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West Side Story (1961 film)

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West Side Story
Theatrical release poster by Joe Caroff
Directed by
Screenplay byErnest Lehman
Based on
Produced byRobert Wise
Starring
CinematographyDaniel L. Fapp
Edited byThomas Stanford
Music byLeonard Bernstein
Production
companies
Distributed byUnited Artists
Release date
  • October 18, 1961 (1961-10-18)[1]
Running time
152 minutes[2]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$6.75 million[3]
Box office$44.1 million[4]

West Side Story is a 1961 American musical romantic drama film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins, written by Ernest Lehman, and produced by Wise. The film is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical of the same title, which in turn was inspired by Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. It stars Natalie Wood, Richard Beymer, Russ Tamblyn, Rita Moreno, and George Chakiris and was photographed by Daniel L. Fapp in Super Panavision 70. The music was composed by Leonard Bernstein, with lyrics by Stephen Sondheim.

Released on October 18, 1961, through United Artists, the film received praise from critics and viewers, and became the highest-grossing film of 1961. It was nominated for 11 Academy Awards and won 10, including Best Picture (in addition to a special award for Robbins), becoming the record holder for the most wins for a musical. West Side Story is regarded as one of the greatest musical films of all time. The film was designated as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1997.[5] A second film adaptation by Steven Spielberg was released in December 2021.

Plot

[edit]

In New York City in 1957, two teenage gangs compete for control on the Upper West Side. The Jets, a group of whites led by Riff, brawl with the Sharks, Puerto Ricans led by Bernardo. Lieutenant Schrank and Officer Krupke arrive and break it up. The Jets challenge the Sharks to a rumble to be held after an upcoming dance.

Riff wants his best friend Tony, a co-founder and former member of the Jets, to fight at the rumble. Riff invites Tony to the dance, but Tony says he senses something important is coming. Riff suggests it could happen at the dance. Tony finally agrees to go. Meanwhile, Bernardo's younger sister, Maria, tells her best friend and Bernardo's girlfriend, Anita, how excited she is about the dance. At the dance, the two gangs and their girls refuse to intermingle. Tony arrives; he and Maria fall in love instantly, but Bernardo angrily demands that Tony stay away from her and sends her home. Riff proposes a midnight meeting with Bernardo at Doc's drug store to settle the rules for the rumble.

Anita argues that Bernardo is overprotective of Maria, and they compare the advantages of Puerto Rico and the US mainland. Tony sneaks onto Maria's fire escape where they reaffirm their love. Krupke, who suspects the Jets are planning something, warns them not to cause trouble. The Sharks arrive, and the gangs agree to a showdown the following evening under the highway, with a one-on-one fistfight. When Schrank arrives, the gangs feign friendship. Schrank orders the Sharks out and fails to discover information about the fight.

The next day at the bridal shop where they work, Anita accidentally tells Maria about the rumble. Tony arrives to see Maria. Anita, shocked, warns them about the consequences if Bernardo learns of their relationship. Maria makes Tony promise to prevent the rumble. Tony and Maria fantasize about their wedding.

The gangs approach the area under the highway. Tony arrives to stop the fight, but Bernardo antagonizes him. Unwilling to watch Tony be humiliated, Riff initiates a knife fight. Tony intervenes, leading to Bernardo stabbing and killing Riff. Tony kills Bernardo with Riff's knife, and a melee ensues. Police sirens blare, and everyone flees, leaving behind the dead bodies. Maria waits for Tony on the roof of her apartment building; her fiancé Chino (an arranged engagement) arrives and tells her what happened. Tony arrives and asks for Maria's forgiveness. He plans to turn himself in to the police. Maria is devastated but confirms her love for Tony and asks him to stay.

The Jets and their new leader, Ice, reassemble outside a garage and focus on reacting to the police. Anybodys arrives and warns them that Chino is after Tony with a gun. Ice sends the Jets to warn Tony. A grieving Anita enters the apartment while Tony and Maria are in the bedroom. The lovers arrange to meet at Doc's, where they will pick up getaway money to elope. Anita spots Tony leaving through the window and chides Maria for the relationship with Bernardo's killer, but Maria convinces her to help them elope. Schrank arrives and questions Maria about the rumble. Maria sends Anita to tell Tony that Maria is detained from meeting him.

When Anita reaches Doc's, the Jets harass and even try to rape her, when Doc appears and intervenes. Anita angrily lies, saying that Chino has killed Maria. Doc banishes the Jets, gives Tony his getaway money and delivers Anita's message. Tony, distraught, runs into the streets, shouting for Chino to kill him, too. In the playground next to Doc's, Tony spots Maria and they run toward each other, only for Chino to shoot Tony. The gangs arrive to find Maria holding Tony, who dies in her arms. Maria takes the gun from Chino and threatens to shoot everyone, blaming their hate for the deaths. Schrank and Krupke arrive to arrest Chino, and the gangs end their feud by uniting to carry Tony's body away in a funeral procession with Maria following.

Cast

[edit]
  • Natalie Wood as Maria, Bernardo's younger sister and Chino's arranged fiancée,[6] who falls in love with Tony
    • Marni Nixon as Maria's singing voice (also Anita's singing voice in Quintet)
  • Richard Beymer as Tony, co-founder and one-time member of the Jets and best friend of Riff, who works at Doc's drugstore and falls in love with Maria
  • Russ Tamblyn as Riff, leader of the Jets, best friend of Tony
  • Rita Moreno as Anita, Bernardo's girlfriend, and Maria's closest confidante
    • Betty Wand as Anita's singing voice for "A Boy Like That"
  • George Chakiris as Bernardo, leader of the Sharks, older brother of Maria and Anita's boyfriend
  • Simon Oakland as Police Lieutenant Schrank, a hard-boiled plainclothes detective
  • Ned Glass as Doc, Tony's boss; a decent, elderly Jewish drugstore owner
  • William Bramley as Police Sergeant Krupke, a brusque beat cop (Bramley played the role in the original Broadway production)

Uncredited:

  • John Astin as Glad Hand, well-meaning but ineffective social worker
  • Penny Santon as Madam Lucia, bridal shop owner

Musical numbers

[edit]

Production

[edit]

Executive producer Walter Mirisch enlisted the services of Jerome Robbins, who had directed and choreographed the stage version of West Side Story. Because Robbins had no previous film experience, Mirisch hired Robert Wise to co-direct and produce because of his "experience in gritty subject matter" and his ability to complete motion pictures under budget and ahead of schedule. Robbins was to direct the musical sequences, and Wise would handle the story's dramatic elements.[7] Robbins directed his portion of the film first, spending a great deal of time on retakes and on-set rehearsals as well as discussing setups with Wise.[8][9] Assistant director Robert Relyea recalled an unusual number of injuries endured by the dancers.[10] After 45 days of shooting, the picture was 24 days behind schedule.[11] With the film over budget, Wise dismissed Robbins.[12] The remaining dance numbers were directed with the help of Robbins's assistants. Recognizing Robbins's considerable creative contribution to the film, Wise agreed that Robbins should be given co-directing credit. Robbins and Wise also kept in contact and discussed the production, with Wise's taking many of Robbins's suggestions about the editing of the film.[13] The titles and end credits sequences were designed by Saul Bass with Elaine Makatura Bass. Bass was credited as visual consultant for creating the opening sequence over the film's overture.[14]

On location shooting for the "Prologue" and "Jet Song" occurred at two different Manhattan, New York locations. A playground located at East 110th Street, now Tito Puente Way, between 2nd and 3rd Avenues, served as the backdrop for introducing the two gangs. West 68th Street between West End and Amsterdam Avenues, three blocks north of the San Juan Hill community, provided additional realism for where the gangs roamed.[15] The sound stages at the Samuel Goldwyn Studio, located in West Hollywood, California, were used for rehearsals and studio shooting.[16]

Casting

[edit]

Although Robbins pushed for 29-year-old Carol Lawrence, the first Maria, to be cast in the same role in the film, after seeing her screen test the producers agreed she was too old to play the part. A number of other cast members from the Broadway and West End productions were cast in the film. Tony Mordente, who played A-Rab on stage, was cast as Action in the film, and George Chakiris, Riff in the London stage production, played Bernardo in the film. Tucker Smith, who joined the Broadway production several months into its run, played Diesel, renamed Ice for the film. David Winters, the first Baby John on stage, played A-Rab. Eliot Feld, an ensemble member and understudy for Baby John on Broadway, played Baby John. Jay Norman, Juano on stage, appeared as Pepe. Reprising their stage roles in the film were Carole D'Andrea as Velma, Tommy Abbott as Gee-Tar, and William Bramley as Officer Krupke.

Elvis Presley was approached for Tony, but his manager Colonel Tom Parker turned down the part.[17] Others who were considered for the part included Russ Tamblyn,[18] Warren Beatty, Burt Reynolds, Anthony Perkins, Bobby Darin, Troy Donahue, Marlon Brando, Richard Chamberlain, and Robert Redford.[19][20] Reynolds was considered "too tough" for the part. Chamberlain was believed to be "too mature" for the role. Tamblyn impressed Wise and was given the supporting role of Riff.[19] Ultimately, Richard Beymer won the part of Tony.

Natalie Wood was filming Splendor in the Grass with Warren Beatty and was involved with him romantically off-screen. The producers were not considering her for the role of Maria at that time. When considering Beatty for the role of Tony, Wise requested a reel of his work. However, after seeing a clip from Splendor in the Grass, the producers decided his co-star Wood was perfect for Maria, but Beatty was not suitable for the role of Tony.[21] Jill St. John, Audrey Hepburn, Diane Baker, Elizabeth Ashley, Suzanne Pleshette and Angela Dorian were among the many actresses who were considered for the role of Maria in the film.[19][22]

Editing

[edit]

Thomas Stanford won the Academy Award for Best Film Editing for his work on West Side Story.[23] The film was listed as the 38th best-edited film of all time in a 2012 survey of members of the Motion Picture Editors Guild.[24] The dance sequences in particular have been noted by critics.[25] In Louis Giannetti's textbook Understanding Movies, he writes: "Musicals are often edited in a radically formalist style, without having to observe the cutting conventions of ordinary dramatic movies. The editing of West Side Story is very abstract. The music...and the dance numbers...are edited together for maximum aesthetic impact, rather than to forward the story. Nor are the shots linked by some principle of thematic association. Rather, the shots are juxtaposed primarily for their lyrical and kinetic beauty, somewhat like a music video".[26] In his retrospective review, Roger Ebert singled out the dances as extraordinary.[27] Robbins participated in the editing of the musical numbers along with Stanford, Wise, and Walter Mirisch. His notes to Stanford stress that the editing should reveal the characters' emotions even if that compromised the dancing.[28] The quote from Giannetti above indicates that the notes didn't strongly affect the final cuts of the dance numbers.

Reception

[edit]

Critical response

[edit]

West Side Story is regarded as one of the greatest musical films ever made.[29] It holds a 92% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 116 reviews, with an average rating of 8.4/10. The site's critical consensus states: "Buoyed by Robert Wise's dazzling direction, Leonard Bernstein's score, and Stephen Sondheim's lyrics, West Side Story remains perhaps the most iconic of all the Shakespeare adaptations to visit the big screen".[30] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 86 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[31]

Original teaser trailer for West Side Story

Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote that "moving [the story] from stage to screen is to reconstruct its fine material into nothing short of a cinema masterpiece".[32] Whitney Williams of Variety was also effusive, writing: "Technically, it is superb; use of color is dazzling, camera work often is thrilling, editing fast with dramatic punch, production design catches mood as well as action itself".[33] A review in The Hollywood Reporter called it "a magnificent show, a milestone in movie musicals, a box-office smash. It is so good that superlatives are superfluous. Let it be noted that the film musical, the one dramatic form that is purely American and purely Hollywood, has never been done better".[34] By contrast, Pauline Kael derided the film as "frenzied hokum", decrying that the dialogue was "painfully old-fashioned and mawkish" and the dancing was a "simpering, sickly romantic ballet".[35] In 1962, Mae Tinee of the Chicago Tribune gave a mixed review. She praised the cast, cinematography, dancing and script but wrote: "[T]his is a case when the big screen sometimes is a handicap. When the giant-sized, tear-stained faces of a desolated boy and girl fill the entire front of a theater, it seems incongruous for these young lovers to break into song. Some of the music is fresh and bright, some of it tiresomely repetitious, but all the members of the cast dance like demons. ... It's a cleverly stylized and dramatized depiction of a bloody story which probably will appeal most to those who like lengthy musicals, and to the younger generation who are fascinated by 'rumbles'. Their elders may find it depressing."[36]

Writing in 2004, Roger Ebert included the film in his list of "Great Movies": "So the dancing is remarkable, and several of the songs have proven themselves by becoming standards, and there are moments of startling power and truth. West Side Story remains a landmark of musical history. But if the drama had been as edgy as the choreography, if the lead performances had matched Moreno's fierce concentration, if the gangs had been more dangerous and less like bad-boy Archies and Jugheads, if the ending had delivered on the pathos and tragedy of the original, there's no telling what might have resulted".[27]

Box office

[edit]

West Side Story was a commercial success upon its release. It became the highest-grossing film of 1961, earning rentals of $19,645,000 in the United States and Canada. It remained the highest-grossing musical film of all time[37] until the release of The Sound of Music in 1965. The film grossed $44.1 million worldwide ($450 million in 2023). Because of profit participation, United Artists earned a profit of only $2.5 million on the film ($25 million in 2023).[38]

Accolades and honors

[edit]

West Side Story won 10 Academy Awards, making it the musical film with the most Oscar wins (including Best Picture).[39] It was the first film to share the Academy Award for Best Director between two people, with Wise winning in the Best Picture and Best Director categories.[40]

Award Category Nominee(s) Result
Academy Awards[41] Best Picture Robert Wise Won
Best Director Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins Won
Best Supporting Actor George Chakiris Won
Best Supporting Actress Rita Moreno Won
Best Screenplay – Based on Material from Another Medium Ernest Lehman Nominated
Best Art Direction – Color Boris Leven and Victor A. Gangelin Won
Best Cinematography – Color Daniel L. Fapp Won
Best Costume Design – Color Irene Sharaff Won
Best Film Editing Thomas Stanford Won
Best Scoring of a Musical Picture Saul Chaplin, Johnny Green, Irwin Kostal and Sid Ramin Won
Best Sound Fred Hynes and Gordon E. Sawyer Won
Academy Honorary Award[42] Jerome Robbins Won
British Academy Film Awards Best Film Nominated
Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins Won
DVD Exclusive Awards Best Behind-the-Scenes Program (New for DVD) Michael Arick (for West Side Memories) Nominated
Best Overall DVD – Classic Movie (including All Extra Features) Won
Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture – Musical Won
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Richard Beymer Nominated
Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture George Chakiris Won
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Rita Moreno Won
Best Director – Motion Picture Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins Nominated
Most Promising Newcomer – Male Richard Beymer Nominated
George Chakiris Nominated
Grammy Awards Best Sound Track Album or Recording of Original Cast From a Motion Picture or Television Saul Chaplin, Johnny Green, Irwin Kostal and Sid Ramin Won
Laurel Awards Top Musical Won
Top Male Supporting Performance George Chakiris Nominated
Top Female Supporting Performance Rita Moreno Won
Top Cinematography – Color Daniel L. Fapp Won
Top Musical Score Saul Chaplin, Johnny Green, Irwin Kostal and Sid Ramin Nominated
National Board of Review Awards Top Ten Films 3rd Place
National Film Preservation Board National Film Registry Inducted
New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Film Won
Best Director Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins Nominated
Producers Guild of America Awards PGA Hall of Fame – Motion Pictures Won
Sant Jordi Awards Best Foreign Film Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins Won
Satellite Awards Best Classic DVD Won
Writers Guild of America Awards Best Written American Musical Ernest Lehman Won

American Film Institute lists:

The film's cast appeared and was honored at the 50th anniversary of West Side Story at the 2011 Ventura Film Festival.[43]

Score and soundtrack

[edit]
Main article: West Side Story (1961 soundtrack)

Leonard Bernstein was displeased with the orchestration for the movie, which was the work of Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal, who had orchestrated the original Broadway production. That show had been orchestrated for roughly 30 musicians; for the movie, United Artists allowed them triple that, including six saxophone parts, eight trumpets, five pianos and five xylophones.[44] Bernstein found it "overbearing and lacking in texture and subtlety".[5]

Stephen Sondheim, who did not like the sequence of the songs in the Broadway version, had the song "Gee, Officer Krupke" being sung before the rumble in place of the song "Cool" which is sung instead after the rumble; the song "I Feel Pretty" is also sung before the rumble instead of after. In addition, the song "America" was sung in-between the two love songs "Maria" and "Tonight", instead of having the two love songs being sung consecutively. Though mentioned in earlier scripts, the "Somewhere" dream ballet was not well defined for the film and was put on the back burner for Robbins to conceive and execute towards the end of shooting. With Robbins relieved of his duties midway in the production, the dance sequence was eliminated.[45] "Somewhere" was left to be sung by Tony and Maria in her bedroom. Reprises of the lyrics were omitted as well, especially in the songs "One Hand, One Heart" and "A Boy Like That". Some lyrics were changed in order to avoid censorship, especially in the songs "Jet Song", "Gee, Officer Krupke", "America" and the "Tonight Quintet". Even the phrase "womb to tomb, sperm to worm" between Riff and Tony had to be replaced with "womb to tomb, birth to earth" between Riff and Tony near the beginning of the film and "one-two-three, one-two-three" between Riff and Diesel in the Quintet.

As provided in her contract, Wood prerecorded her songs and allowed the production team to decide whether to use her voice. She found the songs challenging, but was allowed to film her scenes lip-synching to her own vocals and was led to believe that these versions would be used, although music supervisors Saul Chaplin and Johnny Green had already decided to use Marni Nixon's voice. Wood's singing voice is only heard during the reprise of the song "Somewhere" when Tony dies. Though Nixon had recorded the songs in the same orchestra sessions as Wood, she had to re-record them to synch with Wood's filmed performances. Even the one song for which Wood had lip-synched to Nixon's voice, "One Hand, One Heart", had to be recorded again because Wood's lip-synching was unsatisfactory.[46] When Marni Nixon learned that she had not signed a contract for participating in the recording and demanded a percentage of the LP record, she was told that all percentages had been allocated. Bernstein gave her 0.25% of his album royalties. This set a precedent for all future "ghost singers".[47]

Beymer's vocals were performed by Jimmy Bryant. Tucker Smith, who played Ice, dubbed the singing voice of Riff in "Jet Song", instead of Russ Tamblyn. Tamblyn's own voice was used in "Gee, Officer Krupke" and the "Quintet". Rita Moreno was dubbed by Betty Wand in the song "A Boy Like That" because the song needed to be performed at a register that was too low for her. However, Moreno sang her own vocals in "America". Marni Nixon sang some of Moreno's parts in the "Quintet" when illness prevented Moreno from doing so. Wand was also ill on the day of final recording, and so Nixon recorded Anita's vocal line as well.

For the 50th anniversary of the film's 1961 release, a score closer to the Broadway version was created by Garth Edwin Sunderland of the Leonard Bernstein Office to be performed live at screenings of the movie with the score removed, but with the original vocals maintained. The score's New York City premiere was presented at Lincoln Center's David Geffen Hall, called Avery Fisher Hall at the time, built atop the original film locations, which were razed in a late 1950s urban renewal project.[44]

Legacy

[edit]

A scene in the 1965 French movie "Gendarme in New York" pastiches West Side Story.[48]

In 2009, photographer Mark Seliger re-created scenes from the film for magazine Vanity Fair called West Side Story Revisited, using Camilla Belle as Maria, Ben Barnes as Tony, Jennifer Lopez as Anita, Rodrigo Santoro as Bernardo and Chris Evans as Riff. Portraying the Sharks are Minka Kelly, Jay Hernandez, Natalie Martinez, Brandon T. Jackson and Melonie Diaz. Portraying the Jets are Ashley Tisdale, Sean Faris, Robert Pattinson, Cam Gigandet, Trilby Glover, Brittany Snow and Drake Bell.[49]

West Side Story influenced Michael Jackson's "Beat It" and "Bad" music videos.[50][51] The first features Jackson as a peacemaker between two rival gangs in a homage to his favorite film.[52]

2021 film

[edit]
Main article: West Side Story (2021 film)

A second film adaptation of the musical was released by 20th Century Studios on December 10, 2021,[53] directed by Steven Spielberg and choreographed by Justin Peck, with a screenplay by Tony Kushner.[54] It stars Ansel Elgort as Tony, Rachel Zegler as Maria and Ariana DeBose as Anita; Moreno returns as a new character, Valentina, who is Doc's widow.[55] It received seven nominations at the 94th Academy Awards, including Best Picture,[56] winning one Oscar for DeBose's performance.[57]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ West Side Story at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  2. ^ "West Side Story (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. January 12, 1962. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
  3. ^ Mirisch, Walter (2008). I Thought We Were Making Movies, Not History. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-299-22640-4. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  4. ^ "West Side Story (1961)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on October 15, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  5. ^ a b Berson, Misha (2011). Something's Coming, Something Good: West Side Story and the American Imagination. Applause Theatre & Cinema Books. p. 155. ISBN 9781557837660. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  6. ^ a b Miller, Robin (April 23, 2019). "A story of love and acceptance: Ascension Community Theatre opens 'West Side Story' April 25". The Advocate. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
  7. ^ Mirisch, Walter (2008). I Thought We Were Making Movies, Not History. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-299-22640-4. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  8. ^ Mirisch, Walter (2008). I Thought We Were Making Movies, Not History. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-299-22640-4. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  9. ^ Acevedo-Muñoz, Ernesto (2013). West Side Story as Cinema: The Making and Impact of an American Masterpiece. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-7006-1921-4. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
  10. ^ Relyea, Robert (2008). Not So Quiet on the Set: My Life in Movies During Hollywood's Macho Era. Bloomington, Indiana: iUniverse. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-595-71332-5. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
  11. ^ Acevedo-Muñoz, Ernesto (2013). West Side Story as Cinema: The Making and Impact of an American Masterpiece. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-7006-1921-4. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
  12. ^ Mirisch, Walter (2008). I Thought We Were Making Movies, Not History. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-299-22640-4. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  13. ^ Robbins, Jerome; Jowitt, Deborah (2004). Jerome Robbins: His Life, His Theater, His Dance. Simon & Schuster. pp. 283–292.
  14. ^ Horak, Jan-Christopher (2014). Saul Bass: Anatomy of Film Design. University Press of Kentucky.
  15. ^ Barrios, Richard (2020). West Side Story: The Jets, The Sharks, and The Making of a Classic. New York: Running Press. pp. 70–74. ISBN 9780762469482. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
  16. ^ Barrios, Richard (2020). West Side Story: The Jets, The Sharks, and The Making of a Classic. New York: Running Press. p. 36. ISBN 9780762469482. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
  17. ^ Clayton, Dick; Heard, James (2003). Elvis: By Those Who Knew Him Best. Virgin Publishing. p. 226.
  18. ^ Abbott, Kate (2012). "How we made ... Russ Tamblyn and George Chakiris on West Side Story". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 15, 2019. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  19. ^ a b c Mell, Elia (2015). Casting Might-Have-Beens: A Film by Film Directory of Actors Considered for Roles Given to Others. McFarland & Company. p. 253.
  20. ^ Gross, Terry. "Actors Rita Moreno and George Chakiris remember the original West Side Story", NPR, December 10, 2021
  21. ^ Bowman, Manoah (2016). Natalie Wood (Turner Classic Movies): Reflections on a Legendary Life. Hatchette UK.
  22. ^ Relyea, Robert E. (2008). Not So Quiet On The Set: My Life In Movies During Hollywood's Macho Era. iUniverse, Inc. p. 151. ISBN 9780595713325.
  23. ^ Franks, Don (2005). Entertainment awards a music, cinema, theatre and broadcasting guide, 1928 through 2003. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland. p. 223. ISBN 9781476608068. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
  24. ^ "The 75 Best Edited Films". Editors Guild Magazine. 1 (3). May 2012. Archived from the original on March 17, 2015.
  25. ^ Stahl, Jennifer (September 6, 2019). "The Greatest Dance Movies of All Time, According to the Dance Magazine Staff". Dance Magazine. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2020. this Technicolor film version totally wraps you up in the drama – mixing full-body dance shots (thank you!) with emotional close-ups, and making sharp, musical cuts from the Jets to the Sharks and back again.
  26. ^ Giannetti, Louis D. (2018). "Editing". Understanding Movies (14 ed.). Boston: Pearson. p. 160. ISBN 9780134492087. OCLC 950611437.
  27. ^ a b Ebert, Roger (February 15, 2004). "Great Movie: West Side Story". Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  28. ^ Jowitt, Deborah (2005). Jerome Robbins: His Life, His Theater, His Dance. Simon and Schuster. pp. 289–291. ISBN 9780684869858. OCLC 1064225701. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
  29. ^ "West Side Story Tops Best Movie Musical". Starpulse.com. February 19, 2007. Archived from the original on February 22, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
  30. ^ "West Side Story (1961)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved August 7, 2023.
  31. ^ "West Side Story (1961)". Metacritic. Fandom, Inc. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  32. ^ Bosley Crowther (October 19, 1961). "Best Pictures". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
  33. ^ Williams, Whitney (September 27, 1961). "West Side Story". Variety. Archived from the original on February 15, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  34. ^ Powers, James (October 18, 2016) [September 22, 1961]. "West Side Story: THR's 1961 Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 29, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  35. ^ Ebert, Roger. "West Side Story Movie Review & Film Summary (1961)". rogerebert.com. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  36. ^ Tinee, Mae. "West Side Story Movie Is Savage Tale of Slums", Chicago Tribune, February 21, 1962, p. B3.
  37. ^ Pirie, David (1981). Anatomy of the Movies. New York: Macmillan Inc. p. 254. ISBN 0-02-597540-4.
  38. ^ Tino Balio, United Artists: The Company That Changed the Film Industry, University of Wisconsin Press, 1987, p. 177
  39. ^ Grant, Barry Keith (2012). The Hollywood Film Musical. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 100. ISBN 9781405182539. Archived from the original on June 4, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  40. ^ "The 80th Academy Awards (2008)". The Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). February 24, 2008.
  41. ^ "The 34th Academy Awards (1962) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
  42. ^ "Jerome Robbins". jeromerobbins.org. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved August 11, 2019.
  43. ^ "Ventura Film Festival". Ventura Film Festival. Archived from the original on April 21, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  44. ^ a b Wakin, Daniel (September 6, 2011), "Classic Score by Bernstein is Remade", The New York Times, archived from the original on December 7, 2013, retrieved September 7, 2011
  45. ^ Barrios, Richard (2020). West Side Story: The Jets, The Sharks, and The Making of a Classic. New York: Running Press. p. 109. ISBN 9780762469482. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
  46. ^ Nixon, Marni (2006). I Could Have Sung All Night: My Story. Billboard Books. pp. 132ff. ISBN 9780823083657.
  47. ^ "Secret Voices of Hollywood, BBC Four" Archived February 9, 2019, at the Wayback Machine by Claudia Pritchard, The Arts Desk, 30 September 2013; review of this program Archived February 9, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
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