Pemerkosaan pada genosida Armenia
Pada masa genosida Armenia, yang terjadi di Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah, yang pada masa itu dipimpin oleh Turki Muda, angkatan bersenjata, militan dan anggota masyarakat Turki melakukan kampanye pemerkosaan genosida sistematis terhadap perempuan Armenia dan anak-anak dari kedua jenis kelamin. Sebelum genosida dimulai, satu metode yang dipakai untuk mengintimidasi penduduk Armenia adalah penghinaan seksual. Wanita dan gadis muda tak hanya menjadi korban pemerkosaan, namun juga pernikahan paksa, penyiksaan, pelacuran paksa, perbudakan dan mutilasi seksual.[1][2]
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]Catatan kaki
[sunting | sunting sumber]Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Herzog 2011, hlm. 47.
- ^ Miller & Miller 1999, hlm. 24.
Daftar pustaka
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Akçam, Taner (2012). The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691153339.
- Balakian, Peter (2004). The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response. Harpercollins. ISBN 978-0060558703.
- Ball, Howard (2011). Genocide A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-489-4.
- Bjørnlund, Matthias (2011). "'A Fate Worse Than Dying': Sexual Violence during the Armenian Genocide". Dalam Dagmar Herzog. Brutality and Desire: War and Sexuality in Europe's Twentieth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230285637.
- Dadrian, Vahakn N. (1993). "The Secret Young-Turk Ittihadist Conference and the Decision for the World War I Genocide of the Armenians". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. Oxford University Press. 7 (2): 173–201. doi:10.1093/hgs/7.2.173.
- Dadrian, Vahakn N. (2008). "The Armenian Genocide: an interpretation". Dalam Jay Winter. America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 52–102. ISBN 978-0521071239.
- DeLaet, Debra (2005). The Global Struggle for Human Rights. Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 978-0534635725.
- Derderian, Katharine (2005). "Common Fate, Different Experience: Gender-Specific Aspects of the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1917". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 19 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1093/hgs/dci001. PMID 20684092.
- Herzog, Dagmar (2011). Sexuality in Europe: A Twentieth-Century History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521691437.
- Jacobs, Steven L. (2003). "Raphael Lemkin and the Armenian Genocide". Dalam Richard G. Hovannisian. Looking Backward, Moving Forward: Confronting the Armenian Genocide
. Transaction. hlm. 125–136. ISBN 978-0765805195. - Joyce Frey, Rebecca (2009). Genocide and International Justice. Facts On File. ISBN 978-0816073108.
- Khosroeva, Anahit (2007). "The Assyrian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire and Adjacent Territories". Dalam Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies. Transaction. hlm. 267–290. ISBN 978-1412806190.
- Miller, Donald Earl; Miller, Lorna Touryan (1999). Survivors: An Oral History of the Armenian Genocide. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520219564.
- Monroe, Kristen R. (2011). Ethics in an Age of Terror and Genocide: Identity and Moral Choice. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691151434.
- Moses, A. Dirk (2008). A. Dirk Moses, ed. Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History. Berghahn. ISBN 978-1845454524.
- Nabti, Najwa (2016). "Legacy of Impunity: Sexual Violence against Armenian Women and Girls during the Genocide". The Armenian Genocide Legacy (dalam bahasa Inggris). Palgrave Macmillan UK. hlm. 118–133. ISBN 978-1-137-56163-3.
- Smith, Roger W. (2013). "Genocide and the Politics of Rape". Dalam Joyce Apsel, Ernesto Verdeja. Genocide Matters: Ongoing Issues and Emerging Perspectives. Routledge. hlm. 82–105. ISBN 978-0415814966.
- Theriault, Henry C. (2007). "Rethinking Dehumanization in Genocide". Dalam Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies. Transaction. hlm. 27–41. ISBN 978-1412806190.
- Von Joeden-Forgey, Elisa (2010). "Gender and Genocide". Dalam Donald Bloxham, A. Dirk Moses. The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford University Press. hlm. 61–80. ISBN 978-0199232116.