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Sangdaedeung

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Sangdaedeung (Korean: 상대등; Hanja: 上大等, the First of Daedeungs or Peers, Extraordinary Rank One) or Sangsin (상신; 上臣), was an office of the Silla state. The Sangdaedeung was the head of the Council of Nobles and was considered as the highest and most prestigious office that one could attain next to the throne itself. The position was established during King Beophung's 18th year as a king (531) and survived until the end of Silla.

Selection

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The Sangdaedeung was chosen from among those men of "true bone" (진골; 眞骨) lineage in Silla's strict aristocratic social order. He presided over the Hwabaek Council (화백; 和白), an advisory and decision-making committee composed of other high-ranking officials holding the office of Daedeung (대등; 大等). The council's primary duties lay in rendering decisions on important state matters, such as succession to the throne and declarations of war.[1] Its existence dated back to the early Silla state and reflected that state's tribal origins. Throughout Silla history the Hwabaek Council led by the Sangdaedeung served as a check on the king's authority.

During the middle period of Silla, following that state's unification of the peninsula, the focus of government authority shifted from the Hwabaek Council and Sangdaedeung to the Chancellery Office (Jipsabu, 집사부; 執事部) and its Chief Minister (Sijung, 시중; 侍中, or alternately Jungsi, 중시; 中侍), an office instituted in Silla in 651 as the highest organ in the central government apparatus. This reflected the monarchy's efforts to curb the power of an independent nobility by relying on the Chinese inspired Jipsabu rather than the Hwabaek Council, whose existence was predicated on age old aristocratic and clan prerogatives. In the wake of several challenges to his authority King Sinmun dared even execute the Sangdaedeung Gungwan in 681 for complicity in the revolt of Kim Heumdol (김흠돌; 金欽突).

Despite these attempts to limit its power, the office of Sangdaedeung remained until the end of Silla the highest and most prestigious office one could attain short of the throne itself. In the later period of Silla, during which the throne was continuously contested, several monarchs emerged from the office of Sangdaedeung.

List of Sangdaedeung

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Monarch Name Years in Service Ref
Romanized Hangul Hanja
Beopheung Ch'ŏlbu 철부 哲夫 531–534 [2]
Beopheung/Jinheung? Kim Guhae[a] 김구해 金仇亥 532?–576? [4]
Jinji Geochilbu 거칠부 居柒夫 576–? [5]
Jinpyeong Noribu 노리부 弩里夫 579–588? [6][7]
Sueulbu 수을부 首乙夫 588?–? [7]
Seondeok Eulje 을제 乙祭 632–636 [8]
Sup'um 수품 水品 636–645? [9]
Bidam 비담 毗曇 645?–647 [10]
Jindeok Alcheon 알천 閼川 647–654 [11]
Muyeol Kŭm Kang 금강 金剛 655–660 [12]
Muyeol/Munmu Kim Yu-sin 김유신 金庾信 660–673 [13]
Munmu Kim Gungwan 김군관 金軍官 680?–681 [14]
Sinmun/Hyoso? Chin Pok 진복 眞福 681–694? [15]
Hyoso Munyŏng 문영 文穎 694–695 [16]
Kaewŏn 개원 愷元 695–?
Seongdeok Inp'um 인품 仁品 706–720 [17]
Pae Pu 배부 裵賦 720–728
Kim Sagong 김사공 金思恭 728–? [18]
Chŏng Chong 정종 貞宗 737–? [19]
Gyeondeok Kim Sain 김사인 金思仁 745–757 [20]
Sinch'ung 신충 信忠 757–764 [21][22]
Manjong 만종 萬宗 764–768? [23]
Hyegong Sin Yu 신유 神猷 768–?
Kim Yang-sang 김양상 金良相 774–780 [24]
Seondeok Kim Kyŏngsin 김경신 金敬信 780?–785 [25]
Wonseong Ch'ungnyŏm 충렴 忠廉 785–792 [26]
Wonseong/Soseong? Segang 세강 世強 792–?
Aejang Kim Ŏnsŭng 김언승 金彦昇 801–809 [27]
Heondeok Kim Sungpin 김숭빈 金崇斌 809?–819 [28]
Kim Suchong 김수종 金秀宗 819–?
Heungdeok Kim Kyunchŏng 김균정 金均貞 835–836 [29]
Huigang Kim Myŏng 김명 金明 836?–838 [30]
Minae Kim Kwi 김귀 金貴 838–? [31]
Sinmu? Jang Bogo 장보고 張保皐 839–?
Munseong Yejing 예징 禮徵 840–849 [32]
Kim Ŭichŏng 김의정 金義正 849–857 [33]
Heonan Kim An 김안 金安 857–? [34]
Gyeongmun Kim Chŏng 김정 金正 862–874 [35]
Wijin 위진 魏珍 874–875 [36]
Heongang/Jinseong? Kim Wihong 김위홍 金魏弘 875–888? [37]
Hyogong Chunhŭng 준흥 俊興 898–? [38]
Hyogong/Gyeongmyeong Kim Sŏng 김성 金成 906–912, 919–? [39]
Sindeok Kyegang 계강 繼康 912–?
Gyeongmyeong Wiŭng 위응 魏鷹 917–924 [40]

Footnotes

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  1. ^ Kim Guhae, previously King Guheyong of Geumgwan Gaya, was given the title Sangdeung (Korean: 상등; Hanja: 上等) upon his surrender to Bopheung in 532. Historians are still unsure whether Sangdeung was a different rendering of Sangdaedeung, or simply an honorary title.[3]

References

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  1. ^ Lee, Ki–baik. A New History of Korea (translated by Edward W. Wagner with Edward J. Shultz). (Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1984), p. 53.
  2. ^ 윤, 병희, 철부 (哲夫), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-10-15
  3. ^ 주보돈. 상등 (上等). Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  4. ^ 백, 승옥, 구형왕 (仇衡王), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-10-15
  5. ^ 거칠부 (居柒夫), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-10-15
  6. ^ 강, 종훈, 노리부 (弩里夫), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-10-15
  7. ^ a b 한국사데이터베이스 비교보기 > 상대등 노리부가 죽다. db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2024-10-15.
  8. ^ 김, 복순, 을제 (乙祭), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-10-15
  9. ^ 최, 광식, 수품 (水品), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-10-15
  10. ^ 김, 영하, 비담 (毗曇), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-10-15
  11. ^ 김, 영하, 알천 (閼川), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-10-15
  12. ^ 이, 재환, 금강 (金剛), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-10-15
  13. ^ 우리역사넷. contents.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2024-10-15.
  14. ^ 신, 형식, 김군관 (金軍官), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-10-15
  15. ^ 정, 중환, 진복 (眞福), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-10-15
  16. ^ 한국사데이터베이스 비교보기 > 문영을 상대등으로 삼다. db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  17. ^ 한국사데이터베이스 비교보기 > 배부를 상대등으로 삼다. db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  18. ^ 이, 명식, 김사공 (金思恭), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-10-26
  19. ^ 정종을 상대등으로 삼고 김의충을 중시로 삼다 (737년 03월). db.history.go.kr. National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  20. ^ 이, 명식, 김사인 (金思仁), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-10-26
  21. ^ Kim Pu-sik. [[s:ko:|]] 삼국사기/신라본기/제9권/경덕왕 (in Korean) – via Wikisource.
  22. ^ 한국사데이터베이스 비교보기 > 상대등 신충과 시중 김옹이 관직에서 물러나다. db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  23. ^ 한국사데이터베이스 비교보기 > 만종을 상대등으로 삼고 김양상을 시중으로 삼다. db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  24. ^ 전, 덕재, 선덕왕 (宣德王), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-10-26
  25. ^ 李, 基東. "3) 하대의 개막과 원성왕계의 성립". HistoryNet (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History.
  26. ^ 의영의 태자 책봉과 상대등‧시중의 교체 (792년 08월). db.history.go.kr. National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  27. ^ 헌덕왕 (憲德王), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-12-21
  28. ^ 김수종을 상대등으로 삼다 (819년 02월). db.history.go.kr. National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
  29. ^ 이, 기동, 김균정 (金均貞), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-12-21
  30. ^ "4) 원성왕계 내부의 왕위계승쟁탈전". HistoryNet. National Institute of Korean History.
  31. ^ 한국사데이터베이스 비교보기 > 민애왕이 즉위하다. db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
  32. ^ 김, 동수, 김예징 (金禮徵), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-12-25
  33. ^ 김, 복순, 의정 (義正), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-12-25
  34. ^ 이찬 김안을 상대등으로 삼다 (857년). db.history.go.kr. National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 2024-12-25.
  35. ^ 유, 인춘, 김정 (金正), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-12-25
  36. ^ 장, 일규, 위진 (魏珍), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-12-25
  37. ^ 문, 경현, 김위홍 (金魏弘), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-12-25
  38. ^ 한국사데이터베이스 비교보기 > 준흥을 상대등으로, 계강을 시중으로 삼다. db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2024-12-25.
  39. ^ 김성을 상대등으로 삼다 (906년 01월). db.history.go.kr. National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 2024-12-25.
  40. ^ 한국사데이터베이스 비교보기 > 위응을 상대등으로, 유렴을 시중으로 삼다. db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2024-12-25.
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