Orissa famine of 1866
| Odisha famine of 1866 Na'Anka Durbhikshya ନ'ଅଙ୍କ ଦୁର୍ଭିକ୍ଷ | |
|---|---|
 A 1907 map of Odisha, now Odisha, shown as the southwestern region of Greater Bengal. Coastal Balasore district was one of the worst-hit areas in the Odisha famine of 1866. | |
| Country | India |
| Location | Odisha |
| Coordinates | 20°23′54″N 84°24′09″E / 20.398464°N 84.402366°E |
| Period | 1866-1868 |
| Total deaths | 4-5 million |
| Causes | Drought |
| Relief | INR 9,500,000 |
| Net food imports | 40,000 tons of Food grains |
| Effect on demographics | Approximately 33% of the population died |
| Consequences | The famine also served to awaken Indians about the effects of British Raj. |
| Preceded by | Guntur famine of 1832 |
| Succeeded by | The Great Indian famine of 1876 |
The Orissa famine of 1866 affected the east coast of India from Madras northwards, an area covering 180,000 miles and containing a population of 47,500,000;[1] the impact of the famine, however, was greatest in the region of Orissa, now Odisha, which at that time was quite isolated from the rest of India.[2] In Odisha, the total number who died as a result of the famine was at least a million, roughly one third of the population.[3][4]
Causes
[edit]Like all Indian famines of the 19th century, the Orissa famine was preceded by a drought. The population of the region depended on the rice crop of the winter season for their sustenance. However, the monsoon of 1865 was poor and stopped earlier than expected.[2] In addition, the Bengal Board of Revenue made incorrect estimates of the number of people who would need help and was misled by fictitious price lists. Consequently, as the food reserves began to dwindle, the gravity of the situation was not grasped until the end of May 1866, and by then the monsoons had set in.[2]
Course and relief
[edit]Efforts to ship food to the isolated province were hampered by bad weather, and when some shipments did reach the coast of Odisha, they could still not be moved inland. The British Indian government imported some 10,000 tons of rice, which reached the affected population only in September.[2] Although many people died of starvation, more were killed by cholera before the monsoons and by malaria afterwards. In Odisha alone, at least 1 million people, a third of the population, died in 1866, and overall in the region approximately 4 to 5 million died in the two-year period.[2]
The heavy rains of 1866 also caused floods which destroyed the rice-crop in low-lying regions. Consequently, in the following year, another shortfall was expected, and the Government of British India imported approximately 40,000 tons of rice at four times the usual price.[2] However, this time they overestimated the need, and only half the rice was used by the time the summer monsoon of 1867. This was followed by a plentiful harvest and this marked ended the famine in 1868. In the two years of the famine, the Government of British India spent approximately Rs.9,500,000 on famine relief for 35 million units (i.e. one person per day); a large proportion of the cost, however, was the high price of the imported grain.[2]
Effects of drought
[edit]Lessons learnt from this famine by the British rulers included "the importance of developing an adequate network of communications" and "the need to anticipate disaster".[5] Indian Famine Codes were slowly developed which were "designed to be put into place as soon as a failure of the monsoon, or other warning-signal, indicated a probable shortage".[6] One early success of this new approach was seen in the Bihar famine of 1873-74 when the famine relief under Sir Richard Temple resulted in the avoidance of almost all mortality.[7]
The famine also served to awaken educated Indians about the effect that British rule was having on India. The fact that during the Orissa famine India exported more than 200 million pounds of rice to Great Britain even while more than one million succumbed to famine outraged Indian nationalists. Dadabhai Naoroji used this as evidence to develop the Drain Theory, the idea that Britain was enriching itself by "sucking the lifeblood out of India".[4]
See also
[edit]- Timeline of major famines in India during British rule (1765 to 1947)
- Famines, Epidemics, and Public Health in the British Raj
- Company rule in India
- Famine in India
- Drought in India
Notes
[edit]- ^ "The Orissa famine of 1866", by Ganeswar Nayak (PDF)
- ^ a b c d e f g Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III 1907, p. 486
- ^ Mohanty, Bidyut (2022). A haunting tragedy : gender, caste and class in the 1866 famine of Orissa. Abingdon, Oxon. ISBN 978-1-000-50673-0. OCLC 1266644011.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Patel, Dinyar (10 June 2016). "Viewpoint: How British let one million Indians die in famine". BBC News. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
- ^ Hugh Tinker, South Asia: A Short History, University of Hawaii Press, 1990. 2nd edition. p. 113
- ^ Hugh Tinker, South Asia: A Short History, University of Hawaii Press, 1990. 2nd edition. pp. 113-114
- ^ Hall-Matthews, David (1996), "Historical Roots of Famine Relief Paradigms: Ideas on Dependency and Free Trade in India in the 1870s", Disasters 20 (3): 216–230
References
[edit]- Ambirajan, S. (1976), "Malthusian Population Theory and Indian Famine Policy in the Nineteenth Century", Population Studies, 30 (1): 5–14, doi:10.2307/2173660, JSTOR 2173660, PMID 11630514
- Arnold, David; Moore, R. I. (1991), Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change (New Perspectives on the Past), Wiley-Blackwell. Pp. 164, ISBN 0-631-15119-2
- Bhatia, B. M. (1991), Famines in India: A Study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India With Special Reference to Food Problem, 1860–1990, Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division, ISBN 81-220-0211-0
- Dutt, Romesh Chunder (2005) [1900], Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd (reprinted by Adamant Media Corporation), ISBN 1-4021-5115-2
- The great Orissa famine 1866 = Na'Anka Durbhikshya, Anil Dhir, Ramesh Chandra Mohapatra, Pipli Sanskrutika Parishad, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, 2017, ISBN 978-81-903813-3-8, OCLC 1019664693
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - Dyson, Tim (1991), "On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part I", Population Studies, 45 (1): 5–25, doi:10.1080/0032472031000145056, JSTOR 2174991, PMID 11622922
- Dyson, Tim (1991), "On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part II", Population Studies, 45 (2): 279–297, doi:10.1080/0032472031000145446, JSTOR 2174784, PMID 11622922
- Dyson, Time, ed. (1989), India's Historical Demography: Studies in Famine, Disease and Society, Riverdale, MD: The Riverdale Company. Pp. ix, 296
- Ghose, Ajit Kumar (1982), "Food Supply and Starvation: A Study of Famines with Reference to the Indian Subcontinent", Oxford Economic Papers, New Series, 34 (2): 368–389, doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041557, JSTOR 2662775, PMID 11620403
- Government of India (1867), Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Famine in Bengal and Orissa in 1866, Volumes I, II, Calcutta
- Government of India (1880), Report of the Indian Famine Commission, Part I, Calcutta
- Grada, Oscar O. (1997), "Markets and famines: A simple test with Indian data", Economics Letters, 57 (2): 241–244, doi:10.1016/S0165-1765(97)00228-0
- Hall-Matthews, David (1996), "Historical Roots of Famine Relief Paradigms: Ideas on Dependency and Free Trade in India in the 1870s", Disasters, 20 (3): 216–230, doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1996.tb01035.x, PMID 8854458
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- Hill, Christopher V. (1991), "Philosophy and Reality in Riparian South Asia: British Famine Policy and Migration in Colonial North India", Modern Asian Studies, 25 (2): 263–279, doi:10.1017/s0026749x00010672, JSTOR 312512, S2CID 144560088
- Houston, Gail Turley (2022-05-20), "Chapters 36 to 80", Hunger and Famine in the Long Nineteenth Century, London: Routledge, doi:10.4324/9780429198076, ISBN 978-0-429-19807-6, S2CID 247871769
- Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552.
- Klein, Ira (1973), "Death in India, 1871-1921", The Journal of Asian Studies, 32 (4): 639–659, doi:10.2307/2052814, JSTOR 2052814, PMID 11614702, S2CID 41985737
- McAlpin, Michelle B. (1983), "Famines, Epidemics, and Population Growth: The Case of India", Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 14 (2): 351–366, doi:10.2307/203709, JSTOR 203709
- McAlpin, Michelle B. (1979), "Dearth, Famine, and Risk: The Changing Impact of Crop Failures in Western India, 1870–1920", The Journal of Economic History, 39 (1): 143–157, doi:10.1017/S0022050700096352, JSTOR 2118916, S2CID 130101022
- Mohanty, Bidyut (2022), A haunting tragedy : gender, caste and class in the 1866 famine of Orissa, Abingdon, Oxon, ISBN 978-1-000-50673-0, OCLC 1266644011
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Mishra, Vimal; Aadhar, Saran (2021-12-01), "Famines and likelihood of consecutive megadroughts in India", npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 4 (1): 1–12, doi:10.1038/s41612-021-00219-1, ISSN 2397-3722, S2CID 244742778
- Mohanty, Manoranjan (2017). "The Great Odisha Famine of 1866: Lessons for the 21st Century". Social Change. 47 (4): 608–619. doi:10.1177/0049085717728002. ISSN 0049-0857. S2CID 148960588.
- Owen, Nicholas (2008), The British Left and India: Metropolitan Anti-Imperialism, 1885–1947 (Oxford Historical Monographs), Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. 300, ISBN 978-0-19-923301-4
- Patnalk, Gorachand (1974), The famine and some aspects of the British economic policy in Orissa 1866 1905, Utkal University, hdl:10603/281603
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Samal, J. K. (1990), Economic History of Orissa, 1866-1912, Mittal Publications, ISBN 978-81-7099-218-9
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- Stone, Ian (25 July 2002), Canal Irrigation in British India: Perspectives on Technological Change in a Peasant Economy, Cambridge South Asian Studies, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-52663-9
- Tinker, Hugh (January 1990), South Asia: A Short History, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 0-8248-1287-5