Piper (genus)

Piper magnificum, inflorescentia

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Plantae — Angiospermae

Magnoliidae 
Ordo : Piperales 
Familia : Piperaceae 
Genus : Piper 
L.

   

Subdivisiones: Species

Fere 1000–2000; vide commentarium.

Piper est grave in oeconomia oecologiaque genus familiae Piperacearum, quod consistit in fere 1000 ad 2000 fruticum, herbarum, et lianarum speciebus, quarum multae sunt "keystone species"^? in eorum habitationibus naturalibus. Diversitas huius taxonis evolutioni plantarum intellectae commendatur.

Pipera sunt magnoliidae, quae autem sunt angiospermae, sed neque monocotyledones neque eudicotyledones. Eorum familia, Piperaceae, sunt Saururaceis artissime cognatae, plantis quae re vera ad minora, subtiliora, et amphibia pipera accedunt. Ambabus familiis sunt propriae inflorescentiae caudatae floribus minutis obtectae. Plantae aliae familiae cognatae, sed minus arte, sunt Aristolochiaceae. Incluta et artissima cognata, etiam una ex Piperaceis, est planta radiator generis Peperomiae.

Nomen

Nomen botanicum piper a Carolo Linnaeo rite descriptum est anno 1753. Nomen eisdem duabus speciebus applicavit quae iam lingua Latina classica "piper" appellatae sunt, etiamque aliis quindecim quas ipse primus in hoc genere collegit. Verbum Latinum piper a Graeca forma πίπερι (postea > πέπερι) mutuatum est. Origo verbi ex Oriente trahitur, nam πίπερι a Pracrito pipparī (< Sanscritum pippalī 'ficus', postea 'piper longum') mutuatum est. Origo verbi pippalī non liquet.

Distributio et oecologia

Piperis speciebus pantropica est distributio, et plurimae plantae sunt suffrutices in silvis pluvialibus terrarum inferiorum, sed inveniuntur in turbatis zonarum altiorum spatiis, sicut silvis nubilibus; una species, P. kadsura, in Iaponia meridionali Coreaque australissima endemica, est subtropicalis, et lene hiemis gelu tolerat.

Plurimae Piperis species sunt herbaceae vel lianae.

Species selectae

Piper chaba

Piper grandifolium

Piper longum)

Piper nigrum, cum fructibus maturescentibus

Piper retrofractum

Plurimae (circa 700) Piperis species in Americis inveniuntur, et circa 300 in Asia Meridionali.

Piper achupallasense Piper aduncum (America Meridionalis, Aequatoria excepta) Piper aequilaterum C.DC. Piper amalago Piper angamarcanum Piper auritum Piper azuaiense Piper baezanum Piper baezense Piper begoniiforme Piper betle Piper borneense Piper brachipilum Piper brachystylum Piper bullatifolium Piper caldense C.DC. Piper campii Piper caninum Piper candollei Piper cenocladum Piper chaba Piper chimborazoense Piper chimonanthifolium Kunth Piper clathratum Piper claussenianum Piper coeloneurum Piper cordulatum Piper cubeba Piper cutucuense Piper darienense Piper decurrens Piper densiciliatum Piper diffundum Piper disparipilum Piper distigmatum Piper dodsonii Piper entradense Piper eriocladum Piper eustylum Piper fallenii Piper fimbriulatum Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth Piper glabratum Kunth Piper grandifolium Piper gualeanum Piper guayasanum Piper guineense Piper hillianum C.DC. Piper hispidinervum Piper huigranum Piper hydrolapathum Piper hylebates Piper hylophilum Piper kadsura Piper imperiale Piper laevigatum Piper lhotzkyanum Kunth Piper lineatipilosum Piper lolot Piper longicaudatum Piper longum Piper lucigaudens Piper macrophyllum

Piper magnificum Piper malacophyllum (C.Presl) C.DC. Piper manabinum Piper marginatum Piper mekongense Piper mendezense Piper mestonii Piper metallicum Piper methysticum Piper mexiae Piper molliusculum Piper mullesua Piper nanegalense Piper napo-pastazanum Piper nebuligaudens Piper nigrum Piper novae-hollandiae Piper ornatum Piper pachyphyllum Piper peltatum Piper permucronatum Yunck. Piper perstrigosum Piper platylobum Piper porphyrophyllum Piper poscitum Piper prietoi Piper productispicum Piper pseudonigrum Piper pseudopothifolium C.DC. Piper puyoense Piper regale Piper retrofractum Vahl Piper richardiifolium Kunth Piper rubronodosum Piper rubrovenosum Piper saigonense Piper saloyanum Piper san-miguelense Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Piper schuppii Piper seychellarum Piper skutchii Piper sodiroi Piper stipulosum Piper subaduncum Piper subnitidifolium Piper supernum Piper sylvaticum Piper tectonifolium Kunth Piper trachyphyllum Piper translucens Yunck. Piper triandrum F.Muell. Piper trioicum Piper truman-yunckeri Piper truncatum Vell. Piper umbellatum Piper unguiculatum Piper valladolidense Piper verrucosum Piper warakahoura Piper wibomii Piper wightii Piper zarumanum

"Piper aggregatum" et "P. fasciculatum" re vera sunt Lacistema aggregatum, angiosperma non piperibus cognata, in familia Lacistematacearum.

Bibliographia

Fontes antiquiores

• 1597 : John Gerard, The Herball, or generall historie of plantes. Londinii: John Norton p. 1354
• 1640 : John Parkinson, Theatrum Botanicum (Londinii: T. Cotes)
• 1753 : Carolus Linnaeus, Species plantarum (Holmiae: impensis L. Salvii, 1753) vol. 1 p. 28–30 (Latine)
• 1807 : William Hunter, "Remarks on the Species of Pepper which are Found on Prince of Wales's Island" in Asiatic Researches vol. 7 (1807) pp. 383-393

Eruditio recentior

• Chaveerach, Arunrat, Mokkamul, Piya, Sudmoon, Runglawan et Tanee, Tawatchai. 2006. "Ethnobotany of the genus Piper (Piperaceae) in Thailand." Ethnobotany Research and Applications 4 eadem
• Chaveerach, Arunrat, Sudmoon, Runglawan, Tanee, Tawatchai et Mokkamul, Piya. 2008. "The species diversity of the genus Piper from Thailand." Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 59(2):105-163
• Lee Dyer, Aparna Palmer, Piper: A Model Genus for Studies of Phytochemistry, Ecology, and Evolution. Novi Eboraci: Kluwer, 2004. ISBN 0-306-48498-6 (Paginae selectae apud Google Books) Textus
• Gorman, Chester F. 1969. "Hoabinhian: A pebble tool complex with early plant associations in Southeast Asia." Science 163(3868):671–673. Doi:10.1126/science.163.3868.671.
• Gorman, Chester F. 1971."The Hoabinhian and After: Subsistence Patterns in Southeast Asia during the Late Pleistocene and Early Recent Periods." World Archaeology 2(3):300–320.
• Lim, S. T., K. Dragull, C. S. Tang, H. C. Bittenbender, J. T. Efird, et P. V. Nerurkar. 2007. "Effects of Kava Alkaloid, Pipermethystine, and Kavalactones on Oxidative Stress and Cytochrome P450 in F-344 Rats." Toxicological Science 97(1):214–221. Doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm035 PMID 17329236.
• Solomon, Charmaine. 1998. "Cha Plu." In Encyclopedia of Asian Food. Periplus Editions.
• Sorrentin, L., A. Capasso, et M. Schmidt. 2006. "Safety of ethanolic kava extract: Results of a study of chronic toxicity in rats." Phytomedicine 13(8):542–549. Doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2006.01.006 PMID 16904878.

Nexus externi

• Familiae Plantarum Florentium: descriptiones, inlustrationes, identificatio, informatio.
• Piperaceae in floribus Americae Septentrionalis
• Piperis species in Thailandia