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Malvaceae sensu stricto
[edit]That Malvaceae s.s. comprise a cladistically monophyletic group has been confirmed by recent molecular phylogenies. It is a homogeneous taxon, so homogeneous that the subfamily category is not applicable, Malvaceae s.s. is only subdivided in tribes.
The family most closely related to Malvaceae s.s. is Bombacaceae, and the two are separated primarily on the basis of pollen characters (smooth or rugose in Bombacaceae, spiny in Malvaceae). Malvaceae s.s. also tend to be herbs or shrubs, whereas Bombacaceae are usually trees. Molecular phylogenies have demonstrated that Bombacaceae is cladistically paraphyletic with respect to Malvaceae s.s.
It has been recognised by most compilers of high-level classifications, including:
- A. P. de Candolle (1824-1873)
- Bentham & Hooker (1862-1883) (except for Bombacaceae, considered tribe Bombaceae in Malvaceae)
- Eichler (1883)
- Karl Moritz Schumann in Engler & K. Prantl (1895): Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien III. 6 updated by W. Schultze-Motel in H. Melchior (1964): Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, 12th edition, II. Band.
- Wettstein (1901-1908)
- John Hutchinson (1926-1934)
- Arthur Cronquist (1968, 1981)
- Aaron Goldberg (1986)
- Takhtajan (1966, 1980)
- R.M.T.Dahlgren (1975)
Thus forming a solid consensus that was achieved mainly on the basis in morphological field.
Malvaceae is still accepted in its restricted sense in several nomenclatural compilations: at IK, APNI (Australian Plant Names Index) and GCI (Gray Card Index) at IPNI (see also list of systems of plant taxonomy); and in several herbaria of the whole world, besides being the classification "standard" of many reference works such as manuals, floras and very important: identification keys (see Thonner's analytical key to the families of flowering plants).
A different approach was taken by Edlin (1935), who restricted Malvaceae even further by transferring the genera with capsular fruits, including Gossypium and Hibiscus, into a more broadly defined Bombacaceae.
Malvaceae sensu stricto as traditionally defined consists of about 111-119 genera, totalling about 1,500 species. This includes the mallows, cotton plants, okra, hibiscus, and hollyhocks.
Genera
[edit]Sources: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kubitzki Vol. 5 (2003)(as subfamily Malvoideae) and Malvaceae Info Website.
Malvaceae sensu lato
[edit]In the broader APG circumscription, the Malvaceae are also a cladistically monophyletic group but take in a much larger number of genera. Because molecular phylogenies have shown that Bombacaceae, Tiliaceae, and Sterculiaceae as traditionally defined are closely related to Malvaceae s.s. but are not monophyletic groups, Malvaceae have been expanded to include these families. This expanded definition has been adopted by numerous researchers on the Malvales (e.g., Baum et al. 2004, Perveen et al. 2004, Tate et al. 2005).
Whether a consensus in favor of a broad or narrow circumscription of Malvaceae will be adopted, or something in between, remains to be seen. The broad circumscription of Malvaceae has been adopted in textbooks on plant systematics (Judd et al. 1999), in a comprehensive treatment of vascular plant families and genera, the Kubitzki system, by Bayer & Kubitzki (2003), and in a treatment of Neotropical plant families by Maas & Westra (2005). The most recent version of the Thorne system takes an intermediate approach in combining Bombacaceae and Sterculiaceae under Malvaceae, but retaining Byttneriaceae (containing elements of the traditional Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae) and a considerably restricted Tiliaceae as separate families.
Malvaceae sensu APG is a family of about 250 genera; it thus also includes lindens, kapok, baobabs, balsa, cacao (chocolate), durian etc. There are nine subfamilies (Bayer et al. 1999, Bayer & Kubitzki 2003):
- Bombacoideae, traditionally in Bombacaceae
- Brownlowioideae, traditionally in Tiliaceae
- Byttnerioideae, traditionally in Sterculiaceae
- Dombeyoideae, traditionally in Sterculiaceae
- Grewioideae, traditionally in Tiliaceae
- Helicteroideae, traditionally in Sterculiaceae (tribe Helictereae) and Bombacaceae (tribe Durioneae)
- Malvoideae, traditionally Malvaceae sensu stricto
- Sterculioideae, traditionally in Sterculiaceae
- Tilioideae, traditionally in Tiliaceae
- Selected genera
- Abelmoschus - Okra
- Abutilon - Abutilon
- Abutilothamnus
- Adansonia – Baobab traditionally in family Bombacaceae
- Alcea - Hollyhock
- Anoda - Alache
- Althaea - Marsh mallow
- Argyrodendron - Booyong - traditionally in family Sterculiaceae
- Bombax – Silk-cotton tree traditionally in family Bombacaceae
- Brachychiton – Bottletree traditionally in family Sterculiaceae
- Callirhoe - Poppy mallow
- Ceiba – Kapok traditionally in family Bombacaceae
- Chiranthodendron – Mexican Hand Tree traditionally in family Sterculiaceae
- Cola - Kola nut traditionally in family Sterculiaceae
- Commersonia - Brown Kurrajong traditionally in family Sterculiaceae
- Corchorus - Jute traditionally in family Tiliaceae
- Durio – Durian traditionally in family Bombacaceae
- Fremontodendron – Flannelbush traditionally in family Sterculiaceae
- Gaya – Gaya
- Gossypium - Cotton plant
- Hibiscus - Hibiscus
- Hoheria – Lacebark
- Kosteletzkya - Saltmarsh mallow
- Lavatera - Tree mallow or Rose mallow
- Malva - Mallow
- Malvaviscus - Turk's cap mallow
- Ochroma – Balsa traditionally in family Bombacaceae
- Sida
- Sidalcea - Greek mallow
- Sphaeralcea - Globemallow
- Sterculia - traditionally in family Sterculiaceae
- Theobroma - Cacao traditionally in family Sterculiaceae
- Thespesia
- Tilia – Linden, traditionally in family Tiliaceae
- Urena
Malvaceae sensu lato:
- Malvaceae Info, includes much recent taxonomic discussion and a full list of about 250 genera; also numerous photos
Malvaceae sensu stricto:
- Malvaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. http://delta-intkey.com
- Malvaceae – miscellaneous photographs at University of Hawaii Botany site.
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew list of genera
- ^ Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A. & Seberg, O. (2007). Flowering Plant Families of the World. Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada: Firefly Books. ISBN 1-55407-206-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Tate, J. A., Aguilar, J. F., Wagstaff, S. J., La Duke, J. C., Slotta, T. A. B. & Simpson, B. B. (2005).Phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Malveae (Malvaceae, subfamily Malvoideae) as inferred from ITS sequence data. American Journal of Botany 92(4): 584–602.