Udindo wasono
Munthu uyo wali pa udindo ni uyo wali pa udindo panji udindo uwo wasankhika. Para munthu wasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti, uyo wali pa udindo ni uyo wali na udindo uwu pambere ŵandamusankhe, kwali wakukhumba kuti wasankhike panji yayi. Nyengo zinyake, para munthu wasankhika kuti wagwire nchito iyi, wakuŵapo yayi (nga ni para munthu wasankhika kuti wagwire nchito yiphya), ndipo pa nyengo iyi munthu wakuwoneka kuti walije nchito. Ku United States, para palije munthu uyo wakwimilirapo pa chisankho ŵakucemeka kuti open seat panji open contest.
Zina
[lemba | kulemba source]Lizgu lakuti "incumbent" likufuma ku lizgu la Chilatini lakuti incumbere, ilo likung'anamura "kunyoloskera panji kuŵika". Lizgu ili likufuma ku lizgu la Chilatini lakuti incumbent-, ilo likung'anamura "kunyoloskera panji kuŵika",[1] ndipo muzu wake ukufuma ku mphuzi ya mphuzi,[2] Lizgu ili likung'anamura kuti: "Kutimbanizga munthu kuti wagwire nchito; kukanizga munthu kuti wagwire nchito; kukanizga munthu kuti waleke kwenda mwakufwatuka".[3]
Uwemi wakuŵa na mlongozgi wasono
[lemba | kulemba source]Kanandi munthu uyo wali pa udindo wakuŵa na mwaŵi pa visora. Mu vyaru vinyake, munthu uyo wali na mazaza ndiyo wakumanya zuŵa la mavoti, kweni para dango la boma panji dango la boma likuyowoya yayi nyengo ya mavoti.
Pa maudindo ghanandi gha ndyali, munthu uyo wali paudindo uwu wakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha ntchito iyo wakachitanga kale. Awo ŵakugwira nchito mu boma ŵakusangika luŵiro pa ndalama izo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa kampeni, kweniso ndalama za boma (nga ni franking privilege) izo zingawovwira kuti awo ŵakugwira nchito mu boma ŵasangike luŵiro pa kampeni.
Ku United States, chisankho (makamaka cha munthu m'modzi mu nyumba yamalamulo) momwe munthu yemwe sali kufunafuna chisankho nthawi zambiri amatchedwa malo otseguka; chifukwa chakusowa kwa mwayi wokhala pampando, izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala pakati pa mpikisano wotsutsana kwambiri pachisankho chilichonse.[4] Kweniso, para munthu wali na mazaza gha kanyengo kacoko waka, nga ni umo viliri na pulezidenti wa ku U.S. uyo wali na mazaza gha vyaka viŵiri, ndipo wakuzomerezgeka yayi kuweleraso mu udindo. Nangauli muwuso wa munthu uyo wakukhala pa mpando ukwenda kufuma pa 2 peresenti mu 1950 kufika pa 10 mu 1980 na 1990, na kuweleraso pa 2 mu 2010 na 2020, kweni muwuso wa munthu uyo wakukhala pa mpando ukuweleraso pa nyengo yeneyiyo.
Para ŵanthu awo ŵiza sono mu caru ici ŵakukhumba kuzakagwira nchito yinyake, ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuvota ŵakudumbiskana dankha ivyo munthu uyu wali navyo, maghanoghano ghake pa nkhani za ndyali, ndiposo mikhaliro yake. Kweni para munthu wasankha uyo wali pa udindo, Guy Molyneux wakuti, "ntchakuwonekerathu kuti ni munthu uyo wali pa udindo". Ŵakuvota ŵazamudumbiskana dankha umo munthu uyo wali pa udindo waliri. Para ŵaghanaghana kuti "ŵafumiskengepo" uyo wali pa udindo, ndipo ŵakwamba kughanaghanira usange waliyose uyo ŵakukhumba kuti waŵe pa udindo ni munthu wakwenelera.
Kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2017 mu British Journal of Political Science wakulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kuvota ŵakughanaghana kuti munthu uyo wali na maghanoghano ghakupambana na gha munyake ndiyo wali na maghanoghano ghakupambana na gha munyake. Ici cikung'anamura kuti para vinthu vyasintha pa ndyali, munthu uyo wali pa udindo wakuŵa na mwaŵi ukuru. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2017 mu magazini ya Journal of Politics wakalongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵali na mazaza mu boma "ŵali na mwaŵi ukuru chomene" pa nyengo ya mavoti kuluska para palije mavoti.[5]
Business usage
[lemba | kulemba source]Pa nkhani ya bizinesi na mpikisano, munthu uyo wakugwira nchito ni uyo wakugwiliskira nchito vinthu ivyo wakukhumbikwira pa nyengo iyo, ntheura wali na mwaŵi wakukhalilira pa malo agho wakugwilira nchito panji kukolerana na ŵanyawo pa nkhani ya nchito yiphya.[6]
Sophomore surge
[lemba | kulemba source]Ŵasayansi ŵa ndyali ku United States na United Kingdom ŵayowoyapo kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakwamba kuvota ŵakusazgirako mavoti pa nyengo ya chisankho chawo. Vikuyowoyeka kuti ivi vikovwira kuti ŵimiliri awo ŵakwamba kuwusa ŵaŵe na mwaŵi wa kusanga ndalama zakukwana 10 peresenti, ndipo ivi vikusazgirako mwaŵi wawo. Ndipouli, unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakamba kuwungana uku ukuyana waka na umo ŵanthu awo ŵakamba kuwungana ŵakeneranga kucitira pa nkhani ya mavoti.[7]
Anti-incumbency
[lemba | kulemba source]Ndipouli, pali vinthu vinyake ivyo vingacitika kuti wupu uwo uli na mazaza ukhale pasi. Vinthu ivi vikucitika para uyo wali paudindo wakuwoneka kuti ngwakwenelera yayi mulimo uwo wali nawo ndipo awo ŵakukhumba kuti waŵe paudindo ŵakulongora kuti ngwakwenelera yayi mulimo uwo wali nawo. Munthu uyo wakulimbana na awo ŵakukhumba kusintha vinthu, wangapangiska kuti awo ŵakukhumba kusintha vinthu ŵakhale nyengo yitali kwambura kusintha vinthu vinyake, chifukwa chakuti awo ŵakukhumba kusintha vinthu ŵakukhorwa kuti vinthu vyasintha. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti awo ŵali na maudindo ghapacanya ŵakusuzgika comene mwakuti ŵakuŵavya mazaza pa ndyali ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuŵagomezga yayi mwakuti ŵasozgekeso. Ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzgika chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama ŵakutemwa yayi kuvotera munthu uyo wali pa udindo kuluska awo ŵakusuzgika yayi.[8]
Mu 1989, Nick Panagakis, uyo wakufufuza umo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira, wakalemba fundo iyo wakayichema kuti dango la awo ŵali pa udindo, yakuti munthu waliyose uyo wakuvota, usange wakughanaghana kuti watondeka kusankha, paumaliro wa mavoti wazamusankha munthu munyake uyo wakususkana nayo.
Ku France, mazgu ghakuti Sortez les sortants ("Fumiskani [ŵimiliri] awo ŵafuma!") ghakumanyikwa comene.[9]
Wonaniso
[lemba | kulemba source]Lua error: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal').
- List of current heads of state and government
- Lists of office-holders
- Outgoing politician
- Rally 'round the flag effect
- Sophomore surge
- Virtual incumbent
Ukaboni
[lemba | kulemba source]- ↑ OED (1989), p. 834
- ↑ OED (1989), p. 218
- ↑ OED (1989), p. 124
- ↑ Gelman, Andrew; King, Gary (1990). "Estimating Incumbency Advantage without Bias". American Journal of Political Science. 34 (4): 1142–1164. doi:10.2307/2111475. ISSN 0092-5853. JSTOR 2111475. S2CID 3752645.
- ↑ de Benedictis-Kessner, Justin (2017-12-07). "Off-Cycle and Out of Office: Election Timing and the Incumbency Advantage". The Journal of Politics. 80: 119–132. doi:10.1086/694396. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 222440248.
- ↑ Chen, J., Incumbent, Investopedia, updated 27 January 2021, accessed 20 March 2021
- ↑ Gelman, Andrew; King, Gary (1990). "Estimating Incumbency Advantage without Bias". American Journal of Political Science. 34 (4): 1142–1164. doi:10.2307/2111475. ISSN 0092-5853. JSTOR 2111475. S2CID 3752645.
- ↑ Margalit, Yotam (2019-05-11). "Political Responses to Economic Shocks". Annual Review of Political Science (in English). 22 (1): 277–295. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-110713. ISSN 1094-2939.
- ↑ Nick Panagakis (February 27, 1989). "Incumbent Rule". Polling Report. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
Vyakulemba vinyake
[lemba | kulemba source]- Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. Print.
Vinandi
[lemba | kulemba source]
- De Magalhaes, L. (2015). Incumbency effects in a comparative perspective: Evidence from Brazilian mayoral elections. Political Analysis, 23(1), 113–126.