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Maternity colony

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Townsend's big-eared bats exiting a maternity colony in a mine

A maternity colony refers to a temporary association of reproductive female bats for giving birth to, nursing, and weaning their pups. The colonies are initiated by pregnant bats. After giving birth, the colony consists of the lactating females and their offspring. After weaning, juveniles will leave the maternity colony, and the colony itself will break apart. The size of a maternity colony is highly variable by species, with some species forming colonies consisting of ten or fewer individuals, while the largest maternity colony in the world in Bracken Cave is estimated to have over 15 million bats.

Benefits of a maternity colony

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Maternity colonies are especially prevalent in temperate regions due to the thermal benefits of roosting with other individuals.[1] Outside of the winter months, non-reproductive females and male bats enter torpor for short periods to conserve energy when temperatures are below an optimum threshold. However, torpor is detrimental to reproductive females because it delays the development of the fetus and slows milk production.[1] Therefore, female bats are highly incentivized to maintain a constant body temperature. Roosting in a large group allows females to share body heat, lowering the energetic costs for individuals.

Risks of a maternity colony

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Roosting in large groups brings risks to the members of a maternity colony. Predators such as hawks and owls can learn to anticipate the emergence of bats from a specific roost at sunset.[2] Smaller colonies are thought to be less risky than larger colonies, because the nightly emergence of bats would attract less attention.[3]

Species that form maternity colonies

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Incomplete list
Common name Scientific name Range Maternity colony size
Family: Vespertilionidae
Little brown bat Myotis lucifugus U.S., Canada 107-349[4]
Southeastern myotis Myotis austroriparius Southeastern U.S. 1000+[5]
Fringed myotis Myotis thysanodes Canada, Western U.S., Mexico 40-200[6]
Indiana bat Myotis sodalis Midwestern U.S. 30-300[7][8]
Northern long-eared bat Myotis septentrionalis Eastern U.S., Canada 11-65[9]
Bechstein's bat Myotis bechsteinii Europe, Asia 15-40[10]
Geoffroy's bat Myotis emarginatus Europe <10-985[11]
Gray bat Myotis grisescens Southeastern U.S. 100,000+[12]
Hodgson's bat Myotis formosus Asia 82-200[13]
Eastern small-footed bat Myotis leibii Eastern U.S., Canada ≤22[14]
Greater mouse-eared bat Myotis myotis Europe 50-800[15]
Cave myotis Myotis velifer Southwest U.S., Mexico 100-3,000[16]
Yuma myotis Myotis yumanensis Western U.S. 100-1,000 [16]
Arizona myotis Myotis occultus Southwestern U.S. 67[17]
Daubenton's bat Myotis daubentonii Europe, Asia 6-144[18]
Long-eared myotis Myotis evotis Canada, Western U.S. 4[19]
Tricolored bat Perimyotis subflavus Eastern U.S. 9-40[20][21]
Parti-coloured bat Vespertilio murinus Europe, Asia >30[22]
Big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus North America, Central America, the Caribbean 20-100[23]
Serotine bat Eptesicus serotinus Europe, Asia 5-200[24]
Northern bat Eptesicus nilsonii Europe, Asia 10-70[25]
Silver-haired bat Lasionycteris noctivagans Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, U.S. 8[26]
Townsend's big-eared bat Corynorhinus townsendii Canada, Mexico, U.S. 40-55[27]
Virginia big-eared bat Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus Appalachian U.S. 100-6335[28]
Ozark big-eared bat Corynorhinus townsendii ingens AR, OK, MO 55-309[29]
Rafinesque's big-eared bat Corynorhinus rafinesquii Southeastern U.S. ≤118[30]
Common noctule Nyctalus noctula Europe, Asia, North Africa 20-50[31]
Common pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus Europe, North Africa, Asia 92-262[32]
Nathusius's pipistrelle Pipistrellus nathusii Europe 5-150[33]
Evening bat Nycticeius humeralis Eastern U.S. ≤492[34]
Gould's wattled bat Chalinolobus gouldii Australia 20-30[35]
Southern forest bat Vespadelus regulus Australia <25[36]
Lesser long-eared bat Nyctophilus geoffroyi Australia 3-23 [36]
Pallid bat Antrozous pallidus Canada, Western U.S., Mexico 10-150[16]
Barbastelle Barbastella barbastellus Europe 10[37]
Allen's big-eared bat Plecotus phyllotis Southwestern U.S., Mexico 18-97[38]
Family: Rhinolophidae
Mehely's horseshoe bat Rhinolophus mehelyi Europe, Middle East <60[39]
Lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros Europe, North Africa, Asia 2-750[40][41]
Rufous horseshoe bat Rhinolophus rouxii Asia, Southeast Asia 50-60[42]
Family: Molossidae
Mexican free-tailed bat Tadarida brasiliensis U.S., Central America, South America ≤15 million[43]
Big free-tailed bat Nyctinomops macrotis North America, Central America, South America ≤2,000[44]
Family: Phyllostomatidae
Geoffroy's tailless bat Anoura geoffroyi Central America, South America <150[45]
Family:Miniopteridae
Common bent-wing bat Miniopterus schreibersii Europe, Asia, Australia 2,500-5,000[46]
Family: Pteripodidae
Bornean large flying fox Pteropus vampyrus Borneo <15,000[47]

References

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  1. ^ a b Dietz, M., & Kalko, E. K. (2006). Seasonal changes in daily torpor patterns of free-ranging female and male Daubenton’s bats (Myotis daubentonii). Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 176(3), 223-231.
  2. ^ Fenton, M. B., Rautenbach, I. L., Smith, S. E., Swanepoel, C. M., Grosell, J., & Van Jaarsveld, J. (1994). Raptors and bats: threats and opportunities. Animal Behaviour, 48(1), 9-18.
  3. ^ Wilkinson, G. S., & South, J. M. (2002). Life history, ecology and longevity in bats. Aging cell, 1(2), 124-131.
  4. ^ Frick, W. F., Reynolds, D. S., & Kunz, T. H. (2010). Influence of climate and reproductive timing on demography of little brown myotis Myotis lucifugus. Journal of animal ecology, 79(1), 128-136.
  5. ^ Gore, Jeffrey; Hovis, Julie (Summer 1992). "The Southeastern Bat: Another Cave-roosting Species in Peril". BATS Magazine. Bat Conservation International. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  6. ^ Keinath, Douglas (December 2003). "Species Assessment for Fringed Myotis (Myotis thysanodes) in Wyoming" (PDF). Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  7. ^ "Summary of Indiana Bat Ecology". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Department of the Interior. 4 March 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
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  9. ^ Menzel, M. A., Owen, S. F., Ford, W. M., Edwards, J. W., Wood, P. B., Chapman, B. R., & Miller, K. V. (2002). Roost tree selection by northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis) maternity colonies in an industrial forest of the central Appalachian mountains. Forest Ecology and Management, 155(1), 107-114.
  10. ^ Kerth, G., Safi, K., & König, B. (2002). Mean colony relatedness is a poor predictor of colony structure and female philopatry in the communally breeding Bechstein's bat (Myotis bechsteinii). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 52(3), 203-210.
  11. ^ Dekker, J. J., Regelink, J. R., Jansen, E. A., Brinkmann, R., & Limpens, H. J. (2013). Habitat use by female Geoffroy’s bats (Myotis emarginatus) at its two northernmost maternity roosts and the implications for their conservation. Visions of nature, 111.
  12. ^ Tuttle, M. D. (1979). Status, causes of decline, and management of endangered gray bats. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 1-17.
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  14. ^ O'Keefe, J. M., & LaVoie, M. (2011). Maternity colony of eastern small-footed myotis (Myotis leibii) in a historic building. Southeastern Naturalist, 10(2), 381-383.
  15. ^ Castella, V., Ruedi, M., & Excoffier, L. (2001). Contrasted patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear structure among nursery colonies of the bat Myotis myotis. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 14(5), 708-720.
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  19. ^ Rancourt, S. J., Rule, M. I., & O'Connell, M. A. (2005). Maternity roost site selection of long-eared myotis, Myotis evotis. Journal of Mammalogy, 86(1), 77-84.
  20. ^ Hoying, K. M., & Kunz, T. H. (1998). Variation in size at birth and post‐natal growth in the insectivorous bat Pipistrellus subflavus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Journal of Zoology, 245(1), 15-27.
  21. ^ Winchell, J. M., & Kunz, T. H. (1996). Day-roosting activity budgets of the eastern pipistrelle bat, Pipistrellus subflavus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74(3), 431-441.
  22. ^ Granat, M. M. (2023). Confirmation of the presence of Vespertilio murinus maternity colony in Warsaw. Przegląd Przyrodniczy, XXXIV, 3 (2023), 101-103.
  23. ^ "Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus) Species Guidance" (PDF). Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 11 Sep 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  24. ^ Catto, C. M. C., Hutson, A. M., Raccey, P. A., & Stephenson, P. J. (1996). Foraging behaviour and habitat use of the serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus) in southern England. Journal of Zoology, 238(4), 623-633.
  25. ^ Rydell, J. (1989). Site fidelity in the northern bat (Eptesicus nilssoni) during pregnancy and lactation. Journal of mammalogy, 70(3), 614-617.
  26. ^ Betts, B. J. (1998). Roosts used by maternity colonies of silver-haired bats in northeastern Oregon. Journal of Mammalogy, 79(2), 643-650.
  27. ^ Mazurek, M. J. (2004). A maternity roost of Townsend's big-eared bats (Corynorhinus townsendii) in coast redwood basal hollows in northwestern California. Northwestern Naturalist, 85(2), 60-62.
  28. ^ "Virginia big-eared bat". Center for Biological Diversity. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  29. ^ Clark, B. K., Clark, B. S., & Leslie Jr, D. M. (1997). Seasonal variation in use of caves by the endangered Ozark big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii ingens) in Oklahoma. American Midland Naturalist, 388-392.
  30. ^ Hurst, T. E., & Lacki, M. J. (1999). Roost selection, population size and habitat use by a colony of Rafinesque's big-eared bats (Corynorhinus rafinesquii). The American midland naturalist, 142(2), 363-371.
  31. ^ Csorba, G.; Hutson, A.M. (2016). "Nyctalus noctula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T14920A22015682. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T14920A22015682.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  32. ^ Webb, P. I., Speakman, J. R., & Racey, P. A. (1996). Population dynamics of a maternity colony of the pipistrelle bat (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) in north‐east Scotland. Journal of Zoology, 240(4), 777-780.
  33. ^ Russ, J. M., O'Neill, J. K., & Montgomery, W. I. (1998). Nathusius' pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus nathusii, Keyserling & Blasius 1839) breeding in Ireland. Journal of Zoology, 245(3), 345-349.
  34. ^ Whitaker Jr, J. O., & Clem, P. (1992). Food of the evening bat Nycticeius humeralis from Indiana. American Midland Naturalist, 211-214.
  35. ^ Dixon, J. M., & Huxley, L. (1989). Observations on a maternity colony of Gould’s wattled bat Chalinolobus gouldii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Mammalia, 53(3), 395-414.
  36. ^ a b Taylor, R. J., & Savva, N. M. (1988). Use of roost sites by four species of bats in state forest in south-eastern Tasmania. Wildlife Research, 15(6), 637-645.
  37. ^ Hillen, J., Kiefer, A., & Veith, M. (2009). Foraging site fidelity shapes the spatial organisation of a population of female western barbastelle bats. Biological Conservation, 142(4), 817-823.
  38. ^ Cockrum, E. L., & Musgrove, B. F. (1964). Additional records of the Mexican big-eared bat, Plecotus phyllotis (Allen), from Arizona. Journal of Mammalogy, 45(3), 472-474.
  39. ^ Sharifi, M. (2004). Postnatal growth and age estimation in the Mehely's horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus mehelyi). Acta Chiropterologica, 6(1), 155-161.
  40. ^ Bontadina, F., Arlettaz, R., Fankhauser, T., Lutz, M., Mühlethaler, E., Theiler, A., & Zingg, P. (2000). The lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros in Switzerland: present status and research recommendations. Le Rhinolophe, 14, 69-83.
  41. ^ Knight, Tessa; Jones, Gareth (2009). "Importance of night roosts for bat conservation: roosting behaviour of the lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros". Endangered Species Research. 8 (1–2): 2. doi:10.3354/esr00194.
  42. ^ Biswas, J., & Shrotriya, S. (2011). Dandak: a mammalian dominated cave ecosystem of India. Subterranean Biology, 8, 1.
  43. ^ "Protecting a Jewel in Texas". Bat Conservation International. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  44. ^ Sparks, D. W., & Valdez, E. W. (2003). Food habits of Nyctinomops macrotis at a maternity roost in New Mexico, as indicated by analysis of guano. The Southwestern Naturalist, 48(1), 132-135.
  45. ^ Galindo-Galindo, C., Castro-Campillo, A., Salame-Méndez, A., & Ramírez-Pulido, J. (2000). Reproductive events and social organization in a colony of Anoura geoffroyi (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from a temperate Mexican cave. Acta Zoológica Mexicana, (80), 51-68.
  46. ^ Vincent, S., Nemoz, M., & Aulagnier, S. (2010). Activity and foraging habitats of Miniopterus schreibersii (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae) in southern France: implications for its conservation. Hystrix: The Italian Journal of Mammalogy, 22(1).
  47. ^ Gumal, M. T. (2004). Diurnal home range and roosting trees of a maternity colony of Pteropus vampyrus natunae (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Sedilu, Sarawak. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 20(03), 247-258.
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