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List of landslides

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Frank Slide, Turtle Mountain, Alberta, Canada

This list of landslides is a list of notable landslides and mudflows divided into sections by date and type. This list may be incomplete as there is no central catalogue for landslides, although it does exist for some for individual countries or areas. Volumes of landslides are recorded in the scientific literature using cubic kilometres (km3) for the largest and millions of cubic metres (MCM) for most events.

Prehistoric landslides

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Note: km3 = cubic kilometre(s)

Date Place Name Lat. Long. Volume Comments Sources
48 Ma Heart Mountain, Wyoming, US Heart Mountain slide ~2000 km3 Mostly eroded now [1][2]
21–22 Ma Southwest Utah, US Markagunt gravity slide 37.7N 112.83W ~1700–2000 km3 [3][1]
~6.1 Ma East Traverse Mountains, Utah, US East Traverse Mountains mega landslide 40.48N 111.85W ~50–100 km3 The landslide comprises the entirety of East Traverse Mountain [4][5]
ca. 71,000 BCE Fogo, Cape Verde Islands 15.00N 024.45W 130–160 km3 The eastern flank of the island of Fogo collapsed into the sea, generating a megatsunami. The wave struck Santiago, 55 kilometres (34 mi; 30 nmi) away, with a height of at least 170 metres (558 ft). [6][7]
Sometime between 19,000 and 10,000 BCE Lake Tahoe, California and Nevada, United States 12.5 km3 The landslide occurred along the western shore of the lake, forming McKinney Bay and generating megatsunamis in the lake of about 100 metres (328 ft) in height. [8][9]
ca. 15,000 BCE San Bernardino Mountains, California, United States Blackhawk slide 0.52 km3 A cube of rock 0.5 miles (0.8 km) on a side slid 1,500 feet (457 m) down the slope of a steep canyon, then exited the canyon and traveled for 5 miles (8 km) across a flat valley at a speed of up to 75 miles per hour (121 km/h). [10]
13,500 BCE Green Lake (Southland) New Zealand Green Lake landslide 45.78S 167.37E 27 km3 Likely triggered by large earthquake on or near the Alpine Fault [11]
Late Pleistocene British Columbia Cheekye Fan ~0.15 km3 Collapse of the western flank of Mount Garibaldi [12]
≈ 10,000 BCE Seymareh, Iran Seymareh landslide 33N 47.65E 20 km3 Collapse of the north-eastern flank of Kabir Kouh ridge across the Seymareh River [13]
~9900 BCE Otago, New Zealand Lochnagar Landslide 44.36S 168E 1 km3 Collapse of mountain forming Lake Lochnagar. [14]
Between ~8020 and ~6520 BCE Sullorsuaq Strait, Greenland Various Seven very large tsunamigenic landslides struck Sullorsuaq Strait over this 1,500-year period, some from the southern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula and others from the northern coast of Disko Island. No evidence has been found of the tsunamis or megatsunamis they probably generated. [15]
~6370 BCE Mount Etna, Sicily 25 km3 An 80-square-kilometre (31 sq mi), 300-metre (984 ft) thick area of the eastern slope of Mount Etna collapsed into the Mediterranean Sea, triggering a megatsunami in the Eastern Mediterranean with an initial wave height along the coast of Sicily of 40 metres (131 ft). It struck the Neolithic village of Atlit Yam off what is now the coast of Israel, where it had a height of 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) and prompted the village's abandonment. [16][17][18][19][20]
~5650 BCE Sullorsuaq Strait, Greenland A large landslide entered Sullorsuaq Strait, generating a megatsunami which struck Alluttoq Island, where it had a run-up height of 41 to 66 metres (135 to 217 ft). [15]
~5350 BCE Sullorsuaq Strait, Greenland A large landslide entered Sullorsuaq Strait, generating a megatsunami which struck Alluttoq Island, where it had a run-up height of 45 to 70 metres (148 to 230 ft). [15]
~2800 BCE Zion Canyon, Utah, US 0.286 km3 Landslide created the currently level floor of Zion Canyon inside Zion National Park. [21]
~1920 BCE Jishi Gorge, Qinghai Province, China Jishi Gorge outburst flood 0.040–0.080 km3 Landslide dammed the Yellow River, breach of dam may have caused the Great Flood of Gun-Yu [22]
~1100 BCE Mount Storm King, Washington, United States 7.2 MCM An earthquake generated the Sledgehammer Point Rockslide, which entered waters at least 140 metres (459 ft) deep in Lake Crescent and generated a megatsunami with an estimated maximum run-up height of 82 to 104 metres (269 to 341 ft). [23]
~200 BCE North Island, New Zealand 2.2 km3 Dammed Lake Waikaremoana [24][25]

Submarine landslides

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Note: MCM = million cubic metres; km3 = cubic kilometre(s)

Date Place Name/article Lat. Long. Volume Comments Sources
1.4 Ma off northern Molokai, Hawaii Wailau Slide 2,500 km3 The northern third of East Molokai Volcano collapsed suddenly into the Pacific Ocean in a 25-mile (40 km) wide landslide with a 120-mile (193 km) run-out that climbed uphill 900 feet (274 m) from the Hawaiian Trough over the last 80 miles (130 km). It generated a tsunami that was 2,000 feet (610 m) tall locally and which reached California and Mexico. [26]
Between 1.5 and 0.5 Ma off northeastern Oahu, Hawaii Nu'uanu Slide 7,500 km3 The eastern half of the Koʻolau Volcano collapsed into the Pacific Ocean, leaving behind its remnant western rim on Oahu as the Koʻolau Range The landslide had a run-out of more than 140 miles (225 km), climbing about 1,000 feet (305 m) over the last 85 miles (137 km) and leaving a massive debris field north of Oahu and Molokai covering 25,000 square kilometers (9,700 sq mi). The largest piece of debris, the Tuscaloosa Seamount, measures 19 by 11 miles (31 by 18 km) and rises 1.1 miles (1.8 km) above the seafloor. [27][28]
Less than 2.6 Ma off South Africa Agulhas Slide 20,000 km3 The largest so far described [29][30]
ca. 170,000 BP off North Island, New Zealand Ruatoria debris avalanche 3,000 km3 [31]
ca. 8,000 BP Norwegian Sea Storegga Slide 64.87 1.3 3,500 km3 Triggered a large tsunami that swept over the Shetland and Orkney Islands [32]
18 Nov 1929 Grand Banks of Newfoundland 1929 Grand Banks earthquake 44.54 −56.01 200 km3 Broke 12 submarine communications cables. The tsunami was 3 to 8 metres (10 to 26 ft) tall, had a run-up of 13 metres (43 ft), and killed 28 people on the Burin Peninsula. [33]
17 Jul 1998 North of New Guinea 1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake 4 km3 The landslide in the Pacific Ocean followed an M 7.0 earthquake by a few minutes and generated tsunamis with heights of 10 to 15 metres (33 to 49 ft) that struck the north coast of Papua New Guinea, killing 2,100 to 2,700 people, injuring 1,000, and leaving 10,000 homeless. [34]

Pre-20th-century historic landslides

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Note: km3 = cubic kilometre(s); MCM = million cubic metres

Date Place Name/article Lat. Long. Volume Casualties Comments Sources
563 Lake Geneva, Switzerland and France Tauredunum event 46.35 6.86 Hundreds to thousands A landslide apparently triggered a collapse of sediments at the mouth of the River Rhône, resulting in a submarine mudslide that triggered a tsunami which traveled the length of Lake Geneva, reaching a height of 16 metres (52 ft) in some places. The wave destroyed villages and reached Geneva. [35][36][37][38][39][40]
25 Nov 1248 Mont Granier, France 45.46 5.93 1000+ Destroyed five villages.
25 Jan 1348 Dobratsch, Austria Dobratsch Landslide 900 MCM Triggered by the Friuli earthquake (8–9 EMS), due to the flood of the river Gail, 2 villages had to be abandoned.
1425–1450 North Bonneville, Washington, US Bridge of the Gods (land bridge) 45.66 −121.94 14 km3 Possibly linked to the 1458 Cascadia Earthquake [41][42][43]
About 1560 Ozette, Washington, US Ozette Indian Village Archeological Site 48.17 −124.73 Partially buried the village at Ozette [44][45]
1692 Judgment Hill, Jamaica 1692 Jamaica earthquake 131–181 MCM 19 white people killed; other possible deaths not recorded The landslide displaced the land surface by up to 800 metres (2,625 ft). The debris travelled 440 metres (1,444 ft) vertically and 1.763 kilometres (1.095 mi) horizontally and accumulated over a 1.09-square-kilometre (0.42 sq mi) area. Documentationm of the timing of the landslide is inexact, but it occurred after the 7 June 1692 earthquake at Port Royal and may have occurred due to heavy rainfall which followed the earthquake, and possibly due to rain associated with a hurricane that struck the area in October 1692. [46][47]
19 June 1718 Gansu, China 1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake An Ms  7.5 earthquake triggers over 300 landslides, burying villages and resulting in 73,000 deaths. [48]
22 Feb 1756 Langfjorden, Norway 12 to 15 MCM 32 Slid 400 metres (1,312 ft) down the slope of the mountain Tjellafjellet into the Langfjorden, generating three megatsunamis in the Langfjorden and the Eresfjorden with heights of 40 to 50 metres (131 to 164 ft). The largest landslide in Norway in historic time. [49]
10 Jun 1786 Kangding-Luding area, Sichuan, southwestern China 1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake A M 7.75 earthquake on 1 June triggered a large landslide that created a 70-metre (230 ft) high landslide dam in the Dadu River. The dam failed catastrophically on 10 June, the resulting flood extending 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) downstream and killing 100,000 people. [50][51]
2 Sep 1806 Canton of Schwyz, Switzerland Goldau Rockslide 47.05 8.55 40 MCM 457 Destroyed four villages and caused a tsunami in Lake Lauerz [52]
24 Dec 1839 Lyme Regis, Dorset Axmouth to Lyme Regis Undercliff One of a series of slumps
1855–1856 British Columbia Collapse of The Barrier 30 MCM [53]
1881 Qiaojia County, Yunnan, China Shigaodi Landslide 530 MCM Formed dam on Jinsha River [54]
11 Sep 1881 Elm, Switzerland 7.6 MCM 114–115 A mountainside weakened by quarrying and two months of heavy rains slid into the village, where it buried 83 structures, then across the valley the village stood in and 300 yards (274 m) up the opposite slope. [10][55]
13 Mar 1888 Ritter Island, Netherlands East Indies 1888 Ritter Island eruption and tsunami 4 to 5 km3 ca. 3,000 During a volcanic eruption, a significant portion of the island slid 800 metres (2,625 ft) into the sea, generating tsunamis of up to 12 to 15 metres (39 to 49 ft) in height that struck nearby islands and traveled as far south as New Guinea, where they were 8 metres (26 ft) high. [56][57]
[58][59][60]
19 Sep 1889 Cap Diamant, Quebec Québec rockslide 46.485 −71.21 >40 [61]

20th-century landslides

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1901–1950

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Note: km3 = cubic kilometre(s); MCM = million cubic metres

Date Place Name/article Lat. Long. Volume Casualties Comments Sources
22 Aug 1902 China–Kyrgyzstan border, Xinjiang, China 1902 Turkestan earthquake 39.87 76.42 >0.2 MCM 5,650–10,000 A landslide triggered by an Mw  7.7 earthquake in the Tian Shan mountains. The earthquake triggered landslides in valleys and mountains. Destruction was widespread. [62][63][64]
29 Apr 1903 Turtle Mountain, Alberta, Canada Frank Slide 49.59 −114.39 30 MCM 70 to 90 About 110 million tonnes (120 million short tons) of limestone rock slid down Turtle Mountain, reaching the opposing hills in 100 seconds and burying the eastern edge of Frank, a mining town then in Alberta. The deadliest and one of the largest landslides in Canadian history. [65][66]
15 Jan 1905 Lovatnet, Norway 0.35 MCM 61 Slid 500 metres (1,640 ft) down the slope of the mountain Ramnefjellet into the lake Lovatnet, generating a megatsunami with a height of up to 40.5 metres (133 ft). [67]
13 Apr 1907 Chryszczata, Bieszczady Mountains, Poland Zwiezło 49.18 22.10 12 MCM 0 The biggest historical landslide in the Polish Bieszczady Mountains. Lakes formed in the depressions on the surface of the landslide – "Duszatyn Lakes". The lakes and the surrounding forest are protected in a nature reserve. [68]
18 Feb 1911 Usoy, Tajikistan Usoi Dam 2 km3 54 Triggered by M 7.4 earthquake. The rockslide dammed the Murgab River, impounding 65 km (40 mi)-long Lake Sarez, which presently still exists. [69]
1914 Neuquén and Mendoza, Argentina Rio Barrancas & Rio Colorado debris flow 2 MCM 190–300 Two small towns were devastated, and numerous ranches and farms destroyed along a 60 km (37 mi) valley. Length of flow:300 km (186 mi) [69]
19 May 1919 Kelud, East Java, Indonesia Kelut Lahars 5110 Lahars caused 5,110 deaths, and destroyed or damaged 104 villages. Length 185 km (115 mi). [69]
16 Dec 1920 Haiyuan County, Ningxia, China 1920 Haiyuan earthquake >100,000 Loess flows and landslides over an area of 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi). Failures in loess caused extreme fissuring, landslide dams, and buried villages. [69]
1920 Veracruz, Mexico Rio Huitzilapan debris flows est. 600–870 Debris flows destroyed village of Barranca Grande, and were 40 to 65 m (131 to 213 ft) deep. Debris flows extended >40 km (25 mi). Triggered by M~6.5 earthquake. [69]
1921 Almaty, Kazakhstan Alma-Ata Debris Flows ~500 A debris flow in the Valley of Alma-Atinka River destroyed the town of Alma-Ata. [69]
26 Mar 1924 Amalfi Coast, Italy ~100 A series of major landslides after 18 hours of heavy rain [70]
23 Jun 1925 Gros Ventre Wilderness, Wyoming Gros Ventre landslide 43.62 110.55 38 MCM 6 (when the dam failed in 1927) Blocked the Gros Ventre River, forming a 70-metre-high (230 ft) dam [71]
9 Mar 1929 Otehake River, Arthur's Pass National Park, South Island, New Zealand The Falling Mountain landslide −42.89 171.68 66 MCM Very rapid rock avalanche triggered by the 1929 Arthur's Pass earthquake [72]
25 Aug 1933 Diexi, Mao County, Sichuan, China 1933 Diexi earthquake 150 MCM ~3100 The largest landslide formed a 255-metre-high (837 ft) landslide dam on the Min River. This landslide killed all but one of the 577 people in the town of Deixi. The dam then overtopped, causing a flood and 2,500 deaths. [69]
7 Apr 1934 Tafjorden, Norway 2 to 3 MCM 40 Slid about 730 metres (2,395 ft) down the slope of the mountain Langhamaren into the Tafjorden, generating a megatsunami that reached a height of between 62 and 63.5 metres (203 and 208 ft). [73][74][75]
13 Sep 1936 Lovatnet, Norway 1 MCM 74 Slid 800 metres (2,625 ft) down the slope of the mountain Ramnefjellet into the lake Lovatnet, generating a megatsunami with a height of more than 74 metres (243 ft). [67]
5 Jul 1938 Kwansai, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan ~1000 Many landslides occurred on the slopes of Mount Rokko, 130,000 homes damaged or destroyed by landslides and floods. [69][76]
13 Dec 1941 Huaraz, Ancash, Peru Huaraz debris flow >10 MCM 4,000–6,000 Caused by rupture of a moraine dam impounding a lake, temporarily dammed the Santa River, after 2 days that failed and the flood swept down the valley to the coast. [69][77]
16 Aug 1945 Mantaro Valley, Peru Kuntur Sinqa rockslide 5.5 MCM none from landslide The rockslide formed a 100-metre-high (330 ft) dam at Rio Mantaro, which failed after 73 days, causing a flood. [69]
19 Dec 1945 Alcalá del Júcar, Albacete, Spain 16 Worst rockfall to hit the municipality in the 20th century [78]
18 Sep 1948 Assam, India Guwahati landslide ~500 Triggered by heavy rain [79]
10 Jul 1949 Gharm Oblast, Tajikistan Khait landslide, Yasman valley flowslide 39.17 70.90 75 MCM
245 MCM 		~800
~4,000(7,200 for all the landslides) 		Triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake, largest of several landslides [80]

1951–1975

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Note: km3 = cubic kilometre(s); MCM = million cubic metres

Date Place Name/article Lat. Long. Volume Casualties Comments Sources
15 Dec 1952 Nuussuaq Peninsula, western Greenland Niiortuut landslide 70.349 –53.178 5.9 MCM 1 The landslide began at a height of 500 to 700 metres (1,640 to 2,297 ft) on a slope of the mountain Niiortuut, was 80 metres (262 ft) thick, and traveled 2,750 metres (3,007 yd). Between 1,800,000 and 4,500,000 cubic metres (2,400,000 and 5,900,000 cu yd) of material entered the sea and generated a tsunami in Sullorsuaq Strait (known in Danish as Vaigat Strait). With a run-up height of 4.5 to 7.7 metres (15 to 25 ft), it struck a group of four fishermen 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away on the southern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula, killing one. Then it struck the town of Qullissat 30 kilometres (19 mi) away on Disko Island, where it had a run-up height of 2.2 to 2.7 metres (7 ft 3 in to 8 ft 10 in). [81][82]
1953 Wakayama Prefecture, Japan Arida River landslides 1,046 Multiple slides due to typhoon. Many landslide dams were formed and subsequently failed in the Aridagawa valley. [69]
1953 Minamiyamashiro, Sōraku District, Kyoto, Japan Minamiyamashiro landslides 336 dead or missing 5,122 homes were destroyed or badly damaged by landslides and floods. [69]
7 Oct 1953 Bekkelaget, Oslo, Norway Bekkelaget landslide 1953 5 dead [83]
12 Jul 1954 Media Luna, Colombia Santa Elena landslide >100 Mudflow triggered by heavy rain [84]
26 Oct 1954 Salerno, Amalfi Coast ≈ 300 504 millimetres (19.8 in) of rain fell in 16 hours, causing soil slides & debris flows [85]
1958 Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan Kanogawa landslides 1,094 19,754 homes were destroyed or badly damaged. [69]
9 Jul 1958 Lituya Bay, Alaska, United States 1958 Lituya Bay, Alaska earthquake and megatsunami 30 MCM 2 Caused by M 7.5 earthquake, the landslide caused a megatsunami with a run-up of 524 metres (1,719 ft) in Lituya Bay. [86]
17 Aug 1959 Madison Canyon, southwestern Montana, United States 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake 38 MCM 28–36 Caused by M 7.2 to 7.5 earthquake. Dammed the Madison River, creating Quake Lake. [87]
22 May 1960 Riñihue Lake, Chile Riñihuazo −39.84 −72.29 ≈ 40 MCM A series of landslides triggered by the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, blocked outflow of Riñihue Lake, causing it to rise more than 20 metres (66 ft), actions taken to lower the water level prevented repeat of a disastrous flood after the great 1575 earthquake. [77]
10 Jan 1962 Ranrahirca, Peru 1962 Nevado Huascarán debris avalanche −9.12 −77.6 13 MCM 4,000 – 5,000 An avalanche of ice and rock triggered by collapse of part of a hanging glacier [77]
9 Oct 1963 Longarone, Italy Vajont landslide 46.27 12.33 270 MCM ≈ 2,000 Landslide caused by heavy rains and drawdown of the Vajont Dam reservoir. Casualties and damage caused by 250-metre (820 ft) tsunami generated by landslide into reservoir. [88]
27 Mar 1964 Seward, Alaska, United States 1964 Alaska earthquake 211 MCM at Seward, 9.6 MCM at Turnagain Heights 106 from tsunami caused by Seward landslide M 9.2 earthquake caused submarine landslide at Seward, and large landslides in Anchorage. One large landslide traveled for 3 miles (4.8 km) across the nearly level surface of Sherman Glacier [10][69]
9 Jan 1965 British Columbia Hope Slide 49.40 −121.26 48 MCM 4 "... no seismic or hydrometeorological trigger is discernible ..." [89]
28 Mar 1965 El Cobre, Chile El Cobre landslide >200 Shaking from a magnitude 7.1 earthquake caused failure of two tailings dams at the El Soldado copper mine, the resulting flow destroyed the town of El Cobre. [90]
1965 Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County, Yunnan, China Pufu Landslide 450 MCM Created a dam on the Pufuguo Stream, which later failed [54]
21 Oct 1966 Aberfan, Wales Aberfan disaster 51.69 3.35 144 Collapse of an unstable colliery spoil-tip built over a series of springs, was triggered by heavy rain, killing nearly half the children at the village school.
18 Feb 1967 Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro −22.97 −43.20 110 Worst single event in a series of landslides caused by very heavy rain in the area around Rio de Janeiro in the summers of 1966 and 1967. A high-velocity debris avalanche struck three buildings, two of them apartment buildings. The preceding rainfall fell at up to 100 millimetres (3.9 in) per hour. [77]
18 Mar 1967 Caraguatatuba, Brazil −23.85 −46.63 7.6 MCM 120 Followed heavy rain, 420 millimetres (17 in) in 24 hours. [91]
9 Jul 1967 Kure, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan 34.25 132.57 159 Heavy rain from Typhoon Billie caused flooding and many landslides, destroying 352 buildings and damaging 551 roads [92]
18 Aug 1968 Hida River, Gero, Japan 35.45 137.05 740 MCM (official estimate) 104 Triggered by a rainstorm, this debris flow swept two buses off the road, where they were stopped because of an earlier landslide [93]
3–5 Oct 1968 Darjeeling, India 'thousands' Floods caused by rainfall of 500 to 1,000 millimetres (20 to 39 in), triggered many landslides, a 60-kilometre-long (37 mi) highway was cut in 92 places [94][95]
19–20 Aug 1969 Nelson County, Virginia, United States 150 (includes deaths from flooding) Remnants of Hurricane Camille dropped at least 710 millimetres (28 in) of rain in about 8 hours, triggering numerous debris flows [96]
31 May 1970 Yungay, Peru 1970 Nevado Huascarán debris avalanche −9.12 −77.6 50–100 MCM >22,000 Triggered by the 1970 Ancash earthquake, the mass travelled 14.5 kilometres (9 mi) at an average velocity of about 300 km/h (186 mph) and buried Yungay [77][97]
18 Mar 1971 Chungar, Peru Chungar avalanche and tsunami −11.12 −76.53 0.1 MCM 400–600 A rock avalanche from a limestone outcrop fell into Yanawayin Lake causing a wave that devastated a mining camp [77][98]
4 May 1971 Saint-Jean-Vianney, Quebec, Canada Saint-Jean-Vianney landslide 48.47 −71.22 6.9 MCM 31 This slide occurred in quick clay following heavy rain, destroying 41 homes [99][100]
18 Jun 1972 Hong Kong 1972 Hong Kong landslides 156 A series of major landslides in which several apartment complexes and houses were wiped out [101]
6 Jul 1972 Amakusa, Japan Amakusa disaster 115 Multiple slope failures caused by heavy rainfall [102]
12–13 Jul 1972 Obara, Shikoku, Japan Obara landslides 64 218 millimetres (8.6 in) of rain in 5 hours triggered many landslides [103][104]
Apr 1974 Junín Region, Peru Mayunmarca Landslide 1.0 to 1.6 km3 450 Rockslide dammed Río Mantaro. Slide velocity estimated at 120 to 140 km/h (75 to 87 mph). [105]
22 Jul 1975 Mount Meager massif, British Columbia, Canada Devastation Glacier landslide 0.013 km3 4 Triggered by the collapse of a glacially debuttressed slope, descended Devastation Creek. [106][107]

1976–2000

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Note: MCM = million cubic metres

Date Place Name/article Lat. Long. Volume Casualties Comments Sources
30 Nov 1977 Tuve, Gothenburg, Sweden Tuve landslide 57.75 11.94 3–4 MCM 9 The most severe landslide in the modern history of Sweden, triggered by heavy rain [108]
29 Apr 1978 Rissa, Norway Rissa landslide 63.55 9.94 5–6 MCM 1 Quick clay flowed suddenly into Botn lake, causing a small tsunami on the opposite shore [109]
8 Aug 1979 Abbotsford, Dunedin, South Island, New Zealand 1979 Abbotsford landslip −45.897 170.435 5 MCM 0 Heavy rain triggered a landslide on an unstable slope, made worse by sand quarrying at the base of the slope, destroying 69 houses [110]
18 May 1980 Mount St. Helens, Washington, United States 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens 46.200278 −122.186667 2.9 km3 57 The largest landslide in recorded history. Unplugged the volcanic vent, triggering the eruption. Deaths were from both the landslide and the eruption. Part of the landslide entered Spirit Lake, generating a megatsunami that reached a height of 260 metres (850 ft). [1]
1982 Santa Cruz Mountains, California, United States 30 A series of mud and debris flows occurred over a wide area. [111]
Apr 1983 Thistle, Utah, United States Thistle, Utah landslide 40.00 −111.50 ~15 MCM 0 Costliest landslide in United States history; damage estimated at $200–400 million (1983 dollars). Landslide formed lake over 160 feet (49 m) deep before draining. [112]
5 Oct 1985 Portugués Urbano district, Ponce, Puerto Rico Mameyes landslide 129 120 houses destroyed, greatest death toll in North American history from a single landslide. [113][114]
13 Nov 1985 Armero, Tolima Department, Colombia Armero tragedy −5.03 −74.88 23,000 A minor eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano caused melting of its ice cap. This released a series of lahars, volcanic mudflows, that traveled at speeds of up to 50 km/h (31 mph) down the slopes of the volcano. These lahars swiftly moved into valleys, merging to form larger flows, one of which destroyed the town of Armero. [77]
28 Jul 1987 Valtellina, Lombardy, Italian Alps Val Pola landslide 34 MCM 29 Triggered by rapid erosion at the base of a mountain slope, created a wave that travelled 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) upstream. [115]
6 Sep 1988 Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea Kaiapit landslide 1,800 MCM[116] 74 [116]
14 Dec 1991 Aoraki / Mount Cook, Southern Alps, New Zealand Aoraki / Mount Cook rock avalanche −43.59 170.14 12 MCM 0 Reduced the height of New Zealand's highest mountain by approximately 10 metres.[117] [118]
3–5 Jun 1993 Scarborough, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom Holbeck Hall Hotel landslide ~0.5 MCM 0 Classic rotational failure along sea cliffs, resulting court case set important precedent in English law [119][120]
21 Oct 1993 Pantai Remis, Perak, Malaysia Pantai Remis landslide 0 Slope failure of an open pit tin mine near the sea resulted in forming a new cove measuring approximately 0.5 by 0.5 kilometres (0.3 by 0.3 mi).
4 Mar 1995 La Conchita, California, United States La Conchita Landslide of 1995 1.3 MCM 0 [121]
30 Jul 1997 Thredbo, New South Wales, Australia 1997 Thredbo landslide 18 A leaking water pipe caused a slope failure that destroyed a ski lodge [122]
1998–1999 Kelso, Washington, United States Aldercrest-Banyon landslide 0 Slow-moving landslide which resulted in the condemnation of 137 houses, and $40 million in damage. [123]
14–16 Dec 1999 Vargas, Venezuela Vargas tragedy 30,000 Caused by a heavy storm that deposited 911 millimetres (35.9 in) of rain in a few days [124]
12 Jul 2000 Mumbai, India 2000 Mumbai landslide 19.09 72.90 78 Caused by land erosion following heavy rains and flooding [125]

21st-century landslides

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2001–2010

[edit]

Note: m3 = cubic metre(s); MCM = million cubic metres

Date Place Name/article Lat. Long. Volume Casualties Comments Sources
9 Nov 2001 Amboori, Kerala, India 40 Supposedly worst landslide in Kerala state's history. [126][127]
26 Mar 2004 Mount Bawakaraeng, South Sulawesi, Indonesia 200–300 MCM 32 Landslide caused by collapse of caldera wall [128][129][130]
10 Jan 2005 La Conchita, California, United States 2005 La Conchita landslide 200,000 m3 10 Remobilization of colluvium from 1995 slide into a debris flow. [121]
17 Feb 2006 Southern Leyte, Philippines 2006 Southern Leyte mudslide 15 MCM 1,126 Rock-debris avalanche triggered by ten-day period of heavy rain [131]
3 Jun 2007 Valley of Geysers, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia 0 A landslide of mud, snow, rock, and trees 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi) long, 200 metres (656 ft) wide, and 60 metres (197 ft) deep buried two-thirds of the valley, creating a thermal lake and burying or inundating many geysers, thermal pools, and waterfalls. [132]
11 Jun 2007 Chittagong, Bangladesh 2007 Chittagong mudslides 123 Series of landslides caused by illegal hillside cutting and monsoon rains [133][134]
24 July 2007 Mount Steele, Yukon Territory, Canada Mount Steele 108 MCM 0 A 400 m (1,312 ft) wide section of ice and rock fell from the north face of Mount Steele onto Steele Glacier. Reaching 252 km/h (157 mph), it traveled 5.76 km (3.58 mi). One of the largest recorded landslides in western Canada. [135][136]
[137][138]
4 December 2007 Mount Orrock, British Columbia, Canada 3 MCM 0 A rockslide and debris avalanche slid 550 metres (1,804 ft) down the side of Mount Orrock on the western shore of Chehalis Lake into the 175-metre (574 ft) deep lake, generating a tsunami with a run-up height of 37.8 metres (124 ft) on the opposite shore and 6.3 metres (21 ft) at the lake's exit point, 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) away to the south. [23]
6 Sep 2008 Cairo, Egypt 2008 Cairo landslide 119 Rockfall from cliffs, individual boulders up to 70 tonnes [139]
9 Aug 2009 Siaolin Village, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Siaolin mudslide 30–45 MCM 439–600 Resulted from Typhoon Morakot. [140][141][142]
1 Sep 2009 Karrat Fjord, Greenland Karrat 2009 rock avalanche 71∘38′20′′ N 52∘19′16′′ W 2.8 MCM 0 The landslide on the south-facing slope of the mountain Ummiammakku registered as a magnitude 2.7 seismic event. It did not reach the sea, so no tsunami occurred. [143]
4 Jan 2010 Attabad, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan Hunza Valley landslide 30 MCM 20 Formed Attabad Lake by damming Hunza River, blocked Karakoram Highway [144][145]
20 Feb 2010 Madeira Island, Portugal 2010 Madeira floods and mudslides 42 [146]
1 Mar 2010 Bududa District, Uganda 2010 Ugandan landslide 100–300 [147]
10 May 2010 Saint-Jude, Quebec 4 [148]
23 May 2010 Jiang Zhidong Jiangxi, China 2010 Jiangxi derailment 0 The landslide was caused by previous days of heavy rain and flooding in the region. [149][150]
6 Aug 2010 Mount Meager, British Columbia, Canada Meager landslide 48.5 MCM 0 Comparable in volume to the 1965 Hope Slide [151]
8 Aug 2010 Gansu, China 2010 Gansu mudslide 1,287 [152]

2011–2020

[edit]

Note: MCM = million cubic metres

Date Place Name/article Lat. Long. Volume Casualties Comments Sources
8 Oct 2011 Iron County, Utah, United States 37.63°N 112.94°W 3.1 MCM 0 Covered 1,300 feet (396 m) of Utah State Route 14. [153]
10 Apr 2013 Salt Lake City, Utah, United States Bingham Canyon Mine landslide 40.523°N 112.151°W 55 MCM 0 Possibly the largest historic, non-volcanic, terrestrial landslide in North America. [154][155][156]
16 Jun 2013 Kedarnath, Uttarakhand, India 2013 North India floods 5,700
13 Dec 2013 Rockville, Utah, United States 2 Single boulder weighing several hundred tons crushed a two-storey home with residents inside. [157]
16 Feb 2014 Mount La Perouse, Alaska, United States 58.542°N 137.01°W 0 A 68,000,000-short-ton (61,000,000-long-ton; 62,000,000 t) landslide traveled 7.4 kilometres (4.6 mi), depositing a layer of debris up to 40 feet (12.2 m) deep. [158]
22 Mar 2014 Oso, Washington, United States 2014 Oso mudslide 48.283°N 121.847°W 10 MCM (early estimate) 43 49 structures destroyed or affected [159][160]
2 May 2014 Argo District, Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 2014 Badakhshan mudslides 350–2,700 reported 4,000 people displaced (as of 4 May 2014) [161]
25 May 2014 Mesa County, Colorado, United States 2014 West Salt Creek landslide 39°10′07″N 107°50′54″W 54.5 MCM 3 Largest landslide in Colorado's history, occurred 30 miles (48 km) east of Grand Junction. [162]
30 Jul 2014 Malin, Ambegaon taluka, Pune district, Maharashtra, India 2014 Malin landslide 19°9′40″N 73°41′18″E 136 100+ missing [163]
2 Aug 2014 Sunkoshi, Sindhupalchok District, Nepal 2014 Sunkoshi blockage 5.5 MCM 156+ [164]
20 Aug 2014 Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan 2014 Hiroshima landslides 74 Deadliest landslides in Japan in 42 years [165][166]
29 Oct 2014 Badulla District, Sri Lanka 2014 Badulla landslide 16+ 192 missing and presumed dead [167][168]
13 Dec 2014 Jemblung village, Java, Indonesia 2014 Indonesia landslide 93 23 missing [169][170]
23 Apr 2015 Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 2015 Badakhshan landslides 52
28 Apr 2015 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil 2015 Bahia landslide 14
18 May 2015 Salgar, Antioquia Department Colombia 2015 Colombian landslide 83 dead; 30+ missing (as of 20 May 2015) [171]
11 Aug 2015 Saint Elias Mountains, Alaska, U.S. 0 40 million metric tons of rock fell onto the surface of Turner Glacier. [138]
1 Oct 2015 El Cambray Dos, Guatemala Department, Guatemala 2015 Guatemala landslide 280 dead; 70 missing

.

11 Oct 2015 Mount Steele, Yukon Territory, Canada 20 MCM 0 45 million metric tons of rock, snow, and ice, slid 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) down the mountainside and 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) across the surface of Steele Glacier. [137][138]
17 Oct 2015 Taan Fiord, Icy Bay, Alaska, United States Icy Bay (Alaska) 76 MCM 0 Mountainside weakened by glacial retreat collapsed, dumping 200,000,000 short tons (180,000,000 long tons; 180,000,000 t) of debris onto foot of Tyndall Glacier and into Taan Fiord, generating a 100-meter (328 ft) megatsunami with a run-up of 193 meters (633 ft). [172][173]
[174][175][176]
[177][178][179]
13 Nov 2015 Lidong Village, Zhejiang, China 38 [180]
21 Nov 2015 Hpakant, Myanmar 2015 Hpakant jade mine disaster 113 dead; more than 100 missing A 60-metre (197 ft) man-made heap of waste soil mined out of a nearby jade mine collapsed, burying about 70 huts in a nearby village. [181][182]
28 Jun 2016 Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska, U.S. 62.0 to 77.8 MCM 0 A 1,200-meter (3,900 ft) mountainside collapsed, dropping 120,000,000 metric tons (132,000,000 short tons) of rock and debris onto Lamplugh Glacier above the head of Johns Hopkins Inlet, leaving a 9-kilometer (5.6 mi) long debris field on the glacier. [183][184]
15 Nov 2016 Karrat Fjord, Greenland Karrat 2016 rock avalanche 71∘38′24′′ N 52∘19′41′′ W 3 MCM 0 The landslide on the south-facing slope of the mountain Ummiammakku registered as a magnitude 2.1 seismic event. No tsunami is known to have occurred. [143]
2 Apr 2017 Mocoa, Colombia 2017 Mocoa landslide 1°9′00″N 76°38′51″W 329+ 70 missing, third-deadliest weather-related disaster in Colombian history. [185]
12 Jun 2017 Rangamati, Chittagong and Bandarban, Bangladesh 2017 Bangladesh landslides 22°38′00″N 92°12′00″E 152 Worst landslides in Bangladesh's history. [186][187][188]
[189][190]
17 Jun 2017 Nuugaatsiaq, Greenland 2017 Karrat Fjord landslide 71°32′06″N 53°12′45″W 4 Probably because of melting ice that destabilized the rock, 35,000,000 to 58,000,000 cubic metres (46,000,000 to 76,000,000 cu yd) of rock on the mountain Ummiammakku fell from an elevation of roughly 1,000 metres (3,280 ft) into the waters of the Karrat Fjord in northeastern Greenland, causing a tsunami with an initial wave height of 90 to 100 m (295 to 328 ft). The wave struck the village of Nuugaatsiaq 20 km (12.4 mi), where the run-up was 9 metres (30 ft) and the wave swept 11 buildings into the sea and killed four people. An evacuation of 170 residents of Nuugaatsiaq and Illorsuit followed because of a danger of additional landslides and waves. The tsunami was noted at settlements as far as 100 kilometres (62 mi) away. [191][192][193][194][195]
24 Jun 2017 Xinmo village, Mao County, Sichuan Province, southwestern China 2017 Xinmo landslide 32º4'N 103º39'E Depletion volume: 4.26 MCM

Accumulation volume: 13.25 MCM

10 dead; 73 missing Probably triggered by the failure of a rock mass previously weakened by the Mw 7.3 Diexi earthquake in 1933 and weathered, after a rainy season. [196]
14 Aug 2017 Freetown, Sierra Leone 2017 Sierra Leone mudslides 8°29′N 13°14′W 1,141+ Triggered by a particularly wet rainy season [197]
9 Jan 2018 California, United States 2018 South California landslides 34°03′N 118°15′W 20 Occurred several months after a series of major wildfires devastated nearby areas, causing deforestation and increasing the risk of a landslide. [198][199]
22 Dec 2018 Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami 150 MCM 426 dead, 25 missing, 14,059 injured About 64 hectares (160 acres) of the southwest flank of the island slid into the Sunda Strait during a volcanic eruption, reducing the height of the volcano from 338 to 110 metres (1,109 to 361 ft). The resulting tsunami struck the coasts of Java and Sumatra with a height ranging from 2 metres (6.6 ft) to 13.4 metres (44 ft). [200][201]
[202][203]
[204][205]
22 Apr 2019 Hpakant, Myanmar 50–57 dead Mudslide at jade mine buried victims under 30 metres (98 ft) of debris. [206]
28 Jul 2019 Hpakant, Myanmar 14 dead; 4 missing Landslide at jade mine triggered by heavy rain. [207]
9 Aug 2019 Mottama, Paung Township, Myanmar 70 dead Triggered by torrential rain. Destroyed 27 houses in the Thae Phyu Kone village tract of Mottama. [208][209]
4–23 Dec 2019 Nyempundu, Gikomero and Rukombe, Cibitoke Province, northwestern Burundi 2019 Burundi landslides 2.8103° S 29.1856° E 41+ dead, ~10 missing Triggered by unseasonably heavy rains across East Africa due to the Indian Ocean being warmer than usual, partly as result of cyclical weather phenomenons and warming oceans. [210][211]
3 Jun 2020 Alta, Norway Alta landslide 70.0305° N 23.0706° E 0 Liquefaction of quick clay in coastal location swept eight houses into the sea. Slide was 650 m (2,133 ft) wide by up to 140 m (459 ft) deep. [212]
2 July 2020 Hpakant area in Myanmar 2020 Hpakant jade mine disaster 175+ dead Triggered by heavy rain, killing jade stone collectors. [213]
7 August 2020 Pettimudi, Rajamalai, Munnar, Idukki Kerala India 2020 Pettimudi landslide 10.163309° N 77.013144° E 66+ dead Following a red alert issued by the India Meteorological Department (IMD)- of heavy to very heavy rainfall in parts of Kerala, torrential rains pounded Idukki district, resulting in a major landslide. Several estate workers of a tea plantation were feared trapped. [214]
21 November 2000 Paatuut, Greenland 90,000,000 m3 (120,000,000 cu yd) 0 260,000,000 tons of rock fell from an elevation of 1,000 to 1,400 metres (3,300 to 4,600 ft) reaching a speed of 140 kilometres per hour (87 mph). The event registered as a magnitude 2.3 seismic event. About 30,000,000 m3 (39,000,000 cu yd) of material with a mass of 87,000,000 tons entered Sullorsuaq Strait (known in Danish as Vaigat Strait), generating a megatsunami. The wave had a run-up height of 50 metres (164 ft) near the landslide and 28 metres (92 ft) at Qullissat, the site of an abandoned settlement across the strait on Disko Island, 20 kilometres (11 nmi; 12 mi) away. Refracted energy from the tsunami created a wave with a run-up height of 3 metres (9.8 ft) that destroyed boats at the closest populated village, Saqqaq, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the landslide. [215]
28 November 2020 Elliot Creek, British Columbia Canada 18,000,000 m3 (24,000,000 cu yd) 0 Unseasonably heavy rainfall triggered a landslide into a glacial lake at the head of Elliot Creek, generating a magnitude 5.0 earthquake and a 100 m (330 ft) high megatsunami that rushed down Elliot Creek and the Southgate River to the head of Bute Inlet, covering a total distance of over 60 km (37 mi). The wave destroyed over 8.5 km (5.3 mi) of salmon habitat along Elliot Creek. [216]
30 December 2020 Gjerdrum, Norway 2020 Gjerdrum landslide 60.064612° N 11.036005° E 1.4–2.1 MCM (estimated) 10 dead. In 2005, one report called the area where the landslide later occurred a "high-risk zone". [217][218][219]

2021–present

[edit]

Note: MCM = million cubic metres

Date Place Name/article Lat. Long. Volume Casualties Comments Sources
13 June 2021 Assapaat, Greenland 70°19ʹ09ʺN 52°59ʹ48ʺW 18.3–25.9 MCM 0 Unwitnessed combination frozen debris avalanche and rock landslide from an elevation of 600 to 880 metres (2,000 to 2,900 ft) on the south coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula. About 3,900,000 cubic metres (5,100,000 cu yd) of material entered Sullorsuaq Strait (also known as Vaigat Strait) but did not generate a tsunami. [220]
3 July 2021 Atami, Japan 2021 Atami mudslide 70,000 cubic meters embankment lost (official estimate) 27 dead According to Japan Fire and Disaster Management Agency and Meteorological Agency of Japan official report, total 70,000 cubic meters embankment push for many houses and utility poles were collapsed on residential area, due total 411 to 442 millimeters (16.18 to 16.65 inches) precipitation on surroundings area from 1 to 3 July. [citation needed]
15 February 2022 Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2022 Petrópolis floods 231 dead [221]
30 June 2022 Noney district, Manipur, India 2022 Manipur landslide 58 dead At least nine missing. [222]
29 October 2022 Maguindanao del Norte, Philippines at most 63 dead From Tropical Storm Nalgae; Death toll is for the whole Bangsamoro region. At least 155 died nationwide [223][224]
23 November 2022 Esposende, Portugal Palmeira de Faro landslide 41°32ʹ41.1ʺ 8°44ʹ11.8ʺW 2 dead The slope was excavated in a granite rock mass, with the instability being strongly influenced by the rock's structural characteristics. [225]
26 November 2022 Ischia, Italy 2022 Ischia landslide 12 dead From heavy rain [226][227][228]
16 December 2022 Batang Kali, Selangor, Malaysia 2022 Batang Kali landslide 03°25'24"N 101°45'14"E 450,000 cubic metres 31 dead A farm filed an application to begin organic farming activities in 2019 but had operated a campsite on the farm since 2020 without a license, required for campsites near high-risk areas, such as rivers, hillslopes or waterfalls. [229]
23 September 2023 Stenungsund motorway junction, Västra Götalands län (region), Sweden 2023 Stenungsund landslide 58°3'31.6"N 11°52'45.7"E 3 injured Quick clay landslide destroyed E6 motorway and a nearby parking with fast food restaurant and fuel station.[230] Nine passenger cars and a bus ran into the mudslide, causing 3 injuries. It took several months before cars and trucks could be safely digged out of the mudslide. Traffic between Göteborg and Oslo remained interrupted until the 5th of July 2024.
20 November 2023 near Wrangell, Alaska 6 dead A landslide buried homes and a portion of the Zimovia Highway in a remote area in Southeast Alaska 11 miles (18 km) south of Wrangell, killing a family of five and their adult neighbor.[231] The slide was 450 feet (137.2 m) wide when it crossed the highway. About 20 people were rescued from the area. [232][233]
22 January 2024 Liangshui, Yunnan Province, China 44 dead A landslide originating from a steep clifftop area buried homes at the base of a slop in a remote village. [234]
6 February 2024 Maco, Davao de Oro, Philippines 2024 Maco landslide 7°23′32.2″N 126°01′45.2″E 92 dead
32 injured
36 missing 		Heavy rain triggered a landslide almost two stories tall which slid about 700 metres (2,300 ft) down a steep mountainside and buried an area of approximately 9.8 hectares (24 acres) — including 62 houses, the barangay hall of Masara, a transport terminal, three busses, and a jeepney — and blocking a tributary of the Hijo River, raising the potential for flash flooding. [235][236][237]
[238][239][240]
[241][242][243]
24 May 2024 Maip Muritaka Rural LLG, Enga Province, Papua New Guinea 2024 Enga landslide 5.246°S 143.261°E 160–2,000 dead (estimated)
2,500+ missing 		A landslide buried six villages at around 03:00 PGT. [244][245][246][247][248]
12 July 2024 Simaltal, Chitwan District, Nepal 63 missing A landslide in Simaltal swept two buses from the Narayanghat-Mugling highway into a river. [249][250]
30 July 2024 Wayanad district, Kerala, India 2024 Wayanad landslides 11°46'54.4"N 76°13'57.6"E 86,000 m3 (3,000,000 cu ft) 443+ killed
397+ injured
118+ missing 		Multiple landslides occurred in Wayanad district, Kerala, India resulting in the deaths of at least 443 with 397 injures and 118 still missing. [251][252]
7 August 2024 Pederson Glacier, Alaska, United States 59.9038°N 149.8246°W 2,000,000 m3 (2,600,000 cu yd) 0 The landslide traveled down a southwest-facing slope north of Pederson Glacier southwest of Seward, Alaska, then along the glacier itself and into Upper Pederson Lagoon, where it generated a tsunami with a maximum run-up height of 17 metres (56 ft) along the eastern shore. The wave continued into Lower Pederson Lagoon, where it had a height of 1 metre (3 ft 3 in). [253]

Ongoing landslides

[edit]

Note: MCM = million cubic metres

Dates Place Name/article Lat. Long. Volume Casualties Comments Sources
discovered 1920 Prince William Sound, Alaska, United States Barry Arm landslide 61.9 -148.9 500 MCM Ongoing landslide along a steep slope of the Barry Arm fjord. In mid-2020, the landslide began moving at a rate of 1.6–2.7 in (41–69 mm) per day, twice as fast as in 2008. A possible failure of the entire slide could trigger megatsunami waves up to 300 m (980 ft) high. [254][255]
1950-now Siguas Valley and Vitor valley, Peru 12 landslides of 20-80 MCM Destroying critical international highway and river valleys below. Irrigation of arid plateaus, expansion of farmland definitive cause of long-term moving slides. [256]
Rediscovered 1983 Åkerneset, Norway 18–54 MCM Ca. 2 metres (6.6 ft) wide in 1983, a 500-metre (1,640 ft)-long crack in the slope of the mountain Åkerneset is widening 4 centimetres (1.6 in) per year. Moving slab of rock is at elevation of 150 to 900 metres (490 to 2,950 ft) and is 62 metres (203 ft) thick. Eventual catastrophic collapse into Sunnylvsfjorden could generate megatsunamis of 35 to 100 metres (115 to 328 ft) in height. [257]
Monitored since 2010 Troms, Norway 69.137° N 20.103° E 1.3–70 MCM The Váráš rock slope deformation in the valley Signaldalen in northern Norway is 85 to 100 metres (279 to 328 ft) thick and moving at up to 15 millimetres (0.6 in) per year. [258]

See also

[edit]

References

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