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Quileute

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For other uses, see Quileute (disambiguation).
Quileute
Total population
Enrolled members: 800
Regions with significant populations
United States (Washington)
Languages
English, formerly Quileute language
Related ethnic groups
Chimakum (extinct)

The Quileute (/ˈkwɪliːuːt/) are a Native American people in western Washington state in the United States, with 808 enrolled citizens in 2018. They are a federally recognized tribe: the Quileute Tribe of the Quileute Reservation.

The Quileute people lost their territory after signing the Quinault Treaty in 1855, but regained one square mile after President Cleveland signed an executive order creating the Quileute Indian Reservation. Their reservation is located near the southwest corner of Clallam County, Washington, at the mouth of the Quillayute River on the Pacific coast. They are part of the Coast Salish people (Pacific Northwest Coast) and the Quinault people (Washington State).

The reservation's main population center is the community of La Push, Washington. The 2000 census reported an official resident population of 371 people on the reservation, which has a land area of 4.061 km² (1.5678 sq mi, or 1,003.4 acres).

The Quileute language belongs to the Chimakuan family of languages among Northwest Coast indigenous peoples. The Quileute language is an isolate, as the only related indigenous people to the Quileute, the Chimakum, were destroyed by Chief Seattle and the Suquamish people during the 1860s. The Quileute language is one of only six known languages lacking nasal sounds (i.e., m and n).[1]

Like many Northwest Coast nations, in precontact times the Quileute relied on fishing from local rivers and the Pacific Ocean for food. They built plank houses (longhouses) to protect themselves from the harsh, wet winters west of the Cascade Mountains.

Government

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The Quileute tribe is governed by a democratically elected tribal council, who served in staggered, three-year terms. The tribe's current administration is:

  • Chairman: Douglas Woodruff Jr.
  • Elder Vice-Chairman: Tony Foster
  • Secretary: Skyler Foster
  • Treasurer: Rio Jaime
  • Member at Large: James Salazar[2]

The General Manager is responsible for coordinating with the Tribal Programs, providing guidance and direction to the Business Enterprises, and direct supervision over the Administrative Staff.

  • General Manager: Bryan Cramer[3]

Artwork and material culture

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Making of a Quileute canoe in the Olympic National Park, 1940.

Historically the Quileute were talented builders and craftsmen. Like many other tribes in the region, they were boat and canoe makers. They could make canoes for whaling, which could hold tons of cargo and many men. They had cedar canoes ranging in size from small boats that could hold two people to giant vessels up to 58 metres (190 ft) long and capable of holding up to 6,000 pounds. The modern clipper ship's hull uses a design much like the canoes used by the Quileutes. [citation needed]

The Quileutes used the resources from the land to make tools and other items. In the region, almost everything was made out of wood. Necessities like utensils, clothing, weapons, and paints were made from the available natural resources. In terms of arts and crafts, the Quileute Tribe is best known for their woven baskets and dog-hair blankets. The tribe would raise specially bred, woolly dogs for their hair, which they would spin and weave into blankets. They would also weave incredibly fine baskets that were so tightly woven that they could hold water. They could boil water in some of them.

Using cedar bark, they made waterproof skirts and hats to shield their bodies against the heavy rainfall in the region.[citation needed]

Ethnobotany

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The Quileute have extensive knowledge of the medicinal qualities of their homelands' flora. They use velvetleaf huckleberries, Vaccinium myrtilloides, by eating the uncooked berries, stewing the berries to make a sauce, and canning the berries and using them as food.[4]

Religion and cosmology

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The Quileute's belief system holds that every person had an individual guardian. They would pray to the guardian, along with the sun and Tsikáti (the universe). Much of their original religion was lost after the disruption of European encounter, diseases, losses and colonization.[5] James Island, an island visible from First Beach, has played a role in all aspects of Quileute beliefs and culture. Originally called A-Ka-Lat ("Top of the Rock"), it was used as a fortress to keep opposing tribes out and served as a burial ground for chiefs.

As told much in their folklore, the Quileute descended from wolves. Quileute myths proclaim that the two-sided mythical character known as Dokibatt and K’wa’iti was responsible for creating the first human of the Quileute tribe by transforming a wolf. In the beginning there were five tribal societies that represented the elk hunter, the whale hunter, the fisherman, the weather predictor, and the medicine man. The medicine man honored the creator with the wolf dance. Quileute folklore is still very much alive in the area of the Quileute Nation near La Push.[6]

Language

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Main article: Quileute language

The Quileute tribe speaks a language called Quileute or Quillayute, which is part of the Chimakuan family of languages. The Chimakum, who also spoke a Chimakuan language (called Chemakum, Chimakum, or Chimacum,) were the only other group of people to speak a language from this language family.

In 1999, the last native speaker of the Quileute language died, meaning the language is considered extinct, although three or four users in their 50s retain some knowledge of vocabulary.[7] Up until then, it was spoken only by tribal elders at La Push, and some of the Makah.[citation needed]

Quileute is one of the 13 known languages that are recorded to have no nasal consonants.[8] The tribe is now trying to prevent the loss of the language by teaching it in the Quileute Tribal School, using books written for the students by the tribal elders.[9]

The Quileute Nation Culture and Language Committee released a language and culture app in 2021 in an effort to preserve the language and culture of their people.[10] Efforts to introduce Quileute phrases into everyday life was started in 2007 through the Quileute Revitalization Project, by providing tribe members with accessible information on basic vocabulary words and phrases.[11] The Quileute Nation has continued this project through downloadable alphabet sheets and providing audiobooks read in Quileute.[12]

Colonization

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The Quileute relationship with Europeans and Euro-Americans began with encounters between the Quileute and the crews of European ships. Quileute tradition suggests that the earliest encounter was with Spanish sailors who shipwrecked somewhere north of La Push.[13] Another potential early encounter was with the crew of the Spanish schooner Sonora, captained by Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra in 1775. The Sonora encountered several Indians in the waters near the mouth of the Quinault River. After some trading, the encounter culminated in bloodshed with several Indians killed, and six Spaniards killed or enslaved.[14] While the encounter is generally considered to have been between the Quinault people and the Spanish, some authors believe the encounter may have involved the Quileute.[15] In 1787, a small boat crew from the Imperial Eagle was killed by Indians near Destruction Island. The Columbia traded for furs with the village of La Push in 1792.[15] The Russian schooner Nikolai ran aground on a beach north of the Quillayute River in 1808. The crew was killed or enslaved. [16]

Quileute tradition has many accounts of un-dated shipwrecks. One is of a French side-wheeled paddle steamer. The shipwrecked crew lived at La Push for many years, and called the mouth of the river "La Bouche." Possibly, this is the source of the village's current name: La Push.[15]

The first official negotiations with the United States government occurred in 1855 when Isaac Stevens and the Quileute signed the Treaty of Olympia. They ceded great amounts of land and agreed to resettle on the Quinault Reservation.[17]

ARTICLE 1. The said tribes and bands hereby cede, relinquish, and convey to the United States all their right, title, and interest in and to the lands and country occupied by them…

Article 11 of the Treaty of Olympia was a single sentence:

ARTICLE 11. The said tribes and bands agree to free all slaves now held by them, and not to purchase or acquire others hereafter.

This article took away an integral part of the culture of the Northwest Coastal tribes, the rights to possess slaves. Their culture had been focused on possessions and they had always owned slaves. Later, in 1882, A.W. Smith came to La Push to teach the native children. He made a school and started to change the names of the people from tribal names to ones from the Bible. In 1889, after years of this not being enforced, President Cleveland gave the Quileute tribe the La Push reservation. 252 residents moved there and in 1894, 71 people from the Hoh River got their own reservation. In 1889, a non-native individual who wanted the land at La Push started a fire that burned down all the houses on the reservation, along with many artifacts from the days before the Europeans came.[18]

Quileute Tribal School

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Main article: Quileute Tribal School

The Quileute Tribal School serves K-12 tribal and non-tribal students from La Push, Forks, and the Hoh Reservation. The school has an elected five member school board and a hired superintendent. In 2020-2021 131 students from 14 different tribal heritages were enrolled. [19] The school is currently the focus of the organization 'Move to Higher Ground' which hopes to relocate the school outside of the current tsunami zone. [20] Ground was broken on July 1, 2020, for a new campus. Classes began in the new campus in fall of 2022. [21]

Quileute tribe in fiction

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In Susan Sharpe's 1991 novel Spirit Quest, eleven-year-old Aaron Singer spends part of his summer vacation on the Quileute Indian Reservation in Washington. There he becomes friends with Robert, a Quileute boy. At the encouragement of his family, who no longer incorporate many of their traditions into daily life, Robert attends tribal school to learn the Quileute language and culture. At Aaron's urging, the boys go together on their version of a "spirit quest", where Aaron finds and saves a trapped eagle. Though he admires and respects Robert's culture, Aaron realizes that he can never be a part of it the way Robert is. Aaron's initially romantic view is replaced by deeper understanding.[22]

Stephenie Meyer's Twilight series features Jacob Black and other werewolf characters, all fictional members of the Quileute tribe and residents of La Push. It has been heavily criticized for its negative depiction of native people and culture and the incorrect telling of the Quileute stories. The Quileute tribe received no compensation from Twilight, despite their name and culture being appropriated. The Burke Museum created a website to combat all the misconceptions and educate fans about the truth of the Quileute tribe.[23]

Historian Daniel Immerwahr posits that the Fremen in Frank Herbert's Dune are based on Herbert's interactions with Henry Martin, or Han-daa-sho, a fisherman who lived on the Quileute reservation in La Push, Washington.[24]

Anna, Like Thunder is a historical fictional novel written by Peggy Herring in 2018 about a Russian woman named Anna Petrovna Bulygina who was taken captive by the Quileute tribe in 1808. [25]

References

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  1. ^ Mithun, Marianne (2001). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-521-29875-9.
  2. ^ "Tribal Council | Quileute Tribe".
  3. ^ "Administrative Staff | Quileute Tribe".
  4. ^ Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67
  5. ^ Schmidt, Rob. "Genuine Quileute history and culture". bluecorncomics.com. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  6. ^ Ruby, Robert H.; Brown Arthur (1986). A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest. Google Books. p. 171
  7. ^ "Quileute". Ethnologue. November 19, 2019.
  8. ^ "Absence of Common Consonants". World Atlas of Language Structure (WALS) Online.
  9. ^ "The Quileute Language". Quileute Nation.
  10. ^ "Quileute". quileute.herokuapp.com. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
  11. ^ Powell, J. V. (1976). Quileute : an introduction to the Indians of La Push. Vickie Jensen. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-95492-2. OCLC 2224773.
  12. ^ "Language | Quileute Tribe". Retrieved May 29, 2022.
  13. ^ Hobucket, Harry (January 1934). "Quillayute Indian Tradition". Washington Historical Quarterly. 25 (1): 49–59.
  14. ^ Tovell, Freeman M. (2008). At the Far Reaches of Empire: The Life of Juan Francisco De La Bodega Y Quadra. University of British Columbia Press. pp. 25–29. ISBN 978-0-7748-1367-9.
  15. ^ a b c Pettit, George (1950). "The Quileute of La Push, 1775-1945". Anthropological Records. 14 (1). University of California Press. OCLC 647598107.
  16. ^ Donnely, Alton S. (1985). The wreck of the Sv. Nikolai. The Press of the Oregon Historical Society. OCLC 994716538.
  17. ^ Treaty Between the United States and the Quinaielt [Quinault] and Quileute Indians Signed at Olympia and on the Quinaielt [Quinault] River, Washington Territory (Treaty). July 1, 1855.
  18. ^ "History | Quileute Tribe". Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  19. ^ "Quileute Tribal School | Future Generations". Retrieved May 29, 2022.
  20. ^ "About | Quileute Move to Higher Ground". Retrieved May 29, 2022.
  21. ^ "QTS School Profile". Google Docs. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
  22. ^ "Spirit Quest". www.publishersweekly.com. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  23. ^ "Quileutes". www.burkemuseum.org. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  24. ^ Immerwahr, Daniel (October 23, 2021). "How Is 'Dune' So Prescient About Climate Change? Thank This Native American Tribe". The New York Times.
  25. ^ "Anna, Like Thunder".

Sources

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