Voiceless bilabial plosive
| Voiceless bilabial plosive | |
|---|---|
| p | |
| IPA Number | 101 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | p |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0070 |
| X-SAMPA | p |
The voiceless bilabial stop is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨p⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨p⟩. The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by "p" in pear and paper.
Features
[change | change source]- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
- The phonation is voiceless. This means that this sound is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is bilabial. This means that this sound is produced with both lips.
- The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is stop, or plosive. This means that this sound is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. (The term plosive contrasts with nasal stops, where the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.)
Examples
[change | change source]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | паӏо/paio |  [paːʔʷa] (help·info) |
'hat' | |
| Arabic | Algerian | پاپيش/pāpīš | [paːpiːʃ] | 'beautiful girls' |
| Hejazi | پول/pōl | [po̞ːl] | 'Paul' | |
| Egyptian | كبش/kabš | [kɛpʃ] | 'ram' | |
| Armenian | Eastern[1] | պապիկ/papik | [pɑpik] (help·info) |
'grandpa' |
| Assyrian | ܦܬܐ pata | [pata] | 'face' | |
| Basque | harrapatu | [(h)arapatu] | 'to catch' | |
| Bengali | Eastern | পানি/panī | [paniː] | 'water' |
| Catalan[2] | por | [ˈpɔ(ɾ)] | 'fear' | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 爆炸 / baauja | [paːu˧ t͡saː˧] |
'explosion' |
| Mandarin | 爆炸 / bàozhà | [pɑʊ˥˩ tʂa˥˩]
| ||
| Chuvash | путене/putene | [put̬ʲɛ'nɛ] | 'quail' | |
| Czech | pes | [pɛs] | 'dog' | |
| Danish | Standard[3] | bog | [ˈpɔ̽ʊ̯ˀ] | 'book' |
| Dutch[4] | plicht | [plɪxt] | ||
| English | pack | [pʰæk] | 'pack' | |
| Esperanto | tempo | [ˈtempo] | 'time' | |
| Filipino | pato | [paˈto] | 'duck' | |
| Finnish | pappa | [ˈpɑpːɑ] | 'grandpa' | |
| French[5] | pomme | [pɔm] | 'apple' | |
| German | Pack | [pʰak] | 'pile' | |
| Greek | πόδι / pódi | [ˈpo̞ði] | 'leg' | |
| Gujarati | પગ/pag | [pəɡ] | 'foot' | |
| Hebrew | פּקיד/pakid | [pakid] | 'clerk' | |
| Hindustani | Urdu | پل/pal | [pəl] | 'moment' |
| Hindi | पल / pal | |||
| Hungarian | pápa | [ˈpaːpɒ] | 'pope' | |
| Italian[6] | papà | [paˈpa] | 'dad' | |
| Japanese[7] | ポスト / posuto | [posɯto] | 'mailbox' | |
| Kabardian | пэ/pė | [pa] (help·info) |
'nose' | |
| Khmer | ពន្យល់ / pônyól | [pɔnjɔl] | 'to explain' | |
| Korean | 빛 / bit | [pit̚] | 'light' | |
| Kurdish | Northern | por | [ˈpʰoːɾ] | 'hair' |
| Central | پیرۆزە/píroze | [pʰiːɾoːzæ] | 'lammergeier' | |
| Southern | پۊنگه/pûûnga | [pʰʉːŋa] | 'pennyroyal' | |
| Lakota | púza | [ˈpʊza] | 'dry' | |
| Lithuanian | pastatas | [ˈpaːstɐtɐs] | 'building' | |
| Luxembourgish[8] | bëlleg | [ˈpələɕ] | 'cheap' | |
| Macedonian | пее/pee | [pɛː] | 'sing' | |
| Malay | panas | [pänäs] | 'hot' | |
| Maltese | aptit | [apˈtit] | 'appetite' | |
| Marathi | पाऊस/paa'uus/pā'ūs | [pɑːˈuːs] | 'rain' | |
| Mutsun | po·čor | [poːt͡ʃor] | 'a sore' | |
| Nepali | पिता/pitā | [pit̪ä] | 'father' | |
| Norwegian | pappa | [pɑpːɑ] | 'dad' | |
| Odia | ପଥର/pathara | [pɔʈʰɔrɔ] | 'stone' | |
| Pashto | پانير/pa'nir | [pɑˈnir] | 'cheese' | |
| Persian | پول/pul | [pul] | 'money' | |
| Pirahã | pibaóí | [ˈpìbàóí̯] | 'otter' | |
| Polish[9] | pas | [päs] (help·info) |
'belt' | |
| Portuguese[10] | pai | [paj] | 'father' | |
| Punjabi | ਪੱਤਾ/pattaa/pattā | [pət̪ːäː] | 'leaf' | |
| Romanian | pas | [pas] | 'step' | |
| Russian[11] | плод/plod | [pɫot̪] | 'fruit' | |
| Serbo-Croatian[12] | пиће / piće | [pǐːt͡ɕě] | 'drink' | |
| Slovak | pes | [pɛ̝s] | 'dog' | |
| Spanish[13] | peso | [ˈpe̞so̞] | 'weight' | |
| Swahili | pombe | [ˈpoᵐbɛ] | 'beer' | |
| Swedish | apa | [ˈɑːˌpa] | 'monkey' | |
| Thai | แป้ง/paeng | [pɛ̂ːŋ] | 'powder' | |
| Tsez | пу/pu | [pʰu] | 'side' | |
| Turkish | kap | [kʰäp] | 'pot' | |
| Ukrainian[14] | павук/pavuk | [pɐˈβ̞uk] | 'spider' | |
| Vietnamese[15] | nhíp | [ɲip˧ˀ˥] | 'tweezers' | |
| Welsh | siop | [ʃɔp] | 'shop' | |
| West Frisian | panne | [ˈpɔnə] | 'pan' | |
| Yi | ꀠ / ba | [pa˧] | 'exchange' | |
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik | panik | [panik] | 'daughter' | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[16] | pan | [paŋ] | 'bread' |
Notes
[change | change source]- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:17)
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ↑ Basbøll (2005:61)
- ↑ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ↑ Okada (1999:117)
- ↑ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
- ↑ Jassem (2003:103)
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ↑ Padgett (2003:42)
- ↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ↑ Thompson (1959:458–461)
- ↑ Merrill (2008:108)
References
[change | change source]- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505, S2CID 13470826
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
