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William Beckford (novelist)

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William Beckford
Portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1782
Born(1760-09-29)29 September 1760
Soho Square, London, England
Died2 May 1844(1844-05-02) (aged 83)
Bath, Somerset, England
NationalityEnglish
Occupation(s)Writer, art collector, politician
Notable workVathek (c. 1781); Memoirs of Extraordinary Painters (1780); Letters from Italy with Sketches of Spain and Portugal (1835)

William Thomas Beckford (29 September 1760 – 2 May 1844) was an English novelist, art critic, planter and politician.[1] He was reputed at one stage to be England's richest commoner.

The son of William Beckford and Maria Hamilton, daughter of the Hon. George Hamilton, he served as a Member of Parliament for Wells in 1784–1790 and Hindon in 1790–1795 and 1806–1820. Beckford is best known for writing the 1786 Gothic novel Vathek, for building Fonthill Abbey in Wiltshire and Beckford's Tower in Bath, and for his extensive art collection.

Biography

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Beckford was born in the family's London home at 22 Soho Square on 29 September 1760.[2][a] At the age of ten, he inherited a fortune from his father William Beckford, who had been twice a Lord Mayor of London. It consisted of £1 million in cash, an estate at Fonthill in Wiltshire (including the Palladian mansion Fonthill Splendens), several sugar plantations in Jamaica,[6] and about 3,000 black enslaved people.[7]

This fortune allowed him to indulge his interest in art and architecture, as well as writing. He was briefly trained in music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart,[8] but his drawing master, Alexander Cozens, was a greater influence, and Beckford continued to correspond with him for some years until they fell out.[9]

On 5 May 1783 Beckford married Lady Margaret Gordon, a daughter of the fourth Earl of Aboyne. However, he was bisexual and after 1784 chose self-exile from British society when his letters to William Courtenay, later 9th Earl of Devon, were intercepted by the boy's uncle, who advertised the affair in the newspapers.[10] Courtenay was just ten years old on first meeting Beckford, who was eight years older. About six years later, Beckford was discovered (according to a house guest at the time) to be "whipping Courtenay in some posture or another" after finding a letter penned by Courtenay to another lover. Although Beckford was never charged with child molestation, fornication or attempted buggery, he subsequently chose to exile himself on the continent with his long-suffering wife, who died in childbirth aged 24.[11][12]

William Beckford's Grand Tour through Europe, shown in red

For many years Beckford was believed to have conducted a simultaneous affair with his cousin Peter's wife Louisa Pitt (c. 1755–1791).[13]

Having studied under Sir William Chambers and Cozens, Beckford journeyed in Italy in 1782 and wrote a book about his travels: Dreams, Waking Thoughts and Incidents (1783). Soon came his best-known work, the Gothic novel Vathek (1786), written originally in French; he boasted that it took a single sitting of three days and two nights, though there is reason to believe that this was a flight of imagination.[14]

His other main writings were Memoirs of Extraordinary Painters (1780), a satirical work, and Letters from Italy with Sketches of Spain and Portugal (1834), with brilliant descriptions of scenes and manners. In 1793 he visited Portugal, where he settled for a while,[15] and conducted an affair with a young male musician called Gregorio Franchi.[16]

Following an appeal in 1817 by legal philosopher Jeremy Bentham that Beckford collaborate with him in advocating for the abolition of the death penalty for sodomy, Beckford may also have been the author, or one of the authors, of Don Leon, a poetic tract of homosexual advocacy.[17]

Beckford's fame, however, rests as much on his eccentricities as a builder and collector as on his literary efforts. In undertaking his buildings he managed to dissipate his fortune, which was estimated by his contemporaries to give him an income of £100,000 a year. The loss of one of his Jamaican sugar plantations to James Beckford Wildman was particularly costly. Only £80,000 of his capital remained at his death.

Art collection

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The Fonthill vase, of Chinese Jingdezhen porcelain but adorned with metallic mounts in Europe, was the earliest piece of Chinese porcelain documented to reach Europe, in 1338. It was once in the possession of William Beckford. It is now in the National Museum of Ireland.

Beckford was a compulsive and restless collector, who also frequently sold works, sometimes later repurchasing them. His collection was notable for its many Italian Quattrocento paintings, then little collected and relatively inexpensive. Despite his interest in Romantic medievalism, he owned few medieval works, though many from the Renaissance. He was also interested in showy Asian objects such as Mughal hardstone carvings. Although he avoided the classical marbles typically sought by well-educated English collectors, much of his collection was of 18th-century French furniture and decorative arts, then priced enormously high compared with paintings, by modern standards. He bought a single Turner in 1800, when the artist was only 25 (The Fifth Plague of Egypt, £157.10s), in 1828 William Blake's drawings for Gray's Elegy,[18] and several works by Richard Parkes Bonington, but in general he preferred older works.

By 1822 Beckford was short of funds and in debt. He put Fonthill Abbey up for sale, for which 72,000 copies of Christie's illustrated catalogue were sold at a guinea apiece; the pre-sale view filled every farmhouse in the neighbourhood with visitors from London.[19] Fonthill, with part of his collection, was sold before the sale for £330,000 to John Farquhar, who had made a fortune selling gunpowder in India.[20]

Farquhar at once auctioned the art and furnishings in the "Fonthill sale" of 1823, at which Beckford and his son-in-law, the Duke of Hamilton, bought much, often more cheaply than the first price Beckford had paid, as the market was somewhat depressed. What remained of the collection, as maintained and added to at Lansdown Tower, amounting virtually to a second collection, was inherited by the Dukes of Hamilton. Much of that was dispersed in the "Hamilton Palace sale" of 1882, one of the major sales of the century.

The Fonthill sale precipitated William Hazlitt's scathing review of Beckford's taste for "idle rarities and curiosities or mechanical skill," fine bindings, bijouterie and highly finished paintings, "the quintessence and rectified spirit of still-life", republished in Hazlitt's Sketches of the Picture Galleries of England (1824),[21] and richly demonstrating his own prejudices.[22] Beckford pieces are now in museums all over the world.[23] Hazlitt was unaware that the sale had been salted with lots inserted by Phillips the auctioneer that had never passed Beckford's muster: "I would not disgrace my house by Chinese furniture," he remarked later in life. "Horace Walpole would not have suffered it in his toyshop at Strawberry Hill".[24]

Works owned by Beckford

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Now in the National Gallery, London:

Now in the Frick Collection:

Other collections:

  • the "Altieri Claudes", now at Anglesey Abbey, "The Father of Psyche Sacrificing at the Temple of Apollo", 1663 and "The Landing of Aeneas" painted in 1675. A famous index of taste, as they were auctioned from the estate of the Duke of Kent in 1947 for only £5,300 in 1947 and bought by Lord Fairhaven for Anglesey Abbey, when Beckford had paid £6,825 in 1799, and sold them in £10,500 in 1808 and Philip John Miles paid £12,000 for them in 1813 to hang them at Leigh Court, making them among the most expensive paintings of the day.[37]
    The Rubens Vase
  • The Fonthill Vase, a 14th-century Chinese porcelain vase which is the earliest known piece of Chinese porcelain to arrive in Europe, where it was given 14th century metal mounts. Now in the National Museum of Ireland.

Fonthill Abbey

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Fonthill Abbey designed for William Beckford by the architect James Wyatt. Print from John Rutter's Delineations of Fonthill and its Abbey (1823).

The opportunity to purchase the complete library of Edward Gibbon gave Beckford the basis for his own library, and James Wyatt built Fonthill Abbey in which to house this and the owner's art collection. Lord Nelson visited Fonthill Abbey with the Hamiltons in 1800. The house was completed in 1807. Beckford entered parliament as member for Wells and later for Hindon, quitting by taking the Chiltern Hundreds; but he lived mostly in seclusion, spending much of his father's wealth without adding to it.

In 1822 he sold Fonthill, and a large part of his art collection, to John Farquhar for £330,000 and moved to Bath, where he bought No. 20 Lansdown Crescent and No. 1 Lansdown Place West, joining them with a one-storey arch thrown across a driveway. In 1836 he also bought Nos. 18 and 19 Lansdown Crescent (leaving No 18 empty to ensure peace and quiet).

Most of Fonthill Abbey collapsed under the weight of its poorly-built tower on the night of 21 December 1825. The wreckage was slowly removed, leaving only a fragment that survives as a private home. This is the first part, which included the shrine to St Anthony — Beckford's patron when he was living in Lisbon.

Lansdown Crescent and Lansdown Tower (Beckford's Tower)

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Beckford's tomb with the tower in the background

Beckford spent his later years in his home at Lansdown Crescent, Bath, during which time he commissioned architect Henry Goodridge to design a spectacular folly at the northern end of his land on Lansdown Hill: Lansdown Tower, now known as Beckford's Tower, in which he kept many of his treasures. The tower is now owned by the Bath Preservation Trust and managed by the Beckford Tower Trust as a museum to William Beckford; part of the property is rented to the Landmark Trust which makes it available for public hire as a spectacular holiday home.

The museum contains numerous engravings and chromolithographs of the Tower's original interior as well as furniture commissioned specifically for the Tower by Beckford and gradually reassembled through the efforts of the Bath Preservation Trust and others. There is also a great deal of information at the Tower about Beckford, including objects related to his life in Bath, at Fonthill and elsewhere.

Willis Maddox, William Beckford on his Deathbed

After his death at Lansdown Crescent on 2 May 1844, aged 84, his body was laid in a sarcophagus and placed on an artificial mound, as was the custom of Saxon kings from whom he claimed to be descended. Beckford had wished to be buried in the grounds of Lansdown Tower, but his body was interred at Bath Abbey Cemetery in Lyncombe Vale on 11 May 1844 (accessible from Ralph Allen Drive). The Tower was sold to a local publican who turned it into a beer garden. Eventually it was bought back by Beckford's younger daughter, Susan Hamilton, Duchess of Hamilton, who gave the land round it to Walcot parish for consecration as a cemetery in 1848. This allowed Beckford's remains to be reinterred near the Tower he loved.

Beckford's self-designed tomb, a massive sarcophagus of polished pink granite with bronze armorial plaques, now stands on a hillock in the cemetery surrounded by an oval ditch. On one side is a quotation from Vathek: "Enjoying humbly the most precious gift of heaven to man – Hope", and on another lines from his poem, A Prayer: "Eternal Power! Grant me, through obvious clouds one transient gleam of thy bright essence in my dying hour."

Henry Goodridge designed a Byzantine entrance gateway to the cemetery, flanked by bronze railings which had surrounded Beckford's original tomb in Bath Abbey Cemetery.[41]

Walcot Cemetery is closed for burials but still open to the public, as is the Tower on regular days in the year. (See the Bath Preservation Trust website.)

Other works

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As a writer, Beckford is remembered for Vathek, of which the reception from every quarter may have satisfied his ambitions for a career in belles-lettres, and for his travel memoir, Italy: with some Sketches of Spain and Portugal. He followed Vathek with two parodies of current cultural fashions, the formulaic sentimental novel, in Modern Novel Writing, or, The Elegant Enthusiast (1796)[42] and Azemia, a satire on the Minerva Press novels, written as "Jacquetta Agneta Mariana Jenks, of Belgrove Priory in Wales";[43] and also published Biographical Memoirs of Extraordinary Painters (1780), a literary prank burlesquing serious biographical encyclopaedias. Towards the end of his life he published collected travel letters, under the title Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcobaca and Batalha (1835), the memoir of a trip made in 1794.

  • Beckford, William (1834). Italy, with sketches of Spain and Portugal. 1.
  • Beckford, William (1834). Italy, with sketches of Spain and Portugal. 2.

Legacy

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Beckford left two daughters, the younger of whom (Susanna Euphemia, sometimes called Susan) was married to Alexander Hamilton, 10th Duke of Hamilton, and inherited the majority of his collection, which was then moved north to Hamilton Palace, now demolished. The elder, Margaret Maria Elizabeth Beckford, married Lt-Gen. James Orde.[44]

Beckford was portrayed by Daniel Massey in the 1982 Central Television production I Remember Nelson, and has been the subject of several biographies in recent decades.

Beckford wrote a considerable amount of music, much of it with the assistance of his amanuensis, John Burton, with whom he collaborated on his largest composition: Arcadian Pastoral. The music manuscripts, which had lain among Beckford's effects at Hamilton Palace, were bought and presented to Basil Blackwell as a leaving present. He in turn bequeathed them to the Bodleian Library. In 1998, Michael Maxwell Steer edited and published all Beckford's music, including the collection of Modinhas Brasileiras which had been copied for him during his stay at Sintra in 1787. These are particularly interesting as they are the second surviving example of this Portuguese song form. The edition is available in six volumes from The Beckford Edition.[45] It can be consulted in the Bodleian, and elsewhere.

Cultural references

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According to E. H. Coleridge, Beckford is the person referred to in Lord Byron's short poem "To Dives – A Fragment".[citation needed] Byron describes a person of great wealth, "of Wit, in Genius, as in Wealth the first", who feels "Wrath's vial on thy lofty head burst" when he is "seduced to deeds accurst" and "smitten with th' unhallowed thirst of Crime unnamed".[citation needed] Byron also refers to him in Childe Harold, Canto I, stanza 22.[citation needed]

In 1974, Aubrey Menen published Fonthill: A Comedy, a satirical portrait of Beckford.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Other sources give a different day (1 October) or year (1759) or location (Fonthill Splendens, Wiltshire) for his birth.[3][4][5]

References

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  1. ^ John Burke, Genealogical and Heraldic History of The Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 1, London, 1833, p. 678.
  2. ^ "William Beckford". Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  3. ^ "Beckford, William (1759-1844)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
  4. ^ "William Thomas Beckford - Profile & Legacies Summary". Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery. University College, London - Department of History. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  5. ^ Beattie, Sarah. "William Beckford (1760–1844)". National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  6. ^ Frost, Amy. "Big Spenders: The Beckfords and Slavery". BBC. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  7. ^ Beckford and the Slave Trade https://beckfordstower.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Beckfords-and-Slavery-leaflet-2007.pdf Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  8. ^ Bryson, Bill (2011). At Home: A Short History of Private Life. New York: Anchor Books. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-7679-1939-5.
  9. ^ Rogers, T.D. "Catalogue of the papers of William Beckford, 1772–1857". Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  10. ^ Griffin, Gabriele (16 June 2004). Who's Who in Lesbian and Gay Writing. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0203402214 – via google.com.au.
  11. ^ "William Thomas Beckford". NNDB. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  12. ^ Murray, Christopher John (2013). Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760-1850. Routledge. ISBN 978-1135455798.
  13. ^ Makdisi, Saree (2008). The Arabian Nights in Historical Context: Between East and West. Oxford University Press. pp. 177–179. ISBN 978-0191564963.
  14. ^ Keymer, Thomas (2013). Vathek. Oxford University Press. p. xvi. ISBN 978-0191645778.
  15. ^ "Biography of Beckford, William (English patron, writer, collector, and amateur architect, 1760–1844)". Holburne Museum. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  16. ^ Peter Parker (24 June 1998). "A life as a Gothic fantasy". The Independent.
  17. ^ Upchurch, Charles, Beyond The Law: The Politics Of Ending The Death Penalty For Sodomy In England, Temple University Press, 2021, passim.
  18. ^ Reitlinger, Vol. I, 85 and 250
  19. ^ "He is fortunate who can find a vacant chair within twenty miles of Fonthill," a contributor to The Times reported. "Ostrich feathers, which by their very waving we can trace back to Piccadilly are seen nodding at a casement window over a dispopulated poultry yard". (quoted in Lewis Saul Benjamin, The life and letters of William Beckford of Fonthill, 1910:315).
  20. ^ Quoted in Lewis Saul Benjamin, The life and letters of William Beckford of Fonthill, 1910:314.
  21. ^ "Beckfordiana: "Fonthill Abbey" (1824)". c18.net.
  22. ^ Reitlinger, Vol. II, pp. 82–85.
  23. ^ Reitlinger, Vol. I, p. 85, and passim, Vols I–II.
  24. ^ (Benjamin 1910:320) Beckford was dismissive of Walpole, who "hated me," he told Cyrus Redding. "I began Fonthill two or three years before his death. Mischief-making people annoyed him by saying that I intended to buy up all his nic-nackery [sic] when he was dead. Some things I might have wished to possess – a good deal I would not have taken as a gift. The place was a miserable child's box — a species of gothic mousetrap – a reflection of Walpole's littleness.... My having his playthings he could not tolerate, even in idea, so he bequeathed them beyond my reach." (Benjamin 1910:299). The Strawberry Hill sale of 1842 gave him his opportunity.
  25. ^ Reitlinger, Vol. I
  26. ^ Davies, 59; Reitlinger, Vol. I, p. 122
  27. ^ Davies, 55; Reitlinger, Vol. I, p. 122
  28. ^ Reitlinger, Vol. I, pp. 130 and 217
  29. ^ Reitlinger, Vol. I, p. 135
  30. ^ Davies, p. 287
  31. ^ All 1882 prices from Reitlinger, Vol. I, pp. 128–129
  32. ^ Davies, p. 145.
  33. ^ Davies, p. 402.
  34. ^ Davies, p. 398/
  35. ^ "The Frick Collection". frick.org.
  36. ^ Getty Provenance Index
  37. ^ Reitlinger, Vol. I, pp. 40 and 224, reported in Art and Money Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, by Robert Hughes
  38. ^ Albert Ten Eyck Gardner, "Beckford's Gothic West" The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series, 13.2 (October 1954), pp. 41–49 describes and illustrates Beckford objects in the Metropolitan Museum.
  39. ^ Getty Provenance Index and Reitlinger, passim
  40. ^ The National Inventory of Continental European Paintings.
  41. ^ Ostergard (2001), p. 275.
  42. ^ Noted by W. H. Rogers, "The Reaction Against Melodramatic Sentimentality in the English Novel, 1796–1830", Modern Language Notes 1934.
  43. ^ Both noted by W. H. Rogers, "The Reaction Against Melodramatic Sentimentality in the English Novel, 1796–1830", Modern Language Notes 1934.
  44. ^ Gentleman's Magazine, 1822: Sept. pp. 202; Temple Bar, 1900:June p. 182.
  45. ^ "Beckford Intro". msteer.co.uk.

Sources

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Further reading

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  • Alexander, Boyd, ed. (1957). Life at Fonthill 1807-1822 with Interludes in Paris and London. From the Correspondence of William Beckford. Rupert Hart-Davis.
  • Alexander, Boyd, ed. (1954). The Journal of William Beckford in Portugal and Spain 1787-1788. Rupert Hart-Davis.
  • Alexander, Boyd (1962). England's Wealthiest Son: A Study of William Beckford. Centaur.
  • Brockman, H. A. N. (1956). The Caliph of Fonthill. Werner Laurie.
  • Gemmett, Robert J., ed. (1972). Dreams, Waking Thoughts and Incidents by William Beckford of Fonthill. Edited with an Introduction and Notes. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-838-67648-6.
  • Gemmett, Robert J., ed. (1971). Sale Catalogues of Libraries of Eminent Persons. Vol. 3: William Beckford. Mansell/Sotheby.
  • Gemmett, Robert J. (2003). Beckford's Fonthill: The Rise of a Romantic Icon. Michael Russell. ISBN 978-0-859-55284-4.
  • Gemmett, Robert J. (2000). The Consummate Collector: William Beckford's Letters to his Bookseller. Michael Russell. ISBN 978-0-859-55252-3.
  • Lees-Milne, James (1976). William Beckford. Compton Russell. ISBN 978-0-859-55036-9.
  • Millington, Jon (1973). Beckford's Tower, Lansdown, Bath. L. T. Hilliard.
  • Millington, Jon (2008). William Beckford. A Bibliography. The Beckford Society. ISBN 978-0-953-78363-2.
  • Mowl, Timothy (1998). William Beckford: Composing For Mozart. John Murray. ISBN 978-0-719-55829-0.
  • Ostergard, Derek E., ed. (2001). William Beckford 1760–1844: An Eye for the Magnificent. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30009068-0.
  • Varma, Devendra P., ed. (1991). Transient Gleam: A Bouquet of Beckford's Poesy. Aylesford Press. ISBN 978-1-869-95512-0.
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Works

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