Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Malaria
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Overview
[edit]Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease, that affects humans and other animals.[1]
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Symptoms
[edit]It causes symptoms that typically include, fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches.[2]
Severe malaria symptoms
[edit]In severe cases, Malaria can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death.[2]
Symptom timing
[edit]Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten by an infected mosquito.[1]
Risk of no treatment
[edit]If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease, months later.[1]
Partial immunity
[edit]In those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms.[2]
Partial immunity limitations
[edit]This partial resistance disappears over months, to years, if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria.[2]
Cause
[edit]Malaria is caused by single-celled microorganisms of the Plasmodium group.[1]
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Initial infection
[edit]The disease is most commonly spread by an infected female, Anopheles mosquito.[1] The mosquito bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito's saliva, into a person's blood.[1]
Spread to liver
[edit]The parasites travel in the blood, to the liver, where they mature and reproduce.[2]
Types of malaria
[edit]Five species of the parasite Plasmodium can infect and be spread by humans, [2] with most deaths caused by P. falciparum.[2][1]
Diagnosis
[edit]Malaria is typically diagnosed by the microscopic examination of blood, using blood films,
Rapid diagnosis
[edit]or with antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests, [2] although PCR tests are not widely used, in areas where malaria is common, due to their cost and complexity.[3]
Prevention
[edit]The risk of disease can be reduced, by preventing mosquito bites through the use of mosquito nets, and insect repellents,
Wider prevention
[edit]or with mosquito control measures, such as spraying insecticides, and draining standing water.[2]
Prophylaxis
[edit]Several medications are available to prevent malaria in travellers to areas where the disease is common.[1]
Prophylaxis in infants and pregnancy
[edit]Occasional doses of the combination medication sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine, are recommended in infants, and pregnancy after the first trimester, in areas with high rates of malaria.[1]
Vaccine
[edit]Despite a need, no effective malaria vaccine exists, although efforts to develop one are ongoing.[1]
Treatment (primary)
[edit]The recommended treatment for malaria is a combination of antimalarial medications, that includes an artemisinin.[2][1]
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Treatment (secondary)
[edit]The second medication may be either mefloquine, lumefantrine, or sulfadoxine pyrimethamine.[4]
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Treatment (alternatives)
[edit]Quinine, along with doxycycline, may be used if an artemisinin is not available.[4]
Diagnosis before treatment
[edit]It is recommended that in areas where the disease is common, malaria is confirmed before treatment is started, due to concerns of increasing drug resistance.[1]
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Epidemiology
[edit]The disease is widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions, in a broad band around the equator with 216 million cases in 2016.[2] [5][6]
Risk of death
[edit]resulting in an estimated 445,000 to 731,000 deaths. Approximately 90% of both cases, and deaths, occurred in Africa.[7]
Rates of disease
[edit]Rates of disease decreased by 37% between the years 2000 and 2015,[7] but increased from 2014, during which there were 198 million cases.[8]
Populations at risk
[edit]Malaria is commonly associated with poverty, and has a major negative effect on economic development.[9][10]
Effect on economies
[edit]For instance, in Africa, it is estimated to result in losses of US$12 billion a year, due to increased healthcare costs, lost ability to work, and negative effects on tourism.[11]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Malaria Fact sheet N°94". WHO. March 2014. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Caraballo H (2014). "Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus". Emergency Medicine Practice. 16 (5). Archived from the original on 2016-08-01.
- ^ Nadjm B, Behrens RH (2012). "Malaria: An update for physicians". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 26 (2): 243–59. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010. PMID 22632637.
- ^ a b Organization, World Health (2010). Guidelines for the treatment of malaria (2nd ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. p. ix. ISBN 978-92-4-154792-5.
- ^ World Malaria Report 2017 (PDF). WHO. 2017. ISBN 978-92-4-156552-3.
- ^ GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
{{cite journal}}:|first1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Malaria Fact sheet N°94". WHO. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ World malaria report 2020 - 20 years of global progress & challenges
- ^ Gollin D, Zimmermann C (August 2007). Malaria: Disease Impacts and Long-Run Income Differences (PDF) (Report). Institute for the Study of Labor. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-18.
- ^ Worrall E, Basu S, Hanson K (2005). "Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature". Tropical Health and Medicine. 10 (10): 1047–59. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01476.x. PMID 16185240.
- ^ Greenwood BM, Bojang K, Whitty CJ, Targett GA (2005). "Malaria". Lancet. 365 (9469): 1487–98. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3. PMID 15850634.