User:Yates9/chem basic
Basic Chemistry Functional Groups
[edit]Learning Neuroscience
[edit]- Creating a Wikibook Notes
- Books for experts
- background chemistry
- Periodic_table
- Atomic_orbital
- Chemistry Homomeric
- Moiety_(chemistry)
- Phosphodiester_bond
- Phosphodiesterase
- Peptide_bond
- biochemical/chemical mechanisms
- Phosphorylation the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein or other organic molecule. Phosphorylation activates or deactivates many protein enzymes, causing or preventing the mechanisms of diseases such as cancer and diabetes.
- Palmitoylation the covalent attachment of fatty acids, such as palmitic acid, to cysteine residues of membrane proteins
- Myristoylation an irreversible, co-translational (during translation) protein modification found in animals, plants, fungi and viruses. In this protein modification a myristoyl group (derived from myristic acid) is covalently attached via an amide bond to the alpha-amino group of an N-terminal amino acid of a nascent polypeptide.
- Glycosylation the enzymatic process that links saccharides to produce glycans, attached to organic molecules/proteins; produces one of the fundamental biopolymers found in cells (along with DNA, RNA, and proteins). Glycosylation is a form of co-translational and post-translational modification.
- Acetylation a reaction that introduces an acetyl functional group into an chemical compound
- substances
- N-Ethylmaleimide
- Maleimide
- Methionine an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH2SCH3. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar
- background chemistry functional groups
- Functional group
- Alkane: CnH2n+2 only C + H (def: hydrocarbons),w/only single bonds (def: saturated) w/o cyclic structure
- Alkyl: CnH2n+1 alkane missing one H, typically a part of a larger molecule
- Alkene: RRC=CRR containing at least one C-to-C double bond
- Alkyne: R-C≡C-R hydrocarbons with a triple bond between two C
- Alcohol: R—OH a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) bound to C, usually connected to other C or H
- Aldehyde: R-C(=O)H a carbonyl center bonded to hydrogen and an R group
- Amide: R—C(=O)N–RR containing an acyl group (R-C=O) linked to a N atom
- Amine: R—NH2 contain a basic N atom with a lone pair - derivatives of ammonia
- Aromatic: unexpectedly stable ring structure
- Carboxylic acid: R-COOH a carbonyl + a hydroxyl, -C(=O)OH, usually -COOH or -CO2H
- Ester: R-C(=O)-O-R' a general term for the product derived from the condensation of an oxo acid and an alcohol
- Oxoacid: an acid that contains oxygen
- Ketone: RC(=O)R' a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms
- Nitrile: R-C≡N -CN group is also called cyanide group, (see cyano- prefix)
- Nitro: R-NO2 most common explosophores used globally
- Thiol: R-SH as S analogue of an alcohol group (-OH), can be named sulfhydryl group
- Thioester: R-C(=O)SR' product of esterification between a carboxylic acid and a thiol
- Acyl: RCO where R represents an alkyl group that is attached to the CO group with a single bond. derived by the removal of one or more hydroxyl groups from an oxoacid
- Acyl chloride: R-C(=O)-Cl considered to be reactive derivatives of carboxylic acids
- Fatty acid: a carboxylic acid with a long unbranched aliphatic tail
- Ethyl_group: R-C2H5 an alkyl functional group derived from ethane (C2H6) often abbreviated -Et
- Purine: a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole