | Outfielder | Brooklyn Hartfords | 1877 |
|
[139] |
Lip Pike |
|
1871–1878, 1881, 1887 |
|
[140][141] | |
Kevin Pillar | Outfielder | 2013–present |
|
[142] | |
Jake Pitler | Second baseman | Pittsburgh Pirates | 1917–1918 | [10][143] | |
Aaron Poreda | Relief pitcher | 2009, 2014 | [144] |
R–Z
[edit]Name | Position | Major League team(s) | Years active | Notes | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Steve Ratzer | Pitcher | Montreal Expos | 1980–1981 | [145] | |
Jimmie Reese |
|
1930–1932 |
|
[12][146] | |
Al Richter | Shortstop | Boston Red Sox | 1951, 1953 | [147] | |
Dave Roberts | Pitcher | 1969–1981 |
|
[14][148] | |
Saul Rogovin | Pitcher | 1949–1953, 1955–1957 | [77] | ||
Al Rosen | Third baseman | Cleveland Indians | 1947–1956 |
|
[149] |
Goody Rosen | Outfielder | 1937–1939, 1944–1946 |
|
[14][150] | |
Harry Rosenberg | Outfielder | New York Giants | 1930 | [151] | |
Kenny Rosenberg | Pitcher | Los Angeles Angels | 2022–2024 |
|
[26][17] |
Lou Rosenberg |
|
Chicago White Sox | 1923 | [152] | |
Steve Rosenberg | Pitcher | 1988–1991 | [153] | ||
Max Rosenfeld | Outfielder | Brooklyn Robins / Dodgers | 1931–1933 | [154] | |
Sy Rosenthal | Outfielder | Boston Red Sox | 1925–1926 | [155] | |
Wayne Rosenthal | Pitcher | Texas Rangers | 1991–1992 | [156] | |
Bubby Rossman | Pitcher | Philadelphia Phillies | 2022 | [26][157] | |
Marv Rotblatt | Pitcher | Chicago White Sox | 1948, 1950–1951 | [158] | |
Mickey Rutner | Third baseman | Philadelphia Athletics | 1947 | [159] | |
Ryan Sadowski | Pitcher | San Francisco Giants | 2009 | [160] | |
Mike Saipe | Pitcher | Colorado Rockies | 1998 | [161] | |
Ike Samuels | Third baseman | St. Louis Browns | 1895 | [162] | |
Josh Satin | Second baseman | New York Mets | 2011–2014 | [163] | |
Moe Savransky | Pitcher | Cincinnati Redlegs | 1954 | [164] | |
Al Schacht | Pitcher | Washington Senators | 1919–1921 | [165] | |
Sid Schacht | Pitcher | 1950–1951 | [166] | ||
Hal Schacker | Pitcher | Boston Braves | 1945 | [167] | |
Heinie Scheer | Second baseman | Philadelphia Athletics | 1922–1923 | [168] | |
Richie Scheinblum | Outfielder | 1965, 1967–1969, 1971–1974 |
|
[118] | |
Mike Schemer | First baseman | New York Giants | 1945–1946 | [169] | |
Scott Schoeneweis | Pitcher | 1999–2010 |
|
[12] | |
Mike Schwimer | Pitcher | Philadelphia Phillies | 2011–2012 | [170] | |
Art Shamsky |
|
1965–1972 |
|
[171] | |
Dick Sharon | Outfielder | 1973–1975 |
|
[172] | |
Ryan Sherriff | Pitcher | 2017–2023 | [173] | ||
Larry Sherry | Relief pitcher | 1958–1969 |
|
[14][174] | |
Norm Sherry | Catcher | 1959–1963 | [174][175] | ||
Harry Shuman | Pitcher | 1942–1944 | [176] | ||
Jared Shuster | Pitcher | 2023–present | [17][177] | ||
Al Silvera | Left fielder | Cincinnati Redlegs | 1955–1956 | [178] | |
Fred Sington | Outfielder | 1934–1939 | [179] | ||
Mose Solomon | Outfielder | New York Giants | 1923 | [180] | |
Bill Starr | Catcher | Washington Senators | 1935–1936 | [181] | |
Jeff Stember | Pitcher | San Francisco Giants | 1980 | [182] | |
Adam Stern | Outfielder | 2005–2006, 2010 |
|
[150][183] | |
Robert Stock | Pitcher | 2018–2021 | [184] | ||
Steve Stone | Starting pitcher | 1971–1981 |
|
[14][12] | |
Garrett Stubbs | Catcher | 2019–present |
|
[17][185] | |
Bud Swartz | Pitcher | St. Louis Browns | 1947 | [186] | |
Don Taussig | Outfielder | 1958, 1961–1962 | [187] | ||
Rowdy Tellez | First baseman | 2018–2024 |
|
[17] | |
Bob Tufts | Pitcher | 1981–1983 |
|
[118][188] | |
Eddie Turchin |
|
Cleveland Indians | 1943 | [189] | |
Danny Valencia | Third baseman | 2010–2018 | [190][191] | ||
Steve Wapnick | Pitcher | 1990, 1991 | [192] | ||
Justin Wayne | Pitcher | Florida Marlins | 2002–2004 | [193] | |
Lefty Weinert | Pitcher | 1919–1924, 1927–1928, 1931 | [194] | ||
Phil Weintraub |
|
1933–1935, 1937–1938, 1944–1945 | [158] | ||
Zack Weiss | Pitcher | 2018, 2022–2023 |
|
[17] | |
Josh Whitesell | First baseman | Arizona Diamondbacks | 2008–2009 | [195] | |
Ed Wineapple | Pitcher | Washington Senators | 1929 |
|
[196] |
Larry Yellen | Pitcher | Houston Colt .45s | 1963–1964 | [118] | |
Kevin Youkilis |
|
2004–2013 |
|
[197] | |
Josh Zeid | Pitcher | Houston Astros | 2013–2014 | [158][198] | |
Eddie Zosky | Shortstop | 1991–1992, 1995, 1999, 2000 |
|
[199] |
Gallery
[edit]-
Lip Pike, the first Jewish Major League Baseball player and one of the first professional baseball players in history[140]
-
Cal Abrams, one of the "Boys of Summer" players who played for the Brooklyn Dodgers teams of the 1940s and 1950s[10]
-
Sid Gordon, an All-Star, five-tool outfielder for the Giants[200]
-
Erskine Mayer, the first Jewish player to appear in a World Series game, starting Game 2 of the 1915 World Series[201]
-
Ken Holtzman, the all-time wins leader amongst Jewish pitchers in Major League history[201]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "The Roster". Jewish Baseball Museum. Archived from the original on April 29, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
Who's Jewish? It's complicated. What qualifies a ballplayer for inclusion on this site? That's complicated, too. But if a player had a Jewish parent (or converted prior to or while active as a player) and identified himself as Jewish during his playing career, we're including him on our team. If you got a problem with that, consult a rabbi. Or an umpire.
- ^ a b c Lind, Dara (October 2, 2014). "The secret history of Jews in baseball". Vox. Archived from the original on May 3, 2024. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
- ^ Wertheim, Jon (March 13, 2014). "Forget Peanuts and Cracker Jack. What Jews Love About Baseball Is Jewish Players". Tablet. Archived from the original on May 6, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
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- ^ Horvitz, pp. 16–17.
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- ^ Horvitz, pp. 24–25.
- ^ Horvitz, p. 29
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- ^ Horwitz, Simi (May 24, 2019). "The Jewish Spy Who Kept Us Safe At Home". The Forward. Archived from the original on May 3, 2024. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
- ^ Horvitz, p. 32.
- ^ a b c d e Litman, Matthew (March 10, 2023). "Your guide to all the Jewish baseball players in the MLB". The Forward.
- ^ Horvitz, pp. 32–33.
- ^ Nesbitt, Stephen J. (August 18, 2020). "Olympic dreams delayed, Jeremy Bleich settles into new role with Pirates". The Athletic. Archived from the original on May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
- ^ Horvitz, pp. 33–35.
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- ^ "Sammy Bohne". Jewish Baseball Museum. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
- ^ Horvitz, p. 38.
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- ^ Kessler, Jack (August 12, 2010). "Oakland left-hander Craig Breslow is a relief pitcher and a mensch with his Strike 3 Foundation". Jweekly. Archived from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
- ^ Horvitz, p. 41.
- ^ Horvitz, p. 42.
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- ^ Horvitz, pp. 42–43.
- ^ Horvitz, pp. 44–45.
- ^ Cohen, Irwin (December 10, 2008). "Remembering The 'Yiddish' Infielder". The Jewish Press. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009.
- ^ Horvitz, pp. 47–49.
- ^ Horvitz, pp. 49–50.
- ^ Horvitz, p. 50.
- ^ Horvitz, pp. 50–51.
- ^ Horvitz, p. 51.
- ^ Horvitz, pp. 51–52.
- ^ a b Woestendiek, John (August 26, 2004). "In A League Of Their Own". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017.
- ^ Maoz, Jason (December 8, 2004). "Au Revoir, Harry Danning". The Jewish Press. Archived from the original on May 6, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
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- ^ Horvitz, pp. 54–55.
- ^ a b Turbow, Jason (September 7, 2017). "How Two Jewish Baseball Players Processed the 1972 Munich Massacre". Moment. Archived from the original on May 6, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
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Book sources
[edit]- Horvitz, Peter S.; Horvitz, Joachim (2001). The Big Book of Jewish Baseball: An Illustrated Encyclopedia & Anecdotal History. New York: S.P.I. Books. ISBN 978-1561719730.
Further reading
[edit]Articles
[edit]- Thorn, John (July 18, 2016). "Overcoming Adversity". Our Game. MLBlogs.com.
Books
[edit]- Wechsler, Bob (2017). The Jewish Baseball Card Book. Jewish Major Leaguers Inc. ISBN 978-0692894118.
- Ruttman, Larry (2013). American Jews and America's Game: Voices of a Growing Legacy in Baseball. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803264755.