Football Culture of London

Origins

Football, being in invented in England has a long history in the country and has had a huge impact on the English soul and psyche. While today football is a national game in England, with London being at the epicenter of the "beautiful game": football has a had a tumultuous history in the nation. Henry IV banned the levying of money towards football in London, to try to revive the old English sport of archery^[1]. Edward II banned football outright in the city of London because he thought the recreation was having a negative effect on its citizens, ^[2]. However regional variations have been played on the British isles between the eighth and 19th centuries. The first 90 minute sanctioned match was held in 1866 between a London and Sheffield team ^[3]. Today there are hundreds of clubs in London, but clubs in the top four divisions: Premier League, Championship, League One, League Two receive the most support and have the finance to solidifying their status as "football brands",^[4].

Working Class Clubs

Nothing comes to mind like football, when talking about the city of London. The metropolis can boast the presence of twelve league system clubs in the city itself. There are many more on the outskirts of the city such as Watford FC, in Herefordshire. Alas, football culture in London had been born from the working class grime of the Victorian era and only in the 20th and 21st centuries has the city of London became a brand of world football. According to one journalist in the late 19th century, football had already been exerting an appeal of "gigantic dimensions' by 1867^[5]. Arsenal FC and West Ham both originated form workmen in industrial jobs. Arsenal was originally called "Dial Square" after the sun dial on the entrance of the munitions factory, the founders worked at. Their first match was determined to be played in 1888, as football researches have been digging in the archives for proof of this for nearly all of the club's history^[6]. The club was close to bankruptcy in 1910 when it was bought out by businessman Henry Norris. Three years later the club renamed to Arsenal^[7]. West Ham, located in East London has a had the reputation of being a poverty-ridden part of London for the last few centuties. The East End had been notoriously low income for the last few centuries, with several issues plaguing the area such as water scarcity issues, small pox and general poverty^[8] West Ham was started as a club in 1900 by a group of workers from the Thames Iron Works. East London was full of men and children, playing in alleyways that separated factories and other industrial areas. A modern football culture brewed, and for the last 70 years West Ham has been the biggest club in East London^[9]. The modern nicknames for the club are the irons and the club insignia futures two hammers.Crystal Palace FC is a club that is also associated with a great sense of community, among its primarily working class supporters. Founded in 1905, the club was built by workers who maintained the gorunds around the Crystal Palace, a glass structure built for the Great Exhibition 1851. The club's nickname are the glaziers, workers who clean glass for a living.^[10]. The club is known today for its modest stadium and very loud vocal support.

Chelsea FC

Chelsea FC is recognized globally in sport, and is a regular competitor in the UEFA Champions League. Chelsea FC has had quite a different story than the other London clubs. The club had been transformed from rags to riches by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich. The Russian oligarch used a variety of business enterprises including oil conglomerates to accumulate his wealth^[11].Unlike working class clubs like Millwall and Arsenal, Chelsea has a reputation of having fans from the upper class^[12]. In addition to Chelsea, Arsenal also have a Russian owner: Alisher Usmanov. The privatization of Russia's economy created an exodus of a handful of oligarchs who have been deemed to usurp the Soviet resources and have since been labelled as antagonistic to Russia's affairs^[13]. Due to political pressure from British politicians, Usmanov and Abramovich might be forced to give up stakes in their respective clubs due to the spoliling relationship between the United Kingdom and Russia^[14]. Under Abramovich, Chelsea has won five premier league titles, 6 FA Cups, one champions league title and one Europa League title ^[15].

Hooliganism

Fan culture has also developed a darker side in football in the 20th century. The emergence of football hooligans highlighted the presence of racism, misogyny and general indecency among some groups of fans. A Chelsea fan chant from a group of right-wing supporters, directed to West Ham displays racism and accusations of sexual depravity:

"One n*gger, two n*gger, three ni*gger four. Four do make a team and so do many more. Call them West Ham, paint their face white. what a bunch of wankers you made overnight" (Jacobson:1975:781) ^[16].

Millwall FC has had a reputation for football hooliganism since the 20th century. The club's supporters originated form working class dockers. The poor match attendance has been speculated to be correlated to the violence off the pitch among the supporters^[17]. Football hooliganism is also practiced with inter-regional alliances. When Northern clubs play in London, hooligans from many London clubs will clash with the out of city visitors^[18]. Since the heyday of British hooliganism since the 1980's, Londoners have since seen much much more peaceful streets due to a crack down by the British government on hooliganism. ^[19]. The resurgence in English hooliganism is international, as seen with the case of England fans clashing violently with other fans at Euro 2012 ^[20].

Third Article Rough Draft

Nothing comes to mind like football, when talking about the city of London. The metropolis can boast the presence of twelve league system clubs in the city itself. There are many more on the outskirts of the city such as Watford FC, in Herefordshire. Alas, football culture in London had been born from the working class grime of the Victorian era and only in the 20th and 21st centuries has the city of London became a brand of world football. According to one journalist in the late 19th century, football had already been exerting an appeal of "gigantic dimensions' by 1867^[21]. Arsenal FC and West Ham both originated form workmen in industrial jobs. Arsenal was originally called "Dial Square" after the sun dial on the entrance of the munitions factory, the founders worked at. Their first match was determined to be played in 1888, as football researches have been digging in the archives for proof of this for nearly all of the club's history^[22]. The club was close to bankruptcy in 1910 when it was bought out by businessman Henry Norris. Three years later the club renamed to Arsenal^[23]. Another famous club in London, Chelsea FC has had quite a different story. The club had been transformed from rags to riches by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich. The Russian oligarch used a variety of business enterprises including oil conglomerates to accumulate his wealth^[24].Unlike working class clubs like Millwall and Arsenal, Chelsea has a reputation of having fans from the upper class^[25]. In addition to Chelsea, Arsenal also have a Russian owner:Alisher Usmanov. The privatization of Russia's economy created an exodus of a handful of oligarchs who have been deemed to usurp the Soviet resources and have since been labelled as antagonistic to Russia's affairs^[26]. Due to political pressure from British politicians, Usmanov and Abramovich might be forced to give up stakes in their respective clubs due to the spoliling relationship between the United Kingdom and Russia^[27].

Second Article Evaluation

I initially wanted to talk about only painting and sculpture in Milan, but instead chose to cover all the arts in the city during the 1500-1800. I'm mostly going to be talking about painting and architecture in my edit. In my edit, I want to add a few sentences about the life of and various works of Caravaggio. I think this is necessary to give the readers some context. I also want to do the same on Fransisco Hayez. The article on Milan's arts is very limited in its coverage of art from 1500-1800 but instead dwells on modern museums. I want to talk about the Milan Cathedral, even though it is gothic and not baroque. This is due to the fact that it was completed after 1500. — Preceding unsigned comment added by AFHW (talk • contribs) 02:57, 6 March 2018 (UTC)[reply]

Second Article Edit

Milan's painting legacy is no better exemplified than in the development of Caravaggio as an artist in the city. He learned his trade in Milan, despite being classed as a painter of the Roman School^[28]. The city birthed a legend in the view of art historians despite the artist only being rediscovered as a genius in the 20th century^[29]. Caravaggio worked as an apprentice to Milanese artist Simon Petertzano before moving to Rome^[30]. Caravaggio popularized the technique of chiaroscuro but was also known for many depictions of beheadings. His controversial life which included committed murder and general physical violence, permitted him to depict the latter with extreme vigor^[31]. Caravaggio's influence on art was profound, and he had a school of followers called Caravaggisti that emulated his dramatic artistic style. This was not only limited to Italian painters, but many German and Dutch painters were also in the school^[32]. Among the most famous was Orazio Gentileschi, even though he embodied his own originality rather than reproduction as seen through his most famous paintings of his daughter Artemsia^[33].

Milan experienced a huge boom in architecture during the Baroque period. Among famous architects during this period was Pellegrino Tibaldi. He worked on a serious of small churches within Milan and on the Milan Cathedral itself. Some were simple like the Jesuit church, St. Fedele with a single dome, no aisles and a plain exterior. Others were more complex like Saint Sebastiano with external and internal doric order motifs^[34]. Fellow Milanese architect, Fransesco Ricchini was commissioned in 1631 to be chief architect of the Cathedral of Milan ^[35]. Despite the fact that his mentor Tibaldi was responsible for the West doorways the baptistery and the ceilings of the crypt. The cathedral is stylistically a combination between romanesque Italian style and French cistercian forms ^[36]. Milan's sculpted gold angels which appear on the cathedral is a symbol of artistic Milanese interdependence as similar stain glassed impressions or marble or gold sculptures can be found on other buildings throughout the city ^[37].

Article Evaluation

The article on Granada, is decent although the initial on Alhambra is quite vague. It mentions the Alhambra as being, a fortress that dominated the whole city. It was true that the Nasir dynasty was powerful, while it lasted. But the phrase "It dominated the whole city" is a vague phrase that tells us nothing. The author of this text holds a vague viewpoint of the might of Alhambra, before the 13th which vastly overrepresented. More information is needed on Alhambra before the 13th century. The part about Christopher Columbus, receiving orders in 1492 to sail to the New World needs a citation. The second article I reviewed was on the concept of the primate city. In general it as a poor article, which could lots of work. However I focused on citation number seven and number ten. Citation number seven does not support the claim. The source is merely a classification system of cities ranking them into Alpha, Beta, Gamma, etc. Moreover, New York isn't a primate city. Ironically, a sentence later this is pretty much confirmed. Therefore, there is no need to include the fact that New York and London as being Alpha++ cities. The tenth citation needs to confirmed by someone with decent enough Thai language skills. AFHW (talk) 01:18, 28 January 2018 (UTC)[reply]

Article Edit

In the 11th century the Castle of the Alhambra was built as a walled town which became a military stronghold. Not only architecturally stunning but perched on a hill, the castle seemed to dominate the whole city of Granada in the eye of the beholder^[38]. The design of the castle drew inspiration from many themes from abrahamic religions. Around the base of the fountain,stands a phalanx of lions that are drawn from Solomon's "Brazen Sea"^[39]. In 1492 the Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, expelled the final Moors from the city of Granada. They established permanent residency in the Alhambra, and it was here that Christopher Columbus requested royal endorsement for his westward expedition that year via the Spanish Alhambra Decree. The law was signed into effect in May of 1492, and only a few months later is when Columbus and his crew set sail to find the New World^[40]. AFHW (talk) 04:50, 28 January 2018 (UTC)[reply]

Evaluations

1/30/2018 Evaluation by Rooney2pdx

  Your article is very informative.  I'm wondering where in the article you'll be putting it.

Spelling/Grammar
Nearly Meets Standard minor spelling yer instead of year. Comma after citadel not fortress I believe. Minor Proofreading.

Language
Nearly Meets Expectations. Some informalities, heyday could be replaced with supreme reign or another similar word.

Organization
Meets Standard. There are multiple subjects being explored in the paragraph, maybe try to flesh one out, the architecture or the history for example.

Coding
Meets Standard. Ref tags, used to cite, work better with more information, that said you did cite three sources. You could create links to other relevant pages by using the code PAGE_NAME_HERE as shown in your editor, like Christopher Columbus.

Validity
Meets Standard. Information is cited and supported.

Completion
Meets Standard. Could maybe use more specifics on the church's architecture or uses itself, but quite good.

Relevance
Nearly Meets Standard. There is some extraneous information that seems like it needs more than one paragraph to cover all the aspects you've presented.

Sources
Meets or Exceeds Standard. Scholarly sources used.

Citations
Meets Expectations While more sentences could be sourced, or more noticably while sources could be more complete, the citations are there and properly organized. Double check whether numeric citations come before or after a period.

References
Nearly meets Standard. references could be more complete instead of relying on automatic cite to fill in the info, look up your book and it's original citation if available and plug that in to the citation "<ref>" tags.

=Evaluations=1/31/2018 Evaluation by Jiayue[edit]

spelling/Grammar meets standard, few grammar error, such as the year.

Language Meets standard

Organization

Nearly meets standard, there are many sections in one paragraph, and I think add the header for each section is more helpful.

Coding Meets standards

Validity Exceeds standards,

Completion Nearly meets standards, I think that if your paragraph more focus on the building on Alhambra, and you should describe them more specific.

Relevance nearly meets standards, many kinds of information include on paragraph

Sources meets standards

Citations

Exceeds standards

References

Meets standard.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:1C0:5202:F309:A948:D657:9D91:743C (talk) 06:21, 1 February 2018 (UTC)[reply]

^ Maghoun Jr., 21929, p.40,
^ Johnson 2018, p.1
^ FIFA Website 2018, p.1
^ Brown 2017, 1
^ Baker, 1979, p.243
^ Kelly and Edwards, 2014, p.1
^ Wahl, 2018, p.1
^ British Medical Journal 1895, p. 433, 434
^ Korr 1978, 213,214
^ Fleenor 2014 p. 1,
^ Lutz, 2012, p.1 ,
^ Heere, 2007, p.324
^ Monday, 2017, p.313
^ Kirby, 2017, p.1
^ football.org 2017 p.1
^ King 1997, p.586
^ Lavelle 2017, p.1
^ Dunning, Murphy,Wiliams 1986, p.231
^ frims.co.uk 2016, p.1
^ Vardarajaan 2016, p.1
^ Baker, 1979, p.243
^ Kelly and Edwards, 2014, p.1
^ Wahl, 2018, p.1
^ Lutz, 2012, p.1 ,
^ Heere, 2007, p.324
^ Monday, 2017, p.313
^ Kirby, 2017, p.1
^ Cosmopolitan Art Journal, 1858 p.87,
^ Gregory, 2011 p.167
^ Poseq, 199 p.158
^ Som, 2002 p.450
^ Brejon de Lavergnee, 2012 p.814
^ Ulanov, 1997 p.187
^ Briggs, 1914 p.101
^ Zirpolo, 2018 p.28
^ Ackerman, 1949 p.86
^ Hackenbrock, 1965 p.263,
^ The Aldine 1874, p.215
^ Bargeburger 1956, p.202
^ Mock 2011, p.1

[1] Maghoun Jr., 21929, p.40,

[2] Johnson 2018, p.1

[3] FIFA Website 2018, p.1

[4] Brown 2017, 1

[5] Baker, 1979, p.243

[6] Kelly and Edwards, 2014, p.1

[7] Wahl, 2018, p.1

[8] British Medical Journal 1895, p. 433, 434

[9] Korr 1978, 213,214

[10] Fleenor 2014 p. 1,

[11] Lutz, 2012, p.1 ,

[12] Heere, 2007, p.324

[13] Monday, 2017, p.313

[14] Kirby, 2017, p.1

[15] tball.org 2017 p.1

[16] King 1997, p.586

[17] Lavelle 2017, p.1

[18] Dunning, Murphy,Wiliams 1986, p.231

[19] rims.co.uk 2016, p.1

[20] Vardarajaan 2016, p.1

[21] Baker, 1979, p.243

[22] Kelly and Edwards, 2014, p.1

[23] Wahl, 2018, p.1

[24] Lutz, 2012, p.1 ,

[25] Heere, 2007, p.324

[26] Monday, 2017, p.313

[27] Kirby, 2017, p.1

[28] Cosmopolitan Art Journal, 1858 p.87,

[29] Gregory, 2011 p.167

[30] Poseq, 199 p.158

[31] Som, 2002 p.450

[32] Brejon de Lavergnee, 2012 p.814

[33] Ulanov, 1997 p.187

[34] Briggs, 1914 p.101

[35] Zirpolo, 2018 p.28

[36] Ackerman, 1949 p.86

[37] Hackenbrock, 1965 p.263,

[38] The Aldine 1874, p.215

[39] Bargeburger 1956, p.202

[40] Mock 2011, p.1

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